kinetics-lecture4.pdf
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This document discusses methods for determining the kinetics of chemical reactions, including: 1) Plotting concentration versus time data and determining reaction orders by examining how initial rates change with varying concentrations of reactants. 2) Using integrated rate laws - first-order reactions follow ln[A] vs. t, second-order 1/[A] vs. t, and zero-order [A] vs. t - to determine the rate constant k from the slopes of such plots. 3) An example problem demonstrates using the first-order integrated rate law to find product concentration after a time for a reaction.
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![Information sequence to determine the
kinetic parameters of a reaction.
Series of plots of
concentration vs.
time
Initial rates
Reaction
orders
Rate constant (k)
and actual rate law
Determine slope of tangent at t0 for
each plot.
Compare initial rates when [A] changes and
[B] is held constant (and vice versa).
Substitute initial rates, orders, and
concentrations into rate = k[A]m[B]n, and
solve for k.
Dr. N. Singh](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/kinetics-lecture4-220901050358-93a0a126/85/kinetics-lecture4-pdf-1-320.jpg)
![Integrated Rate Laws
An integrated rate law includes time as a variable.
First-order rate equation:
rate = - [A] = k [A]
t
Second-order rate equation:
rate = - [A] = k [A]2
t
Zero-order rate equation:
ln
[A]0
[A]t
= kt
1
-
1
[A]t [A]0
= kt
rate = - [A] = k [A]0
t
[A]t - [A]0 = - kt
Dr. N. Singh](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
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Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
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kinetics-lecture4.pdf
- 1. Information sequence to determine the kinetic parameters of a reaction. Series of plots of concentration vs. time Initial rates Reaction orders Rate constant (k) and actual rate law Determine slope of tangent at t0 for each plot. Compare initial rates when [A] changes and [B] is held constant (and vice versa). Substitute initial rates, orders, and concentrations into rate = k[A]m[B]n, and solve for k. Dr. N. Singh
- 2. Integrated Rate Laws An integrated rate law includes time as a variable. First-order rate equation: rate = - [A] = k [A] t Second-order rate equation: rate = - [A] = k [A]2 t Zero-order rate equation: ln [A]0 [A]t = kt 1 - 1 [A]t [A]0 = kt rate = - [A] = k [A]0 t [A]t - [A]0 = - kt Dr. N. Singh
- 3. Sample Problem 5 Determining the Reactant Concentration after a Given Time PROBLEM: At 1000oC, cyclobutane (C4H8) decomposes in a first-order reaction, with the very high rate constant of 87 s-1, to two molecules of ethylene (C2H4). (a) If the initial C4H8 concentration is 2.00 M, what is the concentration after 0.010 s? (b) What fraction of C4H8 has decomposed in this time? PLAN: We must find the concentration of cyclobutane at time t, [C4H8]t. The problem tells us the reaction is first-order, so we use the integrated first-order rate law: [C4H8 ]0 ln = kt [C4H8 ]t Dr. N. Singh
- 4. Sample Problem 5 SOLUTION: (b) Finding the fraction that has decomposed after 0.010 s: [C4H8]0 -[C4H8]t [C4H8]0 = 2.00 M - 0.87 M 2.00 M = 0.58 ln [C4H8 ]0 [C4H8 ]t = kt (a) [C4H8 ]t ln 2.00 mol/L = (87 s-1)(0.010 s) = 0.87 2.00 mol/L = e0.87 = 2.4 [C4H8 ]t [C2H4] = = 0.83 mol/L 2.00 mol/L 2.4 Dr. N. Singh
- 5. Graphical method for finding the reaction order from the integrated rate law. First-order reaction integrated rate law ln [A]0 = kt [A]t straight-line form ln[A]t = -kt + ln[A]0 A plot of ln [A] vs. time gives a straight line for a first-order reaction. Dr. N. Singh
- 6. Graphical method for finding the reaction order from the integrated rate law. Second-order reaction integrated rate law 1 1 - = kt [A]t [A]0 straight-line form 1 1 = kt + [A]t [A]0 A plot of 1 vs. time gives a straight line for a second-order reaction. [A] Dr. N. Singh
- 7. Graphical method for finding the reaction order from the integrated rate law. Zero-order reaction integrated rate law [A]t - [A]0 = - kt A plot of [A] vs. time gives a straight line for a first-order reaction. straight-line form [A]t = - kt + [A]0 Dr. N. Singh