Two new Versatile reagent Tripropylammonium Fluorochromate(TriPAFC) and Tripropylammonium Chlorochromate(TriPACC) has been employed for the oxidation of Mandelic acid. Rate of the réaction is catalysed by surfactant Sodium LaurylEther Sulphate(SLES). The Oxidation has been studied spectrophotometrically at room température in perchloric acid medium. Rate of TriPAFC and TriPACC oxidation of Mandelic acid has been followed under pseudo-first order condition. Rate constants were calculated by the integrated rate equation. The graph of logk versus time was linear and the slope is near to unity, rate constant calculated from graph also agreed with experimental value shows the first order rate dépendance on Mandelic acid. Product formed in this oxidation of Mandelic acid was analysed, polymerization test were carried to confirm that the reaction follows ionic mechanism and stoichiometric data has been accounted.Temperature of the substrate is varried and from the rate constant value, Thermodynamic parameters like Activation energy, Enthalpy change, Entropy change and change in Gibb’s free energy is calculated using Arrhenius and Eyrings plot. All the kinetic runs were repeated and the rate constants were reproducible within ±2% range.
Anthranilic acid on heating with a primary amide
resulted in benzamidomethyl/ phthalimidomethyl-quinazolin 4
(3H) ones (II) which on treatment with phosphorus oxychloride
(POCl3) and phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5) afforded 4-chloro-
2-benzamidomethyl/phthalimidomethyl-quinazolines (III).
Reaction of (III) with o-phenylenediamine in anhydrous pyridine
furnished 2-benzamidomethyl/ phthalimido-methylbenzimidazolo
[2, 1-c] quinazolines (IV). A part of synthetic
strategy was also adopted for the synthesis of 2-
benzamidomethyl/ phthalimidomethyl-tetrazolo [1, 5-c]
quinazolines (V) with the interaction of (III) with sodium azide
(NaN3) indimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) solvent (Scheme)
Complexation, Spectroscopic, Thermal, Magnetic And Conductimetric Studies On ...IOSR Journals
7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(phenylazo) coumarin (L1)and 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(o-carboxyphenylazo) coumarin (L2) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Mass spectra. The important infrared (IR) spectral bands corresponding to the active groups in the two ligands and the solid complexes under investigation were studied. Also the important fragments in the ligands and the complexes were done using mass spectra and the main peaks were corresponding to the molecular weights of the ligands and complexes. The solid complexes have been synthesized and studied by elemental and thermal analyses (TG and DTA) as well as by IR, 1H NMR, magnetic measurements, electronic transition, molar conductance, mass spectra and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra. The proposed steriochemical structures for the investigated metal complexes suggest octahedral geometry with respect to Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn metal ions and all of the formed complexes contain coordinated and hydrated water molecules. All of the prepared solid complexes behave as non-electrolytes in chloroform.
Synthesis and characterization of some Chromium(III) complexes of dibasic tri...IJERA Editor
Coordination complexes of Cr(III)with four tridentate Schiff base ligands viz. N-(2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde)- -(4-nitrobenzoyl)hydrazone(HNNH = H2L 1 ), N-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde)- -(2-furoyl) hydrazone (HMFH = H2L 2 ), N-(2-hydroxyacetophenone)- -(2-theonyl) hydrazone (HATH = H2L 3 ) and N-(2- hydroxy-5-methylacetophenone)- -(3-toloyl) hydrazone (HMAT = H2L 4 ) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, molar conductance, thermogravimetric analysis and spectral (IR, electronic, NMR) measurements. IR spectra indicates that the ligand behave as dibasic tridentate ligand in a chelate coordinating to Cr(III) ion through ketonic oxygen, azomethine nitrogen and by both enolic and phenolic protons (except in H2L 1 by naphtholic oxygen atom) via double deprotonation of ligands. The magnetic and spectral data indicate chelate in octahedral environment and analytical data suggest 1:1 stoichiometries for the complexes
Anthranilic acid on heating with a primary amide
resulted in benzamidomethyl/ phthalimidomethyl-quinazolin 4
(3H) ones (II) which on treatment with phosphorus oxychloride
(POCl3) and phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5) afforded 4-chloro-
2-benzamidomethyl/phthalimidomethyl-quinazolines (III).
Reaction of (III) with o-phenylenediamine in anhydrous pyridine
furnished 2-benzamidomethyl/ phthalimido-methylbenzimidazolo
[2, 1-c] quinazolines (IV). A part of synthetic
strategy was also adopted for the synthesis of 2-
benzamidomethyl/ phthalimidomethyl-tetrazolo [1, 5-c]
quinazolines (V) with the interaction of (III) with sodium azide
(NaN3) indimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) solvent (Scheme)
Complexation, Spectroscopic, Thermal, Magnetic And Conductimetric Studies On ...IOSR Journals
7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(phenylazo) coumarin (L1)and 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(o-carboxyphenylazo) coumarin (L2) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Mass spectra. The important infrared (IR) spectral bands corresponding to the active groups in the two ligands and the solid complexes under investigation were studied. Also the important fragments in the ligands and the complexes were done using mass spectra and the main peaks were corresponding to the molecular weights of the ligands and complexes. The solid complexes have been synthesized and studied by elemental and thermal analyses (TG and DTA) as well as by IR, 1H NMR, magnetic measurements, electronic transition, molar conductance, mass spectra and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra. The proposed steriochemical structures for the investigated metal complexes suggest octahedral geometry with respect to Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn metal ions and all of the formed complexes contain coordinated and hydrated water molecules. All of the prepared solid complexes behave as non-electrolytes in chloroform.
Synthesis and characterization of some Chromium(III) complexes of dibasic tri...IJERA Editor
Coordination complexes of Cr(III)with four tridentate Schiff base ligands viz. N-(2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde)- -(4-nitrobenzoyl)hydrazone(HNNH = H2L 1 ), N-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde)- -(2-furoyl) hydrazone (HMFH = H2L 2 ), N-(2-hydroxyacetophenone)- -(2-theonyl) hydrazone (HATH = H2L 3 ) and N-(2- hydroxy-5-methylacetophenone)- -(3-toloyl) hydrazone (HMAT = H2L 4 ) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, molar conductance, thermogravimetric analysis and spectral (IR, electronic, NMR) measurements. IR spectra indicates that the ligand behave as dibasic tridentate ligand in a chelate coordinating to Cr(III) ion through ketonic oxygen, azomethine nitrogen and by both enolic and phenolic protons (except in H2L 1 by naphtholic oxygen atom) via double deprotonation of ligands. The magnetic and spectral data indicate chelate in octahedral environment and analytical data suggest 1:1 stoichiometries for the complexes
Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of novel diethyl (2-...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
OXIDATION OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL-200 BY POTASSIUM PERIODATE IN ALKALINE MEDIU...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Kinetics of PEG-200 oxidation by potassium periodatewas studied in alkaline medium. First-order dependence of
reaction on periodate was observed. Rate of the reaction was found to be independent of substrate concentration.
An inverse fractional order with respect to alkaliwas shown. Arrhenius parameters were calculated. Rate law was
postulated taking into consideration of experimental results.
Chemical Examination Of Sandbox (Hura Crepitans) Seed: Proximate, Elemental A...IOSRJAC
A study in terms of proximate, elemental and fatty acid contents of (Hura crepitans) seed was investigated using standard analytical techniques. The results of proximate composition in % were as follows: moisture 12.82 ± 0.01, crude protein 24.76 ±0.04, crude fibre 10.15 ± 0.03, fat 10.68 ± 0.01, ash 3.16 ± 0.02 and carbohydrate 34.75 ± 0.05. The elemental composition of the seed showed Na, K, Ca and Mg in mg/100g to be 6.00 ± 0.01, 123.00 ± 0.02, 10.40 ± 0.03, 112.00 ± 0.01 respectively while other elements determined in mg/kg were Fe and Zn with 7.10 ±0.04 and 2.60± 0.01. The (%) free fatty acid compositions of the seed oil were as follows: lauric (1.310 ±0.015), palmitic (0.389 ±0.012), palmitoleic (1.211 ±0.013), stearic (2.436 ± 0.004), oleic (6.138 ±0.003), linoleic (8.625 ±0.001) and linolenic (2.469 ± 0.102). The results revealed linoleic and oleic acids to be the most common in terms of abundance while palmitic acid was the least. The seed of Hura crepitans could be described as a good food because it contained significant amount of essential nutrients required by man.
FIBER OPTIC AIDED SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF GADOLINIUM IN FBR REPRO...ijac123
A new spectrophotometric method has been developed for the quantitative analysis of gadolinium using 1,2-dihydroxy anthraquinone-3-sulphonic acid, sodium salt (Alizarin Red S). Influence of various parameters such as concentration of complexing agent, pH, and interference of other competing metal ions was examined in a systematic manner.
Experimental study and calculation of the electron transfer coefficients on t...IJAEMSJORNAL
Chitosan (CH) consists of water-insoluble N-acetylglucosamine and D-glucosamine molecules and has a higher solubility at a pH below six. This studyevaluated the solubility of chitosan in solutions of organic acids for the formation of films. HyperChemTMsoftware was used to perform the quantum analysis. In the experimental trials, the total soluble mass (TSM) and the viscosity of the solutions were measured by capillary viscometer. The chitosan filmswere made by the plate melting method, and the filmcharacteristics were evaluated. A quantum simulation suggested that lactic acid (LA) has a greater stability to react with chitosan. It was then verified experimentally that LA is a better solvent for chitosan due to the increase in its viscosity. The chemical interaction between CH and LA in solution favors the polymerization of films with better physical properties. We thereforeconclude that the uniformity in the formation of films of this polymer depends on the chemical interaction between the CH and the acid and not on the degree of solubility of the polymer.
Physicochemical Properties and Proposed Mechanism in the Obtainment of 4-Hidr...IJERA Editor
The mechanism for the poly-condensation event of conjugated polymers with ending 4-hydroxycoumarin has
been proposed. It happened under H2SO4 acidic conditions only using enolic-coumarins without any substituent
at third position. It was studied using Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-Tof)
mass spectrometry. Besides, some physicochemical properties were analyzed using Thermo-gravimetric (TGA),
X-ray and UV-Vis analysis
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Elliptic Curve for Secure Group Key Management in Distributed Networkijceronline
Group communication emphasis an important security criterion in the design of a distributed network. All the members of the group must agree to a common session key. The management of this session key refers to the group key management which is based on some group key agreement protocol. In this paper we propose a group key management method for secure group communication in a distributed network. Frequent change in group membership, and managing the key distribution for new members are the two main problems to be faced in group communication that too with minimal computation and communication overhead. Our system uses the concept of Elliptic curve Cryptography that provide same level of security as that of other cryptosysytems with reduced key size. This results in less re-keying and re-distribution operations, thus reducing computation and communication overheads respectively
Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of novel diethyl (2-...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
OXIDATION OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL-200 BY POTASSIUM PERIODATE IN ALKALINE MEDIU...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Kinetics of PEG-200 oxidation by potassium periodatewas studied in alkaline medium. First-order dependence of
reaction on periodate was observed. Rate of the reaction was found to be independent of substrate concentration.
An inverse fractional order with respect to alkaliwas shown. Arrhenius parameters were calculated. Rate law was
postulated taking into consideration of experimental results.
Chemical Examination Of Sandbox (Hura Crepitans) Seed: Proximate, Elemental A...IOSRJAC
A study in terms of proximate, elemental and fatty acid contents of (Hura crepitans) seed was investigated using standard analytical techniques. The results of proximate composition in % were as follows: moisture 12.82 ± 0.01, crude protein 24.76 ±0.04, crude fibre 10.15 ± 0.03, fat 10.68 ± 0.01, ash 3.16 ± 0.02 and carbohydrate 34.75 ± 0.05. The elemental composition of the seed showed Na, K, Ca and Mg in mg/100g to be 6.00 ± 0.01, 123.00 ± 0.02, 10.40 ± 0.03, 112.00 ± 0.01 respectively while other elements determined in mg/kg were Fe and Zn with 7.10 ±0.04 and 2.60± 0.01. The (%) free fatty acid compositions of the seed oil were as follows: lauric (1.310 ±0.015), palmitic (0.389 ±0.012), palmitoleic (1.211 ±0.013), stearic (2.436 ± 0.004), oleic (6.138 ±0.003), linoleic (8.625 ±0.001) and linolenic (2.469 ± 0.102). The results revealed linoleic and oleic acids to be the most common in terms of abundance while palmitic acid was the least. The seed of Hura crepitans could be described as a good food because it contained significant amount of essential nutrients required by man.
FIBER OPTIC AIDED SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF GADOLINIUM IN FBR REPRO...ijac123
A new spectrophotometric method has been developed for the quantitative analysis of gadolinium using 1,2-dihydroxy anthraquinone-3-sulphonic acid, sodium salt (Alizarin Red S). Influence of various parameters such as concentration of complexing agent, pH, and interference of other competing metal ions was examined in a systematic manner.
Experimental study and calculation of the electron transfer coefficients on t...IJAEMSJORNAL
Chitosan (CH) consists of water-insoluble N-acetylglucosamine and D-glucosamine molecules and has a higher solubility at a pH below six. This studyevaluated the solubility of chitosan in solutions of organic acids for the formation of films. HyperChemTMsoftware was used to perform the quantum analysis. In the experimental trials, the total soluble mass (TSM) and the viscosity of the solutions were measured by capillary viscometer. The chitosan filmswere made by the plate melting method, and the filmcharacteristics were evaluated. A quantum simulation suggested that lactic acid (LA) has a greater stability to react with chitosan. It was then verified experimentally that LA is a better solvent for chitosan due to the increase in its viscosity. The chemical interaction between CH and LA in solution favors the polymerization of films with better physical properties. We thereforeconclude that the uniformity in the formation of films of this polymer depends on the chemical interaction between the CH and the acid and not on the degree of solubility of the polymer.
Physicochemical Properties and Proposed Mechanism in the Obtainment of 4-Hidr...IJERA Editor
The mechanism for the poly-condensation event of conjugated polymers with ending 4-hydroxycoumarin has
been proposed. It happened under H2SO4 acidic conditions only using enolic-coumarins without any substituent
at third position. It was studied using Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-Tof)
mass spectrometry. Besides, some physicochemical properties were analyzed using Thermo-gravimetric (TGA),
X-ray and UV-Vis analysis
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Elliptic Curve for Secure Group Key Management in Distributed Networkijceronline
Group communication emphasis an important security criterion in the design of a distributed network. All the members of the group must agree to a common session key. The management of this session key refers to the group key management which is based on some group key agreement protocol. In this paper we propose a group key management method for secure group communication in a distributed network. Frequent change in group membership, and managing the key distribution for new members are the two main problems to be faced in group communication that too with minimal computation and communication overhead. Our system uses the concept of Elliptic curve Cryptography that provide same level of security as that of other cryptosysytems with reduced key size. This results in less re-keying and re-distribution operations, thus reducing computation and communication overheads respectively
Power problems could occur at any time and any place which can harm your electronics devices. Thor Technologies provides various power protection devices among Smart Protect K4 is the one, which is ideal for home office equipment, computers, home theatre components, fridges, washing machines etc.
Building Lean Hardware Startups from concept to retail is tricky and full of death traps!
Learn how to master the 'Envy You' curve, like all successful startups do...
Great Makers Ship. Others...
Quantity Surveyor’s Impact: A Panacea to achieving Critical Success Factors i...inventionjournals
Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) is an innovative infrastructure procurement system aimed at providing unique opportunities in the development and funding of public infrastructure facilities.The procurement system ranges from simple contracting of services to the involvement of private sector in financing, design, construction, operation and maintenance of infrastructure. However, organising PPP is not an easy task due to its complexity and long term contractual obligagtions that requires the involvement of stakeholders and professionals for its successful implementation. Procurement procedure under PPP is very complicated and more costly and time consuming than the traditional procurement approach. Therefore the need to address the roles of the Quantity Surveyor in providing the total cost and procurement management has been recognized and become necessary in developing effiecient and effective sustainable PPP projects. Although many studies show that there has been no comprehensive study on the roles of the Quantity Surveyor in PPP concession projects which therefore indicate a knowledge gap in this particular area of the study. Hence, the aim of this paper is to explore the roles of professional Quantity Surveyor in achieving the critical success factors (CSF)for PPPconcession projects. Findings in the study have shown that Quantity Surveyor has a great role to play in achieving the Critical Success Factors (CSF) for PPP concession projects in the areas of:detailed feasibility study; compititive financial proposal; effective procurement management; preliminary qualification evaluation & tendering phase; solid revenue & cost estimate; proper partner’s selection criteria; and solid financial packaging. Findings from the study further revealed that the PPP contractual arrangement offers the primary role of a professional Quantity Surveyor within the PPP concept leading to the selection of the right concessionaire through: request for expression of interest, qualifications, proposals; negotiation with preferred bidders; and evaluation methods & criteria and also in the performance evaluation of the entire development and delivery process within the project objectives.
New Schiff base ligand (E)-6-(2-(4-
(dimethylamino)benzylideneamino)-2-phenylacetamido)-3,3-
dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic
acid = (HL) Figure(1) was prepared via condensation of
Ampicillin and 4(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde in methanol
.Polydentate mixed ligand complexes were obtained from 1:1:2
molar ratio reactions with metal ions and HL, 2NA on reaction
with MCl2 .nH2O salt yields complexes corresponding to the
formulas [M(L)(NA)2Cl] ,where M =
Fe(II),Co(II),Ni(II),Cu(II),and Zn(II) and NA=nicotinamide.
The 1H-NMR, FT-IR, UV-Vis and elemental analysis
were used for the characterization of the ligand. The complexes
were structurally studied through AAS, FT-IR, UV-Vis,
chloride contents, conductance, and magnetic susceptibility
measurements. All complexes are non-electrolytes in DMSO
solution. Octahedral geometries have been suggested for each
of the complexes. The Schiff base ligands function as
tridentates and the deprotonated enolic form is preferred for
coordination. In order to evaluate the effect of the bactericidal
activity, these synthesized complexes, in comparison to the un
complexed Schiff base has been screened against bacterial
species, Staphy
Bidentate Schiff base ligand 3-(3,4-Dihydroxy-phenyl)-2-[(4-dimethylamino-benzylidene)-amino]-2-methyl-propionic acid was prepared and characterized by spectroscopic techniques studies and elemental analysis. The Cd(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Co(II), Cr(III),and Fe(III) of mixed-ligand complexes were structural explicate through moler conductance , [FT-IR, UV-Vis & AAS], chloride contents, , and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Octahedral geometries have been suggested for all complexes. The Schiff base and its complexes were tested against various bacterial species, two of {gram(G+) and gram(G-)} were shown weak to good activity against all bacteria.
Degradation of an organophosphorus insecticide (chlorpyrifos) in simulated wa...Salah Hussein
Induced degradation of chlorpyrifos insecticide in simulated wastewater with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), using ultraviolet irradiation (UV), ozonation and chemical oxidation using (sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, monochloride-isocyanuric acid (MCICA), dichloroiso-cyanuric acid (DCICA), trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCICA) ) was studied. Chlorpyrifos and its degradation products were extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE) method, identified using GC-MS. Results showed that the degradation of chlorpyrifos in simulated wastewater followed the first order reaction, and its half life was 3.34, 5.64, 7.13 and 10.69h under ozonation, UV, 1.5%TCICA and 1.5%DCICA respectively when chlorpyrifos solutions treated for 12 h. The concentrations of chemical oxidative substances, active chlorine content and time of treatments had a significant effect on degradation rate of chlorpyrifos, which increased with increasing of each. The most enhancement of chlorpyrifos degradation was observed in treatment with ozonation, UV, TCICA and DCICA where the dissipations % of the parent compounds were 85.70, 57.71, 43.71 and 35.07 %, respectively. The intermediates products of chlorpyrifos degradation using chemical method were identified as O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate(DEP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol(TCP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-methoxypyridine(TMP) and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-pyridine. UV leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl phosphate, TCP and Chlorpyrifos oxon. Ozonation leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate beside the UV degradation products.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Studies on Nitration of Phenol over Solid Acid Catalyst by Lipika Das, Koushi...crimsonpublisherspps
Phenol was selectively nitrated in liquid phase to produce ortho-nitrophenol using dilute nitric acid (30%) at room temperature in presence of hydrochloric acid treated γ-alumina. Initially Al (NO3) and NH4HCO3 were reacted to prepare Al (OH)3 which on successive calcinations at 550 0C for 5h produce γ-alumina. The γ-alumina was characterized by BET, XRD, SEM and NH3-TPD analysis. The XRD profile confirmed the crystalline structure of the solid acid catalyst γ-alumina. The NH3-TPD analysis showed the development of lewis acidity on the surface of hydrochloric acid treated γ-alumina. The effects of various parameters such as concentration of reactants, types of catalyst, weight of the catalyst, solvent, temperature and time of reaction have been studied. The kinetics of the reaction was also investigated
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Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of New Complexes of So...IOSR Journals
Complexes of some lanthanide picrates (Ln3+ = Pr3+, Nd3+ and Dy3+) with benzo-18-crown-6 and 221-cryptand were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, and UV-Visible. Spectrophotometric methods, thermal analysis (TGA & DTG), melting point, magnetic susceptibility and molar conductance. Also an in-vitro study on gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella and pseudomonas aeruginosa) was performed and the results were compared to those of the broad spectrum antibiotic Chloramphinicol. The benzo-18-crown-6 complexes have the general formula of [Ln.L.(Pic)2]Pic.nH2O , where; (Ln3+ = Pr3+, Nd3+, and Dy3+) , (L = Benzo-18-crown-6) , (Pic = Picrate anion) , (n = 1-2). In these complexes two picrate anions are coordinated to the metal ion through the phenolic oxygen and oxygen of the ortho nitro group, thus, the metal ions in these complexes have a coordination number of (10). The complexes of 221-cryptand have the general formula of [Ln.L.(Pic)]Pic2.nH2O where; (Ln3+ = Pr3+, Nd3+, and Dy3+), (L = 221-cryptand), (Pic = Picrate anion), (n = 1,2 or 7). In these complexes one picrate anion is coordinated to the metal ion, also through the phenolic oxygen and the oxygen from the ortho nitro group, thus the metal ions in the cryptand complexes have a coordination number of (9).
Studies on Nitration of Phenol over Solid Acid Catalyst | Crimson PublishersDanesBlake
Phenol was selectively nitrated in liquid phase to produce ortho-nitrophenol using dilute nitric acid (30%) at room temperature in presence of hydrochloric acid treated γ-alumina. Initially Al(NO3) and NH4HCO3 were reacted to prepare Al (OH)3 which on successive calcinations at 550 ᴼC for 5h produce γ-alumina. The γ-alumina was characterized by BET, XRD, SEM and NH3-TPD analysis. The XRD profile confirmed the crystalline structure of the solid acid catalyst γ-alumina. The NH3-TPD analysis showed the development of lewis acidity on the surface of hydrochloric acid treated γ-alumina. The effects of various parameters such as concentration of reactants, types of catalyst, weight of the catalyst, solvent, temperature and time of reaction have been studied. The kinetics of the reaction was also investigated.
Synthesis, Molecular Docking and Antimicrobial Evaluation of New Tetrahydrobe...ijtsrd
A series of novel derivatives of Tetrahydrobenzothienopyrimidine hydrazone were synthesized and product structure was elucidated by 1NMR, C13NMR and mass spectroscopy. The synthesized compounds were evaluated against fungal and bacterial strains. The synthesized compounds showed significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 96, Staphylococcus pyrogenes MTCC 442, and Escherichia coli MTCC 443, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 1688 and against fungal strains Candida albicans MTCC 227, Aspergillus niger MTCC 282, Aspergillus clavatus MTCC 1323. Some derivatives showed promising result against gram positive, gram negative bacterial and fungal strains than standard drug ampicillin and grieseofulvin. In- silico molecular docking studies of the synthesized compounds was done by using GRIP batch docking method of Vlife MDS 3.0 software to study their observed activity which showed a significant correlation between the binding score and biological activity for synthesized compounds. Neetu Chopra | Kiranpreet kaur | Sanjeev Kumar "Synthesis, Molecular Docking and Antimicrobial Evaluation of New Tetrahydrobenzothienopyrimidine Derivatives" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18756.pdf
Synthesis and Characterization of a New Cationic Surfactant Derived from 5-Ch...IJERA Editor
:In this paper, anovel cationic surfactant is synthesized by the alkylation reaction of 5-Chloro- 1H-indole-2,3-dioneunder the conditions of phase transfer catalysis and quaternizationby trimethylamine in acetone solution.Chemical structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1HNMR and 13C NMR. The micellization of cationic surfactant in aqueous solution at room temperature has been reported using the conductivity of the measurements
Mechanistic Aspects of Oxidation of P-Bromoacetophen one by Hexacyanoferrate ...IJERA Editor
The kinetics of oxidation of p-bromoacetophenone by hexacyanoferrate (III) has been studied in alkaline
medium. The order of reaction with respect of both acetophenone and hexacynoferrate (III) has been found to be
unity. The rate of reaction increases with increase in the concentration of sodium hydroxide.On addition of
neutral KCl, reaction rate increases. The effects of solvent and temperature have been also studied. The product
p-bromophenyl glyoxal have been characterized by IR studies.
Complexes of Co(II),Ni(II),Cu(II)and Zn(II) with mixed ligand of 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) and tributylphosphine (PBu3) were prepared in aqueous ethanol with (1:2:2) (M:L:PBu3).
complexes
Similar to Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Mandelic Acid Oxidation By Tripropylammonium Halochromates(X=F,Cl) In Micellar Medium (20)
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Mandelic Acid Oxidation By Tripropylammonium Halochromates(X=F,Cl) In Micellar Medium
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org ||Volume 5 Issue 3|| March 2016 || PP.21-27
www.ijesi.org 21 | Page
Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Mandelic Acid Oxidation By
Tripropylammonium Halochromates(X=F,Cl) In Micellar
Medium
R.Dayanandhan1
, Dr.K.Subramani2
1
(Research and Development center, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India)
2
(PG & Research Department of chemistry, Islamiah college, Vaniyambadi, Tamil Nadu, India)
__________________________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT : Two new Versatile reagent Tripropylammonium Fluorochromate(TriPAFC) and
Tripropylammonium Chlorochromate(TriPACC) has been employed for the oxidation of Mandelic acid. Rate of
the réaction is catalysed by surfactant Sodium LaurylEther Sulphate(SLES). The Oxidation has been studied
spectrophotometrically at room température in perchloric acid medium. Rate of TriPAFC and TriPACC
oxidation of Mandelic acid has been followed under pseudo-first order condition. Rate constants were
calculated by the integrated rate equation. The graph of logk versus time was linear and the slope is near to
unity, rate constant calculated from graph also agreed with experimental value shows the first order rate
dépendance on Mandelic acid. Product formed in this oxidation of Mandelic acid was analysed, polymerization
test were carried to confirm that the reaction follows ionic mechanism and stoichiometric data has been
accounted.Temperature of the substrate is varried and from the rate constant value, Thermodynamic parameters
like Activation energy, Enthalpy change, Entropy change and change in Gibb’s free energy is calculated using
Arrhenius and Eyrings plot. All the kinetic runs were repeated and the rate constants were reproducible within
±2% range.
Keywords : Mandelic acid, oxidation, perchloric acid, Sodium LaurylEther Sulphate, Temperature
I. Introduction
Chromium compounds have been widely used in aqueous and non- aqueous medium for the oxidation of a
variety of organic compounds [1-3]
. Chromium compounds especially Cr(VI) reagents have been proved to be
versatile reagents capable of oxidizing almost all the oxidizable organic functional groups. The study of both
very slow and very fast reactions can pose severe Experimental problems.The development of newer Cr(VI)
reagents for the oxidation of organic substrates continues to be of interest.
The new reagent Tripropylammonium Fluorochromate(TriPAFC) and Tripropylammonium Chlorochromate
(TriPACC) prepared is highly soluble in water, it is economic, stable, non-hygroscopic and easy to prepare in
good yield (97%). It is reported to be highly toxic; there is a continued interest in this reagent for the selective
and effective oxidation of the substrate under mild conditions. A number of new Cr (VI) reagents like
Tripropylammonium fluorochromate[14]
, Pyridinium fluorochromate[15]
, Tetrabutylammonium
chlorochromate[16]
and tetraethyl ammonium chlorochromate[17]
has been used to study the kinetics and
mechanism of various organic compounds.
Rate of the reaction is determined at room temperature by spectrophotometrically. Oxidation of Mandelic acid is
done in perchloric acid medium in presence of micelle SLES. Due to distribution of the substrate between
aqueous and micelles phases, the rate of the reaction of the substrate are different. Basically, the rate effects can
be attributed to electrostatic and hydrophobic interaction between the substrate and the surfactant aggregate and
in some cases to change in structure of the surrounding water, on simple electrostatic consideration.
Rate is increased by increase in concentration of substrate, Perchloric acid and micelle. Decrease in Absorbance
from 373nm for TriPAFC and 370.5nm for TriPACC is observed. Rate of the reaction also been determined at
four different temperatures from 303K to 318K for Mandelic acid by keeping other reagents constant at constant
temperature. Temperature is maintained using constant temperature bath. Activation parameters were calculated
from the graph by plotting log (k2) versus (1/T) for Arrhenius plot is linear with negative slope.
II. Materials And Methods
All the chemicals used are of Analytical grade. DL-Mandelic acid, 60% A.R.Perchloric acid were commercial
products (E.Merck Ltd, Mumbai, India) and directly used.Tripropylamine, Sodium LaurylEther Sulphate
(SLES) was purchased from SD fine chemicals, India. Double Distilled water was used as solvent. Perchloric
acid was standardized using standard sodium carbonate (Merck, India) solution with methyl orange as Indicator.
2. Kinetics And Thermodynamics Of Mandelic Acid Oxidation By Tripropylammonium
www.ijesi.org 22 | Page
2.1. Kinetic methods and Rate Measurements
Elico UV-Visible (FL244) Spectrophotometer has been used to study the oxidation of Mandelic acid by
TriPAFC and TriPACC in presence of Micellar catalyst. The solution of temperature pre-equilibrated. The rate
measurement was carried out on 30 ± 0.2° C in 100% aqueous medium. The Temperature was controlled by
electrically operated thermostat. The total volume of reaction mixture in the spectrophotometric cell was kept as
2.5ml in each kinetic run. The reactions were carried out under pseudo-first order conditions, keeping the
substrate concentration always in excess. The pseudo-first order rate constant of each kinetic run was evaluated
from the slope of the linear plot of log (a-x) versus time, according to the first order rate equation by the method
of least square.
k = (2.303/t)*log (a/ (a-x)) ----- (1)
k1 = 2.303 x slope expressed in sec-1
where k1 is the pseudo-first order rate constant,‘t’ is the time in
sec. and ‘a’ and (a-x) denote the initial concentration and concentration at time ‘t’ respectively of oxidant.
2.3. Thermodynamic methods
Time is a variable in kinetics but not in thermodynamics; rates dealt with in the latter are with respect to
temperature, pressure, etc., but not with respect to time; equilibrium is a time independent state.
Thermodynamic parameters such as Activation Energy, Frequency factor, Enthalpy of Activation, Entropy of
Activation and free energy of Activation has been calculated at four different temperatures from the equations
given below. From Arrhenius Equation the speed of the chemical reaction increases exponentially with
temperature.
k = A.exp [-Ea/RT] ------ (2)
Log A = log k2 + [Ea/2.303RT] ------ (3)
The equation is in accordance with empirical fact that for most of reactions plot of 3 + log k versus 103
/ T is a Arrhenius plot which gives a straight line and slope is -Ea /2.303R, Ea calculated in this way is called
Arrhenius activation energy. Intercept gives the value of log A.
∆H = Ea – RT ----- (4)
∆S = 2.303 R (logA – log exp [kBT/h]) ----- (5)
∆G = ∆H - T∆S ------ (6)
Two oxidants TriPAFC and TriPACC were synthesized by the given procedure
2.4. Preparation of Tripropylammonium Fluorochromate TriPAFC, (C3H7)3NH [CrO3F]
Tripropylammonium Fluorochromate TriPAFC by the reported procedure [15]
Chromium (VI) oxide (10g, 10
mmol) and 9.0 mL (20 mmol) 40 % hydrofluoric acid were added to 20 mL of water in a 100 mL
polyethylene beaker with stirring at 0o
C. To the resultant orange solution, Triproylamine (14ml, 20mmol) was
added drop wise and stirring was continued over a period of half an hour. The precipitated solid was isolated by
filtration and washed with petroleum ether and dried under vacuum for 2 hours. Yield: 45.8(98%); mp 142o
C.IR
spectral data shows peak at 904,647,949 cm-1
.Electronic absorption occurs at 22321 cm-1
. UV/Visible and1
H-
NMR and 19
F-NMR was all consistent with the TriPAFC structure. The pH of 0.01 M solution of TriPAFC in
water was 3.3. Purity of the oxidant was checked by Iodimetric procedure.
2.5. Preparation of Tripropylammonium Chlorochromate TriPACC, (C3H7)3NH [CrO3Cl]
Tripropylammonium Chlorochromate TriPACC by the reported procedure [16]
Chromium (VI) oxide (10g, 10m mol) and 2.5 mL (15 mmol) 40 % hydrofluoric acid were added to 20 mL
of water in a 100 mL polyethylene beaker with stirring at 0o
C. To the resultant orange solution,
Triproylamine (15ml, 15mmol) was added drop wise and stirring was continued over a period of half an hour.
The precipitated solid was isolated by filtration and washed with petroleum ether and dried under vacuum for 2
hours. Yield: 45.8(95%); mp 135o
C.IR spectral data shows peak at 901, 432, 949 cm-1
.Electronic absorption
occurs at 22123 cm-1
. UV/Visible and1
H-NMR and 13
C-NMR was all consistent with the TriPAFC structure.
The pH of 0.01 M solution TriPACC in water was 2.9. Purity of the oxidant was checked by Iodimetric
procedure
2.6. Product Analysis
The carbonyl compound formed during the oxidation of Mandelic acid by both TriPAFC and TriPACC was
analyzed by the following general procedure. The reaction mixture, after 9 half lives was neutralized to pH = 6.0
by the addition of saturated KHCO3 solution and the resultant solution are filtered off. The filtrate was extracted
with diethyl ether several times and the ether extracts were made up to known volume. The amount of
Benzaldehyde formed was determined by measuring the absorbance at 280nm. Benzaldehyde formed was
analyzed as 2, 4-dinitrophenyl-hydrazone derivative (b.pt-178°C).
3. Kinetics And Thermodynamics Of Mandelic Acid Oxidation By Tripropylammonium
www.ijesi.org 23 | Page
2.6. Stoichiometry and polymerization test
The stoichiometric studies for the oxidation of Mandelic acid by both TriPAFC and TriPACC in the presence of
micelle SLES were carried out at 30 ± 0.2°C. The Stoichiometry was calculated from the ratio between reacted
[oxidant] and [substrate]. Polymerization test with acrylonitrile was carried out to check the formation of
intermediate radicals during the oxidation of Mandelic acid by both TriPAFC and TriPACC in perchloric acid
medium.
III. Result And Discussion
The kinetics of both TriPAFC and TriPACC oxidation of Mandelic acid at room temperature 30 ± 0.2°C in
perchloric acid medium in presence of micelles is attempted.
3.1. Rate Dependence on varying TRIPAFC and TRIPACC concentration
The rate of TriPAFC and TriPACC oxidation of Mandelic acid has been followed under pseudo first order
condition by keeping excess of the Mandelic acid concentration than the reagent. The rate constants were
calculated by the integrated rate equation. The graph of log k versus time was linear and the rate constants
calculated from the slope of the graph agreed with the experimental value, which shows first order dependence.
The rate of TriPAFC was given in Table – 1, Fig.1and rate of TriPACC was given in Table – 2 and Fig.2. All
the kinetic runs were repeated and the rate constants were reproducible within ± 2% range. Concentration of
TriPAFC and TriPACC varied at 1.0x10-2
, 2.0x10-2
, 3.0x10-2
, 4.0x10-2
mol dm-3
, keeping other concentrations
of Mandelic acid, perchloric acid and temperature constant.
-d[Mandelic acid] / dt = k1 [Mandelic acid] ------- (11)
TABLE – 1
[TriPAFC] = 4.0x10-2
mol dm-3
[HClO4] = 4.0x10-2
mol dm-3
[Mandelic acid] = 4.0x10-1
mol dm-3
[SLES] = 1.0x10-3
mol dm-3
Time(Sec) (a – x) mol dm-3
103
k1 s-1
60
120
180
240
300
360
420
480
540
600
660
0.5846
0.572
0.559
0.5465
0.5339
0.523
0.51
0.4986
0.4886
0.4768
0.4658
3.78
3.7
3.7
3.76
3.78
3.72
3.79
3.78
3.7
3.78
3.79
Experimental value 3.76
Graphical value 3.839
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
1.66
1.68
1.70
1.72
1.74
1.76
1.78
log(a-x)
Time in seconds
k = 3.839
Fig.1: Pseudo first order plot of logk versus time rate dependence for TriPAFC
TABLE – 2
[TriPACC] = 4.0x10-2
mol dm-3
[HClO4] = 4.0x10-2
mol dm-3
[Mandelic acid] = 4.0x10-1
mol dm-3
[SLES] = 1.0x10-3
mol dm-3
Time(Sec) (a – x) mol dm-3
104
k1 s-1
60
120
180
240
300
360
420
480
540
600
0.662
0.602
0.544
0.491
0.431
0.371
0.311
0.245
0.172
0.099
1.984
1.978
1.980
1.989
1.971
1.989
1.982
1.975
1.977
1.974
Experimental value 1.979
Graphical value 1.980
4. Kinetics And Thermodynamics Of Mandelic Acid Oxidation By Tripropylammonium
www.ijesi.org 24 | Page
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
log(a-x)
Time in seconds
k1
= 1.980
Fig.2: Pseudo first order plot of logk versus time rate dependence for TriPACC
3.2. Rate Dependence on varying Mandelic acid concentration
On increasing the concentration of Mandelic acid at 1.0x10-1
to 4.0x10-1
mol dm-3
and by keeping other
constituents constants, the rate increases proportionately. The plot of 4+logk versus 2+ log [Mandelic acid] is a
linear with slope nearness to Unity shows the first order rate dependence of Mandelic acid. The rate is compared
for the both the absence and presence of micelle. The rate of TriPAFC was given in Table – 3, Fig.3and rate of
TriPACC was given in Table – 4 and Fig.4.
TABLE – 3
[TriPAFC] = 4.0x10-2
mol dm-3
[HClO4] = 4.0x10-2
mol dm-3
[Temperature] = 30 ± 0.2°C [SLES] = 1.0x10-3
mol dm-3
Mandelic acid 104
k1 s-1
102
k2 mol-1
dm3
s-1
SLES
104
k1 s-1
102
k2 mol-1
dm3
s-1
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
2.413
4.846
7.339
9.662
2.413
2.423
2.446
2.416
2.895
5.804
8.694
11.601
2.895
2.902
2.898
2.900
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0
5.1
TriPAFC
4+logk
2+log[Mandelic acid]
s
lo
p
e
=
0
.9
8
7
2
Fig.3: Rate dependence of Mandelic acid in presence of micelle
TABLE – 4
[TriPACC] = 4.0x10-2
mol dm-3
[HClO4] = 4.0x10-2
mol dm-3
[Temperature] = 30 ± 0.2°C [SLES] = 1.0x10-3
mol dm-3
Mandelic acid 104
k1 s-1
102
k2 mol-1
dm3
s-1
SLES
104
k1 s-1
102
k2 mol-1
dm3
s-1
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.032
10.151
15.112
20.154
5.032
5.075
5.037
5.039
5.436
10.902
16.318
21.864
5.436
5.451
5.440
5.466
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
TriPACC
4+logk
2+log[Mandelic acid]
slope = 0.9945
Fig.4: Rate dependence of Mandelic acid in presence of micelle
5. Kinetics And Thermodynamics Of Mandelic Acid Oxidation By Tripropylammonium
www.ijesi.org 25 | Page
3.3. Rate Dependence on varying Perchloric acid concentration
On varying the concentration of Perchloric acid at 1.0x10-2
to 4.0x10-2
mol dm-3
and by keeping other
constituents constants, the rate was found to be nearly constant. The plot of 4+logk versus 2+log[Perchloric
acid] is a linear with slope nearness to Unity shows the Pseudo first order rate dependence of Perchloric acid.
The rate is measured in presence of micelle. It was shown in Table-5 and Fig.5.
Rate = kobs[Cr (VI)][HClO4] ------- (12)
TABLE – 5
[TriPAFC and TriPACC] = 4.0x10-2
mol dm-3
[Mandelic acid] = 4.0x10-1
mol dm-3
[Temperature] = 30 ± 0.2°C [SLES] = 1.0x10-3
mol dm-3
Perchloric acid TriPAFC TriPACC
104
k1 s-1
102
k2 mol-1
dm3
s-1
104
k1 s-1
102
k2 mol-1
dm3
s-1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.802
1.611
2.421
3.189
0.802
0.806
0.807
0.797
0.975
1.946
2.929
3.889
0.975
0.973
0.976
0.972
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
3.9
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
TriPAFC
TriPACC
4+logk
2+log[HClO4
]
slope=
0.9736
slope=
0.9756
Fig .5: Pseudo first order plot of rate dependence of HClO4
3.4. Rate Dependence on varying Micellar concentration
On varying the concentration of micelle Sodium LaurylEther Sulphate (SLES) at 0.0001, 0.0052, 0.001and
0.005 mol dm-3
shows a progressive increase in the rate. A plot of logk versus 3+[SLES] gives sigmoidal curve
with CMC value (1.1±0.6)x10-3
.Comparision of rate is given in Table-6 and Fig.6 below
TABLE – 6
[TriPAFC and TriPACC] = 4.0x10-2
mol dm-3
[Mandelic acid] = 4.0x10-1
mol dm-3
[Temperature] = 30 ± 0.2°C [HClO4] = 4.0x10-2
mol dm-3
[SLES]
mol dm-3
TriPAFC TriPACC
104
k1
(s-1
)
102
k2dm3
mol-1
s-1
104
k1
(s-1
)
102
k2dm3
mol-1
s-1
0.0001
0.0005
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.124
1.222
1.444
1.602
1.621
1.441
1.470
1.444
1.455
1.451
1.756
1.926
2.106
2.216
2.226
2.102
2.110
2.109
2.110
2.111
0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
10
4
k(s
-1
)
[SLES] mol dm
-3
TriPAFC
TriPACC
Fig .6: Rate dependence of SLES variation
6. Kinetics And Thermodynamics Of Mandelic Acid Oxidation By Tripropylammonium
www.ijesi.org 26 | Page
3.5. Thermodynamic parameters
Oxidation of Mandelic acid by TriPAFC and TriPACC was carried out at four different temperatures keeping all
reactant concentrations constant. The rate constant calculated is given in the Table-7 and Table-8.The Arrhenius
plot of logk2 Vs 103
/T is given in Fig.7. Arrhenius parameters at 313K for the oxidation of Mandelic acid by
TriPAFC and TriPACC is given in Table-9.
TABLE – 7
[TriPAFC] = 4.0x10-2
mol dm-3
[Mandelic acid] = 4.0x10-1
mol dm-3
[HClO4] = 4.0x10-2
mol dm-3
Temperature(K) 104
k1 s-1
103
k2 mol-1
dm3
s-1
303 2.413 7.963
308 2.834 9.201
313 3.233 10.33
318 3.657 11.50
TABLE – 8
[TriPACC] = 4.0x10-2
mol dm-3
[Mandelic acid] = 4.0x10-1
mol dm-3
[HClO4] = 4.0x10-2
mol dm-3
Temperature(K) 104
k1 s-1
103
k2 mol-1
dm3
s-1
303 5.032 16.607
308 5.676 18.428
313 6.252 19.974
318 6.846 21.528
3.14 3.16 3.18 3.20 3.22 3.24 3.26 3.28 3.30 3.32
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
10
3
/T
TriPAFC
TriPACC
4+logk2
Fig.7: Arrhenius plot of log k Vs [1/T] to calculate thermodynamic parameters
TABLE-9
Arrhenius parameters at 313K for the oxidation of Mandelic acid by TriPAFC and TriPACC
Arrhenius parameters [TriPAFC] [TriPACC]
Ea KJmol-1
18.902 19.042
∆H KJmol-1
16.299 16.44
-∆S JK-1
mol-1
186.9 190.04
∆G KJmol-1
74.8 75.91
Log A 3.664 3.973
3.6. Polymerisation test and Stoichiometry
To a solution of 0.1 mol dm-3
of Mandelic acid in perchloric acid medium, a few drops of acrylonitrile was
added and shaken well. To this 5 ml of 0.01 mol dm-3
solution of oxidant in aqueous medium and stirred well
and kept under nitrogen atmosphere in a thermostat for one hour. No polymer formation was observed which
indicates the absence of radical formation as an intermediate during the course of the reaction. The estimation of
unreacted oxidant TriPAFC and TriPACC indicated that one mole of the oxidant was consumed by 0.65 mole of
the Mandelic acid (1.00: 0.65) ratio.
IV. Conclusion
The Mandelic acid oxidation by two new reagents TriPAFC and TriPACC has been investigated in perchloric
acid medium at room temperature. The oxidation of Mandelic acid is first order with respect to each TriPAFC
and TriPACC, perchloric acid. This oxidation is catalysed by anionic micelle Sodium Lauryl Ether sulphate
(SLES). On varying the concentration of substrate, perchloric acid shows a progressive increase in the reaction
rate with slope is near to unity. Effect of variation of TriPAFC and TriPACC on Mandelic acid has no progress
of increase on rate. Variation of Micellar concentration shows a progress of increase in the rate and a plot gives
sigmoidal curve. Rate of oxidation of Mandelic acid and perchloric acid for TriPACC is faster than TriPAFC
Polymerization test shows no intermediate is formed during the course of the reaction. Stoichiometry data shows
that one mole of the oxidant was consumed by 0.65 mole of the Mandelic acid. Thermodynamic parameters are
calculated at four different temperatures, Arrhenius plots were given.
7. Kinetics And Thermodynamics Of Mandelic Acid Oxidation By Tripropylammonium
www.ijesi.org 27 | Page
Acknowledgement
The author wish to thank to Dr.K.Arul,Principal,Sri Vidya Mandir Arts & Science
college,Uthangarai,TamilNadu,Indiafor his valuable suggessions and to Dr.M.Selvapandiyan,Department of
Physics,Periyar University,Salem,India for guiding in Origin8.5 software and Dr. P.Rajkumar,Department of
chemistry,Priyadarshini Engineering college,Vaniambadi,TamilNadu,India for suggessions to publish this
paper. I express my sincere thanks to Dr.K.Subramani, PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Islamiah
College, Vaniyambadi for providing me an opportunity for completing research work successfully.
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