The document discusses the history and applications of radioisotopes and nuclear medicine. It describes how radioisotopes were discovered in the late 19th century by scientists like Roentgen, Becquerel, and the Curies. It then explains what radioisotopes are and how their atomic structure differs from stable isotopes. Finally, it summarizes some key applications of radioisotopes in medicine, including diagnostic imaging techniques like PET scans and gamma scanning that use radioactive tracers to examine organ function and identify health issues.
This document discusses radioactivity and its discovery by Henri Becquerel in 1896. It describes some of the major contributors to the field, including the Curies and Rutherford. It provides details on the types of radiation emitted by radioactive elements (alpha, beta, gamma) and the different types of radioactivity (natural and artificial). It also discusses various applications of radioactivity in areas like medicine, dating, tracers, sterilization, and more. The document is written by Cookey-Gam Tamuno-OpuBo as part of a physics class assignment on the topic of radioactivity.
This document discusses radioactivity and radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine for diagnosis and treatment. It defines isotopes, radioactive isotopes, and radioactivity. The major types of radioactive decay are described, including alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and electron capture. The properties and effects of each type of radiation are summarized. The kinetics of radioactive decay are explained using decay constant and half-life. Radiation dosimetry is introduced as the calculation of radiation dose exposed to and absorbed by objects.
1. Magnetic fluids are colloidal suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles in a carrier liquid that can be used for various engineering and medical applications.
2. Impedance spectroscopy can be used to measure the dynamic magnetic susceptibility of magnetic fluids by applying alternating and static magnetic fields.
3. The magnetic susceptibility measured via impedance spectroscopy exhibits relaxation and resonance behaviors that provide information about properties of the magnetic nanoparticles such as their size, size distribution, and anisotropy.
Radioactivity refers to the spontaneous emission of particles or radiation from unstable atomic nuclei and was discovered in 1898 by Henri Becquerel. It has important medical uses such as diagnosing and treating cancer, but also carries dangers if exposed to large amounts. The three main types are alpha, beta, and gamma rays which are classified based on their charge. Radioisotopes are unstable isotopes that decay and emit radiation, and can be used beneficially in areas like medicine, industry, and dating geological materials, though overexposure poses health risks.
general introduction of radioactivity, it include discovery of radioactivity, types of radiation, isotopes and radioactive isotopes difference, half life, prevention and precaution from radiation. detecting devices used in laboreatory for radiation spillage and protection.
1) Researchers have developed a new technique called mechanophotopatterning (MPP) that uses light irradiation and mechanical deformation to precisely control the topology of light-responsive elastomers, establishing a new patterning method.
2) Using MPP, a variety of surface topologies can be produced, making it potentially useful for applications. When optically thick samples are irradiated, they bow into 3D shapes with promising applications in advanced optics.
3) The intrinsic material properties of the polymers remain unchanged after deformation, allowing for diverse applications at the interface of cell biology and tissue engineering through dynamic control of mechanical feedback to cells.
This document provides an overview of physics concepts related to nuclear medicine, including radioactive decay and various modes of decay. It discusses:
- Radioactive decay results from nuclear instability and transforms an unstable nucleus into a more stable daughter nucleus through emission of particles/photons.
- Common modes of decay include beta emission, in which a neutron transforms to a proton and electron/neutrino, and alpha/beta-gamma emission, where decay to an excited daughter state is followed by gamma emission.
- Properties like decay mode, transition energy, and lifetime are characteristic of each radionuclide. Radioactive and chemical properties are generally independent.
The document discusses the history and applications of radioisotopes and nuclear medicine. It describes how radioisotopes were discovered in the late 19th century by scientists like Roentgen, Becquerel, and the Curies. It then explains what radioisotopes are and how their atomic structure differs from stable isotopes. Finally, it summarizes some key applications of radioisotopes in medicine, including diagnostic imaging techniques like PET scans and gamma scanning that use radioactive tracers to examine organ function and identify health issues.
This document discusses radioactivity and its discovery by Henri Becquerel in 1896. It describes some of the major contributors to the field, including the Curies and Rutherford. It provides details on the types of radiation emitted by radioactive elements (alpha, beta, gamma) and the different types of radioactivity (natural and artificial). It also discusses various applications of radioactivity in areas like medicine, dating, tracers, sterilization, and more. The document is written by Cookey-Gam Tamuno-OpuBo as part of a physics class assignment on the topic of radioactivity.
This document discusses radioactivity and radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine for diagnosis and treatment. It defines isotopes, radioactive isotopes, and radioactivity. The major types of radioactive decay are described, including alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and electron capture. The properties and effects of each type of radiation are summarized. The kinetics of radioactive decay are explained using decay constant and half-life. Radiation dosimetry is introduced as the calculation of radiation dose exposed to and absorbed by objects.
1. Magnetic fluids are colloidal suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles in a carrier liquid that can be used for various engineering and medical applications.
2. Impedance spectroscopy can be used to measure the dynamic magnetic susceptibility of magnetic fluids by applying alternating and static magnetic fields.
3. The magnetic susceptibility measured via impedance spectroscopy exhibits relaxation and resonance behaviors that provide information about properties of the magnetic nanoparticles such as their size, size distribution, and anisotropy.
Radioactivity refers to the spontaneous emission of particles or radiation from unstable atomic nuclei and was discovered in 1898 by Henri Becquerel. It has important medical uses such as diagnosing and treating cancer, but also carries dangers if exposed to large amounts. The three main types are alpha, beta, and gamma rays which are classified based on their charge. Radioisotopes are unstable isotopes that decay and emit radiation, and can be used beneficially in areas like medicine, industry, and dating geological materials, though overexposure poses health risks.
general introduction of radioactivity, it include discovery of radioactivity, types of radiation, isotopes and radioactive isotopes difference, half life, prevention and precaution from radiation. detecting devices used in laboreatory for radiation spillage and protection.
1) Researchers have developed a new technique called mechanophotopatterning (MPP) that uses light irradiation and mechanical deformation to precisely control the topology of light-responsive elastomers, establishing a new patterning method.
2) Using MPP, a variety of surface topologies can be produced, making it potentially useful for applications. When optically thick samples are irradiated, they bow into 3D shapes with promising applications in advanced optics.
3) The intrinsic material properties of the polymers remain unchanged after deformation, allowing for diverse applications at the interface of cell biology and tissue engineering through dynamic control of mechanical feedback to cells.
This document provides an overview of physics concepts related to nuclear medicine, including radioactive decay and various modes of decay. It discusses:
- Radioactive decay results from nuclear instability and transforms an unstable nucleus into a more stable daughter nucleus through emission of particles/photons.
- Common modes of decay include beta emission, in which a neutron transforms to a proton and electron/neutrino, and alpha/beta-gamma emission, where decay to an excited daughter state is followed by gamma emission.
- Properties like decay mode, transition energy, and lifetime are characteristic of each radionuclide. Radioactive and chemical properties are generally independent.
The document discusses the use of radioactive isotopes in geology and forensics. It describes the components of atoms, including protons, neutrons, and electrons. Isotopes are variants of the same element that differ in their number of neutrons. Unstable isotopes decay over time, while stable isotopes can be used for radiometric dating. Examples are given of carbon-14 dating of artifacts like the Dead Sea Scrolls and Stonehenge. Forensic cases show how carbon-14 has been used to date things like the Shroud of Turin and nuclear test fallout in teeth.
The document provides an overview of Hajo Freund's research on modeling heterogeneous catalysts at the atomic level. It discusses four conceptual studies: (1) investigating the active sites at metal-oxide interfaces in supported nanoparticle systems using scanning tunneling microscopy, (2) modeling amorphous silica supports through thin film preparation, characterization, and scanning probe microscopy, (3) examining adsorption and chemical reactions in confined spaces using infrared absorption spectroscopy, and (4) understanding the influence of morphology on reactivity through carbon dioxide activation studies. The research aims to develop molecular-scale models of heterogeneous catalysts through advanced surface science techniques.
Rocket and fuse_observations_of_ic405_differential_extinction_and_fluorescent...Sérgio Sacani
The document describes rocket and FUSE observations of the emission/reflection nebula IC 405. The observations show that the ratio of nebular surface brightness to stellar flux (S/F*) increases by about two orders of magnitude towards the blue end of the far-UV bandpass. Scattering models fail to reproduce this "blue rise" effect. FUSE spectroscopy reveals a rich fluorescent molecular hydrogen spectrum north of the star. The observations suggest that uncertainties in nebular geometry and dust clumping are likely responsible for the blue rise, rather than fluorescent H2 emission. If IC 405 was spatially unresolved, it would appear to have less dust extinction than observed.
This document is a resume for Dr. Elena A. Guliants seeking a research or program management position involving renewable and alternative energy technologies. She has over 23 years of experience in fields such as photovoltaics, energy storage, hydrogen generation, and nanoenergetics. Her educational background includes a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering and an M.B.A. She is fluent in English and Russian.
Flexible and Ultrasoft Inorganic 1D Semiconductor and Heterostructure Systems...Pawan Kumar
Low dimensionality and high flexibility are key demands for flexible electronic semiconductor devices. SnIP, the first atomic-scale double helical semiconductor combines structural anisotropy and robustness with exceptional electronic properties. The benefit of the double helix, combined with a diverse structure on the nanoscale, ranging from strong covalent bonding to weak van der Waals interactions, and the large structure and property anisotropy offer substantial potential for applications in energy conversion and water splitting. It represents the next logical step in downscaling the inorganic semiconductors from classical 3D systems, via 2D semiconductors like MXenes or transition metal dichalcogenides, to the first downsizeable, polymer-like atomic-scale 1D semiconductor SnIP. SnIP shows intriguing mechanical properties featuring a bulk modulus three times lower than any IV, III-V, or II-VI semiconductor. In situ bending tests substantiate that pure SnIP fibers can be bent without an effect on their bonding properties. Organic and inorganic hybrids are prepared illustrating that SnIP is a candidate to fabricate flexible 1D composites for energy conversion and water splitting applications. SnIP@C3N4 hybrid forms an unusual soft material core–shell topology with graphenic carbon nitride wrapping around SnIP. A 1D van der Waals heterostructure is formed capable of performing effective water splitting.
This document summarizes information about radioactivity and its applications. It begins with a brief history of the discovery of radioactivity by Becquerel in 1896 and the Curies. It then discusses the stability of nuclei and properties of radioisotopes. Applications of radioisotopes discussed include uses in medicine such as diagnosing thyroid disease, treating overactive thyroids, and detecting blood clots. Additional applications include using radioisotopes to date artifacts, study geological time periods, ensure thickness of materials, and kill pests. The document also covers nuclear fission, pros and cons of nuclear energy, negative effects of radiation, and proper management of radioactive waste.
Photochemical reactions are chemical reactions initiated by the absorption of light energy. These reactions involve an organic molecule absorbing a photon which causes electronic excitation from a lower to a higher orbital. The excited molecule may then undergo various chemical reactions, including photoaddition, photocycloaddition, and photo-oxidation reactions. Photochemical reactions differ from thermochemical reactions in their requirement of light to initiate the reaction.
The document presents evidence for azimuthal variations in cosmic ray ion acceleration at the blast wave of the supernova remnant SN 1006. Using radio, X-ray, and optical observations, the researchers find that the ratio of radii between the blast wave and contact discontinuity varies azimuthally, being smallest in the brightest synchrotron emission regions, indicating more efficient cosmic ray acceleration. They interpret this as evidence that the injection rate, magnetic field strength, and turbulence level - which influence cosmic ray acceleration - all vary azimuthally and are highest in the brightest regions.
Production of radio nuclides + Production of Short-Lived RadionuclideAhmad Hassan
This document discusses the production of radio nuclides used in nuclear medicine. It describes three main methods: reactor produced, accelerator/cyclotron produced, and fission produced. Reactor produced nuclides are made by neutron capture in reactors. Cyclotron produced nuclides are made by bombarding stable nuclides with protons, deuterons, helium-3, or helium-4 particles. Fission produced nuclides come from fission of heavier elements like uranium. The document also discusses radio nuclide generators, which allow production of short-lived daughters from long-lived parents to overcome transportation issues for short-lived isotopes.
This document summarizes the research activities of J. Fontcuberta and their institution related to multiferroic materials. It discusses several research areas including new multiferroic materials and devices, double perovskites, multifunctional heterostructures on silicon, and magnetophotonic materials. Several references to recent publications are provided for some of the research areas. The overall focus is on the exploration and development of novel multiferroic materials with applications in multiple memories, logic, optical components, and electric/magnetic control of material properties.
This document discusses the properties of radioisotopes. It explains that radioactive isotopes undergo radioactive decay by emitting one of three types of radiation (alpha, beta, gamma) until they become stable. It defines half-life as the time it takes for half of the atoms in a sample to decay. The half-life remains constant, so the activity of a sample decreases over time in a predictable way. The document also discusses the penetrating abilities of different types of radiation and how they can pass through varying materials. It notes that isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties but may differ physically based on their number of neutrons.
Wei Li has published extensively in international scientific journals and books as well as international conference proceedings. Some of his notable publications include papers on spectral characterization of monolithic mode-locked lasers, superluminescent diodes at 1.55 μm, characterization of 1550 nm Fabry-Perot laser structures, and invited chapters in books on dilute nitride semiconductors and GaInNAs quantum well lasers. He has also published work on extending the emission wavelength of GaInNAs/GaAs quantum well lasers beyond 1300 nm and high performance 1.32 μm GaInNAs/GaAs single-quantum-well lasers.
Radioactivity has many applications including:
1) Nuclear power generation, which produces heat from nuclear fission to boil water and drive steam turbines to produce electricity.
2) Nuclear medicine uses short-lived radioactive isotopes as tracers injected into patients to produce diagnostic images.
3) Dating techniques like carbon-14 dating determine the age of organic materials by measuring radioactive decay since death.
4) Other uses include sterilizing medical equipment, measuring flow rates, and detecting leaks. However, nuclear power also poses risks from radioactive waste and potential accidents.
This document summarizes a study using deep Chandra observations of the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4151. The observations allow examination of emission line morphology in the inner 150 pc region with high spatial resolution. The maps show structures correlated with the radio outflow and optical emission. There is evidence for jet-gas cloud interactions, including regions with elevated NeIX/OVII ratios and X-ray emission exceeding expectations from nuclear photoionization alone, suggesting collisional ionization. Constraints are also placed on the spatial distribution of iron Kα emission, finding less than 5% originates beyond 150 pc, in disagreement with a prior claim of 65% from larger regions.
1. The document describes observations of the Seyfert-1 galaxy Mrk 509 using XMM-Newton and Swift.
2. It analyzes the optical-UV and X-ray variability over a 100 day monitoring campaign with a few day resolution.
3. The results suggest that on these timescales, the soft X-ray excess in Mrk 509 is produced by warm Comptonization of thermal optical-UV photons from the accretion disk by a warm, optically thick corona surrounding the inner disk regions.
This document discusses multiferoic materials, which exhibit more than one "primary ferroic order parameter" simultaneously. The four primary ferroic order parameters are ferromagnetism, ferroelectricity, ferroelasticity, and antiferromagnetism/ferrimagnetism. The document provides examples of natural and synthetic multiferoic materials and discusses their properties and applications. It also explains related effects like magnetoelectricity and piezoelectricity, describing how certain materials can generate an electric potential or mechanical strain in response to a magnetic or electric field.
This document summarizes research on amphiphiles and Langmuir monolayers. It discusses how amphiphiles are composed of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. When spread on water, amphiphiles form Langmuir monolayers where the heads interact with water and tails with air. Pressure-area isotherms of these monolayers show phase transitions as pressure increases. Adding metal ions to the water subphase can induce superlattice formation underneath the monolayer. Studies using x-ray diffraction and other techniques characterized the structures of various Langmuir monolayers and how they change with conditions like subphase pH and metal ion type.
The document discusses using solar energy as a pumping source for lasers. It provides background on lasers and how they operate via stimulated emission. Researchers have started exploring using sunlight as the pumping source due to its abundant energy and broad spectrum. The first solar-pumped solid-state laser was reported in 1966, but interest increased in recent years. Some studies have achieved over 100 watts of continuous power from solar lasers. Further improving efficiency and achieving specific laser properties could broaden their applications in renewable energy.
The document discusses the use of radioactive isotopes in geology and forensics. It describes the components of atoms, including protons, neutrons, and electrons. Isotopes are variants of the same element that differ in their number of neutrons. Unstable isotopes decay over time, while stable isotopes can be used for radiometric dating. Examples are given of carbon-14 dating of artifacts like the Dead Sea Scrolls and Stonehenge. Forensic cases show how carbon-14 has been used to date things like the Shroud of Turin and nuclear test fallout in teeth.
The document provides an overview of Hajo Freund's research on modeling heterogeneous catalysts at the atomic level. It discusses four conceptual studies: (1) investigating the active sites at metal-oxide interfaces in supported nanoparticle systems using scanning tunneling microscopy, (2) modeling amorphous silica supports through thin film preparation, characterization, and scanning probe microscopy, (3) examining adsorption and chemical reactions in confined spaces using infrared absorption spectroscopy, and (4) understanding the influence of morphology on reactivity through carbon dioxide activation studies. The research aims to develop molecular-scale models of heterogeneous catalysts through advanced surface science techniques.
Rocket and fuse_observations_of_ic405_differential_extinction_and_fluorescent...Sérgio Sacani
The document describes rocket and FUSE observations of the emission/reflection nebula IC 405. The observations show that the ratio of nebular surface brightness to stellar flux (S/F*) increases by about two orders of magnitude towards the blue end of the far-UV bandpass. Scattering models fail to reproduce this "blue rise" effect. FUSE spectroscopy reveals a rich fluorescent molecular hydrogen spectrum north of the star. The observations suggest that uncertainties in nebular geometry and dust clumping are likely responsible for the blue rise, rather than fluorescent H2 emission. If IC 405 was spatially unresolved, it would appear to have less dust extinction than observed.
This document is a resume for Dr. Elena A. Guliants seeking a research or program management position involving renewable and alternative energy technologies. She has over 23 years of experience in fields such as photovoltaics, energy storage, hydrogen generation, and nanoenergetics. Her educational background includes a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering and an M.B.A. She is fluent in English and Russian.
Flexible and Ultrasoft Inorganic 1D Semiconductor and Heterostructure Systems...Pawan Kumar
Low dimensionality and high flexibility are key demands for flexible electronic semiconductor devices. SnIP, the first atomic-scale double helical semiconductor combines structural anisotropy and robustness with exceptional electronic properties. The benefit of the double helix, combined with a diverse structure on the nanoscale, ranging from strong covalent bonding to weak van der Waals interactions, and the large structure and property anisotropy offer substantial potential for applications in energy conversion and water splitting. It represents the next logical step in downscaling the inorganic semiconductors from classical 3D systems, via 2D semiconductors like MXenes or transition metal dichalcogenides, to the first downsizeable, polymer-like atomic-scale 1D semiconductor SnIP. SnIP shows intriguing mechanical properties featuring a bulk modulus three times lower than any IV, III-V, or II-VI semiconductor. In situ bending tests substantiate that pure SnIP fibers can be bent without an effect on their bonding properties. Organic and inorganic hybrids are prepared illustrating that SnIP is a candidate to fabricate flexible 1D composites for energy conversion and water splitting applications. SnIP@C3N4 hybrid forms an unusual soft material core–shell topology with graphenic carbon nitride wrapping around SnIP. A 1D van der Waals heterostructure is formed capable of performing effective water splitting.
This document summarizes information about radioactivity and its applications. It begins with a brief history of the discovery of radioactivity by Becquerel in 1896 and the Curies. It then discusses the stability of nuclei and properties of radioisotopes. Applications of radioisotopes discussed include uses in medicine such as diagnosing thyroid disease, treating overactive thyroids, and detecting blood clots. Additional applications include using radioisotopes to date artifacts, study geological time periods, ensure thickness of materials, and kill pests. The document also covers nuclear fission, pros and cons of nuclear energy, negative effects of radiation, and proper management of radioactive waste.
Photochemical reactions are chemical reactions initiated by the absorption of light energy. These reactions involve an organic molecule absorbing a photon which causes electronic excitation from a lower to a higher orbital. The excited molecule may then undergo various chemical reactions, including photoaddition, photocycloaddition, and photo-oxidation reactions. Photochemical reactions differ from thermochemical reactions in their requirement of light to initiate the reaction.
The document presents evidence for azimuthal variations in cosmic ray ion acceleration at the blast wave of the supernova remnant SN 1006. Using radio, X-ray, and optical observations, the researchers find that the ratio of radii between the blast wave and contact discontinuity varies azimuthally, being smallest in the brightest synchrotron emission regions, indicating more efficient cosmic ray acceleration. They interpret this as evidence that the injection rate, magnetic field strength, and turbulence level - which influence cosmic ray acceleration - all vary azimuthally and are highest in the brightest regions.
Production of radio nuclides + Production of Short-Lived RadionuclideAhmad Hassan
This document discusses the production of radio nuclides used in nuclear medicine. It describes three main methods: reactor produced, accelerator/cyclotron produced, and fission produced. Reactor produced nuclides are made by neutron capture in reactors. Cyclotron produced nuclides are made by bombarding stable nuclides with protons, deuterons, helium-3, or helium-4 particles. Fission produced nuclides come from fission of heavier elements like uranium. The document also discusses radio nuclide generators, which allow production of short-lived daughters from long-lived parents to overcome transportation issues for short-lived isotopes.
This document summarizes the research activities of J. Fontcuberta and their institution related to multiferroic materials. It discusses several research areas including new multiferroic materials and devices, double perovskites, multifunctional heterostructures on silicon, and magnetophotonic materials. Several references to recent publications are provided for some of the research areas. The overall focus is on the exploration and development of novel multiferroic materials with applications in multiple memories, logic, optical components, and electric/magnetic control of material properties.
This document discusses the properties of radioisotopes. It explains that radioactive isotopes undergo radioactive decay by emitting one of three types of radiation (alpha, beta, gamma) until they become stable. It defines half-life as the time it takes for half of the atoms in a sample to decay. The half-life remains constant, so the activity of a sample decreases over time in a predictable way. The document also discusses the penetrating abilities of different types of radiation and how they can pass through varying materials. It notes that isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties but may differ physically based on their number of neutrons.
Wei Li has published extensively in international scientific journals and books as well as international conference proceedings. Some of his notable publications include papers on spectral characterization of monolithic mode-locked lasers, superluminescent diodes at 1.55 μm, characterization of 1550 nm Fabry-Perot laser structures, and invited chapters in books on dilute nitride semiconductors and GaInNAs quantum well lasers. He has also published work on extending the emission wavelength of GaInNAs/GaAs quantum well lasers beyond 1300 nm and high performance 1.32 μm GaInNAs/GaAs single-quantum-well lasers.
Radioactivity has many applications including:
1) Nuclear power generation, which produces heat from nuclear fission to boil water and drive steam turbines to produce electricity.
2) Nuclear medicine uses short-lived radioactive isotopes as tracers injected into patients to produce diagnostic images.
3) Dating techniques like carbon-14 dating determine the age of organic materials by measuring radioactive decay since death.
4) Other uses include sterilizing medical equipment, measuring flow rates, and detecting leaks. However, nuclear power also poses risks from radioactive waste and potential accidents.
This document summarizes a study using deep Chandra observations of the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4151. The observations allow examination of emission line morphology in the inner 150 pc region with high spatial resolution. The maps show structures correlated with the radio outflow and optical emission. There is evidence for jet-gas cloud interactions, including regions with elevated NeIX/OVII ratios and X-ray emission exceeding expectations from nuclear photoionization alone, suggesting collisional ionization. Constraints are also placed on the spatial distribution of iron Kα emission, finding less than 5% originates beyond 150 pc, in disagreement with a prior claim of 65% from larger regions.
1. The document describes observations of the Seyfert-1 galaxy Mrk 509 using XMM-Newton and Swift.
2. It analyzes the optical-UV and X-ray variability over a 100 day monitoring campaign with a few day resolution.
3. The results suggest that on these timescales, the soft X-ray excess in Mrk 509 is produced by warm Comptonization of thermal optical-UV photons from the accretion disk by a warm, optically thick corona surrounding the inner disk regions.
This document discusses multiferoic materials, which exhibit more than one "primary ferroic order parameter" simultaneously. The four primary ferroic order parameters are ferromagnetism, ferroelectricity, ferroelasticity, and antiferromagnetism/ferrimagnetism. The document provides examples of natural and synthetic multiferoic materials and discusses their properties and applications. It also explains related effects like magnetoelectricity and piezoelectricity, describing how certain materials can generate an electric potential or mechanical strain in response to a magnetic or electric field.
This document summarizes research on amphiphiles and Langmuir monolayers. It discusses how amphiphiles are composed of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. When spread on water, amphiphiles form Langmuir monolayers where the heads interact with water and tails with air. Pressure-area isotherms of these monolayers show phase transitions as pressure increases. Adding metal ions to the water subphase can induce superlattice formation underneath the monolayer. Studies using x-ray diffraction and other techniques characterized the structures of various Langmuir monolayers and how they change with conditions like subphase pH and metal ion type.
The document discusses using solar energy as a pumping source for lasers. It provides background on lasers and how they operate via stimulated emission. Researchers have started exploring using sunlight as the pumping source due to its abundant energy and broad spectrum. The first solar-pumped solid-state laser was reported in 1966, but interest increased in recent years. Some studies have achieved over 100 watts of continuous power from solar lasers. Further improving efficiency and achieving specific laser properties could broaden their applications in renewable energy.
1) Serge Haroche is a French physicist who was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physics for pioneering experimental methods to measure and manipulate individual quantum systems such as photons and atoms.
2) He developed techniques using lasers and cavities to study individual photons and highly excited atoms known as Rydberg atoms.
3) These techniques enabled precise measurements and control of quantum states, testing quantum mechanics and enabling advances in fields like quantum computing and precision clocks.
1) Serge Haroche is a French physicist who was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physics for pioneering experimental methods for measuring and manipulating individual quantum systems, such as photons.
2) He developed techniques using lasers and spectroscopy to study photons and Rydberg atoms in superconducting cavities, allowing testing of quantum decoherence and quantum logic operations.
3) His work established methods for controlling individual quantum systems like ions trapped in harmonic potentials or photons trapped in cavities, enabling quantum non-demolition measurements and advances in quantum computing and optical clocks.
Measurements of energetic_particle_radiation_in_transit_to_mars_on_the_mars_s...Sérgio Sacani
The Radiation Assessment Detector on the Mars Science Laboratory measured the radiation environment inside the spacecraft during its 253-day cruise to Mars. It found a galactic cosmic ray dose rate of 332 mGy/day in silicon or 481 mGy/day in water. The quality factor for the radiation field was 3.82, indicating it was more biologically damaging than an equal dose of low-LET radiation. Integrating the measured energy and linear energy transfer spectra against quality factors yielded a total mission dose equivalent of 0.66 sievert for the round-trip cruise, posing health risks for future human Mars missions with current propulsion technologies and shielding.
Biophysical fields. color coronal spectral analysis.Alexander Decker
This document summarizes research on registering various types of non-ionizing radiation emitted from the human body using different biophysical methods. It discusses detecting electromagnetic waves, infrared radiation, thermal radiation and bioluminescence from the body through methods like infrared thermography, electromagnetic field registration, and biophoton detection. It also describes analyzing the specific photon emission from parts of the body using color coronal spectral analysis with gas electrical discharge, which found photon emissions in the visible light spectrum that correspond to different colors and energies. The research aims to evaluate biophysical methods for registering different non-ionizing radiation wave types emitted from the human body.
Biophysical fields. color coronal spectral analysis.Alexander Decker
This document summarizes research on registering various types of non-ionizing radiation emitted from the human body using different biophysical methods. It discusses detecting electromagnetic waves, infrared radiation, thermal radiation and bioluminescence from the body through methods like infrared thermography, electromagnetic field registration, and biophoton detection. It also describes analyzing the specific photon emission from parts of the body using color coronal spectral analysis with gas electrical discharge, which found photon emissions in the visible light spectrum corresponding to different colors and their energies in electronvolts.
1. The document outlines research on organic spintronics conducted by Zeev Valy Vardeny and collaborators at the University of Utah.
2. A key finding was the first demonstration of an organic spin valve using ferromagnetic La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 and Co electrodes separated by the organic semiconductor Alq3, which showed a giant magnetoresistance of over 12%.
3. The research aims to exploit unique properties of organic semiconductors like weak spin-orbit coupling and long spin relaxation times for applications in spin injection and detection.
The document summarizes the research of Zeev Valy Vardeny and his collaborators on organic spintronics at the University of Utah. Some of their key findings include:
1) Demonstrating the first organic spin-valve device using LSMO/Alq3/Co layers, which showed a giant magnetoresistance of over 12%.
2) Studying spin dynamics and relaxation processes in organic semiconductors using spin-valve and Hanle effect measurements.
3) Exploring new device concepts like organic spin light-emitting diodes by injecting spin-polarized carriers into organic layers.
What's So Interesting About AMO Phyiscs?Chad Orzel
A talk given at the 2011 meeting of the Division of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics (DAMOP) of the American Physical Society, summarizing recent and exciting results in AMO physics being presented at the meeting.
Analysis Of Three-Prong Events In The Heavy Ion Interaction Of 17.0 MeV U 132...Arlene Smith
The document analyzes three-prong nuclear reaction events from bombarding uranium-238 with xenon-132 ions at 17.0 MeV/u using mica as a solid state nuclear track detector. It finds that for each three-prong event, there exists at least one pair of fragments with a relative velocity consistent with binary fission, indicating a two-step reaction process where mass and energy are exchanged in a deep-inelastic first step forming an unstable nucleus that then undergoes binary fission in the second step. Fragment masses and velocities are determined using kinematic analysis and an empirical range-mass-energy relationship, allowing reconstruction of pre-fission intermediate masses and determining the mass transfer between projectile and target.
This document provides an overview of radiobiology and radiation biology. It begins by defining radiobiology as the study of the effects of ionizing radiation on living systems. It then discusses the initial interactions of radiation with matter on an atomic level and how this can lead to molecular changes in cells and organisms over time, potentially resulting in injury or death. The document further explores the composition of matter, types of radiation including ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, radiation measurements, and concepts such as linear energy transfer and relative biological effectiveness. It also examines the sequence of radiation injury and key related terms.
This document provides information about swift heavy ion irradiation and its role in materials science. It discusses the 15UD Pelletron facility at Inter University Accelerator Centre in New Delhi, India, which can produce beams of various heavy ions up to 15MV. Energetic heavy ions can modify materials through electronic and nuclear energy loss. Defect formation, amorphization, and phase transformations can occur in materials due to swift heavy ion irradiation. The document focuses on using this technique to study and modify properties of nonlinear optical materials for applications in photonics and optoelectronics.
Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that ionizes chemical species and sorts the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. It can provide qualitative and quantitative data about samples on an atomic or molecular level. The document discusses the principle, instrumentation, and applications of mass spectrometry. Key components of mass spectrometers include an ion source, accelerating system, magnetic field, ion separator, ion collector, and vacuum system. Mass spectrometry has applications in structure elucidation, detection of impurities, quantitative analysis, and various clinical and forensic analyses.
Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that ionizes chemical species and sorts the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. It can provide qualitative and quantitative data about samples on an atomic or molecular level. The document discusses the principle, instrumentation, and applications of mass spectrometry. Key components of mass spectrometers include an ion source, accelerating system, magnetic field, ion separator, ion collector, and vacuum system. Mass spectrometry has applications in structure elucidation, detection of impurities, quantitative analysis, and various clinical and forensic analyses.
This document discusses ion beam experiments conducted to study plasma-material interactions on tungsten surfaces under fusion reactor conditions. Polished tungsten samples were irradiated with high fluxes of argon ions at temperatures of 500C and 1000C. Scanning electron microscope images showed the formation of millimeter-sized surface structures on the tungsten after exposure. The structures increased in size with longer exposure time and ion fluence, reaching heights of 0.1-0.2 mm after an exposure of around 1000 Coulomb. Further investigation is needed to understand this effect of ion beam irradiation causing structured growth on tungsten surfaces.
This document discusses atomic theory and electromagnetic radiation, including x-rays. It provides an overview of the atomic structure, including protons, neutrons, and electrons. It describes the electromagnetic spectrum and different types of ionizing radiation. X-rays are used in diagnostic imaging like radiography, fluoroscopy, mammography, and CT scans. Proper protection methods are needed to reduce radiation exposure for patients, staff, and the public.
Lattice Energy LLC-Synopses of Selected WLT Technical Papers-Jan 30 2012Lewis Larsen
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This document describes a doctoral program in physics focused on titanium dioxide hierarchical nanostructures for photonic applications. The candidate is Luca Passoni, supervised by Dr. Fabio Di Fonzo. The program covers nanostructured materials fabricated by pulsed laser deposition, their applications in dye sensitized solar cells and photonic crystals, and characterization methods. The goal is to study how the morphology of titanium dioxide nanostructures can be engineered using pulsed laser deposition to control light-material interactions and enhance photovoltaic performance.
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Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
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Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
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Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
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ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
3. Grade in Physics (2001-2006)
Developed at: Universidad de Córdoba
(Córdoba, Spain).
Main topics studied:
Plasma Physics
Simulation and structure of processors
4. PhD (2007-2012)
Developed at: Plasma Physics Group, Instituto de Física de Rosario –
Universidad Nacional de Rosario (Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina).
Group staff:
Principal: Dr. Jorge N. Feugeas
Researcher: Dr. Bernardo J.A. Gómez
PhD researchers: Lic. Leonardo Rico, Lic. Javier García Molleja, Lic. Lucio M.
Isola, Lic. Juan M. Bürgi, Lic. Maia M. López
Other members: Téc. Javier M. Cruceño, Bach. Antonela Comisso
Director: Jorge Néstor Feugeas
Advisor: María Dolores Calzada Canalejo
Thesis title: Characterization of expanded austenite generated by ion
carburization in stainless steels. Study of stability on light energetic ion
beam irradiation.
Thesis jury: María M. Milanese, Roberto R. Koropecki, Oscar A. de Sanctis.
5. PhD (2007-2012)
Fellowships: Universidad de Córdoba (2006, contract) ANPCyT (2006, 2009), ACIFIR
Foundation (2009), Conicet (2010).
Formation works:
Multilayers and superlattices generated by PACVD
Study of AlN monolayer and AlN/TiN multilayer deposition by magnetron sputtering
Study of metallographic techniques and microhardness tests for thin film characterization
Languages:
English
French
Subjects:
Spectroscopy of surfaces
Introduction to plasma physics
X-ray crystallography
Atomic force microscopy
Experimental techniques on plasma physics
Introduction to ceramic materials
Optical plasma diagnosis
6. PhD (2007-2012)
Carburization: surface modification with carbon atoms
using a cold, low pressure plasma.
In austenitic steels (fcc structure) carbon atoms distort
the crystal and form the so called expanded austenite.
Mechanical properties, like wear resistance, hardness…
are improved.
Thesis motivation: searching of experimental conditions
in order to obtain excellent performance of AISI 316L
stainless steels; understanding of expansion
mechanisms; stability under ion irradiation.
7. PhD (2007-2012)
Expanded austenite obtained at 30 min vs. 4 hours in
bibliography.
90 % of total expansion obtained in this time.
High current density provokes these effects but enhances
pitting corrosion.
Carbon are lodged as bonded in the first stages and in
bulk, but the rest of carbon are presented as free in
surface.
Graphitic carbon enhances wear resistance.
The process develops stacking faults.
8. PhD (2007-2012)
Atom diffusion is activated after a temperature threshold,
time is not relevant.
AlN acts as protective barrier against oxidation.
Deuterium or helium irradiation develops lattice parameter
shrinking.
A peak fixed at 43.3° is always present.
Ion bombardment provokes atom diffusion and melting.
Recrystallization is discovered. Nanograins are responsible
of this peak located at 43.3°.
9. PostDoc (2012-2013)
Developed at: Plasma Physics Group, Instituto de Física de Rosario –
Universidad Nacional de Rosario (Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina).
Group staff:
Principal: Dr. Jorge N. Feugeas
Researcher: Dr. Bernardo J.A. Gómez
PostDoc researchers: Dr. Javier García Molleja
PhD researchers: Lic. Juan M. Bürgi, Lic. Maia M. López, Lic. Antonela Comisso
Other members: Téc. Javier M. Cruceño
Director: Jorge Néstor Feugeas
Co-Director: Raúl Eduardo Bolmaro
Work title: Development of mosaic target for TiAlN ternary compound
deposition by reactive magnetron sputtering.
Fellowship: ANPCyT (2012).
10. PostDoc (2012-2013)
Work motivation:
Development of mosaic targets
AlN and TiN compounds deposition with magnetron
sputtering
Cutting blades of tungsten carbide coated with TiAlN,
analysis of the mechanical properties
Study of AlN kinetic growth using synchrotron light
Work developed under collaboration with a
private timber enterprise.
11. PostDoc (2012-2013)
AlN deposition with magnetron sputtering.
New reactor made in order to study in-situ the
film growth process with synchrotron light.
Some conditions inhibit (00·2) plane formation.
So, it is possible to tailor thin films with
changing properties.
12. New PostDoc (2013-2014)
Developed at: Laboratoire des Plasmas et des Couches
Minces, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (Nantes,
Loire-Atlantique, France).
Team coordinator: Dr. Pierre-Yves Tessier
Section involved: Couches Minces Homogènes
Director: Pierre-Yves Jouan
Work title: Growth kinetics of III-V film compounds
deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering.
Fellowship: CNRS.
13. Research developed
Theoretical background:
HiPIMS principles
The role of metastable argon
Experimental analyses:
CrN kinetic growth under different parameters
NiO film characterization and properties
14. HiPIMS concepts
Typical magnetron sputtering technique is based mainly
in the ejection of neutral atoms from the target.
Ions are preferred instead of neutrals: many reaction
capabilities and redirection using electric fields.
In order to obtain a high amount of ions, power density
must yield in the kW·cm-2
range.
Target melting is avoided with a pulse source and high
voltage given to the plasma.
These are the principles in which HiPIMS technique is
based.
Unbalanced magnetrons confine ions and they can direct
the plasma to the substrate.
15. HiPIMS concepts
Power source has a lot of
importance.
Time delaying in plasma ignition
and discharge DC-like plateau are
matters of fact.
It was observed lower deposition
rate than in DC sputtering
because of selfsputtering effects.
If the power is very high, important
sideways ion deflection can be
observed.
With HiPIMS sputtering technique,
sidewall deposition and denser
films can be obtained.
It is detected a phenomenon
called sputter wind based on the
collision between target particles
with plasma gas; rarefaction
process is triggered.
G. Greczynski et al. (2010)
J.T. Gudmundsson et al. (2012)
D. Lundin (2010)
16. HiPIMS concepts
Mass spectrometry is a useful tool.
Time and energy integrated spectra
give important results.
In time-integrated spectra it is
possible to see a high population of
ions and double ionized particles,
too.
Energy tails are longer than in DC
sputtering.
Each distribution has two peaks:
One at high energies, originated
from the sputtered particles
(Sigmund-Thompson distribution).
Other corresponding at low energies
from collision processes (Maxwell-
Boltzmann distribution) with
maximum imposed by the floating
potential.
In some cases, a third peak appears
due to shockwave processes with
the reactor walls.
P.-Y. Jouan et al. (2010)
17. HiPIMS concepts
In energy-integrated spectra, it is possible
to see the arrival of each species.
Faster target ions, backscattered ions and
Ar ions are the first ones.
After that, reactive gases reach the
measurement window.
Finally, slow ions after thermalizing
processes, are detected, mainly gas
atoms.
Maxima of doubly ionized ions are detected
during the rising slope of singly ionized
ions.
After pulse off, ionic species still are
detected.
P.-Y. Jouan et al. (2010)
G. Greczynski et al. (2010)
18. The role of metastable Ar in
HiPIMS
Metastable Ar can play as energy reservoir during HiPIMS
discharges.
It is important to see which mechanisms promotes Arm
formation and
Arm
destruction.
3
P2 and 3
P0 are the most relevant metastables states in argon atoms.
Velocity profiles or Arm
are bimodal, so shock wave effects and
disturbances are the main responsible of this.
Generally, this means a loss of Arm
, thermalizing collisions and wall-
plasma interaction destroy the anisotropic Arm
population.
Y. Ohta et al. (2002)
19. The role of metastable Ar in
HiPIMS
Indeed, there are two peaks in
the number density profile of Arm
:
near the cathode and in the
sheath-plasma boundary.
Some authors point that both are
created by local production and
loss processes (electron impact
excitation), not by atom diffusion.
Others authors point that is the
same peak, but shifted in the
afterglow temporal regime.
At low energies, a peak splitting
can be seen: one remaining at
the same place and other moving
away the cathode.
A. Bogaerts et al. (2000)
G. Lotito et al. (2011)
G. Lotito et al. (2011)
20. The role of metastable Ar in
HiPIMS
There are several excitation processes that provoke the creation of
Arm
and its destruction.
Direct electron impact excitation from the ground state and stepwise
excitation from lower excited levels are the most important
production processes, as well as radiative decay and electron
impact de-excitation from higher levels.
Fast atom-ion impact is another relevant mechanism.
Electron impact excitation to higher levels and de-excitation to lower
levels are very important loss processes, together with radiative
decay to lower levels.
These high energy levels starting from the 4d and 6s levels, are
primarily depopulated by Hornbeck-Molnar associative ionization.
21. The role of metastable Ar in
HiPIMS
During the afterglow, the bulk of both the 3
P2 and 3
P0 metastable
states are formed 4-7 mm further from the cathode surface than
during the plateau.
Argon ion-electron recombination followed by radiative relaxation is
the most probable mechanism of populating these levels.
G.P. Jackson et al. (2001)
G.P. Jackson et al. (2001)
22. The role of metastable Ar in
HiPIMS
The area of optimal overlap between the plasma plume and the discharge is
about 6 mm away from the cathode, if ion production through Penning
ionization should be favored.
At the same time the power density in the pulsed discharge should be
maintained relatively high.
Although Penning ionization certainly plays an important role in the
generation of analyte ions throughout the discharge pulse, and particular
during the afterglow when direct electron impact ionization becomes less
likely due to a decrease of the electron density, it cannot explain the
manifold increase of the analyte ion signal observed by MS during the
afterglow.
Possible role of Ar2 dimers and dimer ions in the formation of the afterglow.
G. Lotito et al. (2011) G. Lotito et al. (2011)
23. The role of metastable Ar in
HiPIMS
It is important to see the effects of other gases than argon in the working atmosphere.
With 1 % of N2 the excitation processes are changed.
There is a transfer of energy from excited argon atoms to nitrogen molecules during
the voltage-on period, with a subsequent reduction in the number of metastable
states of argon.
This reduction in metastable atoms reduces the ionization of sputtered atoms during
the voltage-on period, but does not significantly impact emissions from excited
analyte atoms because the latter are created mostly via collisions with electrons.
In the afterglow, argon ion recombination leads to an increase in metastable states by
Penning ionization.
G.P. Jackson et al. (2003)
24. The role of metastable Ar in
HiPIMS
When nitrogen is added it prevents electrons from collisionally cooling in the
afterpeak due to superelastic collisions with vibrationally excited states of N2,
formed during the voltage-on period.
These superelastic collisions delay the onset of recombination because fast
electrons recombine less-readily than slow electrons, so ions and electrons
are lost by diffusion to the walls.
G.P. Jackson et al. (2003)
G.P. Jackson et al. (2003)
25. Chromium nitride thin films
High thermal stability.
High corrosion resistance.
Mirror-like finish.
Possible replacement of TiN in functional
components.
26. Chromium nitride thin films
Hysteresis loop has
the typical shape, but
the curve is not well
closed.
Hysteresis starts at
11 % N2 and finish at
36 % N2.
Histéresis (I=0.180 A, p=10.10 mTorr)
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Nitrógeno (%)
Tensión(V)
Ida
Vuelta
27. Chromium nitride thin films
Cr-N phase diagram shows
that over 50.0 % of nitrogen
content only CrN phase is
present. With low content of
nitrogen Cr is obtained and
Cr2N when percentage is 30.3
%.
Deposition under 200 °C
inhibits phase mixture due to
different values of enthalpy of
formation. G. Bertrand et al. (1997)
28. Chromium nitride thin films
Total flux: 10.0 sccm.
Atmosphere:
a) 100 % Ar,
b) 80 % Ar + 20 % N2,
c) 70 % Ar + 30 % N2, and
d) 25 % Ar + 75 % N2.
Time deposition: 10 min.
Working pressure: 5 mTorr and 10 mTorr.
Target-substrate distance: 3 and 5 cm.
Target surface: 20.27 cm².
DC power employed:
High power process: 110.00-201.76 W (i.e. 6-9 W/cm²)
Low power process: 38.21-61.00 W (i.e. 2-3 W/cm²)
30. Chromium nitride thin films (5 cm)
Adding nitrogen means lower deposition
rate (due to target poisoning).
At high power we can observe two
different behaviors:
Cr and CrN30: higher pressure, higher
thickness.
CrN20 and CrN75: higher pressure, lower
thickness.
At low power, higher thicknesses are
reached at 10 mTorr (high number of
particles). CrN75 samples have the
opposite behavior. However, it’s only
4.32 nm of difference. Perhaps at this
condition deposition rate it’s the same
(complete poisoning at these molecular
nitrogen content).
In general, high energy particles avoids
quick growth, so at lower pressures good
thicknesses are obtained.
31. Chromium nitride thin films (5 cm)
At low power CrN (111)
plane is always detected.
Its intensity lowers with the
percentage of nitrogen.
At high power peaks are
weak and Cr structure is
detected.
Severe bombardment
inhibits CrN formation. It is
observed in samples at 20
% of N2.
At high working pressures
peaks are more definite.
32. Chromium nitride thin films (3 cm)
Adding nitrogen reduces growth rate
(poisoning).
At high power there is always higher
thicknesses than at low power.
At high power high pressure means
lower thickness.
At low power there are two behaviors:
Cr and CrN30: higher pressure, higher
thickness.
CrN20 and CrN75: higher pressure,
lower thickness.
More pressure means more collisions
and particle scattering but in principle is
some confusing to understand these
different behaviors.
33. Chromium nitride thin films (3 cm)
For high power analysis is hard to obtain CrN phase,
possibly severe surface resputtering.
With 75 % of N2 the Cr2N phase is really obtained?
At higher pressure peaks are very weak.
CrN compound is absent in CrN20-10-3-10 and CrN20-
10-3-10 samples, but is present in the other two
samples.
34. Chromium nitride thin films (3 cm)
At low power peaks are well shaped.
CrN (111) is present in CrN20 and CrN30 samples.
Cr2N (200) is presumably present in CrN75 sample.
At higher pressures peaks are more intense, maybe due
to high particle content.
Crystal structure is conserved at low power.
But it is important to know if there is a Cr2N when 75 % of
molecular nitrogen is used because phase diagram
forbids this.
35. Chromium nitride thin films
Measuring the difference between the Si(400) theoretical and experimental (after
background subtraction and signal smoothing) positions, other peaks can be offset,
avoiding systematic errors of the diffraction equipment.
Many peaks were discarded as having the Cr2N phase. Only three peaks remains as
suspects: CrN75-5-5-10 HP, CrN75-5-3-10 HP, and CrN75-5-3-10.
Lattice parameter increases if the structure is stressed.
Non-stoichiometric films deposited by sputtering has behaviors out of the phase
diagram predictions (morphological changes).
36. Chromium nitride thin films
A bibliographical search gives that:
Stresses provoke a CrN (111) peak shifting.
A low deposition rate promotes CrN phase.
When molecular nitrogen atmosphere is over 70 % CrN phase is present, but diffraction
peaks are severely shifted.
37. Chromium nitride thin films
EDS analyses (15 kV) confirm the
elemental composition of these thin
films.
According to the literature, and
observing again all the diffractograms
we can conclude that when 75 % of
molecular nitrogen is used in the
atmosphere, only the CrN phase is
achieved.
But there is a high over-stoichiometry
(N-rich), so high lattice expansion is
detected.
Similarly, film thicknesses may induce
compressive stresses also (when a
particular thickness is reached), so the
peak position is located at lower
angular values, creating confusion.
Sample Cr (at.%) N (at.%)
CrN75-5-5-10HP 39.6 60.4
CrN75-5-5-10 33.1 66.9
CrN75-10-5-10HP 38.4 61.6
CrN75-10-5-10 33.9 66.1
CrN75-5-3-10HP 42.7 57.3
CrN75-5-3-10 35.8 64.2
CrN75-10-3-10HP 41.9 58.1
CrN75-10-3-10 36.3 63.7
38. Chromium nitride thin films
XPS results show different surface
elemental concentration with regard to
the film bulk.
Carbon and oxygen are in high amount
in surface.
In the bulk, chromium and nitrogen
prevail.
Films deposited with high power have a
low quantity of contaminants in bulk (4
% vs. 11 %), and low carbon
concentration in surface than the
concentration in low power condition (45
% vs. 57 %).
Cr elemental composition is higher than
the N one, because preferential
sputtering.
At high power condition elemental
composition of Cr (54 %) and N (38 %)
are higher than in the low power
condition (49 % of Cr and 28 % of N).
Some Cr3C2 formation is possible.
Surface: Cr 2p
Bulk: Cr 2p
39. Chromium nitride thin films
Samples with identical
experimental parameters and
different nitrogen content show
a gradual decrease in CrN
(111) peak position.
Lower growth rate possibly is
involved in this behavior.
Samples deposited at 3 cm
of target-substrate distance
have peaks at lower angular
values than films deposited
with a distance of 5 cm.
40. Chromium nitride thin films
We have observed that at lower
pressures (5 mTorr) diffraction peaks
are located at lower angular values.
In the beginning, with 20 % of N2
content, both peaks are located at the
same place but addition of nitrogen
provokes higher separation between
them.
When nitrogen percentage is
20 % or 30 % high power
provokes higher diffraction
angles than the ones obtained at
low power, but when N2 content
is 75 % this trend is reversed.
41. Nickel oxide thin films
NiO is a p-type conductor compound.
Probably has a rombohedral structure, but their lattice spacings are close to
a fcc one.
Research in the field of photovoltaic cells and gas sensors.
Studied as a Mott-Hubbard insulator. Interest in the field of transistors.
There is some interest in batteries, too.
In magnetron sputtering, cathode voltage has a characteristic shape divided
in five regions.
A. Karpinski (2011)
42. Nickel oxide thin films
Different gas mixtures used:
Ni: 100% Ar – 0% O2
NiO7: 87,72% Ar – 12.28% O2
NiO9: 84,75% Ar – 15.25% O2
NiO13: 79,37% Ar – 20.63% O2
NiO19: 72,46% Ar – 27.54% O2
Depositions at 3 cm of target-substrate distance, at 5 mTorr of working
pressure, DC power supply and 100 W of power and 0.1 µTorr of base
pressure.
Target cleaning of 5 min with Ar plasma. Target poisoning during 5-10 min.
Substrates used: Si (100) and glass.
Different thicknesses used: 10, 50, 100, 300, 500, and 1000 nm.
Different times used: 5, 10 and 20 min.
Different DC bias used: 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 V.
43. Nickel oxide thin films
Sigmund-Thompson distribution when Ar+
collides with Ni target.
If Ar+
has energy between 400-450 eV:
Sputtering yield is 1.62-1.74 at/ion,
Mean energy of sputtered Ni is 19.81-20.63 eV/at (SRIM calculation) or
23.73-24.61 eV/at (theoretical values; using heat of sublimation gives
26.89-27.95 eV/at),
Ar backscattered is 5.64-5.78% of total impinging particles.
Ni0
in 97% Ar – 3% Ar+
gas at 5 mTorr and 150 °C has a λ=3.57 cm.
Ni0
in Ar-O2 gas depends on molecular oxygen percentage. It is
assumed that ionization coefficient is very low and in each
discharge we have 80% O – 20% O2 of reactive gas.
NiO7: λ=3.509 cm.
NiO9: λ=3.474 cm.
NiO13: λ=3.411 cm.
NiO19: λ=3.333 cm.
There are no collisions during the trip.
44. Nickel oxide thin films
Our NiO films, under such a high oxygen
concentration in the atmosphere has an oxygen
excess.
This process creates vacancies and electrical
holes, so NiO is a p-type conductor.
Electrical holes are delocalized (band structure
is over the whole lattice), so Ni3+
localization is
not definite a priori.
Two mechanisms are calculated, i.e.,
substitutional process and interstitial process:
47. Nickel oxide thin films (thickness)
Generally, crystal structure is present in films 100 nm thick.
NiO (111) plane is the most intense one, but as films growths, film is
textured in NiO (200) plane.
Different regimes of discharge:
Metallic regime: NiO7
Transition regime: NiO9
Poisoned regime: NiO13, NiO19
(111) and (200) planes are prominent in poisoned conditions.
(200) reduces surface energy
(111) has a lot of adsorption sites, lower energy
In NiO7 other planes prevail.
In NiO9 (222) planes appears.
Oxygen augmentation provokes (200) increase.
49. Nickel oxide thin films (thickness)
There is a kind of competition between the corrected plane intensities,
principally (111) and (200) planes are involved.
The other planes growing have the competition between themselves.
(200) texture is stronger when thickness is over 1 µm.
In NiO7 (coated in the metallic mode of sputtering) has different texture than
(111) and (200) ones.
In the transition, NiO9, has a (222) strong plane, not the (111) one.
In poisoned mode both planes are relevant.
50. Nickel oxide thin films (thickness)
Thickness provokes stress relief: the film is free
to arrange their atoms without substrate
constraints.
NiO7 started as stress-free but after this point
this sample had tensile stresses.
NiO13 started with tensile stress, but quickly
there is a stress change behavior.
53. Nickel oxide thin films (bias)
Area calculated by fitting with a Voigt function (ideal in X-
ray analyses).
Different regimes of discharge:
Metallic regime: NiO7
Transition regime: NiO9
Poisoned regime: NiO13, NiO19
(111) and (200) planes are prominent in poisoned
conditions.
In NiO7 other planes prevail.
Oxygen augmentation provokes (200) increase.
54. Nickel oxide thin films (bias)
Target regime is fundamental to decide the preferential orientation
obtained.
Under severe bias, NiO7 has (220) and (311) planes highly
enhanced.
Bias promotes (200) planes in the poisoned sputtering.
During transition, i.e. NiO9 sample, (111) is enhanced with bias.
55. Nickel oxide thin films (bias)
NiO7 is tensile. NiO13 changes with bias (from
compressive to tensile).
It was not observed a strong change in stress with bias.
Particle bombardment release stresses, but ion impact
degrades the surface smoothness.
56. NiO: resistivity
Changing the oxygen percentage and the target-distance substrate
have effects in the resistivity.
More oxygen content, more oxygen excess in the film and the
production the holes increases, so resistivity lowers.
At 9 cm resistivity is higher than at 7 cm of target-substrate distance,
perhaps there is a crystalline failure under these conditions.
But in NiO19 resistivity is similar.
ρ Units
NiO9-9cm 721 kΩ cm
NiO13-9cm 10.1 kΩ cm
NiO19-9cm 3.7 Ω cm
ρ Units
NiO9-7cm 12.8 kΩ cm
NiO13-7cm 4.9 kΩ cm
NiO19-7cm 11.2 Ω cm
57. NiO: resistivity
NiO9 is obtained with a
target-substrate
distance of 3 cm.
Bias increase develops
a severe resistivity
decrease.
This effect is related to
the ion bombardment.
Comparing with
reported data, these
films could act like a
Mott-Hubbard insulator.
ρ Units
NiO9-100V 12.5 MΩ cm
NiO9-300V 380 Ω cm
NiO9-400V 1.08 kΩ cm
NiO9-500V 82 Ω cm
58. NiO: resistivity
Electrical resistivity in NiO9, NiO13 and NiO19 samples with different thicknesses has
been measured.
Resistivity grows with thickness.
It is important avoid peeling effects.
Crystalline ordering can play a key factor in the location of defects, electrical holes
and vacancies.
59. NiO: resistivity
Oxygen insertion provokes a non-stoichiometric NiO, with excess in oxygen.
High amount of nickel vacancies and electrical holes improve the carrier
mobility.
In NiO19, the thickness factor is almost irrelevant.
In NiO pure the resistivity is 180 TΩ·cm. All films analyzed had lower values.
60. NiO: resistivity
Resistivity measured in
temperature gives the activation
energy.
It is observed two phenomena: one
at high temperatures and other at
low temperatures (200-50 K).
This point of change is imposed by
our experimental conditions.
In NiO9-300V film, the activation
energy in the high temperature
range is 0.22 eV.
In NiO13-50nm sample, activation
energy at high temperatures is 0.20
eV.
In NiO19-50nm sample, activation
energy at high temperatures is 0.16
eV.
Remember that EB=3.8 eV in NiO
pure.
Fermi level is shifted by
intermediate states between the
valence and conduction bands.
61. Summary
HiPIMS is a promising technique in order to deposit denser films, but it will be
necessary more plasma characterizations to understand some behaviors.
Metastable argon can be considered in order to maintain ion production in the
afterglow regime.
CrN films obtained at high power condition presented poor crystalline behavior and
this effect is relevant when target-substrate distance is 3 cm.
On the other hand, films obtained at high power reduced their bulk and surface
contaminants. All films were N-rich.
A high nitrogen percentage provoked compressive stresses, the same effect with more
working pressure, low target-substrate distance and high power.
NiO films have a hole-production mechanism when they are O-rich. Films with high
thickness showed that (200) and (111) planes were prevailed under high amount of
O2.
Poisoned mode promoted (200) plane and metallic mode promoted (220), (311) and (222)
planes. Residual stresses were decreased with thickness.
Under bias conditions, residual stress is lowered under 200-300 V bias. In poisoned mode
high bias promoted (200) plane and in metallic mode (220) and (311) planes are enhanced.
Sample resistivity is lowered by substrate bias. High amount of oxygen in the atmosphere
promoted resistivity reduction, but increasing target-substrate distance had not improvement
in this value.
62. First Nantes-Rosario collaboration
Interfacial oxygen imposes compressive
stresses.
Far away from this zone AlN grows in
columnar fashion, relieving stresses and
inducing tensile strains.
Internal O does not play any relevant role.
63. Future work with IMN involved
Development of Nantes-Rosario collaboration with two new papers:
Effect of pressure on morphology and residual stress in AlN thin films (to
present in Argentinean congress as hot topic in the country).
Changes on texture in AlN films analyzed in-situ by synchrotron radiation
(publication of our results obtained in Campinas, Brazil).
Export the HiPIMS technique to Rosario in order to develop metamaterials.
Elaboration of some papers in which IMN affiliation is present:
Production and characterization of AlN coatings deposited by PVD magnetron
sputtering: study of influence of nitrogen gas concentration and substrate bias
voltages (submitted manuscript).
Behaviour of nitrided and carburised AISI 316L and AISI 904L stainless steels
under severe light ion beam irradiation by plasma focus (continuing some PhD
thesis results).
AlN protective thin films in order to avoid wear and corrosion processes in
aluminum alloys (results obtained in collaboration with researchers from
Lille).
Write papers about the present results, especially with NiO compound.
64. Things to do
Improve some graphics and measurements.
Development of resistivity measures in temperature.
Theoretical comprehension about Mott-Hubbard
insulators.
Write a report to share with PCM laboratory, especially
with Dr. Jouan in order to do a database of my PostDoc
at IMN.
Possibility to visit Nantes one or twice times per year
during a few weeks to continue with our results and
active collaboration.
Search a permanent job!
65. Now, come back to Rosario, where
the Flag Monument is placed
But I’ll go,
perhaps, with
this flag…