The document discusses the functions of the nervous system, including how neurons transmit electrochemical impulses and how the nervous system mediates communication throughout the body and with the environment. It also mentions that students should understand these concepts.
A brief overview of Alzheimer's Disease including its discovery, general symptoms, risk factors and statistics around Dementia and Alzheimer's in Australia
Austin Journal of Clinical Immunology is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of immunology, asthma and allergy. The aim of the journal is to develop a knowledge sharing platform and an interactive network for immunologists, researchers, physicians, and other health professionals for exchange of scientific information in the areas of immunology.
Austin Journal of Clinical Immunology accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, clinical images and rapid communication on all the aspects of immunology and immunotechnology.
Austin Journal of Clinical Immunology strongly supports the scientific upgradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Austin Journal of Clinical Immunology is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of immunology, asthma and allergy.
A brief overview of Alzheimer's Disease including its discovery, general symptoms, risk factors and statistics around Dementia and Alzheimer's in Australia
Austin Journal of Clinical Immunology is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of immunology, asthma and allergy. The aim of the journal is to develop a knowledge sharing platform and an interactive network for immunologists, researchers, physicians, and other health professionals for exchange of scientific information in the areas of immunology.
Austin Journal of Clinical Immunology accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, clinical images and rapid communication on all the aspects of immunology and immunotechnology.
Austin Journal of Clinical Immunology strongly supports the scientific upgradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Austin Journal of Clinical Immunology is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of immunology, asthma and allergy.
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive condition, which means the symptoms develop gradually over many years and eventually become more severe. It affects multiple brain functions.
The first sign of Alzheimer's disease is usually minor memory problems.
For example, this could be forgetting about recent conversations or events, and forgetting the names of places and objects.
As the condition develops, memory problems become more severe and further symptoms can develop, such as:
confusion, disorientation and getting lost in familiar places
difficulty planning or making decisions
problems with speech and language
problems moving around without assistance or performing self-care tasks
personality changes, such as becoming aggressive, demanding and suspicious of others
hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not there) and delusions (believing things that are untrue)
low mood or anxiety
Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible, progressive brain disease that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills and, eventually even the ability to carry out the simplest tasks of daily living. In most people with Alzheimer’s, symptoms first appear after age 60. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia among older people.
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurologic disorder that causes atrophy of brain cells, leading it to cell death. it is degenerative and progressive illness. Increase in age with sedentary lifestyle and lack of brain storming activities are indirectly leading to mental disorders with cognitive disruptions like dementia and lading up into Alzheimer's, which makes life miserable of client due to dependency. It is essential to keep the elderly active physiologically as well as psychologically. Statistical data of several studies shows the rise in the cases of Alzheimer's disease, which is the highlighting point of concern. Due to increased digitalization and decreased socialization among the human species throughout globe is leading to increased in risk of getting cognitive deficits.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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1. 9d Students know the functions of the nervous
system and the role of neurons in transmitting
electrochemical impulses
9b Students know how the nervous system mediates
communication between different parts of the body
and the body’s interactions with the environment
2. WHAT CAUSES
ALZEIMER’S
Alzheimer's disease start’s by a bunch of proteins in the
brain.
Some how scientist say that plaque’s and tangles may be
the cause of Alzheimer’s.
Alzheimer’s disease occurs when neurons get damaged
in parts of the brain and start to die.
As neurons die, the brain is left with less neuron’s so its
hard to remember new information. So it’s hard to
remember existing memories. As the disease goes on
more neurons die. So they lose their ability to understand
and interact with other people.
3. WHY DOES ALZHEIMER’S
HAPPEN WHEN YOUR OLD
Alzheimer’s disease mostly occurs when someone
reaches an advancing age or somewhere around age
70.
It does it have to be around age 70 it could happen
anytime. Cause of a large amount of the brain’s
neurons are already dead or are dying from the
disease.
The process may accelerate as the person ages. Due
to the brain’s decreasing ability to defend itself
against insults.
4. WHY DO PEOPLE GET
ALZHEIMER’S
People that have parent’s or sibling that developed Alzheimer's
disease are likely to develop it as well.
Scientists say that there’s two kinds of gene that are passed by
family members.. The first gene is APOE-e4, that increases the
chance of developing Alzheimer's. Scientist say there are more
risk genes not discovered.
The second gene is deterministic gene and it’s different than
risk genes. Deterministic genes are only found in a few families.
This gene increases the chances of getting it on a early age.
5. HISTORY OF
ALZHEIMERS
In 1901 a German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer identified
the first case of what became known as Alzheimer's. A
fifty year old woman he called her Auguste D had
Alzheimer's. she died in 1906 cause of the disease.
It was first described as a distinctive disease by Emil
Kraepelin. For most of the 20th century, the diagnosis of
Alzheimer's disease was reserved for individuals between
the ages of 45 and 65 who developed symptoms of
dementia.
It led to the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease
independently of age . The term senile dementia which is
(SDAT) was used for those over 65, with low Alzheimer's
disease being used for those younger.
6. WAY’S TO PREVENT
ALZHEIMER’S
You can prevent Alzheimer’s disease and other
dementias by eating right, exercising, staying
mentally and socially active, and keeping stress in
check.
According to scientific research physical exercising
reduces your risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease
by 50 percent.
Also reading can prevent you from having
Alzheimer's.
7. What happens
during it
Neurons begin to work less probably because a abnormal
protein begin to accumulate, forming tangles. Neurons begin to
lose their ability to communicate.
As it progresses and the damage spreads further in the
brain, the person enters a stage referred to as moderate
Alzheimer's disease. The brain continues to shrink and
symptoms become more serious as the disease reaches the
areas of the cerebral cortex that control
language, reasoning, sensory processing, and conscious
thought.
A person with moderate AD may wander or become
confused, anxious or engaging in angry
outbursts, tearfulness, or restlessness. His attention span may
shorten. He may have problems recognizing family and
friends, and difficulty with language, reading, writing and use
of inappropriate undressing or the use of vulgar language.
8. WHY DO SOME PEOPLE GET
ALZHEIMER AND SOME DONT
The first reason why other people just don’t get is
because it does it run on their family. While other’s
do.
Some individuals are able to resist the onset of
Alzheimer’s.
What this people are resilient against is the toxic
buildup in the brain of a fibrous protein called
amyloid. This material is made by cells throughout
the body, throughout one's life, largely to no effect—
until a certain point.
9. SYMPTOMS OF
ALZHEIMERS
The mood and personalities of people with Alzheimer's
can change. They can become
confused, suspicious, depressed, fearful or anxious
A person with Alzheimer's may start to remove
themselves from hobbies such as social activities, work
projects or sports. Or remembering how to complete a
favorite hobby.
People with Alzheimer's may have trouble joining a
conversation. They may stop in the middle of a
conversation and have no idea how to continue or they
may repeat stuff they already said before or start talking
about his past.
10. HOW DO PEOPLE DIE
FROM IT
Alzheimer's patients forget how to eat. Some forget
how to swallow. So when they eat they might start
choking. Or food just goes down the wrong pipe,
Some forget how the breath and they die with out no
one wondering
So typical complications of Alzheimer's are heart
attacks, thromboembolisms, strokes, kidney
failure, and lung infections due to aspiration of food.
11. HOW DOES THIS IMPACT
THE WORLD
Well I think this impacts our community cause many
people die of Alzheimer's. Also it impact their family
and friends. Alzheimer’s is a sad disease because
you for get your family members and don’t
remember the good times you spent with your
friends or family. It’s also a painful death.
12. Citing’s
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer's_disease
http://www.prevention.com/alzheimers/index.sht
ml
This is the only site I used so I can get my
information