This document defines key filmmaking terms like camera shots, editing techniques, and sound design. It describes shots like close-ups, tracking shots, and low angles. It also explains editing techniques like jump cuts, cross-cutting, and fast pacing. Additionally, it outlines common conventions in action/adventure films such as protagonists and antagonists, humorous dialogue, exotic locations, and life-threatening dangers. The goal is to keep audiences engaged through suspenseful chase sequences and mind-boggling adventures.
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M Capital Group (“MCG”) expects to see demand and the changing evolution of supply, facilitated through institutional investment rotation out of offices and into work from home (“WFH”), while the ever-expanding need for data storage as global internet usage expands, with experts predicting 5.3 billion users by 2023. These market factors will be underpinned by technological changes, such as progressing cloud services and edge sites, allowing the industry to see strong expected annual growth of 13% over the next 4 years.
Whilst competitive headwinds remain, represented through the recent second bankruptcy filing of Sungard, which blames “COVID-19 and other macroeconomic trends including delayed customer spending decisions, insourcing and reductions in IT spending, energy inflation and reduction in demand for certain services”, the industry has seen key adjustments, where MCG believes that engineering cost management and technological innovation will be paramount to success.
MCG reports that the more favorable market conditions expected over the next few years, helped by the winding down of pandemic restrictions and a hybrid working environment will be driving market momentum forward. The continuous injection of capital by alternative investment firms, as well as the growing infrastructural investment from cloud service providers and social media companies, whose revenues are expected to grow over 3.6x larger by value in 2026, will likely help propel center provision and innovation. These factors paint a promising picture for the industry players that offset rising input costs and adapt to new technologies.
According to M Capital Group: “Specifically, the long-term cost-saving opportunities available from the rise of remote managing will likely aid value growth for the industry. Through margin optimization and further availability of capital for reinvestment, strong players will maintain their competitive foothold, while weaker players exit the market to balance supply and demand.”
Techniques to optimize the pagerank algorithm usually fall in two categories. One is to try reducing the work per iteration, and the other is to try reducing the number of iterations. These goals are often at odds with one another. Skipping computation on vertices which have already converged has the potential to save iteration time. Skipping in-identical vertices, with the same in-links, helps reduce duplicate computations and thus could help reduce iteration time. Road networks often have chains which can be short-circuited before pagerank computation to improve performance. Final ranks of chain nodes can be easily calculated. This could reduce both the iteration time, and the number of iterations. If a graph has no dangling nodes, pagerank of each strongly connected component can be computed in topological order. This could help reduce the iteration time, no. of iterations, and also enable multi-iteration concurrency in pagerank computation. The combination of all of the above methods is the STICD algorithm. [sticd] For dynamic graphs, unchanged components whose ranks are unaffected can be skipped altogether.
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1. Key Terms Revision
Editing
Shows a particular part of your
subject. For people this usually
means the shot frames just the head.
Tracking Shot
When a camera follows a person
or an object physically moving
with the subject- This can be done
using tracks, handheld, ropes, etc.
Low Angle
A shot from a camera angle
positioned low on the vertical axis,
anywhere below the eye line, looking
up. Makes the subject look powerful.
Dolly Zoom
The camera moves closer or further from
the subject whilst adjusting the zoom
angle to keep the subject the same size in
the frame. The effect is that the subject
appears stationary while the background
size changes.
Sound
Digetic sound: Sound that would have been heard in the scene, such as birds in a scene in the country side.
Non Digetic Sound: Sound that has been added in in post-production, eg a soundtrack.
Sound effects: Sounds that are added in at certain moments to emphasise them.
Asynchronous sound: Sounds that match the action in a scene, however it is not synchronised.
For example in a scene a train may be heard coming towards the camera but this is not seen.
Camera Shots
Close up
Fast paced Editing: Scenes are edited together using lots of rapid shots to show action taking place quickly.
Cross-cutting: Established action taking place at the same time. Cuts from one action to another.
Jump cuts: Two shots from slightly different camera positions are shown so the subject ‘jumps’.
CGI: Computer generated imagery- any still or moving image made using software.
Slow motion: An effect added in post production that appears to slow down time.
2. Conventions of action/adventure
• Protagonist & Antagonist
• Romantic subplot- adds appeal to female audience members
• Humorous dialogue- adds interest to people who are not so into the action genre, stops the film being
boring through it’s often serious nature, makes the characters more likable. Otherwise, dialogue drives
the plot instead of building character. Sometimes tones down scary situations.
• Relationships with new technology (possibly crossing over into the sci-fi genre) to appeal to youth
audiences.
• Often a love interest that both supports and hinders the main aim of the protagonist. (example: Hunger
Games)
• Fast moving narrative. Constant setbacks are overcome one at a time- this makes the plot more complex.
• Believable characters even if the film itself is not believable- character recognition. The protagonist may
have a normal job and at first appear to be a relatively normal person (example: Sergeant Cage was a
public relations officer)
• ‘Grunts’: a group of innocent characters who happen to get caught up in the action. Short life span.
• Good vs Evil. The protagonist/s are often in mortal danger from a series of machines/robots/animals etc
controlled by the antagonist. Sometimes included are exotic locations/the protagonist has to battle
extreme climates in addition.
“An action adventure film is essentially one long
quest with a succession of different chase
sequences, each one more death defying and
seemingly impossible than the one before. The
trick for the producers is to ramp up the tension as
the film progresses to a storming end sequence.
Will our intrepid explorers make it, or will the evil
antagonist get there first.”
“The aim is to please the audience by keeping them on the edge of
their seats through a series of mind boggling chases, exotic locations
and hair raising adventures in historically inaccurate but somehow
elementally possible settings.
They are designed to create an action-filled, energetic experience for
the audience who can live vicariously through the conquests,
explorations, struggles and situations that confront the main
characters.”
