In this global era, making the competition in the pharmaceutical industry is very treacly. Implementation Supply chain management is the process of planning and managing all sourcing, procurement, distribution activities to increase value to customers and interested companies. Pharmaceutical companies are one that has a very complex supply chain. In this article will discuss the main issues that can improve industry strategic. This research is done by the systematic approach of literature to find things related to research. This study used 64 articles from search results. The results of this search are key issues in the pharmaceutical industry such as product and process development, capacity planning, factory and network design, e-business and IT applications, inventory management, outsourcing and reverse logistics, lean manufacturing, performance measures, people, and information technology. All of these findings are issues that improve the performance of supply chain management in the pharmaceutical industry.
Information Management In Pharmaceutical IndustryFrank Wang
Pharmaceutical Industry Information Management Opportunities and Challenges in Research, Development, Clinical, Sales, Marketing, Managed Markets, Manufacturing, Supply Chain and Distribution
Meet the most senior supply chain decision makers of top global pharma companies like Abbott, AstraZenca, Baxter, Bayer Healthcare, Boehringer Ingelheim, GSK, Lilly, MSD, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Queisser Pharma, Sandoz, Teva, UCB, and many more…
Information Management In Pharmaceutical IndustryFrank Wang
Pharmaceutical Industry Information Management Opportunities and Challenges in Research, Development, Clinical, Sales, Marketing, Managed Markets, Manufacturing, Supply Chain and Distribution
Meet the most senior supply chain decision makers of top global pharma companies like Abbott, AstraZenca, Baxter, Bayer Healthcare, Boehringer Ingelheim, GSK, Lilly, MSD, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Queisser Pharma, Sandoz, Teva, UCB, and many more…
Supply chain issues in Pharma industryJaimeen Rana
Supply Chain Management in pharmaceutical industry plays a very critical part as availability of the product at right time has to be ensured for unpredictable demand patterns. Issues being faced in this industry and solutions for those problems are mentioned in the presentation.
LogiQuest Season 2 - Challenges and Opportunities for Organized 3PL in Pharma...Mahindra Logistics
The team came up with a well-researched presentation that demonstrated the challenges and opportunities for organized 3PL in Supply Chain. The team, Dark Horses from NITIE, won the LogiQuest Season 2.
Security Of The Pharmaceutical Supply Chain - Part 4b: The Pharmaceutical Ind...Stuart Silverman
Security Of The Pharmaceutical Supply Chain - Part 4b: The Pharmaceutical Industry Relies Heavily On Sourcing From India & China – India Segment
SPECIAL FOCUS - The environment as a risk to the supply chain.
McKinsey Sağlık Tedarik Zinciriyle, FMCG Tedarik Zinciri karşılaştırıyor. Sağlık Tedarik Zincirindeki iyileştirme fırsatına ve toplumsal boyutuna dikkat çekiyor.
The New Pharma Ecosystem: 2014 Trends Reshaping the Pharmaceutical Supply ChainLaura Olson
The pharmaceutical industry is undergoing tremendous changes. Numerous forces are re-shaping the new pharmaceutical ecosystem. Technology, demographics, regulations and shifts in wealth are creating transformative change. Increasingly becoming a more patient-centric world, patients use Smart devices to monitor research and evaluate pharmaceutical products. Healthcare reform regulations, the devaluation of the existing pharma model and trend towards patient empowerment and access to information are shaping the changing pharma industry, much as the retail industry was shaped by the multichannel and omni channel retailing trends of recent years. Regulators have become increasingly more cautious when improving innovative medicines. As pharmaceuticals have become more successful in prolonging life and treating illness, many medical conditions are now chronic. Today healthcare providers have become increasingly interested in measuring the outcomes of pharma performance and basing pricing accordingly. There has been a dramatic increase in prescription volume and an increased production and use of generic drugs. Producing pharmaceuticals in other countries can be complicated. Customs, local regulations and other factors impact products and require brands to adapt. Generic pharmaceuticals are becoming the dominant category globally, especially in developing rather than just industrial countries. Adding to the complexity, a large number of pharmaceutical products are made by multiple countries. These factors and the move towards specialty pharmaceuticals and greater production of pharmaceutical products globally have resulted in more pressure on global supply chains. Because supply chains have moved from local to global in operation, even one significant event can interrupt the global supply chain. Events such as hurricanes and typhoons, earthquakes, political and economic upheaval can have serious impacts on global supply chains, adding unforeseen costs and delays. Health care reform magnifies the effect of longer supply chains and increases the intense cost pressure on drug manufacturers. In order to reduce costs, more production as well as research and development are being offshored and outsourced.
Business Strategy Analysis of The Global Pharmaceutical IndustryTouseef Ahmed
The global pharmaceutical industry is considered as one of the essential industries present in every country. The global pharmaceutical industry manufactures a variety of medicines. These industries generally produce licensed drugs that are generally used for the purpose of medication. Their R&D department is well equipped for the production of the licensed drugs used for medication. The pharmaceutical industries generally deal with medications that are branded or generic and medical devices and tools (DiMasi et al. 2016). They need to follow a number of laws and regulations of the government that are concerned with the patenting, testing, pricing and they need to guarantee safety and the efficiency and marketing of the drugs.
This study regarding the global pharmaceutical industry actually describes the changes that occurred in the industry since the beginning and its environment, facilities, its success factors etc. Lastly, this study will provide an overall view of the future prospects of the global pharmaceutical industries based on the analysis that will be done in this study.
This presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the current pharmaceutical industry. It begins with a look at some of the changes facing the industry and then moves into a discussion on digital technology and its impact on pharmaceutical companies. From there, the deck explores two digital trends, mobile and eDetailing. The presentation wraps up with some examples of pharmaceutical companies their digital presence.
Endüstri Mühendisliği - Yöneylem teknikleriyle Sağlık Tedarik Zinciri Modellemesidir. Maalesef dünya bu yöntemleri taşıyacak kadar deterministik değildir. Zaten sonraki aşamada fiili model denemesi planlanmış.
Supply chain issues in Pharma industryJaimeen Rana
Supply Chain Management in pharmaceutical industry plays a very critical part as availability of the product at right time has to be ensured for unpredictable demand patterns. Issues being faced in this industry and solutions for those problems are mentioned in the presentation.
LogiQuest Season 2 - Challenges and Opportunities for Organized 3PL in Pharma...Mahindra Logistics
The team came up with a well-researched presentation that demonstrated the challenges and opportunities for organized 3PL in Supply Chain. The team, Dark Horses from NITIE, won the LogiQuest Season 2.
Security Of The Pharmaceutical Supply Chain - Part 4b: The Pharmaceutical Ind...Stuart Silverman
Security Of The Pharmaceutical Supply Chain - Part 4b: The Pharmaceutical Industry Relies Heavily On Sourcing From India & China – India Segment
SPECIAL FOCUS - The environment as a risk to the supply chain.
McKinsey Sağlık Tedarik Zinciriyle, FMCG Tedarik Zinciri karşılaştırıyor. Sağlık Tedarik Zincirindeki iyileştirme fırsatına ve toplumsal boyutuna dikkat çekiyor.
The New Pharma Ecosystem: 2014 Trends Reshaping the Pharmaceutical Supply ChainLaura Olson
The pharmaceutical industry is undergoing tremendous changes. Numerous forces are re-shaping the new pharmaceutical ecosystem. Technology, demographics, regulations and shifts in wealth are creating transformative change. Increasingly becoming a more patient-centric world, patients use Smart devices to monitor research and evaluate pharmaceutical products. Healthcare reform regulations, the devaluation of the existing pharma model and trend towards patient empowerment and access to information are shaping the changing pharma industry, much as the retail industry was shaped by the multichannel and omni channel retailing trends of recent years. Regulators have become increasingly more cautious when improving innovative medicines. As pharmaceuticals have become more successful in prolonging life and treating illness, many medical conditions are now chronic. Today healthcare providers have become increasingly interested in measuring the outcomes of pharma performance and basing pricing accordingly. There has been a dramatic increase in prescription volume and an increased production and use of generic drugs. Producing pharmaceuticals in other countries can be complicated. Customs, local regulations and other factors impact products and require brands to adapt. Generic pharmaceuticals are becoming the dominant category globally, especially in developing rather than just industrial countries. Adding to the complexity, a large number of pharmaceutical products are made by multiple countries. These factors and the move towards specialty pharmaceuticals and greater production of pharmaceutical products globally have resulted in more pressure on global supply chains. Because supply chains have moved from local to global in operation, even one significant event can interrupt the global supply chain. Events such as hurricanes and typhoons, earthquakes, political and economic upheaval can have serious impacts on global supply chains, adding unforeseen costs and delays. Health care reform magnifies the effect of longer supply chains and increases the intense cost pressure on drug manufacturers. In order to reduce costs, more production as well as research and development are being offshored and outsourced.
Business Strategy Analysis of The Global Pharmaceutical IndustryTouseef Ahmed
The global pharmaceutical industry is considered as one of the essential industries present in every country. The global pharmaceutical industry manufactures a variety of medicines. These industries generally produce licensed drugs that are generally used for the purpose of medication. Their R&D department is well equipped for the production of the licensed drugs used for medication. The pharmaceutical industries generally deal with medications that are branded or generic and medical devices and tools (DiMasi et al. 2016). They need to follow a number of laws and regulations of the government that are concerned with the patenting, testing, pricing and they need to guarantee safety and the efficiency and marketing of the drugs.
This study regarding the global pharmaceutical industry actually describes the changes that occurred in the industry since the beginning and its environment, facilities, its success factors etc. Lastly, this study will provide an overall view of the future prospects of the global pharmaceutical industries based on the analysis that will be done in this study.
This presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the current pharmaceutical industry. It begins with a look at some of the changes facing the industry and then moves into a discussion on digital technology and its impact on pharmaceutical companies. From there, the deck explores two digital trends, mobile and eDetailing. The presentation wraps up with some examples of pharmaceutical companies their digital presence.
Endüstri Mühendisliği - Yöneylem teknikleriyle Sağlık Tedarik Zinciri Modellemesidir. Maalesef dünya bu yöntemleri taşıyacak kadar deterministik değildir. Zaten sonraki aşamada fiili model denemesi planlanmış.
Regulatory Affairs in the Pharmacy Curriulum A Reviewijtsrd
The Indian pharmaceutical industry is expanding quickly, and there is a need of regulatory affairs specialists to meet the present demands of companies in the face of international competition. The goal of governments to protect public health has led to the development of a relatively new profession known as regulatory affairs. Pharmaceuticals, veterinary medications, medical gadgets, pesticides, agrochemicals, and cosmetics are among the industries where the government regulates the safety and effectiveness of products. And alternative treatments. The pharmaceutical firms in charge of these drugs discovery, development, testing, clinical trials, production, manufacturing, and marketingItems also want to make sure that they are providing products that are secure and beneficial to the health and welfare of the general public. legislative issuesThe international regulatory bodies and the pharmaceutical businesses are connected via specialists. It is needed that they. Akshay Kaware | Prof. Santosh Waghmare | Dr. Hemant Kamble "Regulatory Affairs in the Pharmacy Curriulum: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52279.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/52279/regulatory-affairs-in-the-pharmacy-curriulum-a-review/akshay-kaware
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
CRITICAL FACTORS AND ENABLERS OF FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY COMPLIANCE RISK MANA...ijmvsc
Recently, along with the emergence of food scandals, food supply chains have to face with ever-increasing
pressure from compliance with food quality and safety regulations and standards. This paper aims to
explore critical factors of compliance risk in food supply chain with an illustrated case in Vietnamese
seafood industry. To this end, this study takes advantage of both primary and secondary data sources
through a comprehensive literature research of industrial and scientific papers, combined with expert
interview. Findings showed that there are three main critical factor groups influencing on compliance risk
including challenges originating from Vietnamese food supply chain itself, characteristics of regulation
and standards, and business environment. Furthermore, author proposed enablers to eliminate
compliance risks to food supply chain managers as well as recommendations to government and other
influencers and supporters
CRITICAL FACTORS AND ENABLERS OF FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY COMPLIANCE RISK MANA...ijmvsc
Recently, along with the emergence of food scandals, food supply chains have to face with ever-increasing
pressure from compliance with food quality and safety regulations and standards. This paper aims to
explore critical factors of compliance risk in food supply chain with an illustrated case in Vietnamese
seafood industry. To this end, this study takes advantage of both primary and secondary data sources
through a comprehensive literature research of industrial and scientific papers, combined with expert
interview. Findings showed that there are three main critical factor groups influencing on compliance risk
including challenges originating from Vietnamese food supply chain itself, characteristics of regulation
and standards, and business environment. Furthermore, author proposed enablers to eliminate
compliance risks to food supply chain managers as well as recommendations to government and other
influencers and supporters.
Globalization and managing across cultures and borders make the business sense of efficient supply chain management more challenging than ever before. The demand and supply chain can now be as long or as short as the distance between suppliers and consumers who have critical influence on the value chain. This is important because the demand and supply chain processes often have profound effect on productivity levels of the organization. The exploratory research design was deployed for the investigation to gauge the effect of supply chain management on productivity. Through regression analysis it was found that for a 1 percent increase in supply chain management productivity increases by 1.88 percent. Organizations around the globe are getting increasingly concerned about the process with which their goods and services reach the ultimate consumer or customer. It is believed that an effective and efficient supply chain management is the corner stone for customer satisfaction, and to this extent, supply chain management is an important topic in business and management today. According to Chase, et al (2001) the critical idea of supply chain management is to apply a total system approach to managing the entire flow of information, materials and services from raw materials suppliers, through factories and warehouses to the end customer. They posit that the idea of supply chain management comes from a picture of how organizations are linked together as a particular company. Such linkage is typically between suppliers that provide inputs, manufacturing and service support operations that transform the inputs into products and services, and the distribution and local service providers that localize the products. They argue that localization can involve just the delivery of the products or some other processes that tailors the products or services to the needs of the local markets and customers. Enterprises have come to realize that achieving significant competitive advantage depends to a great extent on the way they configure and manage their supply chain operations. Stevenson (2002) states that a supply chain is a sequence of organizations – their facilities, functions, and activities that are involved in producing and delivering a product or service. According to him, the sequence begins with basic suppliers of raw materials and extends all the way to the final customer. Basic facilities in supply chain management include warehouses, factories, processing centres, distribution centres, retail outlets, and offices. On the other hand, the major activities in supply chain management include forecasting, purchasing, scheduling, production, distribution, delivery, and customer service (Copacino, 1997, Marshall, 1997, Handfield, et al, 1999). Stevenson (2002) elaborates that supply chains are sometimes referred to as value chains; a term that reflects the concept that value is added as goods and services progress through the chain supply or value chains
Supply Chain and Production Cost of Brewing Plants in South East, NigeriaYogeshIJTSRD
The study focused on Supply Chain and Production Cost of Brewing plants in South East, Nigeria. The study sought to ascertain the nature of relationship between Supply Chain and Production Cost of the Brewing plants in the South East, Nigeria. The study had a population size of 1528, out of which a sample size of 431 was obtained using Cochran’s formula at 5 error tolerance and 95 level of confidence. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaire and observation and secondary data were obtained through textbooks, and journal materials. Out of 431 copies of the questionnaire that were distributed, 401 copies were returned while 30 copies were not returned. The hypothesis was tested using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. Finding revealed that there was a significant positive relationship between supply chain and production cost of Brewing plants in South East, Nigeria. r = 0.866 . The study concluded that supply chain practices is a set of activities carried out in any organization to promote effective management of its supply chains in order to improve production cost. The study recommended that brewing plants in South East Nigeria need to ensure that their supply chain concentrates on the most important member, the customer who should be kept satisfied at all costs, thus helping to boost customer services and also put in place a well managed supply chain that removes disruptions and obstacles in their business activities. Nwatu Chukwuemeka "Supply Chain and Production Cost of Brewing Plants in South-East, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44965.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/strategic-management/44965/supply-chain-and-production-cost-of-brewing-plants-in-southeast-nigeria/nwatu-chukwuemeka
Global Clinical Trial Support Services Market AnalysisInsights10
This report presents a strategic analysis of the Global Clinical Trials Support Service Market and a forecast for its development in the medium and long term. It provides a broad overview of the market dynamics, trends and insights, growth drivers and restraints, segmentation, competitive landscape, healthcare policies and regulatory framework, reimbursement scenario, challenges and future outlook. To get a detailed report, contact us at - info@insights10.com
Similar to Key strategic issues pharmaceutical industry of SCM: A systematic literature review (20)
Square transposition: an approach to the transposition process in block cipherjournalBEEI
The transposition process is needed in cryptography to create a diffusion effect on data encryption standard (DES) and advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithms as standard information security algorithms by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The problem with DES and AES algorithms is that their transposition index values form patterns and do not form random values. This condition will certainly make it easier for a cryptanalyst to look for a relationship between ciphertexts because some processes are predictable. This research designs a transposition algorithm called square transposition. Each process uses square 8 × 8 as a place to insert and retrieve 64-bits. The determination of the pairing of the input scheme and the retrieval scheme that have unequal flow is an important factor in producing a good transposition. The square transposition can generate random and non-pattern indices so that transposition can be done better than DES and AES.
Hyper-parameter optimization of convolutional neural network based on particl...journalBEEI
Deep neural networks have accomplished enormous progress in tackling many problems. More specifically, convolutional neural network (CNN) is a category of deep networks that have been a dominant technique in computer vision tasks. Despite that these deep neural networks are highly effective; the ideal structure is still an issue that needs a lot of investigation. Deep Convolutional Neural Network model is usually designed manually by trials and repeated tests which enormously constrain its application. Many hyper-parameters of the CNN can affect the model performance. These parameters are depth of the network, numbers of convolutional layers, and numbers of kernels with their sizes. Therefore, it may be a huge challenge to design an appropriate CNN model that uses optimized hyper-parameters and reduces the reliance on manual involvement and domain expertise. In this paper, a design architecture method for CNNs is proposed by utilization of particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to learn the optimal CNN hyper-parameters values. In the experiment, we used Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) database of handwritten digit recognition. The experiments showed that our proposed approach can find an architecture that is competitive to the state-of-the-art models with a testing error of 0.87%.
Supervised machine learning based liver disease prediction approach with LASS...journalBEEI
In this contemporary era, the uses of machine learning techniques are increasing rapidly in the field of medical science for detecting various diseases such as liver disease (LD). Around the globe, a large number of people die because of this deadly disease. By diagnosing the disease in a primary stage, early treatment can be helpful to cure the patient. In this research paper, a method is proposed to diagnose the LD using supervised machine learning classification algorithms, namely logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, AdaBoost, KNN, linear discriminant analysis, gradient boosting and support vector machine (SVM). We also deployed a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) feature selection technique on our taken dataset to suggest the most highly correlated attributes of LD. The predictions with 10 fold cross-validation (CV) made by the algorithms are tested in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, precision and f1-score values to forecast the disease. It is observed that the decision tree algorithm has the best performance score where accuracy, precision, sensitivity and f1-score values are 94.295%, 92%, 99% and 96% respectively with the inclusion of LASSO. Furthermore, a comparison with recent studies is shown to prove the significance of the proposed system.
A secure and energy saving protocol for wireless sensor networksjournalBEEI
The research domain for wireless sensor networks (WSN) has been extensively conducted due to innovative technologies and research directions that have come up addressing the usability of WSN under various schemes. This domain permits dependable tracking of a diversity of environments for both military and civil applications. The key management mechanism is a primary protocol for keeping the privacy and confidentiality of the data transmitted among different sensor nodes in WSNs. Since node's size is small; they are intrinsically limited by inadequate resources such as battery life-time and memory capacity. The proposed secure and energy saving protocol (SESP) for wireless sensor networks) has a significant impact on the overall network life-time and energy dissipation. To encrypt sent messsages, the SESP uses the public-key cryptography’s concept. It depends on sensor nodes' identities (IDs) to prevent the messages repeated; making security goals- authentication, confidentiality, integrity, availability, and freshness to be achieved. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed approach produced better energy consumption and network life-time compared to LEACH protocol; sensors are dead after 900 rounds in the proposed SESP protocol. While, in the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) scheme, the sensors are dead after 750 rounds.
Plant leaf identification system using convolutional neural networkjournalBEEI
This paper proposes a leaf identification system using convolutional neural network (CNN). This proposed system can identify five types of local Malaysia leaf which were acacia, papaya, cherry, mango and rambutan. By using CNN from deep learning, the network is trained from the database that acquired from leaf images captured by mobile phone for image classification. ResNet-50 was the architecture has been used for neural networks image classification and training the network for leaf identification. The recognition of photographs leaves requested several numbers of steps, starting with image pre-processing, feature extraction, plant identification, matching and testing, and finally extracting the results achieved in MATLAB. Testing sets of the system consists of 3 types of images which were white background, and noise added and random background images. Finally, interfaces for the leaf identification system have developed as the end software product using MATLAB app designer. As a result, the accuracy achieved for each training sets on five leaf classes are recorded above 98%, thus recognition process was successfully implemented.
Customized moodle-based learning management system for socially disadvantaged...journalBEEI
This study aims to develop Moodle-based LMS with customized learning content and modified user interface to facilitate pedagogical processes during covid-19 pandemic and investigate how teachers of socially disadvantaged schools perceived usability and technology acceptance. Co-design process was conducted with two activities: 1) need assessment phase using an online survey and interview session with the teachers and 2) the development phase of the LMS. The system was evaluated by 30 teachers from socially disadvantaged schools for relevance to their distance learning activities. We employed computer software usability questionnaire (CSUQ) to measure perceived usability and the technology acceptance model (TAM) with insertion of 3 original variables (i.e., perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and intention to use) and 5 external variables (i.e., attitude toward the system, perceived interaction, self-efficacy, user interface design, and course design). The average CSUQ rating exceeded 5.0 of 7 point-scale, indicated that teachers agreed that the information quality, interaction quality, and user interface quality were clear and easy to understand. TAM results concluded that the LMS design was judged to be usable, interactive, and well-developed. Teachers reported an effective user interface that allows effective teaching operations and lead to the system adoption in immediate time.
Understanding the role of individual learner in adaptive and personalized e-l...journalBEEI
Dynamic learning environment has emerged as a powerful platform in a modern e-learning system. The learning situation that constantly changing has forced the learning platform to adapt and personalize its learning resources for students. Evidence suggested that adaptation and personalization of e-learning systems (APLS) can be achieved by utilizing learner modeling, domain modeling, and instructional modeling. In the literature of APLS, questions have been raised about the role of individual characteristics that are relevant for adaptation. With several options, a new problem has been raised where the attributes of students in APLS often overlap and are not related between studies. Therefore, this study proposed a list of learner model attributes in dynamic learning to support adaptation and personalization. The study was conducted by exploring concepts from the literature selected based on the best criteria. Then, we described the results of important concepts in student modeling and provided definitions and examples of data values that researchers have used. Besides, we also discussed the implementation of the selected learner model in providing adaptation in dynamic learning.
Prototype mobile contactless transaction system in traditional markets to sup...journalBEEI
One way to prevent and reduce the spread of the covid-19 pandemic is through physical distancing program. This research aims to develop a prototype contactless transaction system using digital payment mechanisms and QR code technology that will be applied in traditional markets. The method used in the development of electronic market systems is a prototype approach. The application of QR code and digital payments are used as a solution to minimize money exchange contacts that are common in traditional markets. The results showed that the system built was able to accelerate and facilitate the buying and selling transaction process in traditional market environment. Alpha testing shows that all functional systems are running well. Meanwhile, beta testing shows that the user can very well accept the system that was built. The results of the study also show acceptance of the usefulness of the system being built, as well as the optimism of its users to be able to take advantage of this system both technologically and functionally, so its can be a part of the digital transformation of the traditional market to the electronic market and has become one of the solutions in reducing the spread of the current covid-19 pandemic.
Wireless HART stack using multiprocessor technique with laxity algorithmjournalBEEI
The use of a real-time operating system is required for the demarcation of industrial wireless sensor network (IWSN) stacks (RTOS). In the industrial world, a vast number of sensors are utilised to gather various types of data. The data gathered by the sensors cannot be prioritised ahead of time. Because all of the information is equally essential. As a result, a protocol stack is employed to guarantee that data is acquired and processed fairly. In IWSN, the protocol stack is implemented using RTOS. The data collected from IWSN sensor nodes is processed using non-preemptive scheduling and the protocol stack, and then sent in parallel to the IWSN's central controller. The real-time operating system (RTOS) is a process that occurs between hardware and software. Packets must be sent at a certain time. It's possible that some packets may collide during transmission. We're going to undertake this project to get around this collision. As a prototype, this project is divided into two parts. The first uses RTOS and the LPC2148 as a master node, while the second serves as a standard data collection node to which sensors are attached. Any controller may be used in the second part, depending on the situation. Wireless HART allows two nodes to communicate with each other.
Implementation of double-layer loaded on octagon microstrip yagi antennajournalBEEI
A double-layer loaded on the octagon microstrip yagi antenna (OMYA) at 5.8 GHz industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) Band is investigated in this paper. The double-layer consist of two double positive (DPS) substrates. The OMYA is overlaid with a double-layer configuration were simulated, fabricated and measured. A good agreement was observed between the computed and measured results of the gain for this antenna. According to comparison results, it shows that 2.5 dB improvement of the OMYA gain can be obtained by applying the double-layer on the top of the OMYA. Meanwhile, the bandwidth of the measured OMYA with the double-layer is 14.6%. It indicates that the double-layer can be used to increase the OMYA performance in term of gain and bandwidth.
The calculation of the field of an antenna located near the human headjournalBEEI
In this work, a numerical calculation was carried out in one of the universal programs for automatic electro-dynamic design. The calculation is aimed at obtaining numerical values for specific absorbed power (SAR). It is the SAR value that can be used to determine the effect of the antenna of a wireless device on biological objects; the dipole parameters will be selected for GSM1800. Investigation of the influence of distance to a cell phone on radiation shows that absorbed in the head of a person the effect of electromagnetic radiation on the brain decreases by three times this is a very important result the SAR value has decreased by almost three times it is acceptable results.
Exact secure outage probability performance of uplinkdownlink multiple access...journalBEEI
In this paper, we study uplink-downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems by considering the secure performance at the physical layer. In the considered system model, the base station acts a relay to allow two users at the left side communicate with two users at the right side. By considering imperfect channel state information (CSI), the secure performance need be studied since an eavesdropper wants to overhear signals processed at the downlink. To provide secure performance metric, we derive exact expressions of secrecy outage probability (SOP) and and evaluating the impacts of main parameters on SOP metric. The important finding is that we can achieve the higher secrecy performance at high signal to noise ratio (SNR). Moreover, the numerical results demonstrate that the SOP tends to a constant at high SNR. Finally, our results show that the power allocation factors, target rates are main factors affecting to the secrecy performance of considered uplink-downlink NOMA systems.
Design of a dual-band antenna for energy harvesting applicationjournalBEEI
This report presents an investigation on how to improve the current dual-band antenna to enhance the better result of the antenna parameters for energy harvesting application. Besides that, to develop a new design and validate the antenna frequencies that will operate at 2.4 GHz and 5.4 GHz. At 5.4 GHz, more data can be transmitted compare to 2.4 GHz. However, 2.4 GHz has long distance of radiation, so it can be used when far away from the antenna module compare to 5 GHz that has short distance in radiation. The development of this project includes the scope of designing and testing of antenna using computer simulation technology (CST) 2018 software and vector network analyzer (VNA) equipment. In the process of designing, fundamental parameters of antenna are being measured and validated, in purpose to identify the better antenna performance.
Transforming data-centric eXtensible markup language into relational database...journalBEEI
eXtensible markup language (XML) appeared internationally as the format for data representation over the web. Yet, most organizations are still utilising relational databases as their database solutions. As such, it is crucial to provide seamless integration via effective transformation between these database infrastructures. In this paper, we propose XML-REG to bridge these two technologies based on node-based and path-based approaches. The node-based approach is good to annotate each positional node uniquely, while the path-based approach provides summarised path information to join the nodes. On top of that, a new range labelling is also proposed to annotate nodes uniquely by ensuring the structural relationships are maintained between nodes. If a new node is to be added to the document, re-labelling is not required as the new label will be assigned to the node via the new proposed labelling scheme. Experimental evaluations indicated that the performance of XML-REG exceeded XMap, XRecursive, XAncestor and Mini-XML concerning storing time, query retrieval time and scalability. This research produces a core framework for XML to relational databases (RDB) mapping, which could be adopted in various industries.
Key performance requirement of future next wireless networks (6G)journalBEEI
Given the massive potentials of 5G communication networks and their foreseeable evolution, what should there be in 6G that is not in 5G or its long-term evolution? 6G communication networks are estimated to integrate the terrestrial, aerial, and maritime communications into a forceful network which would be faster, more reliable, and can support a massive number of devices with ultra-low latency requirements. This article presents a complete overview of potential 6G communication networks. The major contribution of this study is to present a broad overview of key performance indicators (KPIs) of 6G networks that cover the latest manufacturing progress in the environment of the principal areas of research application, and challenges.
Noise resistance territorial intensity-based optical flow using inverse confi...journalBEEI
This paper presents the use of the inverse confidential technique on bilateral function with the territorial intensity-based optical flow to prove the effectiveness in noise resistance environment. In general, the image’s motion vector is coded by the technique called optical flow where the sequences of the image are used to determine the motion vector. But, the accuracy rate of the motion vector is reduced when the source of image sequences is interfered by noises. This work proved that the inverse confidential technique on bilateral function can increase the percentage of accuracy in the motion vector determination by the territorial intensity-based optical flow under the noisy environment. We performed the testing with several kinds of non-Gaussian noises at several patterns of standard image sequences by analyzing the result of the motion vector in a form of the error vector magnitude (EVM) and compared it with several noise resistance techniques in territorial intensity-based optical flow method.
Modeling climate phenomenon with software grids analysis and display system i...journalBEEI
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The universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) has distinct benefits in that it supports a wide range of quality of service (QoS) criteria that users require in order to fulfill their requirements. The transmission of video and audio in real-time applications places a high demand on the cellular network, therefore QoS is a major problem in these applications. The ability to provide QoS in the UMTS backbone network necessitates an active QoS mechanism in order to maintain the necessary level of convenience on UMTS networks. For UMTS networks, investigation models for end-to-end QoS, total transmitted and received data, packet loss, and throughput providing techniques are run and assessed and the simulation results are examined. According to the results, appropriate QoS adaption allows for specific voice and video transmission. Finally, by analyzing existing QoS parameters, the QoS performance of 4G/UMTS networks may be improved.
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Key strategic issues pharmaceutical industry of SCM: A systematic literature review
1. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Vol. 9, No. 2, April 2020, pp. 808~817
ISSN: 2302-9285, DOI: 10.11591/eei.v9i2.1264 808
Journal homepage: http://beei.org
Key strategic issues pharmaceutical industry of SCM: A systematic
literature review
Erick Fernando, Meyliana, Harco Leslie Hendric Spits Warnars, Edi Abdurachman
Information Systems Department, School of Information Systems, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, Indonesia
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Jul 12, 2018
Revised Dec 1, 2018
Accepted Sep 26, 2019
In this global era, making competition in the pharmaceutical industry is very
treacly. Implementation Supply chain management is the process of planning
and managing all sourcing, procurement, distribution activities to increase
value to customers and interested companies. Pharmaceutical companies
are one that has a very complex supply chain. This article will discuss
the main issues that can improve the industry strategically. This research
is done by the systematic approach of literature to find things related
to research. This study used 64 articles from search results. The results of this
search are key issues in the pharmaceutical industry such as product
and process development, capacity planning, factory, and network design,
e-business and IT applications, inventory management, outsourcing
and reverse logistics, lean manufacturing, performance measures, people,
and information technology. All of these findings are issues that improve
the performance of supply chain management in the pharmaceutical industry.
Keywords:
Key strategic issues
Pharmaceutical industry
Supply chain management
Systematic literature review
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Erick Fernando,
Information Systems Department, School of Information Systems,
Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Email: erick.fernando_88@yahoo.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Supply chain management is the process of planning and managing all sourcing, procurement,
distribution activities to increase value to customers and interested companies [1, 2]. Pharmaceutical
companies are one that has a very complex supply chain. However, in recent decades, important supply chain
decisions, such as those related to the acquisition or introduction of new products [3], operating processes
and organizations that have contributed to the discovery, development, and manufacture of drugs so as to be
more useful to life human [1, 4]. The benefits of drugs are not separated from the role of all processes that
exist in the pharmaceutical industry, and then it requires a supply chain [5]. According to Ying Xie
and Breen [5], the pharmaceutical supply chain is a special supply chain from another where the drug process
takes placemaking, delivering, and until consumed by the customer. With so much importance the supply
chain management approach makes the company's success in competing [6-8]. Lee [9] argues that supply
chain management is a complicated, complete, and challenging thing in its implementation. This is due to
an ever-changing trend in expanding a wide range of products, non-short life cycle processes, ever-increasing
outsourcing, rapid technological developments, and business globalization.
Existing challenges have an impact on high cost and time spent in testing in the process of drug
discovery and development. This process is even in line with the high uncertainty of demand and the required
production capacity planning process [10]. This has led to the slow growth and substantial decline
in the development of new drugs in the pharmaceutical industry, thus making the main Challenge [11, 12].
According to the WHO [13], the Impact caused drug prices to rise to as high as 650 percent of the prevailing
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international standards in developing and advanced countries. In addition, the unavailability of inexpensive
drugs in the market [11, 14], the current era of globalization challenges the provision of safe healthcare
and integrity to the supply chain in addressing all forms of hazardous, illegal and counterfeit drugs a drug
that seriously endangers patient safety and public health [15-17]. This is influenced by insufficient funding,
inability to predict accurately, lack of initiatives to maintain stocks, inefficient distribution systems [11, 18]
and theft of drugs for resale to the private sector [11, 19] the process of counterfeiting drugs [16, 17].
Pharmaceutical companies or industries must acquire new resources used to promote continuous
innovation of the development process [20] in reducing risk and uncertainty in terms of time recovery,
quantity, quality, estimation of production processes, and all in the resolution of a decision [19, 21].
Grossmann discloses that product discovery and development, design, supply chain simplification and life
cycle make the main challenge in the pharmaceutical industry. Bhakoo and Chan [22] disclose more complex
pharmaceutical supply chains than other industries. It requires good participation from various interested
parties such as pharmaceutical manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors, customers, information service
providers, and regulatory bodies [19, 21].
With So Complex, this sector is very less researched by researchers because it is considered not to
contribute significantly in all markets, especially in developing countries. Interestingly observed by
Varun [23] it turns out that the existing pharmaceutical industry has produced generic drugs that have low
cost available in the domestic market. With the things described in the previous research, researchers found
a gap that occurred in the literature that has been done in the past. This is what makes researchers interested
to describe the key issues that occur in the development of the pharmaceutical industry.
2. STRATEGIC ISSUES IN PHARMACEUTICAL SUPPLY CHAINS
The challenges facing the entire pharmaceutical organization include improvements in service
delivery, health care reform, patent values, and global drug quality standards. The activities
of the pharmaceutical supply chain should be able to provide quality medicines according to WHO
standards [13], quantity on-demand and timely distribution. Where everything has to face the challenge
of reducing production costs, increasing the speed of the market. Therefore, the global strategic planning
of the market becomes successful and easy. Shah and souse [1, 7] raised essential issues when designing
and developing pharmaceutical supply chains, such as network design, plant design, process development
management and pipeline development and capacity planning.
The development of strategies and the optimization of support systems for decision making
in product management is necessary to reduce risk, market time, optimize the objectives to accommodate
the levels of greatest complexity [24, 25] the strategic aspects in the analysis of the competitiveness
of the supply chain of the pharmaceutical industry can be exploited in Asset 25, processes
and performance [26], people or interested persons [27-29] and technology [30] to improve the performance
of the management of the supply chain. The researchers develop strategies for managing the supply chain
with an important component that can be seen in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Research framework
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The approach used in this research is a systematic literature review (SLR). SLR is used as a way
to identify, evaluate and interpret all existing research relevant to a topic [31]. With this SLR approach,
researchers can focus more on solving existing problems. There is also a SLR step that
is described as follows:
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3.1. Search process
The first step in the SLR method, finding and knowing the literature sources used are consistent,
relevant and leading to the research being undertaken. The search is done on a pearl database and is widely
used as a research reference. The journal database is used as follows:
− ACM Digital Library (dl.acm.org)
− IEEE Xplore Digital Library (http:/ieeexplore.ieee.org)
− JStor (www.jstor.com)
− Science Direct (www.sciencedirect.com)
− Emerald Insight (www.emeraldinsight.com)
− Taylor and Francis (tandfonline.com)
− US National Library of Medicine
In searching, a search keyword is used by using a Boolean operator. The use of Boolean operators
aims to refine further the articles used. The composition of AND and OR operators used in keywords,
among others:
− (‘key issue AND ‘supply ‘AND ‘chain) OR (‘pharmaceutical industry’)
− (‘pharmaceutical industry’ AND ‘supply ‘AND ‘chain’ AND ‘key issue’)
− (‘pharmaceutical industry’ AND supply ‘AND ‘chain)
− (‘supply ‘AND ‘chain AND ‘Management’ AND ’pharmaceutical industry’)
3.2. Inclusion criteria and extraction
Inclusion criteria have three processes done, among others the first 'founded study' is an article
discovery step that is in the database related keywords, the second "Study Candidate" is an article filter based
on abstracts and titles relevant to the research, and the last "Selected Study "is an article filtering by reading
the entire article that is relevant or appropriate to the research. The extraction process is done by
finding 249 articles based on keywords and search databases. From the search process, it is extracted
at the candidate stage found 137 articles, then do the selection of articles become selected articles found
57 articles to used research. Search process until extraction in April 2018 which can be seen in Table 1.
Table 1. Extraction studies in selected sources
Source Founded Studies Candidate studies Selected studies
ACM 18 5 1
Emerald insight 60 30 12
IEEE 22 12 2
JSTOR 12 8 2
ScienceDirect 80 50 29
TandF 8 5 1
US National Library of Medicine 19 10 4
Wiley 22 12 4
Other 8 5 2
Total 249 137 57
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1. Publishing outlets
The search process is done from various databases can we see the source of the article. The results
are there 51 articles coming from journals, 4 articles come from conferences, and 2 articles from others.
Everything can be seen in the following Table 2.
Table 2. Source of publishing outlets
Journal/conference # %
Conference 4 7.0
Journal 51 89.5
other 2 3.5
4.2. Author according to country
The development of supply chain research illustrates that several countries have been involved.
According to the search results of US researchers The United States, India, the United Kingdom, Italy,
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811
Turkey, and China are the leading countries. In this study, it is reviewed by considering the various countries
that can be seen in Figure 2 so that it has variations of research available in various countries.
Figure 2. Author according to country
4.3. Mapping research issues, and references
The review was conducted in search of key issues in the pharmaceutical supply chain based
on 57 articles that fit the topic of this study so that it was analyzed and used to create the main strategic
framework shown in Figure 1. The issues found can be seen in Table 3. All issues grouped into resources,
processes, people, information technology, performance.
Table 3. Summary of research issues
Research Issues References Total
Strategy development Concepts [1, 7, 13, 24-30] 10
Resources of Pharmaceutical SC
New product development capabilities [32-35] 4
New process development [11, 25, 36] 3
Capacity planning [1, 37] 2
Plant & Network design [38-42] 5
Pipeline and development management [43, 44] 2
e-business capabilities [25, 45, 46] 3
People [28, 47, 48] 3
Information Technology [47, 49-52] 5
Processes of Pharmaceutical SC
Outsourcing logistics activities [4, 53-56] 5
Inventory management [10, 57-63] 9
Reverse logistics [5, 64, 65] 3
Lean manufacturing [66-71] 7
Quality Management [40, 49, 72-74] 4
Performance issues in Pharmaceutical SC [75-82] 8
Total 73
4.4. Mapping research issue of pharmaceutical supply chain
4.4.1. Resource of pharmaceutical supply chain
The organization or company must have a resource asset. The resources that are used effectively
and efficiently in development and management will play a very important role in competition in the supply
chain. The resources consist of:
− New product development capabilities (NPD)
The application of NPD to pharmaceutical companies is used to increase the competition
for business strategies that are so fast and advanced [35]. Factors that can be NPD development include rapid
technological advances, higher costs, shorter product life cycles [33]. NPD itself will use resources very
much to be provided by the company, then it raises the problem, especially long development time,
low success rate, high capital requirement, and market uncertainty [32]. The NPD of the pharmaceutical
industry should compare and adopt the workings of other industries to be more effective
and efficient [34, 35].
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− New process development capability
The new process development capability strategy is a must in the continuity of new drug
development in the pharmaceutical industry [36]. The development process is very important because any
field involves a cycle process, beginning with an exploratory study using interviews/surveys, followed
by case studies and theoretical formulations [11]. Efficient and optimized development can provide good
performance, increase productivity, help reduce production costs, improve the achievement of better product
inventions, and develop production processes and design [25]. The development process is done by testing
phases of drugs, construction, and commercial design forms [25].
− Capacity planning
Capacity planning involves everything employed within the supply chain, all through
the uncertainty of clinical testing [37]. It has been observed by [1] that capacity planning at great risk,
this is a product failure during trials, product withdrawal that is considered to be unsuccessful during sale due
to side effects, uncertainty about drug dosage and composition, competition from similar products, demand
requirements the drug is uncertain. Thus, effective capacity planning and utilization is a major challenge
for the pharmaceutical sector.
− Plant and network design
Design planning activities are an important element in improving performance probabilities
in the supply chain [38, 39]. Arshinder [39] says that the trend occurs in the production and distribution
of the supply chain to the people who need it. This is traced to all supply chain activities involving wholesale
manufacturers, and distributors until the patient is a necessary approach that can reduce operating
costs [38, 39]. The design of an integrated systematic supply chain can enhance highly optimized
coordination [39, 40]. The importance of timely product distribution in the drug industry leads to network
optimization due to variations in infrastructure and lack of connectivity [40, 42]. Researchers should explore
the optimal network under dynamic operational conditions with different reference regions.
− Improvement in research & development capabilities
The pharmaceutical industry in R & D development is used to create new innovations to compete
with other companies. R & D urgently requires significant and numerous resources [43]. In many
pharmaceutical industries in several countries using R & D joint ventures, mergers, and outsourcing various
phases of pharmaceutical R & D activities for faster and cost-effective methods of innovation.
This development requires an optimal managerial to know, evaluate the current movement in the market,
formulate successful models, and create competitive strategies to take preemptive action in a rapidly
changing global environment. Thus, companies will achieve efficient innovation as they focus on developing
a high level of strategic cognition and managerial openness [43, 44]. Therefore, this factor is crucial
in offering an internal locus view of innovation that the pharmaceutical R & D needs to produce efficiently.
− Pipeline and development management
In the development process occurring within the pharmaceutical industry must be done by pipeline
as it helps in scheduling the problem effectively [25]. This process involves the selection of potential drugs
for further development [45, 46]. In this approach, each product has a specific set of tests and is characterized
by duration, cost, priority limits, resource requirements, and the probability of success [45, 83].
Scheduling a variety of cross-pipe testing under dynamic market requirements is a challenging task.
− E-business capabilities
E-business is a form of a business model that changes from traditional to more innovative ways that
use the internet in helping process models [53-55]. Croom [56] also mentions e-business systems
and processes that use a web browser and internet platforms have a major impact on inter-organizational
process management. The ability of e-business affects in increasing supply chain processes that occur within
the company [53]. The use of e-business is used to reduce transaction costs by using demand, improving
operational efficiency, enabling organizations to gain access to expansion from the entire supply chain [4].
4.4.2. Processes of pharmaceutical supply chain
Processes in the pharmaceutical industry include the scheduling of all process activities
in the supply chain. The planning process should be more effective and efficient to improve
the responsiveness and speed of the supply chain. The process will be discussed below:
− Outsourcing logistics activities
In the development of the world of logistics, lately, it has been known as outsourcing. Outsourcing
is an action to move some of the company's internal activities and assign decision responsibilities to third
parties [84]. Pharmaceutical companies currently also deliver logistical activities to third parties (3PLs) [84].
Outsourcing logistics is undergoing a rapid development that was once only feared in the warehousing
and transportation sections, and now they can provide services in a variety of circumstances [85].
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Thus, outsourcing provides advantages in costing costs to help accelerate the process of innovation that
occurs within the pharmaceutical industry [86]. Monica [87] reveals the main reasons for outsourcing:
financial savings, an increased ability to focus on strategic issues, access to technology and specialized
expertise, and an ability to demand measurable and improved service levels. In addition, in the application
of outsourcing can provide risk in the pharmaceutical industry
− Reverse logistics
The management of waste management returns in terms of waste minimization, reuse or recycling
of materials has become a concern in national and international regulations [64]. This is particularly
important in relation to how the drug process that is no longer feasible for the use of examples due
to exposure to the drug can be sent to the manufacturer [5]. In observations made by Xie [5], the logistics
provider has a role in the process of collecting pharmaceutical waste from several pharmacies and delivers it
to the factory. This process should involve logistics providers and wholesalers to collect, sort, recycle
and discard, or cooperate with other actors in the system [5]. Biel [65] observes that the work processes
of the supply chain will be more complex and richer in the face of high uncertainty, can affect the collection
rate, the availability of recycled production inputs and the capacity of the network is reversed.
Designing an upside-down logistics network is a costly and challenging task for the pharmaceutical sector
due to the high level of uncertainty in the supply chain. The researchers will explore the problem of reverse
logistics optimization for the pharmaceutical sector. Therefore, researchers can explore the problem
of reverse logistics optimization for the pharmaceutical sector.
− Inventory management
In the pharmaceutical industry, pharmaceutical management has been particularly important to meet
customer demand, especially hospitals that transport large quantities and various medications for emergency
needs [57-59]. Pharmaceutical products provide a special burden and have an additional risk of loss
of product value [60, 61] since the products are made of synthesized organic compounds or contain active
and sensitive molecular entities that may diminish over time even with superior packaging and careful
control against environmental conditions [10]. This is reinforced by the findings of Jan Devries in a number
of pharmaceutical organizations or companies that have implemented good inventory management to reduce
costs and improve customer service [60-63]. With such complexity, researchers can explore more about
the problems or models that can be used in the pharmaceutical industry to reduce supply chain risks
associated with product types, product lifecycle and product delivery time.
− Lean manufacturing
In modern manufacturing, the implementation of lean manufacturing principles is a vital
requirement to compete globally, with the objective of minimizing waste and maximizing the production
flow based on Toyota system production (TPS) [66, 67]. TPS has divided 7 residues that Palin's base
in the world of the industry is the product’s identity, purity, potency, uniformity of dosage form,
bioavailability, and increased public awareness about counterfeit medicines [88]. In his research, Rahman
[68] said that the disciplined, consistent and correct use of lean manufacturing can reduce even
the elimination of waste and streamline processes in order to provide business excellence. In the application
of good manufacturing and integrated together you can create communication in a faster and cleaner
environment so you can simplify the process of product flow that impacts on time and cost reduction [68-72].
In the pharmaceutical industry in Indonesia, it is seen that it is still new in the implementation of lean
manufacturing. Researchers can conduct studies to improve tight manufacturing in the pharmaceutical sector
and its impact on operational performance.
− Quality management
In the pharmaceutical quality of the drug must meet the standards that have been determined.
The standard has been determined by the WHO, which defined "products whose compositions
and ingredients do not meet the true scientific specifications and which, consequently, are ineffective" [73].
Greene and O'Rourke [73, 74] said that true quality standards and discipline within the pharmaceutical
industry focus on safety and quality manufacturing processes in accordance with applicable standards.
In addition to Patel [40], he emphasizes that the application of the quality of drug distribution
in the pharmaceutical industry can reduce the risk of inferior and even false quality medicines. Newton [74]
also reveals the effective regulation of medicines as a challenging task due to the limited availability
of resources in developing countries, so he faces many challenges in the context of quality problems.
Therefore, the researcher should suggest a strategic framework to address such quality problems.
4.4.3. Information Technology of pharmaceutical supply chain
The use of information technology within SCM is imperative for companies to compete well
in the current era [49-51]. The use of IT can provide a complete exchange of information between supply
chain activities and can connect internal and external business functions of the industry [51, 89] so that
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the industry can improve efficiency, productivity, and profitability [47, 50, 52]. Researchers can explore
further the influence of IT in this SCM.
4.4.4. People of the pharmaceutical supply chain
SCM are all activities related to the design, planning, synthesis, organization and control
of the supply chain. SCM's research activities are evolving, with efforts tailored to innovation to reduce
the pressure that culminates in the supply chain. People are a key factor in the implementation of all activities
in the supply chain [90]. Psychological factors as behavioral antecedents [48], researchers should explore
the exploration of the factors that affect people in order to carry out local activities as well.
4.4.5. Performance management of pharmaceutical supply
The performance management of the pharmaceutical industry depends to a large extent on
the resources and processes that occur in the supply chain. In the pharmaceutical industry, the increase
in research and development (R & D) costs, the life cycle of the product is reduced and the awareness
of fast-growing suppliers and consumers. This changes the standard of performance management
with the daily process. By implementing SCM in the pharmaceutical industry, in fact, it wants to improve
the most competitive performance that is done through close integration with the function of the internal
company [75]. Therefore, this performance can be effectively linked to each other (providers, customers,
and other channel members) [76-78].
Supply chain capabilities developed with high-level integration on the supply side and demand
capabilities of manufacturers can improve product quality and delivery reliability capabilities, thus providing
sales growth [79, 80]. Dangayach [81] has observed that companies that can manage their practical resources
in the supply chain more efficiently tend to gain competitive capacity. It can be concluded that
the pharmaceutical industry to improve performance and the management of its resources and market share
is influenced by flexibility, quality, and cost, which in general cannot be separated from any investment,
advisory or market action [82]. To improve overall performance, organizations must work in all social,
environmental and economic areas. For this, they need to integrate their resources and processes
with performance measures. These factors can be considered by researchers in the development of
frameworks and validation by empirical studies or case studies.
5. CONCLUSION
The implementation of supply chain management in this global era, which makes the industry more
competitive. However, in the last decade, several pharmaceutical development companies are one that has
a very complex supply chain. The decision to implement the supply chain is very important, such as those
related to the acquisition or introduction of new products, the operations of the process, as well as
the organizations that play a role in the discovery, development and manufacture of medicines which may
be more useful in human life. The use of these drugs does not escape the function of all the processes that
exist within the pharmaceutical industry, and therefore requires the supply chain. The supply chain is special
to the others, where the process is carried out manufacturing drugs, delivery, and to be consumed
by the customer. With that, the importance of the supply chain management approach makes the company
succeed in the competition. The results of the searches conducted found the problem - an important issue
in the pharmaceutical industry, among others: product and process development, capacity planning, plant
design and networking, e-commerce and IT, management inventory, outsourcing and logistics upside down,
the problem of the lean supply chain and green measures of performance, people and information technology.
These searches also find USA, India, United Kingdom, Italy, Turkey, China is a country-a leader
in the development of the supply chain. The problem is a strategic problem that improves the performance
of the management of the supply chain in the pharmaceutical industry.
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