International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Measuring Environmental Performance of Supply Chaintheijes
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Environmental performance is a hot topic for researchers in management science. It is also one of the major concerns of supply chain leaders. To assess this performance, there are increasingly many management tools. It is then appropriate to wonder the role of these tools in supply chain: are these tools meet real organizational needs? Or they are used to promote supply chain image face institutional constraints increasingly strong? In this context, many modules and methodologies have been established in literature in order to evaluate environmental performance of supply chain, since it has become an important issue for society. However, few of them analyze environmental impacts. So, this work presents an integrated methodology to perform this evaluation, based on issues which significantly affect the environment. We purpose a module which will allow the assessment of this performance.This module was tested in an automotive supply chain in north of Morocco.
Measuring Environmental Performance of Supply Chaintheijes
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Environmental performance is a hot topic for researchers in management science. It is also one of the major concerns of supply chain leaders. To assess this performance, there are increasingly many management tools. It is then appropriate to wonder the role of these tools in supply chain: are these tools meet real organizational needs? Or they are used to promote supply chain image face institutional constraints increasingly strong? In this context, many modules and methodologies have been established in literature in order to evaluate environmental performance of supply chain, since it has become an important issue for society. However, few of them analyze environmental impacts. So, this work presents an integrated methodology to perform this evaluation, based on issues which significantly affect the environment. We purpose a module which will allow the assessment of this performance.This module was tested in an automotive supply chain in north of Morocco.
Tod Christenson spoke at the recent GEMI conference on HPRC, the Regional Demonstration Project in Chicago, and packaging value chain challenges in creating circular solutions. Learn more at hprc.org.
HPRC looks at waste mapping issues in healthcare, including costs, and walks through Kaiser Permanente's waste mapping journey in detail, in hopes of supporting other hospitals interested in applying LEAN principles to their waste streams.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Security Of The Pharmaceutical Supply Chain - Part 4b: The Pharmaceutical Ind...Stuart Silverman
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Security Of The Pharmaceutical Supply Chain - Part 4b: The Pharmaceutical Industry Relies Heavily On Sourcing From India & China â India Segment
SPECIAL FOCUS - The environment as a risk to the supply chain.
Sustainable Healthcare Procurement and Supply ChainUN SPHS
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Ms. Lorea Coronado-Garcia, UNDP Sustainable Procurement Specialist, delivered on 23rd March 2017, a presentation at "Workshop on Biodegradable Packaging Materials for Health Commodities" how UNDP, in collaboration with technical experts and suppliers and manufacturers of health commodities, works to minimize the environmental impact of its health procurement. Flagship initiatives, tools, and venues of engagement are highlighted.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Training materials are vital to the successful implementation of a healthcare plastics recycling program. Specifically, providing context and training will help ensure that staff clearly understand what materials are and are not part of the program and how the program will be managed. Use this generic template (customized to your organization) to help develop training specific to your hospital recycling program. See hprc.org/hospicycle for more tools and resources.
Transforming Pharmaceutical Operational Performance with Supply Chain Traceab...SupplyScape
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Supply chain traceability and trading partner collaboration can bring significant benefits to all participants in the global pharmaceutical supply chain. SupplyScape's consulting leaders review the key considerations and potential benefits of traceability technologies when combined with track and trace strategies.
Tod Christenson spoke at the recent GEMI conference on HPRC, the Regional Demonstration Project in Chicago, and packaging value chain challenges in creating circular solutions. Learn more at hprc.org.
HPRC looks at waste mapping issues in healthcare, including costs, and walks through Kaiser Permanente's waste mapping journey in detail, in hopes of supporting other hospitals interested in applying LEAN principles to their waste streams.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Security Of The Pharmaceutical Supply Chain - Part 4b: The Pharmaceutical Ind...Stuart Silverman
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Security Of The Pharmaceutical Supply Chain - Part 4b: The Pharmaceutical Industry Relies Heavily On Sourcing From India & China â India Segment
SPECIAL FOCUS - The environment as a risk to the supply chain.
Sustainable Healthcare Procurement and Supply ChainUN SPHS
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Ms. Lorea Coronado-Garcia, UNDP Sustainable Procurement Specialist, delivered on 23rd March 2017, a presentation at "Workshop on Biodegradable Packaging Materials for Health Commodities" how UNDP, in collaboration with technical experts and suppliers and manufacturers of health commodities, works to minimize the environmental impact of its health procurement. Flagship initiatives, tools, and venues of engagement are highlighted.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Training materials are vital to the successful implementation of a healthcare plastics recycling program. Specifically, providing context and training will help ensure that staff clearly understand what materials are and are not part of the program and how the program will be managed. Use this generic template (customized to your organization) to help develop training specific to your hospital recycling program. See hprc.org/hospicycle for more tools and resources.
Transforming Pharmaceutical Operational Performance with Supply Chain Traceab...SupplyScape
Â
Supply chain traceability and trading partner collaboration can bring significant benefits to all participants in the global pharmaceutical supply chain. SupplyScape's consulting leaders review the key considerations and potential benefits of traceability technologies when combined with track and trace strategies.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
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International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
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International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
IMPORTANCE OF PACKAGING WASTE RECYCLING PLANTS IN REVERSE LOGISTICS AND AN AS...IAEME Publication
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Reverse logistics is one of the adopted supply chain processes and becomes more important because of economic and ecological conditions, administrative and social responsibilities, sustainable development, environment protection laws, and the aim of material and resource use. Recycling is a term that means recyclable waste materials are processed with various recycling methods and prepared to use in manufacturing as raw materials. Especially, used materials such as paper, glass, plastics and metals which are called 'packaging waste' are revalued in favour of economic. In most of the countries, local authorities are responsible for waste handling issues such as collection, transportation and disposal. In relation to waste management, the whole cycle of generation of wastes, their storage, collection and transport, and their eventual treatment and disposal are taken into condsideration.
Key strategic issues pharmaceutical industry of SCM: A systematic literature ...journalBEEI
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In this global era, making the competition in the pharmaceutical industry is very treacly. Implementation Supply chain management is the process of planning and managing all sourcing, procurement, distribution activities to increase value to customers and interested companies. Pharmaceutical companies are one that has a very complex supply chain. In this article will discuss the main issues that can improve industry strategic. This research is done by the systematic approach of literature to find things related to research. This study used 64 articles from search results. The results of this search are key issues in the pharmaceutical industry such as product and process development, capacity planning, factory and network design, e-business and IT applications, inventory management, outsourcing and reverse logistics, lean manufacturing, performance measures, people, and information technology. All of these findings are issues that improve the performance of supply chain management in the pharmaceutical industry.
Green supply chain management in Indian Electronics & Telecommunication IndustryIJESM JOURNAL
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The study investigates the Green Supply Chain Management practices adopted by the Electronics & Telecommunication Industry in India. Study focuses on the impact of environmental collaboration in the supply chain on manufacturing and environmental performance. This paper used inductive and qualitative approaches to explore the salient factors that simultaneously enhance the âgreening the supply chainâ as well as maximizing the customer reach while maintaining the efficiency of the supply chain system of Electronics & Telecommunication Industry. A survey was conducted with key informants across many divisions of the Electronics & Telecommunication Industry to investigate how well these environmental and customer reach in the supply chain are in synchronized with the top managementâs commitment towards environmental responsiveness and maximizing customer orientation. The responses to the survey were statistically analyzed and a relationship model was constructed with Market orientation as the dependent variable and independent variables as: environmental policies, supplier policies, commitment to human capital and diversity, sustainability and market orientation. The paper proposes to measure the performance of the corporation with respect to greening the supply chain, maximizing the reach of consumers and operational efficiency with a view of re-engineering the existing supply chain. The key indicators identified were environmental policies, supplier policies, sustainability, market orientation and commitment to human capital and diversity.
SELECTIONOF COLD CHAIN LOGISTICS SERVICE PROVIDERS IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY...ijmvsc
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The article is about the selection and ranking of cold chain logistics service provider in pharmaceutical
industry. For this study the diabetics drugs (Insulin) were taken for the cold chain, habitually and typically
used in supplying insulin over different merchant.The insulin has to be kept, to be maintained and stored
then given to merchants for the usage of customer requirement.The major objective of this paper is to
select and rank alternative logistics service provider for the manufacturer, since there were many logistics
service provider in India.This proper channels has to be properly done and maintained by the third party
logistics provider, where from the multi criteria decision making purpose AHP and FAHP technique are to
be used for selecting the best service provider.
Selection of Cold Chain Logistics Service Providers in Pharmaceutical Industr...ijmvsc
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The article is about the selection and ranking of cold chain logistics service provider in pharmaceutical industry. For this study the diabetics drugs (Insulin) were taken for the cold chain, habitually and typically used in supplying insulin over different merchant.The insulin has to be kept, to be maintained and stored then given to merchants for the usage of customer requirement.The major objective of this paper is to select and rank alternative logistics service provider for the manufacturer, since there were many logistics service provider in India.This proper channels has to be properly done and maintained by the third party logistics provider, where from the multi criteria decision making purpose AHP and FAHP technique are to
be used for selecting the best service provider.
EndĂźstri MĂźhendisliÄi - YĂśneylem teknikleriyle SaÄlÄąk Tedarik Zinciri Modellemesidir. Maalesef dĂźnya bu yĂśntemleri taĹÄąyacak kadar deterministik deÄildir. Zaten sonraki aĹamada fiili model denemesi planlanmÄąĹ.
Compared with general commercial reverse logistics operators, the recovery and treatment of expired drugs and medical waste is a complex and highly technically difficult project. The qualifications required by the relevant service providers are also more stringent. For medical institutions, the selection of reverse logistics operators is always a critical issue. On the perspective of sustainability, this paper aims to investigate and explore the critical factors of selecting a medical reverse logistics service provider. Through the process of the Delphi method, the expertsâ assessments were collected, and 24 factors affecting the selection of medical reverse logistics service provider were screened and summarized. Then, Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) was employed to calculate the total influence values and net influence values between factors that could be used to draw the visual causal map. Referring the causal map, âGreen process operation levelâ and âRecycling process greening degreeâ are significantly higher than other factors in terms of total influence value and net influence value. Therefore, they can be regarded as crucial factors. This finding implies that medical reverse logistics providers must have the ability to improve the greening of facilities, as well as equipment, integrating existing processes to make it greener and environmentally friendly.
A new intellectual product named Lean Enablers for Clinical Laboratories (LEfCL) is described. It is a collection of 136 best practices for clinical laboratory operations, containing collective wisdom on how to practice laboratory management, focusing on simultaneous improvements in test quality, productivity, laboratory capacity and stakeholder satisfaction, and reductions of test turnaround time and cost. The methodology follows an awarded method established in Systems Engineering and represents an extension of that engineering knowledge into clinical practice. The product has been developed by experienced directors from Kaiser Permanente regional clinical laboratory while pursuing a graduate Certificate in Lean Healthcare at Loyola Marymount University. LEfCL are organized into six well-known Lean Principles: Value, Value Stream Mapping, Flow, Pull, Perfection and Respect. The paper also identifies 46 Challenges that prevent success. Results of Lean improvements measured over the period of 2014-2016 are quoted for five laboratories. The LEfCL are not intended to become a mandatory practice. Instead, they should be used as a checklist of good practices. LEfCL are formulated as a comprehensive set of practices, intended for future training of new hires and as reference material. As such, they include both basic and advanced practices.
A new intellectual product named Lean Enablers for Clinical Laboratories (LEfCL) is described. It is a collection of 136 best practices for clinical laboratory operations, containing collective wisdom on how to practice laboratory management, focusing on simultaneous improvements in test quality, productivity, laboratory capacity and stakeholder satisfaction, and reductions of test turnaround time and cost. The methodology follows an awarded method established in Systems Engineering and represents an extension of that engineering knowledge into clinical practice. The product has been developed by experienced directors from Kaiser Permanente regional clinical laboratory while pursuing a graduate Certificate in Lean Healthcare at Loyola Marymount University. LEfCL are organized into six well-known Lean Principles: Value, Value Stream Mapping, Flow, Pull, Perfection and Respect. The paper also identifies 46 Challenges that prevent success. Results of Lean improvements measured over the period of 2014-2016 are quoted for five laboratories. The LEfCL are not intended to become a mandatory practice. Instead, they should be used as a checklist of good practices. LEfCL are formulated as a comprehensive set of practices, intended for future training of new hires and as reference material. As such, they include both basic and advanced practices.
Supply Chain ManagementSupply chain management is the integratio.docxmattinsonjanel
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Supply Chain Management
Supply chain management is the integration of activities that procure materials and services, transform them into intermediate goods and final products, and deliver them to customers. The production, distribution, and sale of both goods and services are bound by constraints in demand, supply, capacity, capability, and a myriad of other parameters.
In this assignment, consider the strategic implications of how an organization produces and interacts with its partners, customers, and suppliers.
Using online resources, and the Internet, research supply chain management processes. Based on your research, respond to the following:
¡ How can an organization optimize supply chain management to improve results and remove obstacles? Support your answer with two current examples.
Write your initial response in approximately 300â500 words. Apply APA standards to citation of sources.
(This is the assignment)
Executive Summary Presentation
In LASA 2 (M6: Assignment 2), you were asked to prepare a company analysis report, choosing one company relevant to you. In that assignment, you provided information about the companyâs strategic overview, an analysis of its supply chain, a plan to improve its operating processes, and an explanation of the outcomes obtained from this plan and its impact on human resources.
In this assignment, you will create an executive summary of your findings from LASA 2. Your summary should include the following sections:
¡ A statement of the problem or topic
¡ A concise analysis of the findings and a recapitulation of any main conclusions or recommendations found in M6:Assignment 2
¡ Specific details to highlight or support the summary
Develop a 10-slide presentation in PowerPoint format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources.
Be sure to include the following in your presentation:
¡ A title slide
¡ An agenda slide
¡ A reference slide
¡ Headings for each section
¡ Speaker notes to support the content on each slide
Running head: COMPANY ANALYSIS REPORT1
COMPANY ANALYSIS REPORT13
Module 6, Assignment 2:
Company Analysis Report
Scott Jackson
Operations Management:
Solution
s to Business Challenges B6029
August 4, 2012
Supply chain analysis
A typical supply chain is a structure of organizations, people, technology, activities, information and resources engaged in conveying a product or service to customer from supplier. Supply chain involves transforming natural resources, raw material and components into a finished product that is distributed to the end customer. In complicated supply chain systems, used products may be brought back into the supply chain at any juncture where residual value is recyclable. This may involve a variety of stages. In food processing industry the supply chain stages include:
Producers (raw material producer, farmer)
Processors (processing factory)
Wholesalers
Retailers
Consumers
ProducersProcessors Wholesalers Retailers Consumer ...
Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujaratâs DholeraAvirahi City Dholera
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The Tata Group, a titan of Indian industry, is making waves with its advanced talks with Taiwanese chipmakers Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC) and UMC Group. The goal? Establishing a cutting-edge semiconductor fabrication unit (fab) in Dholera, Gujarat. This isnât just any project; itâs a potential game changer for Indiaâs chipmaking aspirations and a boon for investors seeking promising residential projects in dholera sir.
Visit : https://www.avirahi.com/blog/tata-group-dials-taiwan-for-its-chipmaking-ambition-in-gujarats-dholera/
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LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
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Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.đ¤Ż
We will dig deeper into:
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Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
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In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
What are the main advantages of using HR recruiter services.pdfHumanResourceDimensi1
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HR recruiter services offer top talents to companies according to their specific needs. They handle all recruitment tasks from job posting to onboarding and help companies concentrate on their business growth. With their expertise and years of experience, they streamline the hiring process and save time and resources for the company.
Buy Verified PayPal Account | Buy Google 5 Star Reviewsusawebmarket
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Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesSynapseIndia
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Stay ahead of the curve with our premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions. Our expert developers utilize MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js to create modern and responsive web applications. Trust us for cutting-edge solutions that drive your business growth and success.
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Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
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This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
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www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.ppt
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International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)
1. International Journal of Business and Management Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 â 8028, ISSN (Print): 2319 â 801X
www.ijbmi.org || Volume 2 Issue 11 || November. 2013 || PP.59-66
Return and Disposal of Unused Medicines: A Customer
Perspective of Reverse Logistics
Haidar Abbas1 and Jamal A Farooquie2
1
Senior Research Fellow, Department of Business Administration, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), India
2
Professor, Department of Business Administration, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), India
ABSTRACT: Efficient and effective operations of supply chains have been Ă challenging task for
practitioners. Management of a supply chain in reverse direction, referred to as reverse logistics, becomes more
challenging, particularly, in the context of supply chains of perishable products. Disposal of the unused
medicines, if not handled properly, may be harmful for the living beings in the system. Moreover, an in-efficient
reverse process might lead to customer dissatisfaction. This paper has been extracted from a study of reverse
logistics in Indian pharmaceuticals industry, recently conducted by the authors. The present portion of the study
examines the relevance of some key issues of reverse chains in Indian pharmaceuticals from customer
perspective. The data are collected using a structured closed ended questionnaire administered to different
customers and consumers sampled on convenience basis from seven districts of an Indian State i.e. Uttar
Pradesh. Data are analyzed using descriptive and two independent sample t-test. The outcomes of this study are
expected to help retailers, manufacturers, and policy makers modify their policies in order to improve the
customer satisfaction and reduce the environmental hazards.
KEYWORDS -Customer satisfaction, environmental hazards, pharma chains, recall management, reverse
logistics.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Globalizations, the advancement of technology, fierce competition, higher levels of product variety,
global marketplaces, shorter product life cycles, and higher customer expectations are exerting more and more
pressure on companies and their supply chains to execute operations more effectively and efficiently [1 &2].
One option for companies is to excel in reverse logistics. Rogers and Tibben-Lembke [3] defined reverse
logistics as âthe process of planning, implementing, and controlling the eďŹcient, cost-eďŹective ďŹow of raw
materials, in-process inventory, ďŹnished goods, and related information from the point of consumption to the
point of origin for the purpose of recapturing value or proper disposal.â Return of goods from customers for
non-performance, short term retail returns, returns sent to manufacturers for repairs/refilling, reusable
containers/packages, return of inputs not used by manufacturers/goods not sold by distributor, exchange of new
products for the older ones, goods sent for upgradation/modification and recycling of products are certain key
situations where reverse logistics is important (4).
Due to an ever-increasing awareness about economic, environmental and social benefits associated
with the reverse logistics, the reverse logistics started attracting the attention of researchers since the last decade
(5). Tan et.al. (6) reported that many companies previously not devoting much time and energy to the
management and understanding of reverse logistics had then started to pay attention towards it. Besides reaping
the economic, environmental, social and competitive benefits after the adoption and implementation of reverse
logistics, a company also experiences increasing customer satisfaction, decreasing resource investment levels,
and reducing its storage and distribution costs and thereby increase its customer loyalty (7).
Some researchers argued that pharmaceuticals are not many other products like snow blowers or
sneakers as pharmaceuticals require great handling care during storage and transportation, the demand for
temperature-controlled transport in particular is another major issue. For many pharmaceuticals, a two-degree
Celsius temperature variation is all that's needed to spoil the entire lot. Live attenuated cholera vaccine is a good
example. Stored between 2-8°C, its shelf life is one year. But at room temperature, its shelf life is seven days.
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2. Return and Disposal of Unused Medicines: A Customer Perspective of Reverse Logistics
For these reasons, many companies use sensor-based systems to document a product's temperature throughout
its journey, and sometimes send an alert if the temperature veers too far.
Pharmaceutical supply chains are characterized by the high level of wastage and spillover and also
faces the common issues of returns and recall of drugs, companies require a proper system in place to deal with
such circumstances. Ritchie et al [8] discussed the reverse logistics operations of hospitals. They mentioned
three kinds of reverse logistics activities namely âReuseâ, âRecycleâ and âDisposalâ which should be applied on
the basis of the integrity of medicines. Reverse logistics in the pharmaceutical industry is extremely important
from the economic, environmental as well as regulatory point of view. Some important considerations are the
security of the returned goods, keeping the cost low with the help of automation, traceability of the goods
returned from the customer to the final stage of disposition [9]. This section dealt with the basic concept,
examples and importance of reverse logistics with a special emphasis on pharmaceutical supply chains. The
subequent section deals with some key relevent studies available in the annals of literature.
II.
REVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES
The literature relevent to the concept of reverse logistics deals with a variety of issues which include
return reasons [3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14&15], drivers for companies [3, 10, 11, 12, 15& 16], facilitators [17],
barriers [3, 15& 16], return policies [3, 16, 18, 19& 20], return rate [3 &14] reverse logistics practices/activities
[3, 10, 11, 12, 13& 14], various disposal practices and their relationship with environment [3, 10, 11, 16, 21,
22&23], outsoercing [3, 10, 12& 16], benefits [4, 16& 8] and performance eveluation [3, 10, 24, 25&26]. A
companyâs supply chain has never been limited to delivering products to the end consumers. Particularly in
pharmaceutical industry where the complexity of pharmaceutical supply chains is an important issue, return and
recall create another major challenge. Here customers, after purchasing the medicines, have four options to deal
with their unused medicines namely return [24], store for further use [24], donate [24] and dispose [24]. These
are known as the reverse logistics practices of customers. However, in this study, we are only concerned about
the return and disposal practices of the customers.
Sartori, G. [27] reported that Healthcare Distribution Management Association (HDMA) estimated 34% of products going out from pharmaceutical warehouses ultimately coming back. Recent publications
indicate that manufacturers currently spend up to 4% of cost of goods sold (COGS) on non-value-add
distribution functions like returns and reverse logistics. Jesson et al. [28] outlined the reasons for the occurrence
of returnable stock of medicines at customersâ end which included death, overstocking at home, changed
prescription, expired medicines, medication stopped by patient, adverse effect from drugs, error of prescription,
order or supply. The driver/purpose of return is only one i.e. refund/exchange of such unused medicines while
the same for receiving these returns include economic factors, legislation, business strategy and customer
service initiatives [29].
No system is perfectly smooth; barriers/obstacles exist everywhere. The return process of medicines
also encounters several barriers throughout the reverse supply chain. Denial for a customerâs return despite
fulfilling the return policy conditions indicates towards the existance of some factor(s) impeding the smooth
functioning of return process. In almost all such cases with some exceptions, customer does not apparently
know about the actual reason behind the stockistsâ denial for his otherwise returnable medicines. In case of
those medicines which are declared as non-returnable either by the customer itself or by the stockists, based on
the expiry, integrity and its further usability, the customer may decide to dispose of.
Report on the San Francisco Bay Areaâs Safe Available literature suggests four disposal practices for
customers namely trash (throwing in the garbage) [30], flush [30, 24], donate [30], household waste collection
event [30]. In this study, there are four disposal options used by customers; throw in the garbage, flush, bury and
burn. Since these disposal practices have certain environmental implications, it becomes a matter worthy of
investigation as to how much the customers are aware about their disposal practices. Resource recovery,
valuable information, satisfaction of supply chain partners, regulatory compliance, reduced total cycle time, and
improved company image may be some of the major benefits for companies implementing reverse logistics
program. It has been found that for reaping these benefits, simplicity of return process, affordability of return
costs, and high responsiveness are the main prerequisites.
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3. Return and Disposal of Unused Medicines: A Customer Perspective of Reverse Logistics
Since customersâ satisfaction is one of the most important performance yardsticks of a supply chain,
this study attempts to measure the performance of reverse logistics in pharmaceutical supply chains using two
performance indicators namely the simplicity of return process and their responsiveness. After a comprehensive
literature review, the authors found that the entire concept of reverse logistics got a very little attention from the
viewpoint of customers. Moreover, in the context of Pharmaceutical industry, researchers found no relevent
study dealing with the concept of reverse logistics from this viewpoint. This study is an attempt to fill this
research gap. This research focuses mainly on two reverse logistics practices- return and disposal. A numbers of
research papers have been reviewed to arrive at the present work but the studies 3, 4, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 21, 22,
23, 24& 26 form the base of the present study.
III.
OBJECTIVES & RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
For this study, researchers framed its objectives as (a) to conceptualize the reverse logistics practices in
pharmaceutical supply chains from a customerâs perspective, (b) to measure the environmental awareness of
customers about their various disposal practices, and (c) to measure the performance of reverse logistics in the
pharmaceutical supply chains from a customerâs perspective.
The primary data have been collected using a structured questionnaire consisting of seven distinct
questions dealing with reverse logistics practices, return rate in terms of purchased medicines, return reasons,
return conditions, customersâ disposal practices and their awareness about environment, and measurement of
reverse logistics performance. The data was gathered from two respondent groups from seven cities (District
Headquarters) of Uttar Pradesh using convenience sampling technique. On the basis of their personal
observation and experience, researchers defined those respondents as less educated whose educational
qualification was below high school, and moderately or well qualified whose educational qualification was high
school or above. The rationale for doing so was that researches wanted to know how these two groups act and
perceive; whether their educational qualification has something to do with what they percieve about the various
disposal practices and, what treatment they receive when they visit the medical stores for returning their unused
medicines.
As per the initial target, researchers contacted 500 customers at the medical stores but they could only
collect 339 usable responses (82 from less qualified customers). The sufficiency of this sample size is derived
from previous studies where the initial size for customers ranges from 267 [31], 350 [28], 301 [23], and 539
[32]. In any research which is based on the collection of primary data, the big issue is the response rate. When
calculated, the response rate for this study comes out to be 79.2% which is considered quite satisfactory [33].
The non-response rate of 20.8% is very low and doesnât seem to produce any effect on the sample estimates. For
this reason, analysis of non-response bias is not supposed to be necessary here.
Prior to the collection of data, a pilot survey was done in Aligarh to judge the suitability of the
questionnaire. In addition to the information gathered through literature survey, Guidelines for the Safe Disposal
of Unwanted Pharmaceuticals in and after Emergencies [30] has been used as a source for secondary data. In the
light of the objectives listed above, an exploratory-cum-descriptive type of research design has been considered
suitable for the study. While working for the first objective, the approach was exploratory whereas, the rest of
the work has been based on descriptive design of research [33].
IV.
DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION
The primary data is analysed using Simple % Analysis, Weighted Scores Analysis and t-test. Simple %
analysis is aimed at providing an approximation of returns and finding out the different statistics associated with
the frequency distribution. Weighted Scores analysis is aimed at simplyfying the ranking procedure where each
cell frequency is multiplied by the rank of that cell. For the purpose of finding out the ranks, these scores are
horizontally added. t-test is generally applied to test the differences of means among the two categories of
independent variable.
To work out the first objective, the respondents were asked to indicate their preference about the four
reverse logistics practices namely return (for refund or exchange), store (for future use), donate (if safe) and
dispose on a four point scale [where 1-most preferred, 2-next preferred, 3-next to next preferred and 4-least
preferred]. Thereafter, weighted scores were calculated for each of these four practices by multiplying their
respective frequencies under different preference categories by their preference level and adding these products
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4. Return and Disposal of Unused Medicines: A Customer Perspective of Reverse Logistics
horizontally. The practice with least total score, therefore, was considered to be the most frequent reverse
logistics practice. Hence, âReturn (Take money back or other medicines in exchange)â is the most preferred
reverse logistics practice of the customers (Table-1).
Reverse logistics
practices
Most Preferred (1)
Donate
Dispose
Store
Return
21
10
9
299
Table 1. Reverse Logistics Practices
Preference
Next Preferred (2)
Next to next
Preferred (3)
156
417
24
291
470
261
28
48
Least Preferred (4)
Total Weighted
Score
404
480
32
40
998
805
772
415
More than half of the respondents were such who were returning below 5% of their medicines to the
medical stores. The respondents were also asked to mark the reasons for the occurance of such unused
medicines. After a simple % analysis for each of the possible reasons, âMedicine was no more requiredâ,
âPrescription changed during the treatmentâ, âMedicines did not suit the patientâ and âMedicines did not match
theprescriptionâ emerged as the main reasons for returning their medicines. Moreover, they were also asked to
tick at the various conditions for a successful return. Simple % analysis revealed the âResalable state of
medicinesâ to be the most important condition for a return to be successful. After fulfilling the requisite
conditions, only a handful number of respondents reported the difficulties in the return process which indicates
the existance of some conditions/factors influencing this process which has not been taken care of. In case of
non-return, if a customer decides to dispose of these medicines, he/she has four options namely âthrowâ,
âflushâ, âburyâ and âburnâ. Following the same methodology as used to find out the most frequent reverse
logistics process earlier, we found that for majority of customers, the most exercised disposal practice was
âthrow in the garbageâ (Table-2).
Disposal Practice
Most Preferred (1)
Throw
Flush
Bury
Burn
311
10
8
10
Table 2. Disposal Practices
Preferrence
Next Preferred (2)
Next to next
Preferred (3)
28
15
438
254
48
324
164
426
Least Preferred (4)
Weighted
Scores
36
104
796
420
390
806
1176
1020
Similarly, the researchers asked the respondents to show their opinion for each of these four disposal
practice with respect to their impact on environment. The researchers found that âthrowâ is percieveed as the
safest disposal method while âburnâ as the most unsafe (Table-3).
Disposal
Practices
Throw
Burn
Bury
Flush
Table 3. Customersâ perception about the disposal pracices
Perception in relation to environment
Completely Safe
Slightly Safe (2)
Slightly Unsafe
Completely
(1)
(3)
Unsafe (4)
94
260
33
396
4
48
48
1108
18
46
66
1056
21
172
78
756
Total
Canât Say (5)
25
90
60
85
808
1298
1246
1012
The below mentioned conceptual framework (Table-4) is based on the results of this study. The
outcomes of the frequency distribution tables worked as the input to design and refine this framework. The
natural flow of events is also taken care of to the utmost extent. For example; first of all a customer has certain
unwanted/unused medicines. There are some reasons as to why he/she has such medicines. What should be done
with these extra medicines is largely decided on the basis of the reasons of their occurance. Customers have four
options here discussed earlier. If he decides either to store or to donate, its safer usage is perhaps the only issue
which we are not concerned about. But if he decides either to return or to dispose of such medicines, there are
concerns related with the conditions for successful return, customer satisfaction with the return process,
preferred disposal practices and their impact on environment. This conceptual model ranks the various reasons
for the occurance of the stocks of unwanted medicines and the actual reverse logistics practices of customers
regarding such medicines on the basis of their respective frequencies and their weighted scores respectively. In
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5. Return and Disposal of Unused Medicines: A Customer Perspective of Reverse Logistics
case of return for refund or exchange, it contains the various conditions of returns in order of their reported
necessities. In case of disposal, the same model ranks the various disposal practices on the basis of their
frequency of usage. These practices are once again ranked on the basis of their impact on environment (safest to
most unsafe). In one portion, it also contains the two key parameters to measure the performance of reverse
logistics.
Table 4. A conceptual framework of reverse logistics in pharmaceutical supply chains from the viewpoint of customers
Reasons for the occurance of the stock of unwanted medicines
Rank
Reason
Rank
Reason
1.
Medicine was no more required
4.
Medicine didnât match prescription
2.
Prescription changed during treatment
5.
Packing was unreliable
3
Medicine didnât suit the patient
6.
Medicine was already expired
â
Actual Reverse Logistics Practices of the customers
1.Return
2.Store
3.Dispose
4.Donate
â
Return
Dispose
Return conditions Customer Satisfaction
Disposal Practice
Disposal Practice &
environment
1.Resalable state of
1. Ease of acceptability of returns
1.Throw
1
Medicines
2.Availability of cash
2. Flush
2
receipt
3.Certain minimum worth
2. Quickness in settlement of
3. Burn
4
4.Time passed between
returns
4. Bury
3
Purchase & Return
On the basis of expertsâ opinions and researchersâ personal observation about the four disposal
practices studied here, it can be easily said that all of these have more or less impact on the environment.
Therefore, with respect to environment, it becomes necessary to investigate as to how the most frequent disposal
practice is percieved by the customers when it comes to its impact on the environment.
Table 5. Perception about the most frequent disposal practices [Two Independent Samples t-Test]
Throw
Qualification
Below High
School
High School
and above
N
82
Mean
1.11
Std. Deviation
.472
Std. Error Mean
.052
257
1.16
.590
.037
Levene's Test
for Equality of
Variances
Throw
Equal variances
assumed
Equal variances
not assumed
F
2.167
Sig.
.142
t
-.750
df
337
Sig. (2tailed)
.454
-.842
168.818
.401
t-test for Equality of Means
95% Confidence Interval of the
Mean
Std. Error
Difference
Difference Difference
Lower
Upper
-.054
.072
-.194
.087
-.054
.064
-.180
.072
For this purpose, we have formulated and tested the null hypothesis of no bearing of customersâ
educational qualification on their perception about the harmfulness of the most frequent disposal practices using
two independent sample t-test, the results of which are shown in table 5. From table 5, it is quite clear that F test
of sample variances has a probability that is more than the significance level (0.05). Therefore, we failed to
reject the null hypothesis of equal variance. And therefore, t-test based on âequal variancesâ is used. The t-value
of -0.750 (df 337) gives a probability greater than 0.05. So the null hypothesis of no bearing of educational
qualification on their perception about the impact of most frequent disposal practice on environment could not
be rejected. Hence, one can say that educational qualification of customers has no bearing on their perception
about the impact of most frequent disposal practice on environment.
The mean value of their perception which was measured on a five point scale [where 1-completely
safe, 2-slightly safe, 3-slightly unsafe, 4-completely unsafe and, 5-canât say] came out to be very close to 1
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6. Return and Disposal of Unused Medicines: A Customer Perspective of Reverse Logistics
which means that they percieve it to be completely safe. Moreover, for the respondents group (below high
school) this value is lesser than the other group which means that this group pecieve it to be more safe than other
group.
To judge the health of any process/program, it is important to measure its performance at certain time
intervals. Many a researchers focussed upon the various performance indicators for the pharmaceuticals reverse
logistics. However, in our study, we have measured it in terms of customersâ satisfaction. Since it has been a
common experience that a customer while returning his unused returnable medicines is only concerned about
ease of return process and quick settlement of its returned medicines, we have considered these two as the
parameters for measuring the customersâ satisfaction.
Table 6. Ease of acceptability of returns [Two Independent Samples t-Test]
Ease of
Acceptability
of returns
Qualification
Below High
School
High School and
above
N
82
Mean
3.48
Std. Deviation
.633
Std. Error Mean
.070
257
3.33
.812
.051
Levene's
Test for
Equality of
Variances
Ease of
Acceptability
Of returns
Equal variances
assumed
Equal variances
not assumed
F
Sig.
3.242 .073
t-test for Equality of Means
t
1.478
1.678
Sig. (2df
tailed)
337
.140
173.335
.095
Mean
Difference
.145
Std. Error
Difference
.098
.145
.086
95% Confidence Interval of
the Difference
Lower
Upper
-.048
.338
-.026
.315
Based on this point, the researchers have formulated and tested two hypotheses about the customersâ
perception about the two performance parameters as independent of their educational qualification. From Table
6 & 7, it can be said that the p-value for F-test in case of both the performance parameters is greater than 0.05
(Îą). Therefore, we considered the t-test based on âequal variancesâ in both the cases. In first case, the t-value is
1.478 (df 337) with probability greater than the level of significance [Table 6], so the null hypothesis of no
bearing of customersâ educational qualification with the ease of acceptability of their returns could not be
rejectd.
From Table 7, it can be seen that the t-value is -0.248 (df 337) with probability much greater than 0.05.
Therefore, the hypothesis of no bearing of customersâ educational qualification on their experience about the
quick settlement of their returns is failed to be rejected. Failure to reject these two hypotheses about the two
tested performance parameters means that the educational qualification of customers has no bearing with their
return experience.
Moreover, from the descriptives, it is clear that irrespective of their classes, the mean value for all the
respondents comes out to be between 3 & 4 as far as the âEase of Acceptabilityâ as well as âQuick settlement of
returnsâ is concerned. This shows that customers have almost same opinion about the ease of acceptability and
quick settlement of returns and irrespective of their educational qualifications; they are very much of the nuteral
opinion about the ease of acceptability and quick settlement of returns by the medical stores. Moreover, on the
basis of t-test results where p>0.05 (Table 6 & 7) for both the performance parameters (Ease of acceptability of
returns and Quick settlement of returns), we failed to reject the null hypothesis.
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7. Return and Disposal of Unused Medicines: A Customer Perspective of Reverse Logistics
Table 7 Quickness in the settlement of returns [Two Independent Samples t-Test]
Quick
Settlement
of returns
Qualification
Below High School
High School and
above
N
82
257
Mean
3.24
3.27
Std. Deviation
.695
.806
Levene's
Test for
Equality of
Variances
Quick
Settlement
of returns
Equal variances
assumed
Equal variances not
assumed
F
2.290
Std. Error Mean
.077
.050
t-test for Equality of Means
t
-.248
df
337
-.268
Sig.
.131
Sig. (2tailed)
.804
156.409
.789
Mean
Difference
-.025
Std. Error
Difference
.099
-.025
.092
95% Confidence Interval of
the Difference
Lower
Upper
-.219
.170
-.206
.157
To reject the related null hypothesis, we need certain additional information. It means that for these
respondents, there is no significant difference between the two groups as far as the ease of acceptability of
returns and their settlement is concerned. Also, from descriptives (Mean values), it can be said that customers
are more satisfied on one performance parameter âease of acceptabilityâ than other. On this ground, it can be
said that the overall satisfaction level for the two samples also doesnât vary.
V.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of the above discussion, we can easily say that majority of the customers wish to return
their unwanted medicines for refund or exchange with other medicines of use. Usually their return rate of
medicines is vey less in comparision to their average purchasing. âMedicine was no more requiredâ,
âPrescription changed during the treatmentâ, âMedicines did not suit the patientâ and âMedicines did not match
theprescriptionâ are found to be the main reasons for returning their medicines. In order to make their returns
successful, âResalable state of medicinesâ was the most important condition to be fulfilled by the customers.
After fulfilling the requisite conditions, majority of the respondents reported no problem in the return process. In
case of non-return, if a customer decides to dispose of, their most preferrable disposal practices is âthrow in the
garbageâ as they percieve it to be the safest disposal method. When their responses were tested to find out any
difference between the two groups for their perception about the mostly followed disposal practice using two
independent sample t-test, the mean values for both the groups were found very close to 1 (Completely Safe).
Therefore, one can easily say that these respondents percieve their most exercised disposal practice to be
environmentally safe.
The researchers measured the performance of the reverse logistics (return process), using two
performance parameters namely âease of the return processâ and âtimely settlement of the returned medicinesâ.
Majority of the respondents were of the nuteral view about the ease of acceptability and quick settlement of their
returns. From t-test results, it is clear that irrespective of their classes, customers have almost same opinion
about the ease of acceptability and quick settlement of returns. They are very much of the opinion that returns
are easily accepted and quickly settled by the medical stores which all show the overall satisfaction level for the
two samples also doesnât vary. On the basis of these results, the researchers drew and explained a conceptual
framework of reverse logistics for the Pharmaceutical Supply Chains from the viewpoint of customers.To
conclude, we can say that while âreturn or exchangeâ is the most frequent reverse logistics practice on one hand,
âthrow in the grabageâ is the most frequent and comparatively the safest disposal practice on the other hand.
Customers generally do not face any problem if they fulfill all the necessary return conditions. Their reported
level of satisfaction with the entire return process is very nuteral which calls upon the polcy makers to bring
certain changes related with the return process of unused medices by customers. This study is subject to a
number of major limitations which include limited geographical coverage, sample size determined through nonstatistical technique, convenient sampling technique, very broad classification of respondents, and various
categories of medicines being taken togather. The future researchers may extend this study by working on these
highlighted limitations.
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8. Return and Disposal of Unused Medicines: A Customer Perspective of Reverse Logistics
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