The authors explore transport and trade as two broad service sectors of inland water resources. An attempt is made to find out the key issues and challenges from this sector with the evolving understanding of Indian inland water transportation system. The paper explains the background of inland water transport sector in India along with the discussion of issues and challenges faced by the same. The authors state that co-operation and co-ordination between inter-state governments is a strategic element to expand the network of inland water transport system in India beyond state boundaries. Conclusively, the prospect of inland navigation looks promising, wherein issues on infrastructural gaps and institutional support are addressed suitably.
India has about 14,500 km of navigable and potentially navigable waterways of which around 55% is used regularly.
Inland waterways in India consist of the Ganges (Ganga)–Bhagirathi–Hooghly rivers, the Brahmaputra, the Barak river, the rivers in Goa, the backwaters in Kerala, inland waters in Mumbai and the deltaic regions of the Godavari - Krishna rivers.
About 44 million tones of cargo is moved annually through these waterways using mechanized vessels and country boats.
This paper deals with the Nationalization of Inland Water Transportation in Kerala. It takes a look into the major policy issues which have hampered the involvement of the private investors to participate in this sector. In Kerala however, the major issues that are faced by IWT are those related to infrastructure or maintenance of the Inland Waterways. The paper suggests some solutions for triggering the private sector involvement in the Inland water Transportation.
This document presents in brief, the thesis work on Inland Water Transport in the city of Cochin, Kerala. It discusses inland navigation as an affordable public transport option here. It suggests an unifying agency named Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority (UMTA) to co-ordinate metropolitan transport needs and suggests using unified metro cards for effective public movement. Thesis received VN Prasad National Award, ITPI - 1999
‘Inland Waterways’ is economically most viable sector and, as such it should be an integral part of infrastructure development in India. Though environment-friendly and, frequently, the most economical mode of inland transport, it remains largely under-exploited
India has an extensive network of inland waterways in the form of rivers, canals, backwaters and creeks. Development of inland waterways would be suitable for heavy and bulky goods as well as it will lower the logistics cost of production and in turn, make the prices of the products more competitive in global market
The following research work conducted by Yogi Joseph of CEPT, Ahmedabad for Centre for Public Policy Research, aims to highlight the problems ailing the water transportation sector in Kochi. It relied upon extensive review of secondary data, people’s observations about the ferry system recorded through primary surveys, focus group discussions and perception studies to suggest feasible measures towards addressing those problems.
India has about 14,500 km of navigable and potentially navigable waterways of which around 55% is used regularly.
Inland waterways in India consist of the Ganges (Ganga)–Bhagirathi–Hooghly rivers, the Brahmaputra, the Barak river, the rivers in Goa, the backwaters in Kerala, inland waters in Mumbai and the deltaic regions of the Godavari - Krishna rivers.
About 44 million tones of cargo is moved annually through these waterways using mechanized vessels and country boats.
This paper deals with the Nationalization of Inland Water Transportation in Kerala. It takes a look into the major policy issues which have hampered the involvement of the private investors to participate in this sector. In Kerala however, the major issues that are faced by IWT are those related to infrastructure or maintenance of the Inland Waterways. The paper suggests some solutions for triggering the private sector involvement in the Inland water Transportation.
This document presents in brief, the thesis work on Inland Water Transport in the city of Cochin, Kerala. It discusses inland navigation as an affordable public transport option here. It suggests an unifying agency named Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority (UMTA) to co-ordinate metropolitan transport needs and suggests using unified metro cards for effective public movement. Thesis received VN Prasad National Award, ITPI - 1999
‘Inland Waterways’ is economically most viable sector and, as such it should be an integral part of infrastructure development in India. Though environment-friendly and, frequently, the most economical mode of inland transport, it remains largely under-exploited
India has an extensive network of inland waterways in the form of rivers, canals, backwaters and creeks. Development of inland waterways would be suitable for heavy and bulky goods as well as it will lower the logistics cost of production and in turn, make the prices of the products more competitive in global market
The following research work conducted by Yogi Joseph of CEPT, Ahmedabad for Centre for Public Policy Research, aims to highlight the problems ailing the water transportation sector in Kochi. It relied upon extensive review of secondary data, people’s observations about the ferry system recorded through primary surveys, focus group discussions and perception studies to suggest feasible measures towards addressing those problems.
Inland Water Transportation is an inter-modal transportation for moving goods and passengers.
There are 14,500 km of navigable waterways in India. Out of these, about 5,700 km is navigable by mechanized vessels.
Share of IWT in transportation in India is far lower as compared with many other countries which have exploited the benefits of IWT.
The IWT modal share in Netherlands is 42%, France 15%, Hungary 15%, Germany 14%, Belgium 13% and in US 15%.
Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) is the statutory authority in charge of the waterways in India. Its headquarters is located in Noida, UP. It does the function of building the necessary infrastructure in these waterways, surveying the economic feasibility of new projects and also administration.
National Waterways come under purview of Central Government and Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI), whereas other waterways are under the control of the state governments.
this is the PPT created on the chapter 'lifelines of Indian economy'. Me and some of my friends created the slide we are of kendriya Vidyalaya Aurangabad. i hope you will enjoy this ppt...........best of luck.......
it is based on topic lifelines of Indian economy of Class 10 Geography topic .it gives a brief description about different means and modes of transport available in India Its advantages as well as its features.
Inland Water Transportation is an inter-modal transportation for moving goods and passengers.
There are 14,500 km of navigable waterways in India. Out of these, about 5,700 km is navigable by mechanized vessels.
Share of IWT in transportation in India is far lower as compared with many other countries which have exploited the benefits of IWT.
The IWT modal share in Netherlands is 42%, France 15%, Hungary 15%, Germany 14%, Belgium 13% and in US 15%.
Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) is the statutory authority in charge of the waterways in India. Its headquarters is located in Noida, UP. It does the function of building the necessary infrastructure in these waterways, surveying the economic feasibility of new projects and also administration.
National Waterways come under purview of Central Government and Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI), whereas other waterways are under the control of the state governments.
this is the PPT created on the chapter 'lifelines of Indian economy'. Me and some of my friends created the slide we are of kendriya Vidyalaya Aurangabad. i hope you will enjoy this ppt...........best of luck.......
it is based on topic lifelines of Indian economy of Class 10 Geography topic .it gives a brief description about different means and modes of transport available in India Its advantages as well as its features.
EPA Proposed “Waters of the United States” Ruleartba
EPA’s proposed “waters of the United States” rule extends federal authority too far and would lead to greater project delays, ARTBA explains to a joint House and Senate committees.
Status of river linking project in indiakhushal tadas
India accounts for 2.4% of the world’s surface area but supports 16.7% of the world’s population. India possesses meager 4% of world’s water resources, that too highly uncertain in time and space due to its climate
River Interlinking Projects for Socio Economic TransformationShailesh Herale
This presentation highlights the concept of river interlinking, National River Linking Project(NRLP) of India, socio economic benefits, issues and possible alternatives of river interlinking.
CBSE Class X-Geo(7) : Lifelines of National Economy Chapter in an easy and simple way, for everyone to understand. For all students and who have have slow pace also.
Methodology for Identifying Regional Poles under Territorial Engeneering Appr...inventionjournals
This article develop a methodology for identifying regional poles under the concept of Territorial Engineering approach. The objective is to establish a methodology for identifying these poles, using specific social and economics characteristics, using ABC curves to select the productions in order to verify the economic productive vocation. The case study was applied to the areas of influence of the Tocantins Waterway. In the case studied, the strengthening of regional poles has the potential to attract the productive sector and increase the traffic flow, contributing to the viability of investments in the waterway infrastructure.
Design and innovations in Transportation Systems for Make in IndiaAr. Avitesh
This paper has discussed main problems of transportation and also the solutions for tomorrow’s transportation; focusing on the
Governance challenges of our transportation.
Maintaining Data Confidentiality in Association Rule Mining in Distributed En...IJSRD
The data in real world applications is distributed at multiple locations, and the owner of the databases may be different people. Thus to perform mining task, the data needs to be kept at central location which causes threat to the privacy of corporate data. Hence the key challenge is to applying mining on distributed source data with preserving privacy of corporate data. The system addresses the problem of incrementally mining frequent itemsets in dynamic environment. The assumption made here is that, after initial mining the source undergoes into small changes in each time. The privacy of data should not be threatened by an adversary i.e. the miner and target database owner should not be able to recover original data from transformed data.
Performance and Emission characteristics of a Single Cylinder Four Stroke Die...IJSRD
The current trends in CI engine are to use Water-diesel emulsion as alternative fuel. It can be employed directly to the existing CI Engine system with no additional modifications. This system helps in reduction of NOx as well as PM, which in turn improve the combustion efficiency of the engine. However there are still investigations have to be done. The current work mainly concentrated on diesel engine run on water-diesel emulsions and its effect on engine performance and emissions were studied. The various loads were applied on a constant speed diesel engine run on water-diesel emulsions of varying ratios of 0.2:1, 0.3:1. 0.4:1 and 0.5:1. Emission and performance characteristics were measured and were compared with base diesel operation. The emissions like NOx and smoke density were found to decrease greatly and brake thermal efficiency was found to increase at high loads. Smoke level was 4.2 BSU and 3 BSU for base diesel and water diesel emulsion of 0.4. The ignition delay was found to increase with water diesel emulsions. This also increased the maximum rate of pressure rise and peak pressure. The engine was found to run rough with water-diesel emulsions. The optimal water-diesel ratio was found to be 0.4:1 by weight. HC and CO emissions were found to increase with water diesel emulsions.
Preclusion of High and Low Pressure In Boiler by Using LABVIEWIJSRD
Pressure is an important physical parameter to be controlled in process boiler, heat exchanger, nuclear reactor and steam carrying pipeline. In the article the issue has been face in boiler operation due to pressure is handled. In boiler, the problem is due to maximum and minimum range of pressure. Due to the issues there is a chance to causes the hazop. To avoid such the problem the high and low pressure in boiler has to control. In the paper such the problem has sorted out by implementing ON-OFF control. Here the proposed control action for pressure control is implemented with the help of LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench) software and NI ELVIS hardware. In the idea the boiler’s low range and high is monitored and controlled valve desirably. And also the high range and low range of pressure in the boiler is signified to plant operator by alarm signal.
Prevention and Detection of Man in the Middle Attack on AODV ProtocolIJSRD
In this paper it is discuss about AODV protocol and security attacks and man in the middle attack in detail. AODV Protocol is use to find route and very important protocol for communication in wireless network. So AODV protocol should be Secured and it is a big challenge. There are various attacks that occur on it. Here in this paper it discussed about the detection and preventions of man-in-the-middle attack in detail.
Comparative Analysis of PAPR Reduction Techniques in OFDM Using Precoding Tec...IJSRD
In this modern era, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been proved to be an explicit promising technique for wired and wireless systems because of its several advantages like high spectral efficiency, robustness against frequency selective fading, relatively simple receiver implementation etc. Besides having a number of advantages OFDM suffers from few disadvantages like high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), Intercarrier Interference (ICI), Intersymbol Interference (ISI) etc. These detrimental effects, if not compensated properly and timely, can result in system performance degradation. This paper mainly concentrates on reduction of PAPR.A comparisons have been made between various precoding techniques against conventional OFDM.
Evaluation the Effect of Machining Parameters on MRR of Mild SteelIJSRD
Today’s life is totally based on Internet. Now a days people cannot imagine life without Internet. Information and communication technology plays vital role in today’s online networked society. In today’s life, we are very close to the online social networks. Online social networks are used for posting and sharing information across various social networking sites. But user’s privacy is not maintained by online social networks. For maintaining users sensitive information’s privacy online social networks provides little or no support. For filtering unwanted messages we propose a system using machine learning (ML). Using machine learning in soft classifier content based filtering performed. In proposed system filtering rules (FR’s) are provided for content independent filtering.. Blacklists are used for more flexibility by which filtering choices are increased. Proposed system provides security to the Online Social Networks.
Filter unwanted messages from walls and blocking nonlegitimate user in osnIJSRD
Today’s life is totally based on Internet. Now a days people cannot imagine life without Internet. Information and communication technology plays vital role in today’s online networked society. In today’s life, we are very close to the online social networks. Online social networks are used for posting and sharing information across various social networking sites. But user’s privacy is not maintained by online social networks. For maintaining users sensitive information’s privacy online social networks provides little or no support. For filtering unwanted messages we propose a system using machine learning (ML). Using machine learning in soft classifier content based filtering performed. In proposed system filtering rules (FR’s) are provided for content independent filtering.. Blacklists are used for more flexibility by which filtering choices are increased. Proposed system provides security to the Online Social Networks.
Keystroke Dynamics Authentication with Project Management SystemIJSRD
Generally user authentication is done using username and password that is called as login process. This login process is not more secure because, however a login session is still unprotected to impersonator when the user leaves his computer without logging off. Keystroke dynamics methods can be made useful to verify a user by extracting some typing features then, after the authentication process has successfully ended. From the last decade several studies proposed the use of keystroke dynamics as a behavioral biometric tool to verify users. We propose a new method, for representing the keystroke patterns by joining similar pairs of consecutive keystrokes. The above proposed method is used to consider clustering the di-graphs which are based on their temporal features. In this project, authentication system is provide to project management system that make more Secure management system without acknowledging unauthorized user. The Project Management System addresses the management of software projects. It provides the framework for organizing and managing resources in such a way that these resources deliver all the work required to complete a software project within defined scope, time and cost constraints. The system applies only to the management of software projects and is a tool that facilitates decision making.
Diagnosing lungs cancer Using Neural NetworksIJSRD
Artificial Neural Networks is the new technology. It is the branch of Artificial Intelligence and also it is an accepted new technology. Now a days Neural Networks Plays a Vital role in Medicine, Particularly in some fields such as cardiology, oncology etc. And also it has many applications in many areas like Science and Technology, Education, Business, Business and Manufacturing, etc. Neural Networks is most useful for making the decision more Effective. In this Paper, by the use of Neural Networks how the severe disease Lungs Cancer has been diagnosed more effectively. This Paper discussed about how the Lungs cancer can be identified effectively in earlier stages and diagnosed using Neural Networks and some devices. The Neural Networks has been successfully applied in Carcinogenesis. The main aim of this research is by the use of Neural Networks the Carcinogenesis can be diagnosed more cost-effective, easy to use techniques and methods. This Paper discussed about how the Lungs cancer can be identified effectively in earlier stages and diagnosed using Neural Networks and some devices. Sputum Cytology is used to detect the Lungs Cancer in Early stages.
A Survey on Sentiment Analysis and Opinion MiningIJSRD
In Today’s world, the social media has given web users a place for expressing and sharing their thoughts and opinions on different topics or events. For this purpose, the opinion mining has gained the importance. Sentiment classification and Opinion Mining is the study of people’s opinion, emotions, attitude towards the product, services, etc. Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining are the two interchangeable terms. There are various approaches and techniques exist for Sentiment Analysis like Naïve Bayes, Decision Trees, Support Vector Machines, Random Forests, Maximum Entropy, etc. Opinion mining is a useful and beneficial way to scientific surveys, political polls, market research and business intelligence, etc. This paper presents a literature review of various techniques used for opinion mining and sentiment analysis.
A Defect Prediction Model for Software Product based on ANFISIJSRD
Artificial intelligence techniques are day by day getting involvement in all the classification and prediction based process like environmental monitoring, stock exchange conditions, biomedical diagnosis, software engineering etc. However still there are yet to be simplify the challenges of selecting training criteria for design of artificial intelligence models used for prediction of results. This work focus on the defect prediction mechanism development using software metric data of KC1.We have taken subtractive clustering approach for generation of fuzzy inference system (FIS).The FIS rules are generated at different radius of influence of input attribute vectors and the developed rules are further modified by ANFIS technique to obtain the prediction of number of defects in software project using fuzzy logic system.
Experimental Investigation of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag ond Quarry Dust a...IJSRD
In this experimental work ninety nine cubes has been prepared having dimension 70.7x70.7x70.7 mm are cast as per IS:4031 (2000). In this experimental investigation cement mortar mix 1:3 by volume were selected for 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% partially replacement of natural sand (NS) by Granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and quarry dust (QD) [3 cubes on each parameter respectively] for W/C ratio of 0.55 respectively. All the cubes were tested under compressive testing machine. To compare the average compressive strength of natural sand (NS) with granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and quarry dust (QD).
Product Quality Analysis based on online ReviewsIJSRD
Customers satisfaction is the most important criteria before buying any product. Technology today has grown to such an extent that every smallest possible query is found on internet. An individual can express his reviews towards a product through Internet. This allows others to have a brief idea about the product before buying one for them. In this paper, we take into account all the challenges and limitations encountered while reading the online reviews and time being consumed in understanding quality of the product from the reviews. We include several methods and algorithms that help the consumer to understand the Quality of the product in better way.
Solving Fuzzy Matrix Games Defuzzificated by Trapezoidal Parabolic Fuzzy NumbersIJSRD
The matrix game theory gives a mathematical background for dealing with competitive or antagonistic situations arise in many parts of real life. Matrix games have been extensively studied and successfully applied to many fields such as economics, business, management and e-commerce as well as advertising. This paper deals with two-person matrix games whose elements of pay-off matrix are fuzzy numbers. Then the corresponding matrix game has been converted into crisp game using defuzzification techniques. The value of the matrix game for each player is obtained by solving corresponding crisp game problems using the existing method. Finally, to illustrate the proposed methodology, a practical and realistic numerical example has been applied for different defuzzification methods and the obtained results have been compared
Study of Clustering of Data Base in Education Sector Using Data MiningIJSRD
Data mining is a technology used in different disciplines to search for significant relationships among variables in n number of data sets. Data mining is frequently used in all types’ areas as well as applications. In this paper the application of data mining is attached with the field of education. The relationship between student’s university entrance examination results and their success was studied using cluster analysis and k-means algorithm techniques.
Fault Tolerance in Big Data Processing Using Heartbeat Messages and Data Repl...IJSRD
Big data is a popular term used to define the exponential evolution and availability of data, includes both structured and unstructured data. The volatile progression of demands on big data processing imposes heavy burden on computation, communication and storage in geographically distributed data centers. Hence it is necessary to minimize the cost of big data processing, which also includes fault tolerance cost. Big Data processing involves two types of faults: node failure and data loss. Both the faults can be recovered using heartbeat messages. Here heartbeat messages acts as an acknowledgement messages between two servers. This paper depicts about the study of node failure and recovery, data replication and heartbeat messages.
Investigation of Effect of Process Parameters on Maximum Temperature during F...IJSRD
In case of friction stir welding, the maximum temperature along the weld line within appropriate range at tool workpiece interface is responsible for quality of welded joint. Through this paper, an attempt is made to establish a relationship between the input process parameters and the maximum temperature along the weld line during friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA-7075. The design of pre-experimental simulation has been performed in accordance with full factorial technique. The simulation of friction stir welding has been performed by varying input parameters, tool rotational speed and welding speed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to investigate the effect of input parameters on maximum temperature during friction stir welding. A correlation was established between input parameters and maximum temperature by multiple regression lines. This study indicates that the tool rotational speed is the main input parameter that has high statistical influence on maximum temperature along the weld line during friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA-7075.
Review Paper on Computer Aided Design & Analysis of Rotor Shaft of a RotavatorIJSRD
The intent of this paper is to study the various forces and stress acting on a rotor shaft of a standard rotavator which is subjected to transient loading. The standard models of rotavator, having a progressive cutting sequence was considered for the study and analysis. The study was extended to various available models having different cutting blade arrangement. The study was carried on different papers and identifies the various forces acting on a Rotor shaft of a rotavator. The positions of the torque and forces applied are varied according to the model considered. The response was obtained by considering the angle of twist and equivalent stress on the rotor shaft. This paper presented a methodology for conducting transient analysis of rotor shaft of a rotavator,
A Survey on Data Mining Techniques for Crime Hotspots PredictionIJSRD
A crime is an act which is against the laws of a country or region. The technique which is used to find areas on a map which have high crime intensity is known as crime hotspot prediction. The technique uses the crime data which includes the area with crime rate and predict the future location with high crime intensity. The motivation of crime hotspot prediction is to raise people’s awareness regarding the dangerous location in certain time period. It can help for police resource allocation for creating a safe environment. The paper presents survey of different types of data mining techniques for crime hotspots prediction.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Key Issues & Challenges for Inland Water Transportation Network in India
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 3, Issue 10, 2015 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 653
Key Issues & Challenges for Inland Water Transportation Network in
India
Praveen S1
Jegan J2
1
M.E (Construction Engineering & Management) 2
Professor & Head
1,2
Department of Civil Engineering
1
James College of Engineering & Technology, Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu, India 2
University College of
Engineering Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract— The authors explore transport and trade as two
broad service sectors of inland water resources. An attempt
is made to find out the key issues and challenges from this
sector with the evolving understanding of Indian inland
water transportation system. The paper explains the
background of inland water transport sector in India along
with the discussion of issues and challenges faced by the
same. The authors state that co-operation and co-ordination
between inter-state governments is a strategic element to
expand the network of inland water transport system in India
beyond state boundaries. Conclusively, the prospect of
inland navigation looks promising, wherein issues on
infrastructural gaps and institutional support are addressed
suitably.
Key words: Inland Water, Navigation, Transportation,
National Waterways
I. INTRODUCTION
India has an extensive network of rivers, lakes and canals,
which, if developed for shipping and navigation, can
provide resourceful inland connectivity. India has
approximately 14500 km of navigable waterways. At
present Inland Waterway Transport forms a very diminutive
part of the total transport network. Inland waterways are
historically recognized as vital arteries for communication
and transport especially for the rural people (Rangaraj and
Raghuram, 2007). In the 19th
century and first half of 20th
century, inland water transport was an important mode of
transport – navigation by power crafts and country boats
played significant role in development of trade and
commerce along several rivers and canals including deep
hinterlands of ganga and Brahmaputra. With spread of
globalization and the advent of railways and extension of
rail network affected inland water transport in India. Rapid
growth of roads, coupled with inadequate development of
inland water transport sector over the years gave a decisive
set back. This transformation left the inland waterways as a
neglected sector. Until today, rivers in urban centers and
rural areas of developing countries constitute of small, non-
mechanized country boats often used for transport, trading
and livelihoods One often refers to the populations along
waterways as half-amphibious for the reason that a water
body is centric to their way of life and to the economy of
their household. The inland water transport sector became
totally marginalized except in a few areas namely Assam,
Goa, Kerala, Mumbai, West Bengal and some creeks in
coastal areas where it has natural advantages. In order to
regulate inland waterways in India, Government of India
instituted Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI). The
organization got functional in 1986 with a mandate to
facilitate the commercial and non-commercial use of
channel systems. Operational zones refereed as National
Waterways restrict to national jurisdiction with defined
emphasis on shipping and navigation. The Figure 1 show
Indian waterways.
Fig. 1: Major Waterways in India
II. NAVIGABLE WATERWAYS IN INDIA
India ranks in 9th
in the world in terms of potential navigable
waterways (source: the world fact book 2008) Length of
waterways along with its navigable length is an indicator of
inland water potential of a state. Figure 2.1 gives the
Navigable length of Waterways reported across States/UTs.
It is observed that the maximum length of waterways is in
the State of Assam followed by West Bengal. However, the
ratio of the navigable length to the total length of the
river/canal better reflects the potential for Inland water
transport. As per the available data presented in Figure 2.1,
it is observed that the ratio of navigable length to the total
length is about 97% in the State of West Bengal, by contrast,
in case of Gujarat the ratio of navigable length to total
length is a mere 15.62%. Other States with good inland
water transport prospects are Goa, Maharashtra, and Bihar
where waterways navigable length is 90.84, 73.22 and
62.4% respectively of the total length of rivers/lands/lakes
reported by these states. Fourteen states have reported river
length as well as navigable length for 137 rivers. These 137
rivers have total length of 28511 Km of which 45.83% is
navigable length. Some of the important source of
waterways, rivers and canals in India are as follows
River Ganga
River Brahmaputra
Backwaters of Kerala
Goa Waterways
Mumbai Waterways
River Tapi
2. Key Issues & Challenges for Inland Water Transportation Network in India
(IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 10/2015/140)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 654
DVC Canal
National Waterways
Fig. 2.1: State wise Navigable Waterways
III. OPERATIONS & DEVELOPMENTS IN INLAND
WATER TRANSPORT SYSTEM
The inland waterways authority of India was constituted by
an act of parliament for development and regulation of
inland waterways and issues concerned thereto. As per the
constitution provisions only those waterways which are
declared as national waterways comes under the purview of
the authority while rest of the waterways remains the
domain of the respective state governments. As of now there
are following list of National Waterways in India.
No Stretch Length
1 River Ganga Haldia to Allahabad 1620Km
2 River Brahmaputra From Dhubri to sadiya 891Km
3
West Coast Canal From Kottapuram to
Kollam with Udyogamandal and
champakara canal
205Km
4
Kakkinada-Puducherry stretch of canals
with river Godavari and river Krishna
1078
Km
5
East Coast Canal with river Brahmani and
river Mahanadi‟s delta
588Km
6
Barak River Lakhipur to Bhanga (on
Process)
121Km
Table 3.1: National Waterways
A. Cargo Movement
Cargo transportation by inland water transport in India has
been steadily increasing. Movement of National waterways
I, II and III has increased from 3MMT in 2005-06 to
7.1MMT in 2015-16, an overall growth around 137 percent.
The following tables provide cargo statistics of National
Waterways.
Fig. 3.1: Cargo Movements on Waterways
B. Passenger Movement
In India, the main passenger movements by inland
waterways that are ferry operations across rivers (at
numerous locations on all waterways), on short stretches
along rivers and tourism based passenger traffic (in Goa,
Kerala, Sunderbans and Northern regions).
C. Projects Related to Waterways
Government of India had identified 101 new waterways for
the proposal for declaration as new national waterways in
the country. Construction of New Terminals and Fairways
across the National Waterways, Capacity augmentation of
navigational infrastructure of National Waterways I,
Kaladan Multi Modal Project, Indo – Bangladesh Protocol
Integrated National Inland Waterways Transportation Grid
etc. In India, Rail and road accounts for 25% and 60%
respectively whereas the modal share of inland water
transport system is merely around 0.40% over other
transport modes in India.
Fig. 3.2: Modal Share of Transport Sector
IV. CHALLENGES / KEY ISSUES
India‟s inland water transport sector is relatively under
developed compared to other large economies due to matrix
of natural reasons and policy lacunae. The general Key
issues or challenges in inland water transport sector are
classified as Technical, Regulatory, Geo-Political, Financial
and Integrated Development Approach issues are faced by
inland water transport sector in India.
Fig. 4: Challenges / Key Issues
A. Technical Challenges
Absence of adequate navigation infrastructure is one of the
biggest challenges faced by this sector
1) Inadequate depth
Large parts of Indian waterways have inadequate depth for
commercial movement of cargo. Sufficient depth. Sufficient
depth or least available depth is required to enable
3. Key Issues & Challenges for Inland Water Transportation Network in India
(IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 10/2015/140)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 655
navigability of larger vessels, essentials to make inland
water transport system as commercial viable through
economies of scale. Moreover indian rivers (especially in
the northern plains) face severe problems of siltation round
the year. The river bed rises, impeding movement of cargo
during non-monsoon months.
2) Inadequate air draft
Multiple bridges with low vertical clearance obstruct the
passage of bigger inland water transport vessels on
waterways such as National waterways No.3. There several
navigable canals in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West
Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh: Sarada canal,
Ganga Canal, Yamuna Canal, the delta canal systems of the
Krishna, Godavari, Mahanadi and Brahamani. But these
cannot be utilised for cargo movement due to air draft
restriction.
3) Shortage of IWT Vessels
Vessel buildings is highly capital intensive and faces
difficulties in obtaining project finance from banks and
financial institutions. The private sector is reluctant to invest
in barges unless long term cargo commitments for
onward/return trips are made from user industries.
4) Lack of Terminals
Including those with inter-modal connectivity on inland
waterways inhibit door to door connectivity to end user.
5) Lack of night navigation infrastructures
Lack of Night navigation facilities such as DGPS and RIS.
Non availability of waterway channel round the year
coupled with rudimentary infrastructure with night
navigational facilities and markings are also one of the
major impediments in the successful operations in
waterways.
6) Shortage of MRO Facilities
1) there is a severe shortage of MRO (Maintenance,
Repair and overhaul) facilities for inland water
transport vessels.
7) Integration
Integration of river basins to ensure year round navigability:
strategy to mitigate seasonality of water availability &
siltation
B. Regulatory Challenges
1) Modal Integration
and Related infrastructures development. Lack of potential
multimodal corridors and detailed mapping of waterways
and industrial clusters, multimodal transport hubs in inland
water transport corridor. There is need to develop a feeder
routes on the waterways under the jurisdiction of state to
national waterways so that the entire channel can be
developed on the “fish bone structure”. As well as need to
integrate the inland water transport with coastal shipping
operations in order to integrate and accommodate hinterland
coastal and international maritime traffic.
2) Operation and Maintenance
of fairways and related infrastructure for private
participation to achieve accelerated development. Needs to
implement the river information systems on waterways
3) Policy parity
The government needs to establish a level playing field
between the various transport modes. While inland water
transport is cost competitive in general with other transport
modes such as rail and road, 4 the situation is sometimes,
distorted by preferential treatment offered to other modes.
An example is freight transportation for fertiliser being
extended to rail and road but not to inland water transport.
This artificially makes rail and road more competitive on the
cost curve and drives traffic away from inland water
transport road and rail also enjoy preferential tax treatment.
Mode
Freight
(Rs/TKm)
Effective
Taxes
Total
Rs/TKm
Railways 1.36 3.71% 1.41
Highways 2.50 3.09% 2.58
Waterways 1.06 Nil 1.06
Table 4.1 Intermodal Comparative Operating Costs Rs/Tkm
4) Legal and Administrative issues
1) since the navigable inland waterways invariably run
through more than one state, it is important to have
uniformity in the realm of various operational aspects of
inland water transport throughout the country. The
model inland vessels rules also needs to have the
uniformity for followed up by adoption of various
states.
5) Restructuring
of inland waterways authority for further efficient operations
of development maintenance and regulation of fairways and
navigational infrastructure, effective utilisation of fairways.
C. Geo Political Challenges
1) International Protocols
An international protocols route are providing the direct
linkage of Haldia and Kolkata ports with landlocked north-
eastern states and has potential to be utilized as main mode
for transportation of cargo from north eastern region to
Kolkata and Haldia besides enhancing trade with
Bangladesh. Energy efficiency of waterway gets negated by
the higher turnaround time of the barges due to the
administrative and operational delays along protocol route.
2) Cross Structures
Construction of dams/barrages to increase depth of
navigational channel faces challenges of economic viability.
The multipurpose hydro projects planned for the long term
perspectives are needs to ensure the interest of navigation.
3) Inter Linking of Rivers
the river inter-linking projects are ensuring to use as
waterways for navigation. The Inland water transport has a
strategic importance for connectivity of north eastern
regions which do not have very efficient connectivity due to
its geographical position and rail/road transport passing
through the „chicken neck‟.
D. Financial Challenges
1) Investments by Governments
There has been under investment in inland water transport
sector infrastructure vis-a-vis road and rail. While
considerable emphasis has been laid on development of road
and rail infrastructure in successive five years plans, inland
water transport sector has been neglected. Consequently,
public investments in inland water transport mode have been
far below the levels attained by other modes.
2) Investments by Private
As a policy measure the possibility of private sector
participation for the development, maintenance and
regulation of some stretches of the inland waterways can be
4. Key Issues & Challenges for Inland Water Transportation Network in India
(IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 10/2015/140)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 656
explored similar to other transport sector like road and metro
rail.
3) Capacity building
There is huge demand for trained manpower for vessel
operations as well as for development and management of
inland water transport infrastructure since the limited
resource in training and research & development for inland
water transport there is need of potential investment in
training and research.
E. Challenges in Integrated Project Developments
a) Long Term Cargo Commitment
There will be the shortage in long term cargo commitment
for economic stability of sustainable operations in the
waterways.
b) Viability Gap Funding
the stakeholder agencies may identify some cargo for
specific composite projects and develop them jointly with
shippers and other stake holders. The government should be
willing to provide the necessary viability gap fund or fund
from normal budget for developing the missing
infrastructures.
c) Modal Shift Incentives
even in the countries where inland water transport sector is
developed, proactive actions are being taken by the
governments to promote waterways since they have
strengths which are beneficial to the economy as well as
environment.
d) Factors affecting the diversion of waterways Traffic:
Type of commodity
Volumes to be handled
Actual place of origin /destination
Long Term Commitment of Traffic
Distance from terminal
Existing Modal Choice (Rail/Road)
Port – Waterways Connectivity
Comparative Inter modal distance
Water Transport Trip (O-D) Distance
Empty Return Ratio
No. of users at the terminal (captive or multipurpose)
Deep sea transhipment, wherever feasible
V. MAJOR CONSIDERATIONS FOR INLAND WATERWAYS IN
INDIA
As is to be expected, the major considerations for the use of
inland waterways, rather than other forms of transportation,
often vary from state to state, depending on economic,
technical, social and political considerations. While certain
considerations like Fuel efficiency, cost-effectiveness or
technical feasibility, low green house gas emission, low
development costs, decongestion, ideal for transportation of
hazardous/dangerous cargo, all weather mode, requires
minimal land acquisition are universal, the priorities
accorded to these factors, compared to other factors, could
vary from one country to another, and also from one time
period to another. In contrast, other considerations like
employment potential often have different policy
implications, depending on the state concerned. There are
many major considerations for using inland waterways, and
some of these issues are interrelated. Because of space
limitations, only the following five major considerations
will be briefly discussed here:
Economic efficiency
Employment potential
Energy use
Environmental factors and
Socioeconomic requirements.
A. Economic efficiency
It is a difficult task to determine the economic efficiency of
any process, and inland waterways transportation is no
exception. Three factors need to be considered for
determining total costs - capital, labour and operating
expenses - which, when combined, forms an operating
system. The productivity of a system, however, depends on
the system used, the extent of mechanization, the use of the
latest technology and overall management. In India the
analyses carried out by the National Transport development
Policy Committee of the Government indicate that the cost
of operation of inland waterways transportation, computed
for a 500-tonne self-propelled unit working at 75% load
factor working for 300 days a year, is significantly lower
than rail and road transportation of bulk products like coal
and fertilizer.
Parameters Waterways Rail Road
Energy Efficiency 1 HP
Can move what weight of
Cargo in (Kg)
4000 500 150
Fuel Efficiency 1 Litre of
Fuel can move how much
freight (ton-km)
105 85 24
Equivalent Single unit
carrying capacity
1 Barge
15 Rail
Wagons
60 Trucks
Air Pollution Low Medium High
Land Acquisition Low High High
Capital Required Low High High
Table 5.1: Comparison of Inter Modes
The cost advantages of Inland Water
Transportation become even more favourable when larger-
size vessels are used. For example, for a 1500- tonne vessel
operating costs are less than half of the rail transportation
costs and less than one third of the road transportation costs.
Inter comparison of actual transportation costs by different
modes of transportation is not easy under the best of
circumstances, because of the different processes involved,
the nature of government policies towards different modes
of transportation, pricing policies and subsidies. own and
operate their tracks.
1) Employment potential
India facing serious unemployment and underemployment
problems, the objective of employment creation is often an
important component of the national transportation policy.
However, maximization of employment generation is
seldom the most important criterion for determining
transportation modes. The sole use of the employment
maximization criterion could very often lead to a
transportation mode which is most labour-intensive per unit
of investment but inefficient in terms of cost, time and
service. Hence, in an interdependent economy, where
transportation plays a crucial part, such an inefficient
5. Key Issues & Challenges for Inland Water Transportation Network in India
(IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 10/2015/140)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 657
transport system could well jeopardize the overall
employment level of the country by its failure to provide a
cost-effective and timely service. Direct employment is
created by the construction, operation and maintenance of
the transportation system. Indirect employment is induced
by a chain of forward and backward linkages. The National
Transport development Policy Committee estimated
employment intensity of Inland Water Transportation for
India; In addition to the 33.59 person years of employment
indicated in the table 5.2, it was estimated that another 13.2
person-years of employment were generated for the
construction and maintenance of navigational channel and
terminal facilities per Rs l00 000 of investment. Analysis by
the Indian National Transport Policy Committee indicated
that Inland Water Transport system provided a higher
employment coefficient per unit of investment than any
other mode of transportation.
Activity
Persons Employed per Rs 100 000 of
Investment
Passenger Transport
Public Sector
Mechanized
9.2
Private Sector
Mechanized
9.2
Country Crafts 58.8
Freight Transport
Mechanized 1.4
Non-Mechanized 20.8
Boat Building
Mechanized 14.8
Non Mechanized NA
Indirect Employment 160
Overall Average 33.59
Table 5.2: Estimated Employment Intensity
2) Energy use
Energy use by different modes of transportation has become
an important criterion since 1972. Not only is the cost of
energy used an issue but also the problem of the impact of
imports of energy material on a country's balance of
payments has equally become important, especially for oil-
importing developing countries. As far as transportation of
bulk products is concerned, Inland Water transportation is
comparable more with railways and pipelines, since the uses
of air cargo and roadways are not that relevant. The analyses
carried out by the National Institute of Training in Industrial
Engineering (NITIE) for the National Transport
development Policy Committee (1980) show somewhat
different results for India, as indicated in Table. According
to that study, electric traction railways came out as the most
energy-efficient form of freight transportation, followed by
diesel traction railways, Pipeline, Inland Water Transport
system, diesel truck and steam traction railways. Since not
all the assumptions of this analysis are clearly stipulated,
Whereas the energy consumption for river transport in
China was estimated at 12 g/tonne-km compared to 68
g/tonne-km for road transport (ESCAP, 1982a).
Transportation Mode BTU/Tonne-Km
Railways
Electric 84.6
Diesel 255.5
Steam 3576.9
Diesel Truck 1587.3
Barge 328
Pipeline 281.7
Table 5.3: Comparison of Energy Efficiency of Different
Modes of Freight Transport
3) Environmental factors
Environmental factors have become important issues for
transportation policies in both developed and developing
countries. In many ways Inland Water Transport system has
important environmental advantages over other modes of
transportation. In the important area of land use,
requirements for Inland Water Transport are minimal since,
in contrast to railways and highways, no additional land is
necessary for tracks and roads because waterways already
exist. Similarly, noise and vibrations are almost non-existent
for Waterways, but they are important considerations for
other forms of transport, except for pipelines. Pipelines in
certain Instances have contributed to difficulties in terms of
the migration of animals and also for aesthetic reasons.
Probably the most important environmental considerations
for Inland Waterways are the problem of oil spills and spills
of hazardous substances. The Safe disposal of dredging
spoils and aquatic weeds seldom presents a serious problem,
if planned properly. This, however, does not mean these
problems should be neglected. The Maintenance dredging
and capital dredging are carried out annually in India
however, no serious environmental problem has been
reported so far. Inland Waterways does not appear to have
any noticeable impact on wildlife, including waterfalls.
4) Socio Economic requirements
There are some important socioeconomic requirements, in
addition to those discussed earlier, for Inland Waterways. In
countries like India, where most of the people live in rural
areas, transportation is an important consideration for
development. For example, as the National Transport Policy
Committee (1980) has pointed out, out of a total of 575 936
villages in India, 407 297 are still to be connected by all-
weather roads. For many of these villages, Inland
Waterways is an important mode of transport.
VI. SUGESSTIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS
Integration of coastal shipping with Inland water
Transport
Actively Supporting Self-employed Water
Actively Developing Economic Alliances in Inland
Water Transport
Allowing Private participation in maintenance of
waterways
Reviving the subsidy plan
Encouraging Multi-Modal transport
VII. CONCLUSIONS
In the above study the key issues or challenges and
advantages of Inland waterways over other modes and the
crisis that it is facing in India has been reviewed. An
analysis of the global situation with respect to Inland
6. Key Issues & Challenges for Inland Water Transportation Network in India
(IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 10/2015/140)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 658
waterways Transport system in India clearly indicates the
great variations in their importance and use from others.
While geographical conditions can explain this anomaly to a
certain extent, lack of realization of the potential impact of
Inland water Transport System on national economies
continues to be an important factor. On a global basis,
expansion of waterways in developing countries has more
potential than in developed countries, where this mode of
transportation is more mature. The Inland Waterways also
showed favourable advantages over road or rail transport
existing in the country. The analysis of coastal cargo
movements in India shows that the utilization of Inland
waterways in India is minuscule compared to European
Union or neighbouring countries like China. It gives a clear
picture of inefficient handling of Indian ports which not only
discourages the Inland Water Transport but also the whole
maritime trade. Coping up with these factors will require a
humungous amount of effort from both the government and
the private sector. Private investment is necessary in this
sector to ensure more funds and more participation by
making the most of the Inland Waterways. This sector will
best function and develop if kept open for private
investment. Due to the opening up of the Indian economy
and its fast growth GDP, there has been an urgent need for
efficient transport system in a large scale for movement of
bulk goods for providing the infrastructure to the power
sector, distribution of food grain, fertilizers, construction
material, Petroleum, oil and Lubricants, Over-Dimensional
Consignments, etc. Rail and Road, modes are already over
burdened, and congested. Their expansion requires huge
capital investment, time, a lot of land acquisition making it
very often a difficult preposition. Hence, a need has arisen
for the development as well as integration of both coastal
shipping and inland water transport. There is potential for
integration of coastal shipping with Inland water Transport
and thereby to enhance its share in the total transport system
of the country. The seamless integration of the coastal
shipping and inland water transport can be effective only
when the vessels can operate in both the sectors
economically. The availability of inadequate water depth in
the inland waterways may have certain disadvantages for
design and construction for an optimum designed vessel.
Without a National Water Transportation Policy,
Development of Inland Waterways can proceed only on an
ad hoc, piecemeal basis.
REFERENCES
[1] Ahmad, Q. K., A. K., Biswas, R. Rangachari and M.
M. Sainju (2001) “Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna
Region: A Framework for Sustainable Development”,
The University Press, Dhaka.
[2] Biswas, A. K., O. Unver and C. Tortajada (Eds) (2004)
“Water as a Focus for Regional Development”. Oxford
University Press, Delhi. Directorate General of
Shipping (2009) “Annual Report [2009-10]”,
Government of India. India.
[3] Eastman, S. E. (1980) “Fuel Efficiency in Freight
Transportation” The American Waterway Operators,
Inc. Arlington, VA, June, 7.
[4] Inland Waterways Authority of India (2008) “Annual
Report [2008-2009]”-Published by Department of
Shipping-Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and
Highways. Noida-India, pp.
[5] Inland Waterways Authority of India (2011) Report of
the sub Group VIII, (Inland Water Transport) of the
working group on Ports and Shipping Under National
Transport Development Policy Committee.
[6] Koetse, M. J. and P. Rietveld, (2009) “The impact of
climate change and weather on transport: An overview
of empirical findings” Transportation Research Part D.
[7] MOS, 2001. Inland Water Transport Policy, Ministry
of Shipping, Government of India, New Delhi
[8] MOLJ, 1986. The Inland Vessels Act, 1917, Ministry
of Law and Justice, Government of India, New Delhi
[9] MOLJCA, 1985. Inland Waterways Authority of India
Act, Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs,
Government of India, New Delhi.
[10] Nair, R. M. (2005) “Inland water transport-Policy
support must go full steam”. The Hindu (Business
Line). Monday, Aug 15.
[11] National Council of Applied Economic Research
(NCAER) (2006) “Economic Yield and Feasibility of
the Inland Waterways Mode of Cargo”. Quarterly
Newsletter. New Delhi, India. Connexions,
[12] Nationalization of Inland waterways (2011), Central
Public Policy Research
[13] Planning Commission, 2011. Report of the Working
Group on Inland Water Transport, Sr. No 9/2001, New
Delhi.
[14] Rangaraj, N. and G. Raghuram (2007) “Viability of
Inland Water Transport in India”. ADB-India Resident
Mission: INRM Policy Brief No-13:
[15] Rahaman, M. M. (2009) “Principles of Transboundary
Water Resources Management and Ganges Treaties:
An Analysis”. Water Resources Development, 25(1)
[16] Sriraman S, 1998. Inland Water Transport in India:
Issues and Prospects, Asian Transport Journal, Asian
Institute of Transport Development, New Delhi, June
1998.
[17] Sriraman (2010) “Long term perspectives on Inland
Water transport in India” RITES Journal,
[18] Statistics of Inland Water Transport 2011-12,
Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Shipping,
Government of India, New Delhi
[19] UNCTAD [United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development] (2009) “Review of the Maritime
Transport -2009”. Chapter 5. United Nations (UN) -
New York and Geneva
[20] UNEP (2011) “Low Carbon Transport in India”-
Stakeholders' Consultation Workshop: 18-20 October
2011, India Habitat Centre, New Delhi, India
[21] UNEP (2011) “Towards a Green Economy: Pathways
to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication -
A Synthesis for Policy Makers”
[22] Verghese, B. G. (2006) “Water resources in the
northeast: Development options in a Cooperative
Framework” Background Paper, Centre for Policy
Research,
[23] WB, 2005. China Inland Waterway Project World
Bank