Kerala architecture is one of the best examples of preserving vernacular styles. Traditional Kerala architecture is influenced by climate and available natural resources. The architecture features pitched roofs to protect from heavy rain, verandahs around buildings, and courtyards for ventilation. Common building materials include wood, laterite stone, clay, tiles, and palm leaves. The most prominent housing type is the Nalukettu, a courtyard house with four blocks around an open space. Temple architecture also has distinctive features like a central sanctum and surrounding cloisters.
Building Economics And Sociology Behind Particular Style Of Housing, How People Influenced To Follow Particular Building Technology And Usage Of Material.
Building Economics And Sociology Behind Particular Style Of Housing, How People Influenced To Follow Particular Building Technology And Usage Of Material.
Kath-Kuni is an indigenous construction technique prevalent in the isolated hills of northern India, especially in the region of Himachal Pradesh where it's known as "Kath Kuni" and in Uttarakhand it's known as "Koti Banal". It is a traditional technique that has been orally transmitted from one generation to another.[1] The construction was devised keeping the seismic activity, topography, environment, climate, native materials and cultural landscape in perspective. Most of the oldest temples, in the region, are built using this ancient system. This unique construction technique has led to the formation of a vernacular architectural prototype was known as Kath-Kuni (cator and cribbage) architecture.
It has much in common with other local styles outside India in the Himalayas. The lower parts of a building are very solidly constructed, including lots of stone. The upper parts may be entirely made of wood.
Vernacular architecture is architecture characterized by the use of local materials and knowledge, usually without the supervision of professional architects. Vernacular architecture represents the majority of buildings and settlements created in pre-industrial societies and includes a very wide range of buildings, building traditions, and methods of construction. Vernacular buildings are typically simple and practical, whether residential houses or built for other purposes.
Although it encompassed 95% of the world's built environment in 1969, Vernacular architecture tends to be overlooked in traditional histories of design. It is not one specific style, so it cannot be distilled into a series of easy-to-digest patterns, materials, or elements. Because of the usage of traditional building methods and local builders, vernacular buildings are considered part of regional culture.
Vernacular architecture can be contrasted against elite or polite architecture which is characterized by stylistic elements of design intentionally incorporated for aesthetic purposes that go beyond a building's functional requirements. This article also covers the term traditional architecture, which exists somewhere between the two extremes yet still is based upon authentic themes.
Himachal Pradesh is a state in the northern part of India. Situated in the Western Himalayas, it is one of the eleven mountain states and is characterized by an extreme landscape featuring several peaks and extensive river systems. Himachal Pradesh shares borders with the union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh to the north, and the states of Punjab to the west, Haryana to the southwest, and Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh to the south. The state also has a border with the autonomous region of Tibet to the east.
Architectural typologies have developed in the North East as factors of tradition , climate and functionality. The materials used are locally available materials like bamboo, cane , cane leaves, mud, and lime. Of late, bricks. stone chips, rock slabs, surkhi etc. are also being used. Sloping roofs are a common architectural feature in all the architectural typologies because of high rainfall in the North East .
Construction of this type of house generally takes place in the dry season / winters. Sourcing of construction materials like thatch/timber/bamboo are collected during winters only.
Bamboo/wooden posts are erected and then beams/logs are connected and rafters placed and tied up.
The whole community participates in the construction of this type of house. Indigenous/traditional tools are used in the construction. Generally nails or other steel materials are not used for making connections between various members.
The construction of this type of housing takes place ina single phase. Typically, the building is originally not designed for its final constructed size
This paper depicts a vast knowledge on vernacular architecture of India. Vernacular architecture refers to the buildings which are constructed by the knowledge of local technology and craftsmanship, using locally available building materials; simultaneously, ensuring climatic comforts to the users. Thus vernacular architecture is related to the climatic issues, cultural and socio-economic conditions of different regions of any country. Hence, India is a country with diversified climate and socio-cultural conditions. Here, each region has its own unique characteristics of building design in the form of climate-responsive vernacular architecture. The aim of this paper is to assemble all those different types of vernacular practices throughout the different climatic regions of India.
Vernacular Architecture of Gujarat - North Rural and Urban Gujarat, South Rural and Urban Gujarat and Sourashtra type of settlements - Architecture of their dwelling units
With courtesy to all the source of Information
Link for Video lecture:
https://youtu.be/OAw3HdDPxtg
https://youtu.be/BDXcQOWQ37o
https://youtu.be/uSYw1BdVelc
https://youtu.be/0dB8aU7jnkM
All About the vernacular Architecture Of Karnataka. The design of the Houses with interiors and the architecture style followed in the different types of houses of Karnataka ,i.e. Gutthu Houses and Anymane houses of Karnataka. The presentation belongs and solely based on the works of the case study dine by the students of Architecture of Poornima University
Kath-Kuni is an indigenous construction technique prevalent in the isolated hills of northern India, especially in the region of Himachal Pradesh where it's known as "Kath Kuni" and in Uttarakhand it's known as "Koti Banal". It is a traditional technique that has been orally transmitted from one generation to another.[1] The construction was devised keeping the seismic activity, topography, environment, climate, native materials and cultural landscape in perspective. Most of the oldest temples, in the region, are built using this ancient system. This unique construction technique has led to the formation of a vernacular architectural prototype was known as Kath-Kuni (cator and cribbage) architecture.
It has much in common with other local styles outside India in the Himalayas. The lower parts of a building are very solidly constructed, including lots of stone. The upper parts may be entirely made of wood.
Vernacular architecture is architecture characterized by the use of local materials and knowledge, usually without the supervision of professional architects. Vernacular architecture represents the majority of buildings and settlements created in pre-industrial societies and includes a very wide range of buildings, building traditions, and methods of construction. Vernacular buildings are typically simple and practical, whether residential houses or built for other purposes.
Although it encompassed 95% of the world's built environment in 1969, Vernacular architecture tends to be overlooked in traditional histories of design. It is not one specific style, so it cannot be distilled into a series of easy-to-digest patterns, materials, or elements. Because of the usage of traditional building methods and local builders, vernacular buildings are considered part of regional culture.
Vernacular architecture can be contrasted against elite or polite architecture which is characterized by stylistic elements of design intentionally incorporated for aesthetic purposes that go beyond a building's functional requirements. This article also covers the term traditional architecture, which exists somewhere between the two extremes yet still is based upon authentic themes.
Himachal Pradesh is a state in the northern part of India. Situated in the Western Himalayas, it is one of the eleven mountain states and is characterized by an extreme landscape featuring several peaks and extensive river systems. Himachal Pradesh shares borders with the union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh to the north, and the states of Punjab to the west, Haryana to the southwest, and Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh to the south. The state also has a border with the autonomous region of Tibet to the east.
Architectural typologies have developed in the North East as factors of tradition , climate and functionality. The materials used are locally available materials like bamboo, cane , cane leaves, mud, and lime. Of late, bricks. stone chips, rock slabs, surkhi etc. are also being used. Sloping roofs are a common architectural feature in all the architectural typologies because of high rainfall in the North East .
Construction of this type of house generally takes place in the dry season / winters. Sourcing of construction materials like thatch/timber/bamboo are collected during winters only.
Bamboo/wooden posts are erected and then beams/logs are connected and rafters placed and tied up.
The whole community participates in the construction of this type of house. Indigenous/traditional tools are used in the construction. Generally nails or other steel materials are not used for making connections between various members.
The construction of this type of housing takes place ina single phase. Typically, the building is originally not designed for its final constructed size
This paper depicts a vast knowledge on vernacular architecture of India. Vernacular architecture refers to the buildings which are constructed by the knowledge of local technology and craftsmanship, using locally available building materials; simultaneously, ensuring climatic comforts to the users. Thus vernacular architecture is related to the climatic issues, cultural and socio-economic conditions of different regions of any country. Hence, India is a country with diversified climate and socio-cultural conditions. Here, each region has its own unique characteristics of building design in the form of climate-responsive vernacular architecture. The aim of this paper is to assemble all those different types of vernacular practices throughout the different climatic regions of India.
Vernacular Architecture of Gujarat - North Rural and Urban Gujarat, South Rural and Urban Gujarat and Sourashtra type of settlements - Architecture of their dwelling units
With courtesy to all the source of Information
Link for Video lecture:
https://youtu.be/OAw3HdDPxtg
https://youtu.be/BDXcQOWQ37o
https://youtu.be/uSYw1BdVelc
https://youtu.be/0dB8aU7jnkM
All About the vernacular Architecture Of Karnataka. The design of the Houses with interiors and the architecture style followed in the different types of houses of Karnataka ,i.e. Gutthu Houses and Anymane houses of Karnataka. The presentation belongs and solely based on the works of the case study dine by the students of Architecture of Poornima University
The traditional architecture of Kerala: Geographic location, influences, historic structures, plans, Vastu shastra, Characteristic features, temple architecture, materials, etc.
The vernacular architecture of Kerala, a state located in the southwestern part of India, is renowned for its distinctive style, which is deeply rooted in the region's culture, climate, and natural resources. Here are some key features and characteristics of Kerala's vernacular architecture:
Climate-responsive design: Kerala experiences a tropical climate with heavy monsoon rains and high humidity. Vernacular architecture in Kerala is designed to address these climatic conditions, with features such as sloping roofs, overhanging eaves, and large windows for cross ventilation. These elements help in keeping the interior spaces cool and comfortable.
Traditional materials: The primary materials used in Kerala's vernacular architecture include wood, bamboo, clay, and laterite stone. These materials are locally sourced and readily available, making them sustainable and cost-effective.
Thatched roofs: Thatched roofs made of coconut palm leaves or grass are common in traditional Kerala architecture. These roofs are not only aesthetically pleasing but also provide insulation against heat and sound.
Wooden architecture: Wood is extensively used in Kerala's traditional architecture, especially in the construction of columns, beams, and intricate carvings. Teak and rosewood are commonly used due to their durability and resistance to pests.
Open courtyards: Many traditional Kerala homes feature open courtyards or central atriums, known as nadumuttam. These courtyards serve as gathering spaces for family members and provide natural light and ventilation to surrounding rooms.
Distinctive roof forms: The most notable feature of Kerala's traditional architecture is its unique roof forms. The most common type is the sloping gable roof, known as nadumuttam roof or Kerala roof, which typically extends beyond the walls to provide shade and protection from the rain.
Jali work: Intricate jali (lattice) work is often incorporated into the design of windows and walls to allow for ventilation while maintaining privacy and security.
Courtyard houses: Traditional homes in Kerala are often designed as courtyard houses, with rooms arranged around a central courtyard or veranda. This layout enhances natural ventilation and creates a sense of openness and connection with the outdoors.
Adaptive design: Kerala's vernacular architecture has evolved over centuries through a process of trial and error, adapting to the region's changing socio-cultural and environmental contexts. This adaptive design approach continues to be relevant today, with modern interpretations of traditional architecture incorporating contemporary amenities while preserving the essence of the original style.
Overall, Kerala's vernacular architecture reflects a harmonious relationship between humans and their environment, blending functionality with cultural aesthetics to create timeless and sustainable built forms.
A detailed description of the evolution of courtyards, how they are used around the world and particularly in the Indian context.
(I'm sorry about the annoying webdings font. Slideshare didn't recognize the one I had used. Should've just stuck with Times New Roman.)
Lawrence Wilfred "Laurie" Baker (2 March 1917 – 1 April 2007) was a British-born Indian architect, renowned for his initiatives in cost-effective energy-efficient architecture and designs that maximized space, ventilation and light and maintained an uncluttered yet striking aesthetic sensibility. Influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and his own experiences in the remote Himalayas, he promoted the revival of regional building practices and use of local materials; and combined this with a design philosophy that emphasized a responsible and prudent use of resources and energy. He was a pioneer of sustainable architecture as well as organic architecture, incorporating in his designs even in the late 1960s, concepts such as rain-water harvesting, minimizing usage of energy-inefficient building materials, minimizing damage to the building site and seamlessly merging with the surroundings. Due to his social and humanitarian efforts to bring architecture and design to the common man, his honest use of materials, his belief in simplicity in design and in life, and his staunch Quaker belief in non-violence, he has been called the "Gandhi of architecture".[1]
He moved to India in 1945 in part as an architect associated with a leprosy mission and continued to live and work in India for over 50 years. He became an Indian citizen in 1989 and resided in Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum), Kerala from 1969 and served as the Director of COSTFORD (Centre of Science and Technology for Rural Development), an organisation to promote low-cost housing.Baker was born into a staunch Methodist family, the youngest son of Birmingham Gas Department's chief accountant, Charles Frederick Baker and Millie Baker. His early schooling was at King Edwards Grammar School. His elder brothers, Leonard and Norman studied law, and he had a sister, Edna who was the oldest of them all. In his teens Baker began to question what religion meant to him and decided to become a Quaker, since it was closer to what he believed in. Baker studied architecture at Birmingham Institute of Art and Design, Birmingham, and graduated in 1937, aged 20, in a period of political unrest in Europe.Throughout his practice, Baker developed a signature style in designing and building low cost, high quality, beautiful homes, with a great portion of his work suited to or built for lower-middle to lower class clients. He derived creatively from pre-existing local culture and building traditions while keeping his designs minimal with judicious and frugal use of resources.[13] [14] His buildings tend to emphasise prolific – at times virtuosic – masonry construction, instilling privacy and evoking history with brick jali walls, a perforated brick screen which invites a natural air flow to cool the buildings' interior, in addition to creating intricate patterns of light and shadow. Another significant Baker feature is irregular, pyramid-like structures on roofs, with one side left open and tilting into the wind. Baker's designs
Himachal Pradesh - Vernacular architecture
by 4th year students of bachelor of architecture, indo global college of architecture affiliated with I.K. GUJRAL Punjab technical university
Transforming Brand Perception and Boosting Profitabilityaaryangarg12
In today's digital era, the dynamics of brand perception, consumer behavior, and profitability have been profoundly reshaped by the synergy of branding, social media, and website design. This research paper investigates the transformative power of these elements in influencing how individuals perceive brands and products and how this transformation can be harnessed to drive sales and profitability for businesses.
Through an exploration of brand psychology and consumer behavior, this study sheds light on the intricate ways in which effective branding strategies, strategic social media engagement, and user-centric website design contribute to altering consumers' perceptions. We delve into the principles that underlie successful brand transformations, examining how visual identity, messaging, and storytelling can captivate and resonate with target audiences.
Methodologically, this research employs a comprehensive approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses. Real-world case studies illustrate the impact of branding, social media campaigns, and website redesigns on consumer perception, sales figures, and profitability. We assess the various metrics, including brand awareness, customer engagement, conversion rates, and revenue growth, to measure the effectiveness of these strategies.
The results underscore the pivotal role of cohesive branding, social media influence, and website usability in shaping positive brand perceptions, influencing consumer decisions, and ultimately bolstering sales and profitability. This paper provides actionable insights and strategic recommendations for businesses seeking to leverage branding, social media, and website design as potent tools to enhance their market position and financial success.
Hello everyone! I am thrilled to present my latest portfolio on LinkedIn, marking the culmination of my architectural journey thus far. Over the span of five years, I've been fortunate to acquire a wealth of knowledge under the guidance of esteemed professors and industry mentors. From rigorous academic pursuits to practical engagements, each experience has contributed to my growth and refinement as an architecture student. This portfolio not only showcases my projects but also underscores my attention to detail and to innovative architecture as a profession.
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So you tried all the ways to beautify your bullet points on your pitch deck but it just got way uglier. These points are supposed to be memorable and leave a lasting impression on your audience. With these tips, you'll no longer have to spend so much time thinking how you should present your pointers.
White wonder, Work developed by Eva TschoppMansi Shah
White Wonder by Eva Tschopp
A tale about our culture around the use of fertilizers and pesticides visiting small farms around Ahmedabad in Matar and Shilaj.
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2. KERALA ARCHITECTURE
• Kerala Architecture is one of the most exciting examples of
preservation of vernacular styles.
• The evolution of domestic architecture of Kerala followed
closely the trend of development in temple architecture.
• The primitive models of circular, square or rectangular plain
shapes with a ribbed roof evolved from functional
consideration.
• The climate of Kerala greatly influenced the traditional
architecture.
• The natural building materials available for construction in
Kerala i.e. stones, timber, clay and palm leaves have anchored
3. INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE
• Kerala has a warm humid climate. The rainfall is very heavy from
south west and north east monsoons
• To keep the rain and sun away form the walls the roofs of the
building come down very low.
• They have verandah all round the building protecting the external
walls from sun and rain.
• The width of the verandah varies from 2 ft to 12ft
• In rooms were people spend most of their time during day the
window openings were brought in at ground level otherwise the
windows were small so that there was only subdued light inside or
had timber jalis to give diffused light without glare.
• They also have an internal courtyard for better flow of air
4. ROOFING SYSTEM
The ridged roof pitched at angles between 30degree to
40degree
• The roof with intricately carved gables protruding from the
roof with overhangs supported by wooden brackets.
• The roof is prefabricated that is different members are fixed
on the ground and assembled at the top.
• No nails are used.
• The roof is kept in position by interlocking with the hole in
the rafters.
• Walls made of timber or earth and roof of coconut leaves or
tiles are common in many parts of Kerala
• Structurally the roof frame was supported on the pillars on
walls erected on a plinth raised from the ground for protection
5.
6. FLOORING SYSTEM
The most common type of flooring was that of beaten earth
polished with cow dung at regular intervals
• Black colored traditional flooring used in the more expensive
buildings was done with the mixture of lime, sand, coconut
shell, white of egg, jaggery, coconut water and other vegetable
extracts. The smoothness was achieved by polishing the floor
with a particular variety of banana.
7. BUILDING MATERIALS
• The availability of granite -a strong and durable building
stone is restricted mainly to the highlands and marginally to
some hilly zones. Accordingly, the skill in quarrying, dressing
and sculpturing of stone is scarce in Kerala.
• Laterite stone however, is abundantly found
• Soft laterite available at shallow depth can be easily cut,
dressed and used as building blocks. It is a local stone that gets
stronger and durable with exposure to the atmosphere.
• Block of this stone may be bonded in mortars of shell lime, -
the classic binding material used in traditional buildings.
• Lime mortar can be improved in strength and performance by
admixtures of vegetable juices. Such enriched mortars were
utilised for plastering and low relief work.
8. • Timber remains the prime structural material abundantly
available in Kerala, in many varieties - from bamboo to teak
and rosewood. The skilful choice of timber, artful assembly and
delicate carving of wood work for columns, walls and roofs
frames are the unique characteristics of Kerala architecture,
using accurate fit of joints.
• Clay was used in many forms - for walling, in filling the
timber floors and making bricks and tiles after firing in kilns,
tempered with admixtures.
• Palm leaves are still used effectively for thatching the roofs
and for making partition walls and along with mud
9. VASTUVIDYA- TRADITIONAL
ARCHITECTURE
• Traditional Kerala architecture is the Vastu vidhya is derived
from the Stapatya Veda of Adharva Veda and deals with two
types of architecture –Residential Architecture(Manusyalaya)
under functional architecture –Temples coming under
conceptual architecture.
10. RESIDENTIAL ARCHITECTURE
• A house in Kerala is generally called Veedu. The Veedu gives
shelter to joint-family kinfolk or tharavad. The joint family
system (tharavad--kinship system) consequently promotes the
tradition of living in a huge shelter or mansion (veedu--object
of house). The term is Dravidian and is used in some parts of
Tamil Nadu and North Srilanka for all types of residential
architecture, but generally the people of Kerala will refer to
their veedu as tharavad.
11. RESIDENTIAL ARCHITECTURE
• There are various terms of house for different tribes according to
social status and profession. The house of:
• Pariah - CHERI
• the agrestic slave – Cheraman - CHALA.
• blacksmith, the goldsmith, the carpenter, the weaver – KUDI
• temple servants reside – VARIYAM / PISHARAM
• The ordinary Nayars - VEEDU / BHAVANAM
• Nayar’s authority - IDAM.
• Raja lives in a KOVILAKKAM / KOTTARAM
12. Three Types of Chala
All Chalas show typical spatial configurations of living and inner space. (left)
Chala in Chengganur, South Kerala; (middle) Chala in Waynad and (left) Chala
in Trivandrum
13. DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE
There are five types of traditional domestic architecture or Veedu in
Kerala, namely: • (1) the wretched humble house, unknown by any
building treatise of Kerala, belongs to ordinary folks and tribal
people/ adivasis (cheri, chala, kudi, variyam or pisharam or
pumatham);
• (2) the Ekasala, an I-shaped single rectangular hall house, belongs
to farmers or middle-class non-farmers;
• (3) the Nalukettu, a courtyard house, belongs to landlords;
• (4) the great mansion Ettuketu and Patinjarukettu (double ettukettu)
or much bigger structures, belong to very rich landlords;
• (5) commoner houses are simple ordinary houses scattered
abundantly in the cities and villages
14. DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE
Literally, the local term of house--veedu--means home and signifies
no important structural arrangement. Classical Indian architecture
acknowledges a concentric arrangement of buildings and a generic
spatial structure of the sala or hall. • The Ekasala is a single hall
house,
• dvisala a two-hall house, trisala a three-hall house, and catusala a
four-hall house/courtyard house.
• The Nalukettu is the only local term for house that implies
structural importance since it is associated with the catusala. There
are no local terms for dvisala, trisala and ekasala, they are simply
called veedu
15.
16. NALUKETTU, A COURTYARD
HOUSE, BELONGS TO LANDLORDS
Rectangular hall I shape shelter
This is the most commonly found vernacular residential building type
in Kerala. This type is modified by repetition,
extension and expansion. The house is divided into two zones inner
and the outer zone.Fig 2 shows that the inner zone
houses the private spaces the outer zone is usually has a porch and
sitting platform.
17. Rectangular Single-Hall Building (Ekashala) with Granary (Ara)
In this typology the granary (Ara) becomes the most significant
addition. The major zoning consists of a veranda that
becomes the outer zone and the inner core consists of granary (Ara),
kitchen and other function rooms, refer the Fig.
Sometimes such houses are constructed as an annex to the main
house.
18. TRADITIONAL COURTYARD HOUSE
(NALUKETTU)
•This basic form of a Kerala courtyard house or Nalukettu is four blocks built
around an open courtyard, the nalukettu house is shown in the Fig 4.
•It could have a square or rectangular plan with high pitched roofs and the
courtyard leftopen to bring in light and ventilation.
•The internal veranda and external veranda act as protection from rain and
sun.
•The blocks and courtyard are laid out according to the rules of dimensions
scales and proportions.
• Depending upon the size and importance of the family the ettukettu (eight
blocks) and pathinarukettu (sixteen blocks) are made out ofrepeated
modules of nalukettu.
23. Ekashala with courtyard like extension
This housing typology is a variation of nalukettu wherein the
courtyard is smaller and acts as water cistern. In the Fig 5,
the courtyard acts as a transition space between the main
building and the annex. This transition space is essential as to
create a distinct demarcation between the public zone which is
the main house and the private zone which is the annex.
24. TEMPLES OF KERELA
• Temples in Kerala used to be called in earlier times as
mukkalvattom. Later they came to be called ambalam or
kshetram or sometimes tali.
• Temple architecture in Kerala is different from that of
other regions in India. Largely dictated by the geography
of the region that abounds in forests blessed with the
bounties of the monsoons, the structure of the temples in
Kerala is distinctive.
• The Kerala temple has srikovil as its main core, which
usually stands in east-west axis and the plan may be
square, rectangular, circular, elliptical ground plan.
25.
26. • The central sanctum of a Keralitetemple is referred to as the SreeKovil.
• It is surrounded by a cloisteredprakara, pierced at one or morecardinal points
with a gopuradwara.
• The cloistered prakaram has anamaskara mandapam locateddirectly in front
of the sanctum. Thisprakaram also houses subsidiaryshrines.
• The mukha mandapam isintegrated with the gopura entrance.
The flagstaff or dwaja stambham islocated outside of the mukha
mandapam .
• The balipitham may be located in
the mukhamandapam or in the outer
courtyard. The outer prakaram or
courtyard houses other subshrines,
and optionally a temple tank.
kitchen is located in the southeastern corner of ths cloisteredprakaram.
27.
28. • The Kuttambalam or the theater hall of the
Keralite temple is located either as a part of the
inner prakara, on the south east corner facing
north, or as a separate hall outside the
innermost prakaram, either facing into the
temple or facing north. This has a stage, raised
from the rest of the floor, and a backstage area.
This is the site of the performance of Kathakali
or Chakkiyar koothu recitals. Thus the
kuttambalam plays a role in educating visitors on
the rich legends of the Indian cultural fabric.
29. • The roofs are steep and pointed, and covered with
copper sheets. The Kerala roof resembles those found in
the Himalayan regions and those in East Asia.
• The shape of the roof is in accordance with the plan of
the sanctum below. With a circular plan, one sees a
conical roof, while with a square plan the roof is
pyramidal.
• The roof is constructed with wood and is covered with
copper plates. Most of the temples seen in Kerala today,
have undergone several phases of renovation, given the
perishable nature of the construction materials.
30. • The superstructure as a conspicuous example,
shows an accurate usage of indigenous raw
materials like timber and tiles to go with the
climate conditions.
• Vast majority of temples have their bases built of granite, the walls made
either ofwood, bricks
and stucco, or laterite; the sloping
superstructure made of wooden planks, tiles or
sheet metal on timber frames, are adopted to
suit the high rainfall of the region.