The document discusses Sigma (σ), which is used in statistics to represent standard deviation. It provides examples of sigma values and defects per million opportunities. It then summarizes the key phases of the Six Sigma approach: define opportunities, measure current performance, analyze causes of problems, improve performance by addressing causes, and control performance. The document advocates for using Six Sigma to reduce defects and improve processes. It also provides an example of using Six Sigma to analyze water quality data and improve a process to keep pH levels within specifications.

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Sigma (σ) adalah suatu huruf dalam alfabet Yunani
yang digunakan dalam ilmu statistik untuk
menggambarkan STANDAR DEVIASI (distribusi atau
penyebaran terhadap nilai rata- rata)
6σ

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1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
StatisticalStatistical
ProcessProcess
ControlControl
TotalTotal
QualityQuality
ControlControl
TotalTotal
QualityQuality
ManagementManagement
Six SigmaSix Sigma
ApproachApproach
BusinessBusiness
ExcellenceExcellence
FrameworkFramework
MIKEL J HARRY,MIKEL J HARRY,
PROMOTORPROMOTOR
SIX SIGMASIX SIGMA
QUALITYQUALITY

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1 σ
2 σ
USLLSL
3 σ
4 σ
5 σ
6 σ
SIGMA VALUESIGMA VALUE
(Seberapa besar Standard Deviasi memenuhi spesifikasi)(Seberapa besar Standard Deviasi memenuhi spesifikasi)
(Distribution Shifted ± 1.5σ)
Defects per Million
Opportunities
1
2
3
4
5
6
σ
σ
PPMDPMO
690000
308000
66800
6210
320
3.4

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LSL USL
ο
Normal Distribution Shifted 1.5σ
(Distribution Shifted ± 1.5σ)
Defects per Million
Opportunities
1
2
3
4
5
6
σσ PPMPPM
697700
308537
66807
6210
233
3.4
1.5σ 1.5σ
-6-6σσ -5-5σσ -4-4σσ -3-3σσ -2-2σσ -1-1σσ XX
11σ 2σ 3σ 4σ 5σ 6σσ 2σ 3σ 4σ 5σ 6σ
LSL : Lower Specification Limit : batas limit bawah
USL : Upper spesification Limit : batas limit atas
4.5σ4.5σ

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DEFECT = Nonconformity = kesalahan = kegagalan = cacat
• Produk/Service disebut memiliki DEFECT jika terdapat sekurang-
kurangnya satu spesifikasi yang tak dipenuhi .
• Defect bisa bersifat minor maupun major
Contoh :
Produk/Service Jenis Defect
Nasi goreng Rasa tidak enak, penyajian tidak menarik
Laporan keuangan Terlambat, analisa tidak akurat
Pengiriman barang Salah barang, salah jumlah, terlambat, rusak
Penjualan Tidak mencapai target
Rekrutmen Salah orang, lama
Mengecat Tergores, mengelupas, tidak rata
DEFECTDEFECT

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3 Sigma 6 Sigma
Untuk setiap 300.000 3.000 salah kirim1 salah kirim
surat dikirim
Untuk setiap 500.000 4.100 crash < 2 crash
computer restarts
Dalam 500 thn, laporan 60 bulan 0.18 bulan
Bulanan tak balance tak balance
Setiap minggu siaran 1.68 jam 1.8 menit
TV per channel dead air dead air

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Bagi Perusahaan :
1. Mempertahankan kelangsungan usaha
• Meningkatkan Market share
• Customer Retention
• Meningkatkan Profit dan Investor Relations
• Meningkatkan hubungan dengan Supplier
2. Adanya kejelasan performance yang harus dicapai oleh setiap
anggota organisasi
3. Mempercepat kegiatan improvement:
• Process Improvement: Defect reduction, Cycle time reduction,
metodologi desain proses
• Meningkatkan Produktifitas
• Product/service Improvement
• Cost Reduction

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Bagi Perusahaan :
4. Mendorong budaya belajar di dalam organisasi
• Meningkatkan skill karyawan dalam memperbaiki proses
5. Mendorong dilakukannya perubahan yang bersifat strategis
• Culture Change
Bagi Pelanggan:
Meningkatkan “value to customer”
• Produk / service yang bermutu tinggi
• Biaya yang murah  harga murah

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Six Sigma is in use in virtually all industries
around the world. Some of companies can be
listed as:
Motorola
Ericsson
General Electric
Sony
Ford Motor Co.
CITI bank
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› Define specific goals to achieve outcomes,
consistent with customers demand and business
strategy
› Measure reduction of defects
› Analyze problems, cause and effects must be
considered
› Improve process on bases of measurements and
analysis
› Control process to minimize defects
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 Define the project
 Measure the opportunity
 Analyze the process
 Design the process
 Verify the performance
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Six Sigma Compared to TQM
Extensive
Money
International
Standard
Little
Quality
Use Internal
Standard
Applied
statistics
tools
Ultimate
objective
Standarization
Six Sigma TQM
(Mikel J. Harry)

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SIX SIGMA vs BALANCE SCORECARDSIX SIGMA vs BALANCE SCORECARD
Identifikasi hal-hal
yang membuat
Organisasi sukses
Tetapkan
“Performance Driver”
Identifikasi
key proses yang
berdampak
pada performance
Tetapkan ukuran,
monitor dan evaluasi
Six Sigma strategic projects
Six Sigma strategic projects

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•Perbedaan ke-4 Business Management System

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•22
If you want to make yourself more valuable and
attractive to employers then get training and
certification
 Option I – Certification as Six Sigma Green Belt
 Option II – Certification as Six Sigma Black Belt

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 What did they learn ?
 How did they learn?
 What were the facilitators?
 What were the barriers?
 How did they deal with issues?
•All the answer were categorized,
summarized and then create an Affinity
Diagram
•All the answer were categorized,
summarized and then create an Affinity
Diagram

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 As expected, through the projects conducted, team
members learned about the DFSS methodology.
 However, through the development of their new or
redesigned processes, they also learned about the value
of evaluation, process improvement, and project
management.
 Furthermore, project team members indicated they
learned through hands-on practice, as a result of their
knowledge about the DFSS approach, as well as
assistance from both inside and outside their organization.
 Challenges : not having member that having critical
information, time management, resistance to change
and lack of buy in.

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 This research involved conducting case studies in a small
number of behavioral/mental healthcare facilities, the
findings may not be generalizable to other settings.
 This study only considered individual level learning examined
through the collection of qualitative data, which may have
limited the ability to draw broad conclusions from this
research beyond the comments made by individual project
team members through their journal entries.
 Hence, future studies should examine learning within the
context of DFSS projects through a larger sample of project
teams. It may also be useful to employ a methodology that
collects both qualitative as well as quantitative data to
provide more support for conclusions drawn from the
research.

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Author : Ion Durbaca, Elena-Florentina Radu, Adrian-Costin Durbaca
Politehnica University of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313,
Bucharest, Romania
Publisher : Alma Mater Publishing House
Published Year : 2015

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Global Plan for Water Quality Monitoring, which is part of global system
monitoring environment (GEMS), initiated by the United Nations
Enviromental Program provides tracking of water quality through three
category parameters:
a.Basic parameters (temperature, pH, resitivity, dissolved oxygen, coli
bacilli);
b.Indicative parameters of persistent pollution (cadmium, mercury,
halogenated organic compounds, anorganic mineral oils);
c.Optional parameters ( total organic carbon – COT, biochemical
oxygen demand –CBO5, anionic detergents, heavy metals, arsenic,
boron, sodium cyanide, total oil, strepcococci).
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Specific phases of this method are presented in order
application:
• Defining the opportunities (defect/nonconformities etc)
• Measuring the current level performance
• Analysis of opportunities (the main causes of problem/defects)
• Improving the performance by identifying and implementating the
solustions which eliminates the source of defects
• Control performance
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 Defining quality improvement opportunities (D)
writer use the brainstorming technique for identifying defective
opportunities (DOi) with criterias (C), and the result is quality
indicator classification – pH within specifications (DO1) has the
bigger precentage from total, which mean has the bigger
opportunities to be defective
 Measurement of current performance level (M)
The quality analysis of water quality characteristics, consisting 30 water
samples taken from different sources on the same site. Using the “six
sigma” approach statistical method, the result of the specifications
(pH) limits is lower 5,632 and upper 8,614 (approtiate six sigma level,
equivalent to 3,4 defect per one million opportunities)
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 Analysis quality improvement opportunities (A)
This study calls for undertaking measures regarding the removal of
reduction of the cause/causes related to the quality problem
 Improving the performances (I)
At the level of organization for which this study is done, it must be
rigorously enforced the implementation of an algorithm that
includes the following steps to improve performance
 Performances control (C)
Identification of actual performance measuring process with actual
control should prevent the recurrence of nonconformities and
maintain the achievements through improvement
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Given that the basic requirement of measured values for hydrogen ion
concentration (pH) that characterize the quality of drinking water
needed in aforemantioned industry, is represented by the need for a
weakly alkaline nature, so that all pH values should lie strictly within
imposed specifications limit (LIS = 7.0 dan LSS 7.5)
But by implementing the statistical method six sigma, those
specifications limits calculated (lower 5.362 and upper 8.614) are more
permissible.
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