This document discusses several public health and human rights issues in South Africa, particularly as they relate to HIV/AIDS. Some key points:
- HIV prevalence has stabilized over the past 6 years, but men still make up a disproportionately low percentage of those tested and enrolled in treatment programs. They also have worse health outcomes once infected.
- During apartheid, women's rights were not the main focus but became more prominent after the transition to democracy in 1994. Laws and institutions were established to promote gender equality.
- Under President Mbeki, South Africa's health minister urged people to use untested remedies like garlic instead of Western drugs for AIDS treatment, potentially costing hundreds of thousands of lives.
Epidemiology of Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs)Prabesh Ghimire
Declaration: The materials incorporated in this document have come from variety of sources and compiler bears no responsibilities for any information contained herein. The compiler acknowledges all the sources although references have not been explicitly cited for all the contents in this document.
Technology, HIV risk, and HIV prevention among young African American MSMYTH
Presented at YTH Live 2014's Poster Session, review findings from an ongoing HIV prevention trial for young black men who have sex with men (YBMSM) in Dallas and Houston TX.
Epidemiology of Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs)Prabesh Ghimire
Declaration: The materials incorporated in this document have come from variety of sources and compiler bears no responsibilities for any information contained herein. The compiler acknowledges all the sources although references have not been explicitly cited for all the contents in this document.
Technology, HIV risk, and HIV prevention among young African American MSMYTH
Presented at YTH Live 2014's Poster Session, review findings from an ongoing HIV prevention trial for young black men who have sex with men (YBMSM) in Dallas and Houston TX.
Noncommunicable diseases increase risk of dying from covidSABC News
Brazzaville, WHO – There is increasing evidence that Africans living with noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension and diabetes are more likely to suffer severe cases of COVID-19 and die.
Non-Communicable Disease (NCDs) or Chronic Diseases and youth health in Bangl...Jahid Khan Rahat
In this slide you will learn about what is Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs) or Chronic Diseases,its risk factors, disease burden and statistic, effect of NCDs in children, its result, cure of diseases, development implications etc.
Noncommunicable diseases increase risk of dying from covidSABC News
Brazzaville, WHO – There is increasing evidence that Africans living with noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension and diabetes are more likely to suffer severe cases of COVID-19 and die.
Non-Communicable Disease (NCDs) or Chronic Diseases and youth health in Bangl...Jahid Khan Rahat
In this slide you will learn about what is Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs) or Chronic Diseases,its risk factors, disease burden and statistic, effect of NCDs in children, its result, cure of diseases, development implications etc.
National and international perspectives of health.pptxlucascyrus
The HIV epidemic affects the health of individuals as well as the households. With effective awareness campaigns and UNAIDS cautions an equal progress in reduction of HIV infections have been observed.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infects cells of the immune system and destroys or impairs their function.
Infection progressive deterioration of the immune system breaking down the body's ability to fight out infections & diseases by opportunistic bacteria, viruses and fungi.
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) refers to the most advanced stages of HIV infection and a collection of signs and symptoms caused by more than 20 opportunistic infections or related cancers.
This presentation discusses:
Why it is a Global Health Issue?
Difference between HIV and AIDS?
Signs and Symptoms
Routes of Transmission
Risk factors
Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment
Bixby Lecture
Introduction to Honorable Justice Dr. Dingake presentation
"Gender Discrimination in Sexual & Reproductive Health Rights - The Role of the Judiciary in Southern Africa
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"From horror to humor: Abortion on American television"
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November 29, 2017
by Carrie Mounier, LCSW
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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3. Public health and human rights issues
Deaths due to AIDS
240,000 [220,000 ‐ 270,000]
Orphans due to AIDS aged 0 to 17
2,500,000 [2,300,000 ‐ 2,700,000]
HIV prevalence rate has stabilised over the past six years, according to the
government's latest survey of pregnant women, while the rate of new infections has
continued to drop, indicating that the country's prevention efforts are beginning to
take effect
national HIV testing campaign reveal that men made up only 30% of the nearly 13
million people who got tested. Men also access HIV treatment later than women
and often eventually access services with severely compromised immune systems.
In South Africa, about 55% of those living with HIV are women but more than two‐
thirds of patients receiving public sector ART are female. Once on treatment men
are more likely than women to interrupt treatment; to be lost to follow‐up; and to
die while on treatment. When men do access clinic and hospital services, it is often
with advanced AIDS related illnesses and very low CD4 counts. This makes it difficult
and expensive to treat them—and people who start treatment with low CD4 counts
3
7. interventions for those testing negative. Data from the 2010‐2011 national HCT
campaign indicates that men represented only 30% of those who tested. Efforts
must be made to increase men’s health‐seeking behaviour, including participation in
HCT… Loss to follow‐up of people living with HIV with high CD4 counts and not in
immediate need of ART is high. This results in many patients returning late to care,
when they are ill and past the point when they should have started ART for maximum
benefit. This is especially true of men who under‐utilise health services.”
“Gender Roles and Norms – Challenge the gender roles, norms and inequalities that
increase women’s vulnerability to HIV and compromise men’s and women’s health;
address the position of women in society, particularly their economic standing; and
engage with men on changing socialisation practices."
We are even more glad that language which outlines concrete solutions was included
such as:
“Strategies should address male gender norms that equate alcohol use with
masculinity.”
“Education for learners and parents on gender norms and transformation.”
“A comprehensive national social and behavioural change communication (SBCC)
strategy must serve to increase demand and uptake of services, to promote positive
norms and behaviours and to challenge those that place people at risk (including
norms that discourage men from accessing HIV, STI and TB services, contribute to
violence against women, multiple partnerships and those that encourage alcohol
consumption).”
5