On July 17, 1981, the walkways on the second, third, and fourth floors of the Hyatt Regency hotel in Kansas City collapsed during a tea dance, killing 114 people and injuring over 200. The collapse was caused by a flawed design change where two sets of tie rods were used instead of one continuous set, doubling the load on the weakened connection points. An investigation found the revised design could only support 30% of the required load. The disaster remains studied for its engineering ethics failures and communication errors between the architect and contractor that led to the fatal design flaws.
CAUSES:
MATERIAL FAILURES
DESIGN FLAWS
MATERIAL FAILURES:
When the Titanic collided with the iceberg, the hull steel and the wrought iron rivets failed because of brittle fracture.
. The causes of brittle fracture include low temperature, high impact loading, and high sulphur content.
. On the night of the Titanic disaster, each of these three factors was present:
The water temperature was below freezing, the Titanic was travelling at a high speed on impact with the iceberg, and the hull steel contained high levels of sulphur.
Material Failure
High sulphur content increases the brittleness of steel by disrupting the grain structure .
The sulphur combines with magnesium in the steel to form stringers of magnesium sulphide, which act as "highways" for crack propagation.
Charpy test is used to measure the brittlness of a material.
A cigarette-sized coupon of steel taken from the Titanic wreck and a piece of modern high quality steel.
Design Flaws:
Although the compartments were called watertight, they were actually only watertight horizontally; their tops were open and the walls extended only a few feet above the waterline
. Some of the scientists studying the disaster have even concluded that the watertight compartments contributed to the disaster by keeping the flood waters in the bow of the ship.
Design failure:
If there had been no compartments at all, the incoming water would have spread out, and the Titanic would have remained horizontal.
CAUSES:
MATERIAL FAILURES
DESIGN FLAWS
MATERIAL FAILURES:
When the Titanic collided with the iceberg, the hull steel and the wrought iron rivets failed because of brittle fracture.
. The causes of brittle fracture include low temperature, high impact loading, and high sulphur content.
. On the night of the Titanic disaster, each of these three factors was present:
The water temperature was below freezing, the Titanic was travelling at a high speed on impact with the iceberg, and the hull steel contained high levels of sulphur.
Material Failure
High sulphur content increases the brittleness of steel by disrupting the grain structure .
The sulphur combines with magnesium in the steel to form stringers of magnesium sulphide, which act as "highways" for crack propagation.
Charpy test is used to measure the brittlness of a material.
A cigarette-sized coupon of steel taken from the Titanic wreck and a piece of modern high quality steel.
Design Flaws:
Although the compartments were called watertight, they were actually only watertight horizontally; their tops were open and the walls extended only a few feet above the waterline
. Some of the scientists studying the disaster have even concluded that the watertight compartments contributed to the disaster by keeping the flood waters in the bow of the ship.
Design failure:
If there had been no compartments at all, the incoming water would have spread out, and the Titanic would have remained horizontal.
http://www.worldwar2facts.org/battle-of-midway-facts.html
The Battle of Midway is considered to be one of the most important naval battles of World War 2. The battle saw the Empire of Japan and United States Navy fight between June 4th and June 7th, 1942 and resulted in a major victory for the United States and Allied Powers. Soon after Midway, the Allies would go on the offensive against Imperial Japan.
http://www.worldwar2facts.org/battle-of-midway-facts.html
The Battle of Midway is considered to be one of the most important naval battles of World War 2. The battle saw the Empire of Japan and United States Navy fight between June 4th and June 7th, 1942 and resulted in a major victory for the United States and Allied Powers. Soon after Midway, the Allies would go on the offensive against Imperial Japan.
HYATT - factfile, ground floor plan, first floor plan, climatic study, physical and visual context, facade details, hardscape, watre features and artworks, services - parking, fire protection system, ACMV, electrification, plumbing , water supply drainage systems, codes and standards , architects interview, additional details and all the data for hotel desigining.
Case Study 7.3 249 CASE STUDY 7.3 Classic Case Tacoma Narrows Suspen.pdfSANDEEPARIHANT
Case Study 7.3 249 CASE STUDY 7.3 Classic Case: Tacoma Narrows Suspension Bridge The
dramatic collapse of the Tacoma Narrows suspen- a series of violent vertical and torsional
oscillations. sion bridge in 1940, barely four months after comple- Alarmingly, the amplitudes
steadily increased, suspen tion, was a severe blow to the design and construction sions came
loose, the support structures buckled, and of large span bridges. It serves as a landmark failure in
the span began to break up. In effect, the bridge seemed engineering history and is, indeed, a
featured lesson in to have come alive, struggling like a bound animal, most civil engineering
programs. The story of the col- and was literally shaking itself apart. Motorists caught lapse
serves as a fascinating account of one important on the bridge had to abandon their cars and
crawl off aspect of project failure: engineering\'s misunderstand- the bridge, as the side-to-side
roll had become so pro- ing of the effect that a variety of natural forces can have nounced (by
now, the roll had reached 45 degrees in on projects, particularly in the construction industry.
either direction, causing the sides of the bridge to rise Opening in July 1941, the Tacoma
Narrows and fall more than 30 feet) that it was impossible to tra Bridge was built at a cost of
$6.4 million and was verse the bridge on foot largely funded by the federal government\'s Public
After a fairly short period of time in which the was wave oscillations became incredibly violent,
the sus- ks Administration. The purpose of the bridge essentially viewed as a defense measure to
connect pension bridge simply could not resist the pounding Seattle and Tacoma with the Puget
Sound Navy Yard and broke apart. Observers stood in shock on either at Bremerton. As the
third-largest single suspension side of the bridge and watched as first large pieces of bridge in the
world, it had a center span of 2,800 feet the roadway and then entire lengths of the span rained
and 1,000-foot approaches at each er down into the Tacoma Narrows below. Fortunately, no
human lives were lost, since traffic had been closed in Even before its inauguration and op ening,
the bridge began exhibiting strange characteristics that the nick of time were immediately
noticeable. For example, the slightest wind could cause the bridge to develop a pronounced
supported by massive 130-meter-high steel towers longitudinal roll. The bridge would quite
literally begin comprised of 335-foot-long spans. These spans man to lift at one end and, in a
wave action, the lift would aged to remain intact despite the collapse of the main \"roll\" the
length of the bridge. Depending upon the span. The second bridge (TNB II) would end up mak
severity of the wind, cameras were able to detect any ing use of these spans when it was rebuilt
shortly there- where up to eight separate vertical nodes in its rolling after, by a new span
stiffened with a web truss ction. Many motorists crossing the bridge .
The Ingalls Building Professor Knutson CON 1.docxcherry686017
The Ingalls Building
Professor Knutson
CON 101 SLN: 72496
Matthew Glancy
ID: 993-766-333
Posting ID: 0261-333
I hereby certify that the contents contained within are my original work and have in no way been
influenced by outside works other than my own personal research.
1
Abstract
The Ingalls Building, completed in 1903, was a structural giant of its time. Known as the
first reinforced concrete structure in America, this Cincinnati building contains elements that
have fathered modern concrete construction. It was built by men in the midst of rapidly
advancing world, much like the world today, with new heights to achieve. The building used
Ransome’s method of twisted square steel bars strategically placed in the concrete to absorb the
tensile and shearing stresses. Today, the Ingalls Building construction would be faster, less
laborious, and more efficient due to the numerous advantages accrued over the past century.
2
In a world of large steel construction, the Ingalls
Building rose to new heights within the reinforced concrete
industry. The driving force of the concrete construction
industry was the lower cost when compared to steel with
equivalent load-bearing capacity. Excluding the cost of
mechanical equipment, the Ingalls Building cost $400,000
to construct in 1903. Located in Cincinnati, Ohio, the
building was planned as a high-rise office building in the
immediate area of two major hotels, department stores,
financial institutions, and railroad ticket offices (Condit,
Fig. 1 the Ingalls Building 12). The building was expected to be a long-term
investment due to its desirable location. Over a hundred years later, the concrete structure is still
occupied.
A few modern inventions largely reduce the amount of manual labor used to build a
reinforced concrete structure, but in some ways the methods of the Ingalls Building in 1903 are
similar to the manner in which the building would be built today. However, prefabricated
components have changed building methods considerably. Moreover, other differences are
caused by the advancements in the building material, such as fiber reinforcement and pre-
stressing.
The progression of America through the Industrial Revolution had lead to the ability to
create such a structure. The advancements in the steel industry had surpassed the capabilities of
concrete; however, when combined, the two materials are able to reach higher goals in a more
cost efficient manner. At the time, several steel-framed buildings exceeded the height of the
3
Ingalls building, but no concrete structure was more than half its height. This building was an
amazing feat that required much courage and faith in the architects, engineers, and the
construction team by Melville Ingalls, the financer of the project. The Ingalls Building was just
another innovation from the time period ...
Write about the following ethics case studies1. Hyatt Regency Walk.pdfarjuntelecom26
Write about the following ethics case studies
1. Hyatt Regency Walkway Collapse
2. TV Antenna Collapse
3. Trench Failure
4. Three Mile Island
5. Tacoma Bridge
Solution
(1) Hyatt Regency Walkway Collapse :-
On July 17, 1981, the Hyatt Regency Hotel in kansas City, Missouri, held a videotaped tea-dance
party in their atrium lobby. With many party-goers standing and dancing on the suspended
walkways, connections supporting the ceiling rods that held up the second and fourth-floor
walkways across the atrium failed, and both walkways collapsed onto the crowded first-floor
atrium below. The fourth-floor walkway collapsed onto the second-floor walkway, while the
offset third-floor walkway remained intact. As the United states\' most devastating structural
failure, in terms of loss of life and injuries, the Kansas City Hyatt Regency walkways collapse
left 114 dead and in excess of 200 injured. In addition, millions of dollars in costs resulted from
the collapse, and thousands of lives were adversely affected.
(2) TV Antenna Collapse. :-
Total collapse during installation of a 6-ton FM antenna being placed on a new 1800 ft. tower. 5
technicians killed, 3 on the hoist and 2 on the tower. It was determined that insufficient sized
bolts on a makeshift lifting lug extension failed. The falling debris severed one of the tower\'s
guy wires, causing the tower to collapse.
The following case is based on an actual incident. However, individual actors and company
names have been changed due to possible pending litigation. In addition, although conversations
and memorandums used are based on evidence surrounding the case, they are hypothetical in
nature, and are used to illustrate important issues rather than to attempt an actual reenactment of
what \"really\" happened.
In 1982, a television station video crew was filming the raising of their new television tower. The
antenna was designed and manufactured by Antenna Engineering, Inc., a moderately-sized local
firm. Riggers, Inc., a small local firm, was contracted to raise and assemble the antenna. During
the initial design, Antenna Engineering submitted antenna plans to Riggers for their approval.
Riggers approved the plans which provided for placement of the antenna hoisting lugs. These
lugs provided attachment points for lifting cables which would be used for removing the antenna
sections from the delivery truck, and for hoisting the antenna into the air for final assembly on a
1000 foot tower. A crew of riggers who had constructed such towers for many years was on-site.
The crew used a vertically-climbing crane mounted on the already constructed portion of the
tower to lift each new section of the tower, and finally, the two-section antenna onto the top of
the tower. The design called for a three-legged tower, and as each new section was lifted, it was
positioned and bolted onto the previous tower sections, one piece at a time. The tower legs were
solid steel bars with 8 inch diameters. The tower sections we.
Bridge Fails: Famous Bridge Collapses Due to CorrosionRobert Heidersbach
As the author of Metallurgy and Corrosion Control in Oil and Gas Production, Robert “Bob” Heidersbach talks about famous bridge collapses due to corrosion.
Detailed outlineResearch question What happened to th.docxsimonithomas47935
Detailed outline
Research question:
What happened to the Tacoma Narrows Bridge and what steps can engineer take to avoid this situation from happening again?
Thesis statement:
There are important lessons that engineers can learn from studying the design and the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge so they can avoid this from happening again in the future.
I. Introduction
II. Design
A. As the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was being designed, engineers were not expecting wind that hits at 42 miles per hour.
B. The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was too weak to hold because the bridge was too light, too shallow and too long.
III. Cause of collapse
How could a modern bridge with advanced design suffer failure from wind?
A. the main reason of the failure of Tacoma Narrows bridge was it’s great flexibility, while the bridge was moving it acted like aerofoil, creating drag and lift.
B. aerodynamic were a bit understood, engineers were supposed to test bring modals and suspension.
IV. For avoiding future problems
A. Engineers must utilise computer simulations that makes them better understand design and pressure of wind flow.
B.
Detailed outline
Research question:
What happened to the Tacoma Narrows Bridge and what steps can engineer take to avoid this situation from happening again?
Thesis statement:
There are important lessons that engineers can learn from studying the design and the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge so they can avoid this from happening again in the future.
I. Introduction
II. Design
A. As the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was being designed, engineers were not expecting wind that hits at 42 miles per hour.
B. The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was too weak to hold because the bridge was too light, too shallow and too long.
III. Cause of collapse
How could a modern bridge with advanced design suffer failure from wind?
A. the main reason of the failure of Tacoma Narrows bridge was it’s great flexibility, while the bridge was moving it acted like aerofoil, creating drag and lift.
B. aerodynamic were a bit understood, engineers were supposed to test bring modals and suspension.
IV. For avoiding future problems
A. Engineers must utilise computer simulations that makes them better understand design and pressure of wind flow.
B.
The Tacoma Narrows Collapse
March, 2017
Imagine yourself driving through the third longest bridge with your beloved Golden Retriever on a hot sunny day. However, you suddenly feel the bridge kneeling towards the right and left. Seeing everyone in front of you vacating their cars and running away from the bridge before it collapses. Most likely, you would do the same even maybe 3 times faster before it’s too late. But sadly, when it’s too late and the bridge has collapsed you will eventually realize that you have left your beloved dog behind. The First Tacoma Narrows Bridge was being completed and designed in the state of Washington, Tacoma. The Tacoma Narrows bridge was constructed .
Chase Commerce Center History Nordberg manufacturing Rexnord Global power com...drezdzond
Welcome to a journey through time at the historic Nordberg Manufacturing Plant. Step back into the industrial landscape of yesterday, where innovation and craftsmanship melded to shape the industrial prowess of the early 20th century.
Built in 1901, the Chase Commerce Center stands as a testament to enduring industrial excellence. Originally founded to meet the demands of a rapidly evolving industrial era, it has since evolved into an iconic landmark that continues to echo the legacy of its founders.
As you navigate through the pages of this presentation, you will be transported to a bygone era, where black and white photographs come to life with the vibrant hues of artificial intelligence. These meticulously restored images offer a glimpse into the heart of industrial manufacturing, where innovation and ingenuity intersected to propel progress forward.
Immerse yourself in the towering presence of the mine hoists, proudly standing as towering sentinels of industrial might. These colossal structures, captured in their raw and unyielding form, symbolize the sheer magnitude of the tasks undertaken within the walls of the Nordberg Manufacturing Plant.
Observe the graceful movements of overhead cranes as they glide effortlessly across the factory floor, a testament to precision engineering and meticulous craftsmanship. These indispensable tools of industry served as the lifeblood of production, seamlessly orchestrating the intricate dance of manufacturing.
Marvel at the intricate workings of lathes, their spinning chisels shaping raw materials into refined components with unparalleled precision. Each turn of the lathe represents a symphony of craftsmanship, transforming humble materials into engineering marvels that would stand the test of time.
Behold the awe-inspiring sight of a colossal milling machine, its massive frame dwarfing all who stand in its shadow. This engineering marvel, served as the backbone of manufacturing operations, tirelessly shaping raw materials into the building blocks of progress.
As you delve deeper into the annals of history, discover the pivotal role played by the Nordberg Manufacturing Plant during the tumultuous years of World War II. Tasked with the production of torpedo tubes, the plant emerged as a beacon of resilience and determination, answering the call of duty with unwavering resolve.
Despite the passage of time, the Nordberg Manufacturing Plant remains a vibrant hub of industrial activity, a living testament to the enduring spirit of innovation. Today, it continues to serve as the cornerstone of industrial excellence, hosting two companies that carry on the legacy of its founders into the 21st century.
Join us on this immersive journey through time, where the echoes of the past resonate with the promise of the future. Experience the rich tapestry of history woven into the fabric of the Nordberg Manufacturing Plant, and discover the indelible mark it has left on the landscape of industrial heritage.
2. Hyatt RegencyWalkway Collapse
The Hyatt Regency hotel walkway collapse was a
major disaster that occurred on July 17, 1981 in
Kansas City, Missouri, United States, killing 114
people and injuring more than 200 others during a
tea dance.
At the time it was the deadliest structural collapse
in U.S. history.
3. Background
Construction on the 40-story Hyatt Regency
Crown Center began in 1978, and the hotel opened
on July 1, 1980 after construction delays including
an incident on October 14, 1979, when 2,700
square feet of the atrium roof collapsed because
one of the roof connection on the north end of the
atrium failed.
The building was part of a master plan devised by
Edward Larrabee Barnes and specifically designed
by the newly created architect firm PBNDML.
It was Missouri’s tallest building.
4. Background
The collapse was the second major structural
failure in Kansas City in a little more than two
years.
On June 4, 1979, the roof of the then-empty
Kemper Arena in Kansas City had collapsed
without loss of life.
The architects and engineering firms at the two
collapses were different.
5. Background
One of the defining features of the hotel was its
lobby, which featured a multistory atrium crossed
by suspended concrete walkways on the second,
third, and fourth levels, with the fourth level
walkway directly above the second level walkway.
6. Kansas City, Missouri
DISASTER
A major cause of
fatalities was the landing
of the concrete 4th floor
walkway onto the
crowded 2nd floor
walkway, both seen here.
7. Disaster
On July 17, 1981, approximately 2,000 people had
gathered in the atrium to participate in and watch a
dance contest.
Dozens stood on the walkways.
At 7:05 PM, the walkways on the second, third, and
fourth floor were packed with visitors as they watched
over the active lobby, which was also full of people.
The fourth floor bridge was suspended directly over
the second floor bridge, with the third floor walkway
set off to the side several meters away from the other
two.
8. Disaster
Construction difficulties led to a subtle but flawed
design change that doubled the load on the
connection between the fourth floor walkway
support beams and the tie rods carrying the weight
of both walkways.
This new design could barely handle the dead load
weight of the structure itself, much less the weight
of the spectators standing on it.
The connection failed and both walkways crashed
on top of the other and then into the lobby below.
9.
10. Difference between the design and construction of the walkway support
WALKWAY SUPPORT SYSTEM
11.
12.
13.
14. View of the 4th floor support beam which fell, together with support rod
SUPPORT BEAM WHICH FELL
19. Investigation
Three days after the disaster, Wayne Lischka, a
structural engineer hired by The Kansas City Star
newspaper, discovered a significant change in the
design of the walkways.
Coverage of the event later earned the Star and its
sister publication the Kansas City Times a Pulitzer
Prize for local news reporting in 1982.
20. Investigation
The two walkways were suspended from a set of steel
tie rods, with the second floor walkway hanging
directly underneath the fourth floor walkway.
The walkway platform was supported on 3 cross-beams
suspended by steel rods retained by nuts.
The cross-beams were box beams made from C-
channels welded toe-to-toe.
The original design by Jack D. Gillum and Associates
called for three pairs of rods running from the second
floor all the way to the ceiling.
22. Investigation
Havens Steel Company, the contractor responsible
for manufacturing the rods, objected to the
original plan of Jack D. Gillum and Associates,
since it required the whole of the rod below the
fourth floor to be threaded in order to screw on
the nuts to hold the fourth floor walkway in place.
These thread would probably have been damaged
beyond use as the structure for the fourth floor
was hoisted into position.
23. Investigation
Havens therefore proposed an alternate plan in
which two separate sets of tie rods would be used:
one connecting the fourth floor walkway to the
ceiling, and the other connecting the second floor
walkway to the fourth floor walkway.
This design change would prove fatal.
In the original design, the beams of the fourth
floor walkway had to support only the weight of
the fourth floor walkway itself, with the weight of
the second floor walkway supported completely by
the rods.
24. Investigation
In the revised design, however, the fourth floor
beams were required to support both the fourth
floor walkway and the second floor walkway
hanging from it.
With the load on the fourth-floor beams doubled,
Haven’s proposed design could bear only 30% of
the mandated minimum load.
25. Investigation
The serious flaws of the revised design were
further compounded by the fact that both designs
placed the bolts directly in a welded joint between
two facing C-channels, the weakest structural
point in the box beams.
Photographs of the wreckage show excessive
deformations of the cross-section.
In the failure the box beams split at the weld and
the nut supporting them slipped through.
26. Investigation
Investigators concluded that the basic problem
was a lack of proper communications between Jack
D. Gillum and Associates and Havens Steel.
In particular, the drawings prepared by Jack D.
Gillum and Associates were only preliminary
sketches but were interpreted by Havens as
finalized drawings.
Jack D. Gillum and Associates failed to review the
initial design thoroughly, and accepted Haven’s
proposed plan without performing basic
calculations that would have revealed its flaws.
27. AFTERMATH
Aftermath view. The 4th
floor and 2nd floor
walkways were
positioned at the now
boarded entrances. A
parallel 3rd floor walkway
to the left was left intact.
28. Aftermath
The Missouri Board of Architects, Professional
Engineers, and Land Surveyors convicted the
engineers employed by Jack D. Gillum and
Associates who had signed off on the final
drawings of gross negligence, misconduct, and
unprofessional conduct in the practice of
engineering;
They all lost their engineering licenses in the states
of Missouri and Texas and their membership to
ASCE.
29. Aftermath
While Jack D. Gillum and Associates itself was
cleared of criminal negligence, it was stripped of
its license to be an engineering firm.
30. Aftermath
At least $140 million was awarded to victims and
their families in both judgments and settlements
in subsequent civil lawsuits;
A large amount of this money came from Crown
Center Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of
Hallmark Cards which was the owner of the actual
hotel franchise.
Life and health insurance companies probably
absorbed even larger uncompensated losses in
policy payouts.
31. Aftermath
The Hyatt tragedy remains a classic model for the
study of engineering ethics and errors.
After the disaster, the lobby was reconstructed
with only one crossing on the second floor.
Unlike the previous walkways, the new bridge is
supported by several columns underneath it rather
than being suspended from the ceiling.
32. Aftermath
The hotel later reopened, and has been renamed
Hyatt Regency Crown Center.
It has since been renovated and now serves as one
of the city’s most luxurious hotels.