For many of us, water simply flows from a faucet, and we think little about it beyond this point of contact. We have lost a sense of respect for the wild river, for the complex workings of a wetland, for the intricate web of life that water supports.
- Sandra Postel
Our ideals, laws and customs should be based on the proposition that each generation, in turn, becomes the custodian rather than the absolute owner of our resources and each generation has the obligation to pass this inheritance on to the future. - Charles A. Lindbergh
“When you have a solid upbringing and a strong sense of place, that sustains you. My sense of home never leaves me.”
– Lyle Lovett
"Sense of place is about identity and relationships: the identify of a place and the relationship that people have with it. Sense of place is subjective, but not necessarily abstract."
– Preservation In Pink
Muskegon Lake, located in Muskegon, Mich., has been listed as a Great Lakes Area of Concern due to a significant loss of wildlife habitat and degraded water quality. This presentation will discuss how an organized grassroots effort has successfully received state and federal funding to implement large-scale ecological restoration projects throughout the lake.
The Water Supply in Mumbai is quavering. Despite the fact that there are a large number of lakes situated within the city, Mumbaikars have to face water scarcity everyday.
To know more log on to http://www.ward64matters.com
Stress of Environmental Pollution on Zooplanktons and theirComparative Studi...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
“When you have a solid upbringing and a strong sense of place, that sustains you. My sense of home never leaves me.”
– Lyle Lovett
"Sense of place is about identity and relationships: the identify of a place and the relationship that people have with it. Sense of place is subjective, but not necessarily abstract."
– Preservation In Pink
Muskegon Lake, located in Muskegon, Mich., has been listed as a Great Lakes Area of Concern due to a significant loss of wildlife habitat and degraded water quality. This presentation will discuss how an organized grassroots effort has successfully received state and federal funding to implement large-scale ecological restoration projects throughout the lake.
The Water Supply in Mumbai is quavering. Despite the fact that there are a large number of lakes situated within the city, Mumbaikars have to face water scarcity everyday.
To know more log on to http://www.ward64matters.com
Stress of Environmental Pollution on Zooplanktons and theirComparative Studi...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
An overview of more than two hundred river improvement projects that were delivered by 28 individual rivers trusts throughout England between 2010 - 2014.
Water harvesting – a solution to drought & falling level of ground water ...Sumit Dharmarao
India is one of the growing economy in the world. Nearly 65% population of nation depends upon agriculture to fulfill their needs, eventually whole economy of nation depends on Agriculture. Agricultural production based on availability of water. Due to high industrialization and deforestation rain rate is decreasing in Indian subcontinent which results in frequent droughts. Due to drought there is sudden reduction in agricultural production and also increased pressure on ground water. Shortness of water is coped by ground water. Every ones thirst of water results in undeclared competition eventually water level below ground falls down. Water harvesting means saving & storing every drop of water is the only solution to frequent drought & maintaining ground water level.
Prospects and challenges in development of ground water resources of bangladesh Jahangir Alam
Prospects and Challenges in Development of Ground Water Resources of Bangladesh:
Groundwater is an important resource for livelihoods and the food security of billions of people, and especially in booming Asia’s agricultural economies. Globally, groundwater provides approximately 50% of current potable water supplies, 40% of the industrial water demand, and 20% of the water used for irrigation (UNESCO 2003).
The Groundwater Information Center, California (2003) reported that although surface water and groundwater appeared to be two distinct sources of water but in fact they are not. Surface water and groundwater are basically one singular source of water connected physically in the hydrologic cycle.
Therefore, Development of Ground Water Resources of Bangladesh is an important issue.
OBJECTIVES:
To know the current status of Groundwater in Bangladesh
To find out the challenges of Groundwater problem in Bangladesh
To know the adaptation against Challenges of Groundwater
Why groundwater is important:
Groundwater makes up nearly 30% of all the world’s freshwater; only 0.2% is found in lakes, streams or rivers and 70% is bound up in snow and ice on mountains and in the polar regions.
Groundwater plays a number of very important roles in our environment and in our economies. In the environment it supports rivers, lakes and wetlands, especially through drier months when there is little direct input from rainfall.
The flow of groundwater into rivers as seepage through the river bed, known as base flow, can be essential to the health of wildlife and plants that live in the water.
Groundwater also responds slowly to changes in rainfall, and so it stays available during the summer and during droughts when rivers and streams have dried up.
Groundwater doesn’t require expensive reservoirs to store water in before it is used.
Physical Context:
Bangladesh is located at the lowermost reaches of Ganges – Brahmaputra - Meghna river system which drains 1.72 million km2 of land. Crucially, Bangladesh itself comprises only 8% of the watershed.
Generally, four major physiographic units exist at the surface of Bangladesh. These are:
Tertiary sediments in the northern and eastern hills
Pleistocene Terraces in the Madhupur and Barind Tracts
Recent (Holocene) floodplains of the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the Meghna rivers and
The Delta covering the rest of the country.
Most of the present land surface of the country covered by the Holocene flood plains deposited by the GBM river systems.
This article primarily deals with the efforts under progress for the restoration of Kundawada Lake. Over the course of this paper, after this introduction, I would discuss some snippets of environmental activism in India, how I got into it, lakes for society, the state of Kunawada Kere,
Water is life's mater and matrix, mother and medium. There is no life without water. ~ Albert Szent-Gyorgyi
Water is the most critical resource issue of our lifetime and our children's lifetime. The health of our waters is the principal measure of how we live on the land. ~ Luna Leopold
Water is critical for sustainable development, including environmental integrity and the alleviation of poverty and hunger, and is indispensable for human health and well-being.
~ United Nations
We've all got to come together, and we've got to protect what's left of our ancient forests on this planet. ~ Stella McCartney
Plans to protect air and water, wilderness and wildlife, are in fact plans to protect man. ~ Stuart L. Udall
An overview of more than two hundred river improvement projects that were delivered by 28 individual rivers trusts throughout England between 2010 - 2014.
Water harvesting – a solution to drought & falling level of ground water ...Sumit Dharmarao
India is one of the growing economy in the world. Nearly 65% population of nation depends upon agriculture to fulfill their needs, eventually whole economy of nation depends on Agriculture. Agricultural production based on availability of water. Due to high industrialization and deforestation rain rate is decreasing in Indian subcontinent which results in frequent droughts. Due to drought there is sudden reduction in agricultural production and also increased pressure on ground water. Shortness of water is coped by ground water. Every ones thirst of water results in undeclared competition eventually water level below ground falls down. Water harvesting means saving & storing every drop of water is the only solution to frequent drought & maintaining ground water level.
Prospects and challenges in development of ground water resources of bangladesh Jahangir Alam
Prospects and Challenges in Development of Ground Water Resources of Bangladesh:
Groundwater is an important resource for livelihoods and the food security of billions of people, and especially in booming Asia’s agricultural economies. Globally, groundwater provides approximately 50% of current potable water supplies, 40% of the industrial water demand, and 20% of the water used for irrigation (UNESCO 2003).
The Groundwater Information Center, California (2003) reported that although surface water and groundwater appeared to be two distinct sources of water but in fact they are not. Surface water and groundwater are basically one singular source of water connected physically in the hydrologic cycle.
Therefore, Development of Ground Water Resources of Bangladesh is an important issue.
OBJECTIVES:
To know the current status of Groundwater in Bangladesh
To find out the challenges of Groundwater problem in Bangladesh
To know the adaptation against Challenges of Groundwater
Why groundwater is important:
Groundwater makes up nearly 30% of all the world’s freshwater; only 0.2% is found in lakes, streams or rivers and 70% is bound up in snow and ice on mountains and in the polar regions.
Groundwater plays a number of very important roles in our environment and in our economies. In the environment it supports rivers, lakes and wetlands, especially through drier months when there is little direct input from rainfall.
The flow of groundwater into rivers as seepage through the river bed, known as base flow, can be essential to the health of wildlife and plants that live in the water.
Groundwater also responds slowly to changes in rainfall, and so it stays available during the summer and during droughts when rivers and streams have dried up.
Groundwater doesn’t require expensive reservoirs to store water in before it is used.
Physical Context:
Bangladesh is located at the lowermost reaches of Ganges – Brahmaputra - Meghna river system which drains 1.72 million km2 of land. Crucially, Bangladesh itself comprises only 8% of the watershed.
Generally, four major physiographic units exist at the surface of Bangladesh. These are:
Tertiary sediments in the northern and eastern hills
Pleistocene Terraces in the Madhupur and Barind Tracts
Recent (Holocene) floodplains of the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the Meghna rivers and
The Delta covering the rest of the country.
Most of the present land surface of the country covered by the Holocene flood plains deposited by the GBM river systems.
This article primarily deals with the efforts under progress for the restoration of Kundawada Lake. Over the course of this paper, after this introduction, I would discuss some snippets of environmental activism in India, how I got into it, lakes for society, the state of Kunawada Kere,
Similar to Kanaha Pond Wildlife Sanctuary - Wetland in Jeopardy - Water Restoration and Replenishment - Wailuku-Kahului Wastewater Reclamation Facility - Perpetuating a Legacy
Water is life's mater and matrix, mother and medium. There is no life without water. ~ Albert Szent-Gyorgyi
Water is the most critical resource issue of our lifetime and our children's lifetime. The health of our waters is the principal measure of how we live on the land. ~ Luna Leopold
Water is critical for sustainable development, including environmental integrity and the alleviation of poverty and hunger, and is indispensable for human health and well-being.
~ United Nations
We've all got to come together, and we've got to protect what's left of our ancient forests on this planet. ~ Stella McCartney
Plans to protect air and water, wilderness and wildlife, are in fact plans to protect man. ~ Stuart L. Udall
“You don't learn from successes; you don't learn from awards; you don't learn from celebrity; you only learn from wounds and scares and mistakes and failures. And that's the truth.”
~ Jane Fonda
1 How to Overcome Public Perception Issues on Potable R.docxpoulterbarbara
1
How to Overcome Public Perception Issues on Potable Reuse Projects
Michael R. Markus, P.E., Orange County Water District, Fountain Valley, CA
Eleanor Torres, Orange County Water District, Fountain Valley, CA
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of how the Orange County Water District
(the District; OCWD) was able to insulate itself from public opposition to its potable reuse
project, the Groundwater Replenishment System (GWRS).
To understand what challenges the District would be facing it is important to first understand
what was happening with other projects that were being developed at the same time in
Southern California. Second, it is important to understand the process by which the outreach
program was developed and how it was executed. That program was ongoing and changed
with the project to help anticipate and react to various issues that developed. Finally, it will be
shown how important it is to continue the outreach efforts and outline the various steps the
District has taken to educate people on the benefits of reuse.
Introduction
The Orange County Water District manages a very large groundwater basin (basin) in central
and north Orange County in the state of California, U.S.A. It was created by the State
Legislature in 1933 for that purpose and is governed by a 10-member Board of Directors that
sets policy, establishes the amount of pumping out of the basin and sets tariffs. The District
currently has set the amount of groundwater that can be pumped out of the basin at 77% of the
total water demands for its 19 retail agencies which serve 2.5 million people. The remaining
23% of its water supply is dependent on water that is imported into the region.
The Southern California region has a semi-arid climate, which receives approximately 355 mm
of rainfall per year. Most of its water is imported from two primary outside sources, the
Colorado River and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (the Delta) in Northern California. The
Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD) built a 320 km aqueduct in the
1930’s bringing water from the Colorado River into Southern California and then participated in
the building of a 640 km aqueduct in the 1960’s from Northern California to bring water from
the Delta to Southern California. These supplies are enough to meet the water demands in
most years, but they are variable and the amount of water through these systems is dependent
on hydrology and certainly in the future, climate change.
Groundwater basins provide an important source of supplemental supply to the imported water
provided by MWD. A sustainably managed basin can provide a reliable source of low-cost
water, with groundwater costing half as much as imported water. The Orange County Water
District relies on rainfall, stormwater capture, Santa Ana River flows, untreated imported water
and recycled water for refilling its basin. This amount of water.
1 How to Overcome Public Perception Issues on Potable R.docxjeremylockett77
1
How to Overcome Public Perception Issues on Potable Reuse Projects
Michael R. Markus, P.E., Orange County Water District, Fountain Valley, CA
Eleanor Torres, Orange County Water District, Fountain Valley, CA
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of how the Orange County Water District
(the District; OCWD) was able to insulate itself from public opposition to its potable reuse
project, the Groundwater Replenishment System (GWRS).
To understand what challenges the District would be facing it is important to first understand
what was happening with other projects that were being developed at the same time in
Southern California. Second, it is important to understand the process by which the outreach
program was developed and how it was executed. That program was ongoing and changed
with the project to help anticipate and react to various issues that developed. Finally, it will be
shown how important it is to continue the outreach efforts and outline the various steps the
District has taken to educate people on the benefits of reuse.
Introduction
The Orange County Water District manages a very large groundwater basin (basin) in central
and north Orange County in the state of California, U.S.A. It was created by the State
Legislature in 1933 for that purpose and is governed by a 10-member Board of Directors that
sets policy, establishes the amount of pumping out of the basin and sets tariffs. The District
currently has set the amount of groundwater that can be pumped out of the basin at 77% of the
total water demands for its 19 retail agencies which serve 2.5 million people. The remaining
23% of its water supply is dependent on water that is imported into the region.
The Southern California region has a semi-arid climate, which receives approximately 355 mm
of rainfall per year. Most of its water is imported from two primary outside sources, the
Colorado River and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (the Delta) in Northern California. The
Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD) built a 320 km aqueduct in the
1930’s bringing water from the Colorado River into Southern California and then participated in
the building of a 640 km aqueduct in the 1960’s from Northern California to bring water from
the Delta to Southern California. These supplies are enough to meet the water demands in
most years, but they are variable and the amount of water through these systems is dependent
on hydrology and certainly in the future, climate change.
Groundwater basins provide an important source of supplemental supply to the imported water
provided by MWD. A sustainably managed basin can provide a reliable source of low-cost
water, with groundwater costing half as much as imported water. The Orange County Water
District relies on rainfall, stormwater capture, Santa Ana River flows, untreated imported water
and recycled water for refilling its basin. This amount of water ...
Everyone falls down, makes mistakes, and faces tough obstacles in life. What matters is whether we keep our faith not only during the happy times but also during the tough times. Keep believing. Keep picturing it will happen, and it WILL happen. - Fearless Soul
The proposed project is the application of sustainable land use planning technique in conserving and protecting Wakarusa Wetlands.
This place is essential for saving the natural environment for over 50 different species of fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. Wakarusa also hosts over 250 different species of birds, some of them just migrating through and some stay permanently.
Environmental Health and Safety Survey Vanier Park 2019LOWaterkeeper
Environmental Health and Safety Survey for Vanier Park recreational water quality monitoring program, Vancouver 2019. Swim Drink Fish recreational water quality monitoring hub.
This is a project we undertook on behalf of the cultural Buganda government to conserve its 1600 year old natural resource cultural/ natural resource foundation revealed by the King's lake
Developing Australia's Tropical Water ResourceseWater
As Australia looks increasingly to its tropical northern lands as a prospective ‘food-bowl for Asia’ we should reflect on two important questions:
(i) Have we gained sufficient knowledge and wisdom from a century of unsustainable irrigation practices in southern Australia to do things differently in the future?
(ii) Is Northern Australia really the agricultural utopia that some in the community argue, and do the potential rewards justify the risks to our largely pristine and biodiverse tropical river basins?
Part one of this series describes the environmental consequences of water resources development in Australia’s south – in the Murray-Darling Basin.
New efforts in planning for large scale ecosystem restoration in the Sacramen...Cory Copeland
The Delta Stewardship Council (Council) is responsible for promoting the coequal goals of providing a more reliable water supply for California and protecting, restoring, and enhancing the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta ecosystem that forms the upper portion of the San Francisco Bay-Delta estuary. The Council is responsible for writing an enforceable Delta Plan for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and Suisun Marsh. After a multi-year development process that included extensive public engagement and scientific synthesis, the Council, in 2020, authorized initiation of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) environmental review of its proposed amendment to the Delta Plan focused on ecosystem protection, restoration, and enhancement. The amendment consists of six new and revised ecosystem performance measures, an updated narrative which includes four new and revised policies and 14 recommendations, and seven technical and regulatory appendices. The amendment is novel in that it focuses on landscape-scale process-based restoration, acknowledges the many social benefits from ecosystem restoration, utilizes advanced technical climate change analyses informed by best available science, and employs more rigorous tracking of progress in meeting Delta Plan objectives. The amendment embraces a portfolio of approaches to adaptively manage ecosystems in highly altered and changing landscapes, and strives to reestablish ecological processes in natural communities at a sufficient scale (and with connectivity, complexity, and diversity) to be resilient to land conversion and climate change. This digital poster will describe the collaborative science-driven process the Council used in developing the amendment, the draft currently under environmental review, and lessons for resource managers in other systems facing the challenge of planning ecosystem recovery amidst ongoing anthropogenic stressors and a rapidly changing climate.
Similar to Kanaha Pond Wildlife Sanctuary - Wetland in Jeopardy - Water Restoration and Replenishment - Wailuku-Kahului Wastewater Reclamation Facility - Perpetuating a Legacy (20)
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Top 8 Strategies for Effective Sustainable Waste Management.pdfJhon Wick
Discover top strategies for effective sustainable waste management, including product removal and product destruction. Learn how to reduce, reuse, recycle, compost, implement waste segregation, and explore innovative technologies for a greener future.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Altered Terrain: Colonial Encroachment and Environmental Changes in Cachar, A...PriyankaKilaniya
The beginning of colonial policy in the area was signaled by the British annexation of the Cachar district in southern Assam in 1832. The region became an alluring investment opportunity for Europeans after British rule over Cachar, especially after the accidental discovery of wild tea in 1855. Within this historical context, this study explores three major stages that characterize the evolution of nature. First, it examines the distribution and growth of tea plantations, examining their size and rate of expansion. The second aspect of the study examines the consequences of land concessions, which led to the initial loss of native forests. Finally, the study investigates the increased strain on forests caused by migrant workers' demands. It also highlights the crucial role that the Forest Department plays in protecting these natural habitats from the invasion of tea planters. This study aims to analyze the intricate relationship between colonialism and the altered landscape of Cachar, Assam, by means of a thorough investigation, shedding light on the environmental, economic, and societal aspects of this historical transformation.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...
Kanaha Pond Wildlife Sanctuary - Wetland in Jeopardy - Water Restoration and Replenishment - Wailuku-Kahului Wastewater Reclamation Facility - Perpetuating a Legacy
1. The WAILUKU-KAHULUI WASTEWATER RECLAMATION FACILITY is located
on the north coastline of Maui approximately 0.5-miles east of Kahului Harbor and 1.0-miles
west of Kahului Airport, at 281 AMALA PLACE and lies within in the Limited subzone of
the Conservation District.
A drainage canal with Mauoni Pond beyond is to the west; the roadway, AMALA PLACE is
to the south with KANAHA POND WILDLIFE SANCTUARY across the road. The
ocean/beach is to the north and is part of Kanaha Beach Park, a narrow beach that extends
eastward to Paia that is interrupted by numerous man-made groins.
[T]he wastewater reclamation facility provides secondary treatment of sewage and features an
activated sludge biological treatment process, secondary clarification, and filtration. The
principle solids treatment and handling processes are aerobic digestion and centrifuge
dewatering. The final effluent is disposed of primarily via 8 gravity injection wells. The
balance of the effluent is recycled for plant use, irrigation and dust control.
Conservation District Use Application (CDUA) MA-3688 Wailuku-Kahului Wastewater Reclamation Facility's
Shoreline Protection Extension April 25, 2014
<https://files.hawaii.gov/dlnr/meeting/submittals/140425/K-2.pdf>
___________________________________________
KANAHĀ POND
Images of Old Hawai`i
By Peter T. Young, August 23, 2021
<http://imagesofoldhawaii.com/kanaha-pond/>
[Extract]
Since the turn of the twentieth century, the pond has functioned primarily as a waterfowl and
shorebird sanctuary.
Before the Second World War, Kanahā Pond was owned by the Hawaiian Commercial and
Sugar Company. During the War, the HC&S donated the land, which included Kanahā Pond,
to the US Navy.
In 1951 the Hawaiian government formally designated the pond as a bird refuge. The pond is
home to two endangered species – the Hawaiian Stilt and the Hawaiian Coot, as well as
providing sanctuary to many migrant shorebirds and waterfowl.
In 1959 the state legislature appropriated funds to improve the habitat and the Maui County
government appointed a Citizens Advisory Committee.
2. More funding was obtained, and in 1961 the state legislature made long-term plans which
included bird-feeding stations, observation areas and a picnic area, as well as an experimental
dredging to try to eliminate the offensive odor, which manifested itself during the summer
months.
Due to the continued destruction of many of Hawai`i's wetland areas Kanahā Pond was
designated a registered natural landmark in late 1971 by the Department of the Interior, one of
only two such sites registered at the time.
Kanahā Pond provides one of the most important waterbird habitat in Hawai`i. It is one of the
few remaining brackish-water ecosystems, providing refuge for both resident and migratory
bird populations.
The pond and surrounding area are within the Kahului Airport jurisdiction. DOT has set the
land aside for public recreation and wildlife purposes. Even though it is habitat for local and
migratory birds (not the best of neighbors of airports,) since 1973, DOT and FAA have
allowed construction of protective moats and nesting places, improvement of observation
shelters and occasional dredging. Today, the pond provides opportunities to see Hawaiian
Stilts and Hawaiian Coots and other waterbirds from a small concrete observation area, which
is located just off from the parking lot.
________________________________________
KANAHĀ POND
WATER REPLENISHMENT - WETLAND RESTORATION
The KPWS [Kanaha Pond Wildlife Sanctuary] consists of a series of brackish ponds and
associated wetlands on 23 acres of land located within the isthmus area of Maui between the
town of Kahului and the main airport. [Clarification Supplied]
Fish ponds in this area were constructed during the rule of King Kapiiohookalani over two
hundred years ago for the purpose of raising fish for consumption. It is reported that the water
quality in the ponds was good as a result of the natural springs that continuously fed the
ponds and overflowed through an open ditch to Kahului Harbor.
When Kahului Harbor was dredged around 1910, a portion of Kanaha Pond in the vicinity of
the junction of Kahului's Main Street and Haleakala Highway was filled with material
dredged from the harbor. During the partial filling of the pond, the existing overflow drainage
ditch was replaced with a new channel, with control gates and an outfall to the ocean.
The U.S. Navy also altered the land within KPWS considerably during construction of the
Naval Air Station Kahului (NASKA) in the 1940s. During and after World War II, numerous
munitions bunkers and fill based access roadways were constructed within the KPWS. As a
result of these activities, the northeastern portion of the original pond was filled between 1930
and 1954. In addition to the physical alteration of the ponds during construction of Kahului
Harbor and NASKA, the A&B and airport drainage culverts were constructed along the east
and west sides of KPWS in the 1970s and 1980s. These large concrete drainage culverts divert
storm water runoff, keeping it from entering the ponds and consequently changing the overall
amount of water recharge to and circulation within the ponds.
Kanaha Pond Wildlife Sanctuary Ecosystem Restoration Project Review Plan, Island Of Maui, Hawaii
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu District, November 19, 2012
<https://www.poh.usace.army.mil/Portals/10/docs/projectreviewplans/Maui_KanahaPond_ReviewPlan.pdf>
3. WASTEWATER EFFLUENT
FOR RENEWAL OF PHYSICAL HABITAT AND STREAMS
Many arid and semiarid regions around the world are struggling to meet urban water demands
that are increasing as a result of development, population growth, and climate change. As
water requirements increase and stream flows decrease in water-stressed regions, urban
streams are progressively becoming dependent on waste-water effluent to maintain base flows.
In such cases, whether by design or circumstance, aquatic habitats are being supported in
places where only severely diminished ecosystems would exist if not for wastewater-effluent
discharges.
Calera Creek, a coastal stream in Pacifica, California, south of San Francisco, is the site of a
stream improvement project in which municipal wastewater effluent was used to enhance the
physical habitat, and which now imparts various environmental and social benefits (Halaburka
et al. 2013). The noteworthy feature of this project was the replacement of the traditional
ocean discharge of the wastewater by a release of tertiary-treated effluent, which included
nutrient removal, sand filtration, and ultraviolet disinfection at a location 1 km upstream in
order to restore 4 ha of wetland and about 20 ha of stream bank and buffer areas (Figure 5).
The project resulted in the return of the lower stream channel of Calera Creek, which was
formerly channelized and diverted from its historical path because of rock quarrying activity.
Calera Creek, on the north-central California coast, is an example of wastewater effluent
used for successful renewal of physical habitats and streams. By foregoing an ocean
discharge in favor of inland discharge, the wastewater re-created a lost habitat and
renewed wetlands, stream beds, and buffer areas.
The restoration of Calera Creek converted an intermittent stream into a perennial one, elevated
the water temperature due to the wastewater discharge, and caused the flow to come in
unnatural diurnal pulses as a result of the batch processes at the treatment plant (Halaburka et
al. 2013). Still, the highly degraded stream condition and habitat destruction prior to the
stream renewal project presented an opportunity to re-create lost habitat for the endangered
San Francisco garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia) and the threatened California red-
legged frog (Rana draytonii). The planting of native vegetation and addition of wastewater
effluent to the creek during the dry season resulted in higher habitat quality in terms of almost
every physical metric measured (eg in-stream cover, flow velocity, riparian zone width, and
dissolved oxygen concentrations). Biologically, benthic macroinvertebrates increased in
abundance, probably because of the transition from intermittent flows to permanence, and
mosquito populations were reduced (mainly due to flow changes and elimination of breeding
pools; Halaburka et al. 2013).
4. In addition to newly created habitat, a walk/bike path now runs alongside the creek, providing
substantial recreational and educational value to the local community. Analyses indicated that
the benefits of the inland-discharge scenario exceeded the increase in associated costs by $1.8
million, with recreational and aesthetic amenities generating the largest portion of the
difference in value.
At the time the Calera Creek restoration project was being designed, the decision to proceed
with inland discharge was based largely on economic considerations. The Pacifica City
Council considered the trade-offs between the cost of additional treatment for recycled water
(nutrient removal, sand filtration, and ultraviolet disinfection) and wetland creation versus the
cost of constructing a replacement offshore discharge pipeline and conventional wastewater
treatment for BOD and TSS control. None of the features that are valued today in terms of
preservation of rare and endangered species, creation of freshwater and wildlife habitat, or
contact and non-contact recreation (RWQCB 2006) were explicitly considered in economic
terms during the original project planning phase (Bischel et al. 2013; Halaburka et al. 2013). If
these additional factors had been taken into account, the decision to invest in inland discharge
most likely would have been even more widely supported.
Wastewater-effluent-dominated streams as ecosystem-management tools in a drier climate
By Richard G Luthy, David L Sedlak, Megan H Plumlee, David Austin and Vincent H Resh
Ecological Society of America, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. November 1, 2015
<https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/150038>
______________________________________
THE JOURNEY HAS JUST BEGUN
There Are Many Miles Yet To Go
Hawai`i has been utilizing reclaimed water for a little over 20 years. Prior to the water
reclamation program, treated wastewater was simply dumped into the ocean.
However, Hawai`i water systems began feeling pressure from the large influx of Japanese
tourists in the 1970's and 1980's, whom led to an increase in the development of resorts and
golf courses throughout Hawai`i. Both resorts and golf courses require a large amount of
water resources, so a search was conducted for nonpotable (not for human consumption) water
sources that would be used to supply their water needs. In the 1990's, Hawai`i's Department of
Health decided that there needed to be better guidance on how to utilize and manage
reclaimed water, and later released the “Guidelines for the treatment and Use of Reclaimed
Water” in November of 1993.
Reclaimed water, or recycled water, is wastewater that is treated in a way that it is suitable for
uses such as agriculture, landscape irrigation, industrial processes, toilet flushing, or possibly
groundwater recharge. The water is treated depending on its planned use. For instance, water
is treated less when its intended use is irrigation, but is further treated when its intended use is
sink water. So far, there has been no record of human health issues resulting from contact with
recycled water that has been properly treated. There are three (3) classes of recycled water: R-
1, R-2, and R-3. R-1 water includes the highest quality of recycled water, which has been both
filtered and disinfected. R-2 water has gone through secondary treatment and is disinfected,
but greater restrictions on its use than R-1 water. R-3 water is the lowest quality recycled
water. It has gone through secondary treatment, but is not disinfected, and therefore has the
most limited use.
5. WATER REUSE is important because it saves water, energy, and money. By reusing water,
we are reducing the amount of freshwater we draw up from our aquifers for nonpotable
reasons. Drawing up of this water requires a lot of energy and money as freshwater sources
are depleted and become more difficult to extract.
Freshwater aquifers take a long time to replenish, and it is imperative that we have enough to
fulfill the freshwater needs for people who live in, and visit, Hawai`i.
WATER REUSE HAS MANY ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS as well, such as: creating
a more dependable water supply; decreasing the need to divert water from ecosystems;
reducing the discharge of wastewater that leads to water pollution; and it can HELP TO
CREATE OR ENHANCE WETLANDS AND RIPARIAN HABITATS.
Infrastructure for water reuse requires a high initial investment, but monetary benefits and
returns may be realized in the future.
State of Hawai`i, Department of Health Water Quality Plan 2019
<https://health.hawaii.gov/water/files/2019/03/FINAL-DOH-Water-Quality-Plan-2019.pdf>
[Extract; Emphasis and Clarification Supplied]
________________________________________
PARCHED KANAHA POND
The Maui News, September 15, 2021
<https://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2021/09/parched-kanaha-pond/>
With much of its pond bottom exposed and cracking Kanaha Pond Wildlife Sanctuary
wetlands look ghostly white Saturday morning
Normally the state Department of Land and Natural Resources Division of Forestry and
Wildlife uses a pump to increase the water in the pond during dry periods, a spokesman said.
But currently the pump is broken a new one was ordered months ago. The vendor indicated
that the pump will arrive in about three weeks, the spokesman added.