We've all got to come together, and we've got to protect what's left of our ancient forests on this planet. ~ Stella McCartney
Plans to protect air and water, wilderness and wildlife, are in fact plans to protect man. ~ Stuart L. Udall
Wetlands sustainability report3 -South Africa EditionNET Africa
Special edition: South Africa Regional Report Did you know that Botswana pioneered water accounting in the late 1990s and early 2000s?
This week we focus on Botswana, the South African country that pioneered water accounting in the late 1990s and early 2000s. We look at the progress they have made and how they have changed the way, we account for water all over the world.
We also feature Lake Malawi, which is a freshwater lake in the Africa Great Lakes region. It is rich in biodiversity with over 800 species of cichlids. Part of this lake due to its scenic beauty and outstanding universal values is a World Heritage Site. However, since 2011, the oil industry has explored Lake for oil. According to a number of leading environmental experts, including Godfrey Mfiti, any oil drilling in this Lake is detrimental to the survival of wildlife and available freshwater from this Lake. We review a book discussing the argument against oil exploration.
Wetlands sustainability report3 -South Africa EditionNET Africa
Special edition: South Africa Regional Report Did you know that Botswana pioneered water accounting in the late 1990s and early 2000s?
This week we focus on Botswana, the South African country that pioneered water accounting in the late 1990s and early 2000s. We look at the progress they have made and how they have changed the way, we account for water all over the world.
We also feature Lake Malawi, which is a freshwater lake in the Africa Great Lakes region. It is rich in biodiversity with over 800 species of cichlids. Part of this lake due to its scenic beauty and outstanding universal values is a World Heritage Site. However, since 2011, the oil industry has explored Lake for oil. According to a number of leading environmental experts, including Godfrey Mfiti, any oil drilling in this Lake is detrimental to the survival of wildlife and available freshwater from this Lake. We review a book discussing the argument against oil exploration.
Wetlands in Bangladesh encompass a wide verity of dynamic ecosystems ranging from mangrove forest (about 577, 100 ha), natural lakes, man-made reservoir (Kaptai lake), freshwater marshes (about 400 haors), oxbow lakes (about 54488 ha, locally known as baors), freshwater depressions (about 1,000 beels), fish ponds and tanks (about 147, 000 ha), estuaries and seasonal inundated extensive floodplains (Akonda, 1989; cited in Akbar Ali Khan 1993 and DoF 1985).
The State of the World’s Wetlands - Building a knowledge-base on wetland info...Wetlands International
Presentation Taej Mundkur & Jaime García Moreno: The State of the World’s Wetlands - Building a knowledge-base on wetland information and resources, held at the CBD Side Event 'Space Agencies for Inland and Coastal Wetlands Observation and Reporting'.
With the participation of the Ramsar Secretariat, Wetlands International and UN-CBD Environmental Affairs for Inland Waters.
A wetland is a distinct ecosystem that is flooded by water, either permanently or seasonally, where oxygen-free processes prevail.
Wetlands are also considered the most biologically diverse of all ecosystems, serving as home to a wide range of plant and animal life. Whether any individual wetland performs these functions, and the degree to which it performs them, depends on characteristics of that wetland and the lands and waters near it. Wetlands occur naturally on every continent.The main wetland types are
swamp marsh bog fen
Many peatlands are wetlands. The water in wetlands is either freshwater, brackish, or saltwater.
"the conservation and wise use of wetlands by national action and international cooperation as a means to achieving sustainable development throughout the world
he Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar 1971), commonly known as Ramsar Convention, is a crucial intergovernmental treaty, with mission "Conservation and wise use of all wetlands through local, regional and natural actions and international cooperation, as a contribution towards achieving sustainable development throughout the world.“
The convention entered into force in Pakistan on 23 November 1976. Pakistan currently has 19 sites designated as Wetlands of International Importance
Conserving Biodiversity through an IWEco Approach in Caribbean SIDSiweco-project
An introduction to the UN Environment Programme Global Environment Facility-funded Integrating Water, Land and Ecosystem Management (IWEco) Project approach to Biodiversity Conservation in Caribbean Small Island Developing States, June 2020.
Caribbean studies course work -Geographical CaribbeanMichka Irving
Geographical Caribbean defined
The geographical features of the caribbean
two countries that were each colonized by the dutch, french, English and Spanish.
reference materials are provided.
document is in apa format
Wetlands-classification, Intertidal zone-study in flora and FaunaMegha Majoe
A comprehensive presentation to understand the common methods of classification of wetlands, their traits and threats. Also a small study of the flora and fauna of the ecosystem of Carter Road shore- Mumbai
“You don't learn from successes; you don't learn from awards; you don't learn from celebrity; you only learn from wounds and scares and mistakes and failures. And that's the truth.”
~ Jane Fonda
Wetlands in Bangladesh encompass a wide verity of dynamic ecosystems ranging from mangrove forest (about 577, 100 ha), natural lakes, man-made reservoir (Kaptai lake), freshwater marshes (about 400 haors), oxbow lakes (about 54488 ha, locally known as baors), freshwater depressions (about 1,000 beels), fish ponds and tanks (about 147, 000 ha), estuaries and seasonal inundated extensive floodplains (Akonda, 1989; cited in Akbar Ali Khan 1993 and DoF 1985).
The State of the World’s Wetlands - Building a knowledge-base on wetland info...Wetlands International
Presentation Taej Mundkur & Jaime García Moreno: The State of the World’s Wetlands - Building a knowledge-base on wetland information and resources, held at the CBD Side Event 'Space Agencies for Inland and Coastal Wetlands Observation and Reporting'.
With the participation of the Ramsar Secretariat, Wetlands International and UN-CBD Environmental Affairs for Inland Waters.
A wetland is a distinct ecosystem that is flooded by water, either permanently or seasonally, where oxygen-free processes prevail.
Wetlands are also considered the most biologically diverse of all ecosystems, serving as home to a wide range of plant and animal life. Whether any individual wetland performs these functions, and the degree to which it performs them, depends on characteristics of that wetland and the lands and waters near it. Wetlands occur naturally on every continent.The main wetland types are
swamp marsh bog fen
Many peatlands are wetlands. The water in wetlands is either freshwater, brackish, or saltwater.
"the conservation and wise use of wetlands by national action and international cooperation as a means to achieving sustainable development throughout the world
he Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar 1971), commonly known as Ramsar Convention, is a crucial intergovernmental treaty, with mission "Conservation and wise use of all wetlands through local, regional and natural actions and international cooperation, as a contribution towards achieving sustainable development throughout the world.“
The convention entered into force in Pakistan on 23 November 1976. Pakistan currently has 19 sites designated as Wetlands of International Importance
Conserving Biodiversity through an IWEco Approach in Caribbean SIDSiweco-project
An introduction to the UN Environment Programme Global Environment Facility-funded Integrating Water, Land and Ecosystem Management (IWEco) Project approach to Biodiversity Conservation in Caribbean Small Island Developing States, June 2020.
Caribbean studies course work -Geographical CaribbeanMichka Irving
Geographical Caribbean defined
The geographical features of the caribbean
two countries that were each colonized by the dutch, french, English and Spanish.
reference materials are provided.
document is in apa format
Wetlands-classification, Intertidal zone-study in flora and FaunaMegha Majoe
A comprehensive presentation to understand the common methods of classification of wetlands, their traits and threats. Also a small study of the flora and fauna of the ecosystem of Carter Road shore- Mumbai
“You don't learn from successes; you don't learn from awards; you don't learn from celebrity; you only learn from wounds and scares and mistakes and failures. And that's the truth.”
~ Jane Fonda
Rule Number One of Leadership. Leaders Don't Pass the Buck.
Great leaders accept responsibility for the current situation and focus on solutions.
~ JOSH HINDS
Do not follow where the path may lead. Go instead where there is no path and leave a trail.
Going far beyond the call of duty, doing more than others expect...this is what excellence is all about. And it comes from striving, maintaining the highest standards, looking after the smallest detail, and going the extra mile. Excellence means doing your very best. In everything. In everyway,
~ MOTOROLA WORLD CLASS AMBASSADOR CLUB
“Coral reefs represent some of the world's most spectacular beauty spots, but they are also the foundation of marine life: without them many of the seas most exquisite species will not survive”
~ Sheherazade Goldsmith
“Coral is a very beautiful and unusual animal. Each coral head consists of thousand individual polyps. These polyps are continually budding and branching into genetically identical neighbors”
~ Antony Garrett Lisi
“The ocean stirs the heart, inspires the imagination and brings etrnal joy to the soul”
~ Wyland
Kanaha Pond Wildlife Sanctuary - Wetland in Jeopardy - Water Restoration and ...CliftonHasegawa1
For many of us, water simply flows from a faucet, and we think little about it beyond this point of contact. We have lost a sense of respect for the wild river, for the complex workings of a wetland, for the intricate web of life that water supports.
- Sandra Postel
Our ideals, laws and customs should be based on the proposition that each generation, in turn, becomes the custodian rather than the absolute owner of our resources and each generation has the obligation to pass this inheritance on to the future. - Charles A. Lindbergh
Developing Australia's Tropical Water Resources - Part 2eWater
Part 1 of this series argued that ecologically-sustainable irrigated agriculture is, at least, technically feasible (if politically unrealistic!) …….the remaining fundamental question is this – is Australia’s tropical north the potential agricultural utopia it is claimed by many to be?
Excuses kill solutions and dilute passion. Kill excuses before it kills you. Focus is key! Obstacles will always exist on your path, but it's important to remember that it is not these challenges that stop us from becoming the amazing people we can be, it is often our own excuses that stop us. - Vijay Eswaran
Audit success comes from service, not from status. The true standards of audit practice are found within the auditor's character: honesty, integrity, self control and high ethical values. The printed standards are merely guidelines for trying to make the art of auditing into a profession. - Michael L. Piazza
Auditors must develop a reputation that proclaims that they know what they are doing... that their reviews are factual and unbiased... that they deserve to be respected... that they are professionals with professional qualifications. A fundamental key to audit success is the reputation for objectivity. That implies independence from activities reviewed. Complete independence is an unattainable goal while practical independence is not only possible but absolutely essential. - Larry Sawyer
The bull rider in the chute apparently couldn't get his grip and kept resetting. - Sara M. Anderson
The rodeo ain't over till the bull riders ride. - Ralph Carpenter
The quality of a person's life is in direct proportion to their commitment to excellence, regardless of their chosen field of endeavor. Individual commitment to a group effort—that is what makes a team work, a company work, a society work, a civilization work. - Vince Lombardi
Two roads diverged in a wood and I - I took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference.
- Robert Frost
Sometimes the right path is not the easiest.
- Grandmother Willow
LEADership is the ability to translate vision into reality.
- Warren Bennis
Realize that if a door closed, it's because what was behind it wasn't meant for you.
- Mandy Hale
I believe each of us has a mission in life, and that one cannot truly be living their most fulfilled life until they recognize this mission and dedicate their life to pursuing it. - Blake Mycoskie
A mission statement is not something you write overnight. But fundamentally, your mission statement becomes your constitution, the solid expression of your vision and values. It becomes the criterion by which you measure everything else in your life. - Stephen Covey
There are three kinds of people: Those who make things happen, those who watch things happen, and those who ask, 'What happened?'
- Casey Stengel
Success seems to be connected with action. Successful people keep moving. They make mistakes, but they don't quit.
- Conrad Hilton
The Law is a mighty machine. Woe to the unfortunate man who, wholly or in part innocent, becomes entangled in its mighty wheels, unless his innocence is patent or his rescue planned and executed by able counsel. The machine will grind on relentlessly and ruthlessly, and blindfolded justice does not see that the grist is sometimes stained with blood.
- Edward Johnes, Esq.
Inner harmony means knowing yourself, accepting yourself and delighting yourself. Make your body and mind the best friends to give your best, effortlessly, in any area of your life.
- Savitha Hosamane
Michael Jordan:
Some people want it to happen, some wish it would happen, others make it happen.
I've always believed that if you put in the work, the results will come. I don't do things half-heartedly. Because I know if I do, then I can expect half-hearted results.
Talent wins games, but teamwork and intelligence wins championships.
Write your own book instead of reading someone else's book about success. Great moments are born from great opportunities. This is your time. Their time is done. It's over. This is your time. Now go out there and take it!
- Herb Brooks
No work is insignificant. All labor that uplifts humanity has dignity and importance and should be undertaken with painstaking excellence. - Martin Luther King, Jr.
To do what nobody else will do, a way that nobody else can do, in spite of all we go through; that is to be a nurse.
- Rawsi Williams
Nurses dispense comfort, compassion, and caring without even a prescription. - Val Saintsbury
It's no secret that the healthcare system needs some work. In fact, it's not really a system at all. It's confusing, it's difficult to navigate, and it's too expensive. When you combine that with some of the demographic trends that you see in our country — the population is getting older, we're experiencing more chronic disease — it gets even more complicated and more expensive. And consumer expectations are changing dramatically as well. So, this creates an opportunity for an organization like ours to lead this digital transformation.
Steve Nelson, CEO
UnitedHealthcare
When a man becomes a fireman his greatest act of bravery has been accomplished. What he does after that is all in the line of work.
I have no ambition in this world but one, and that is to be a fireman. The position may, in the eyes of some, appear to be a lowly one; but we who know the work which the fireman has to do believe that his is a noble calling. Our proudest moment is to save lives. Under the impulse of such thoughts, the nobility of the occupation thrills us and stimulates us to deeds of daring, even of supreme sacrifice.
- Edward F. Croker, Chief, New York City Fire Department
(FDNY) (1899-1911)
More from Clifton M. Hasegawa & Associates, LLC (20)
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Hawaii - The Vanishing Hawaiian Forests - Saving Ohia Forests - Pathways
1. HAWAÌI
RAPID ˋŌHIˋA DEATH |ROD|
CONNECTING THE DOTS
OBSERVATIONS BY A LAYPERSON
FaceBook Friend Jane Honeycutt shared the following News Article that dovetailed
into research on the subject of ROD,
Great Pacifc Garbage Patch Is Now Twice the Size of Texas and It's Rapidly Getting Worse
By Drew MacFarlane. Weather.com. March 22, 2018, accessed March 26, 2018
https://weather.com/news/news/2018-03-23-great-pacifc-garbage-patch-twice-size-of-texas
The monstrous patch consists of 1.8 trillion pieces of plastic and weighs a
whopping 88,000 tons. That's equal to 500 jumbo jets. These new numbers are
up to 16 times higher than what previous estimates anticipated, and it's rapidly
getting worse. The patches are in international waters, meaning no
governments are held responsible for stepping in to clean up the islands of
waste. The bulk of the efort has to be taken on by groups like OCF [The Ocean
Cleanup Foundation], most of which are privately funded. And the longer they
wait, the more of an enemy time becomes. [Clarifcation Supplied]
__________________________________
MARINE DEBRIS BIG ISLAND OF HAWAÌI
NOAA 2006 SURVEY
https://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/cred/aerial_surveys.php
The aerial survey of Hawai'i revealed 79 debris sites distributed on all sides of
this large island. The highest concentration of sites was observed near South
Point. Additional marine debris zones included the Waikoloa area southwest of
Puakō, the Kawaihae Harbor area, and the region between ̀Upolu Point and
Waimea Valley.
On February 17, 2006, the aerial survey team set out from Kona Airport in an
unanticipated search efort to locate a whale that was reported by the Hawaiian
Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary to be entangled in DFG
[Derelict Fishing Gear]. [Clarifcation Supplied]
2. The search covered the leeward waters of this island. Although the whale was
not located, the fight allowed for the unexpected documentation of 12 large
accumulations of free-foating DFG. In the future, the marine debris team hopes
to attach tracking buoys to such foating debris accumulations to provide more
information on the paths of free-foating marine debris in the Hawaiian
Archipelago. Knowledge of the movement patterns of marine debris could allow
for concentrated eforts to mitigate the threats of DFG
NOAA 2008 SURVEY
https://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/library/pubs/SP-10-003.pdf
The 2006 aerial survey identifed 78 DFG points at Hawaìi Island, and the
2008 survey recorded 246 points. DFG was found primarily on the east-facing
shores of South Pt. and from Kona Airport to Waimanu Bay during both
2006 and 2008 surveys.
DFG POINTS / ROD POINTS - SIMILARITIES
COURTESY BIG ISLAND VIDEO
3. ̀ŌHÌA
̀Ōhìa is a Hawaiian name for several kinds of trees, but the most prominent
of these is ̀ōhìa lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha), perhaps one of the most
important native Hawaiian trees. ̀Ōhìa lehua is endemic to the Hawaiian
Islands - It grows naturally in this archipelago alone. ̀Ōhìa - dominated forests
cover close to one million acres of land across the State of Hawaìi. ̀Ōhìa can
be found at elevations from sea level to greater than 9000 ft. They are often
among the frst plants to colonize fresh lava substrate, and are therefore
instrumental in the process of soil development and ecological succession.
̀Ōhìa trees make up the largest portion of the canopy in native wet
forests. They provide shelter and food for numerous native birds, including
endemic Hawaiian nectar-feeding honeycreepers such as the ̀apapane and
̀ìiwi, as well as innumerable insects, snails and other invertebrates. Their
trunks act as nurse logs, supplying nutrients, water and protection for native
seedlings and epiphytes. Their canopies capture mists and rainwater that
replenish our island aquifers, which provide drinking and irrigation water
for Hawaìi's communities and agricultural sector. [Emphasis Supplied]
Source: University of Hawaìi at Mānoa College of Tropical Agriculture and Human
Resources https://cms.ctahr.hawaii.edu/rod/THEDISEASE/MOREABOUTOHIA.aspx
__________________________________
No other tree in Hawaii's native forests captures water the way ohia does.
Look at an ohia – at its branch architecture, its densely clustered leaves, at the
lichens and mosses that often colonize its bark. All of that creates a sort of
sponge for the water that falls. That water flters through the forest and then
seeps into the ground, and that recharges our aquifers. Strawberry guava, one
of the main species moving in as the ohia die, is smooth-barked and shallow-
rooted. It has almost the opposite efect during rainfall, increasing runof, which
could raise the risk of fooding and brown-water events along Hawaii's coast.
[Emphasis Supplied] ~ Corie Yanger, CTAHR NREM
Source: Rapid Ohia Death – Threat to Hawaii's Water By Timothy A. Schuler. Hawaii
Business. November15, 2016, accessed March 26, 2018 https://www.hawaiibusiness.com/rapid-
ohia-death-threat-to-hawaiis-water/
4. COMPARE ROD
CESSPOOLS
KAU DISTRICT ‖ PUNA, KONA, SOUTH HILO, NORTH HILO DISTRICTS
COURTESY BIG ISLAND VIDEO
COMPARE ROD
KAU DISTRICT ‖ PUNA, KONA, SOUTH HILO, NORTH HILO DISTRICTS
The Kàū Forest Reserve is a critical watershed for the people of Kàū. The
Reserve's water sources are used for domestic supplies as well as agriculture,
and maintaining this water supply is important for the future viability of
agriculture in Kàū. The native forest replenishes springs and other
groundwater, and reduces fooding and erosion.
Protecting the forests of the Reserve is important because of the direct impact
to humans and our water supply. While many people are familiar with the
water cycle and how rainfall ends up in groundwater that is used by humans,
fewer people may be aware of the large role forests play in supplying and
purifying our fresh water. Fog condensing on trees is an important source of
moisture and can increase measurable precipitation by 20% (Juvik and Perreira
1973; Juvik and Nullet 1995). Forests collect and flter water into the
groundwater and streams. A healthy forest without soil disturbance limits
aquatic pollutants (e.g. siltation, suspended solids, turbidity, nutrients, organic
enrichment, toxins and pathogens) due to erosion and runof.
5. Forests may also reduce the impacts of fooding and erosion by slowing down
water as it fows down the mountain.
Despite the large amount of rain in the upland forests of Ka‘ū, there are no
perennial streams because the water is absorbed quickly into the highly
permeable lava fows (Davis and Yamanaga 1966). Surface water reaches the
sea only after periods of heavy rainfall and fooding. The water absorbed into
the lava sinks rapidly to the basal water table where it either foats on salt
water or is perched on impermeable ash beds and becomes groundwater. Some
basal water seeps out at springs at or near sea level along the coast (Stearns
and MacDonald 1946).
Source: State of Hawaii, Division of Forestry and Wildlife. Kàū Forest Reserve Management
Plan (September 2012) https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/forestry/fles/2013/02/Kau_FR_Mgnt_Plan_2012.pdf
______________________
The Kàū Forest Reserve was established by Governor's Proclamation on
August 2, 1906 to protect the forest on the lower slopes of Mauna Loa in the
K̀aū District on the southeastern side of the island of Hawaìi. The Reserve is
public land, managed by DOFAW [State of Hawaii, Division of Forestry and
Wildlife], and consists of approximately 61,000 acres of forested lands. Kàū
Forest Reserve was established to maintain the necessary water supply for
agricultural lands in Kàū. [Clarifcation Supplied]
Source: State of Hawaii, Division of Forestry and Wildlife. Kàū Forest Reserve
https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/forestry/frs/reserves/hawaii-island/kau/
Notes, Supplied
Mauna Loa Elevation: 13,677 feet (4,169 meters)
Volcanoes National Park Elevation: From Sea Level to Mauna Loa Summit
Kapapala Forest Reserve Elevation: 10,253 feet (3,125 meters)
Kaū Forest Reserve Elevation: 4,692 feet (1,430 meters)
6. COMPARE ROD
RAINFALL
KAU DISTRICT ‖ PUNA, KONA, SOUTH HILO, NORTH HILO DISTRICTS
Giambelluca, T.W., Q. Chen, A.G. Frazier, J.P. Price, Y.-L. Chen, P.-S. Chu, J.K.
Eischeid, and D.M. Delparte, 2013: Online Rainfall Atlas of Hawaìi. Bull. Amer.
Meteor. Soc. 94, 313-316, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00228.1.
University of Hawaìi at Mānoa Geography Department
Rainfall Atlas of Hawaìi http://rainfall.geography.hawaii.edu/downloads.html
Marine debris is transported to Hawaìi from its many points of origin by ocean
currents. The North Pacifc Subtropical Gyre is a massive circular ocean current
system encompassing much of the North Pacifc Ocean. It is located between 8º
N latitude and 50º N latitude and covers an area of approximately10 million
square miles (34 million km²).
7. The North Pacifc Subtropical Gyre fows in a clockwise pattern and is
composed of these prevailing ocean currents: the southern fowing California
Current, the western fowing North Equatorial Current, the northward fowing
Kuroshio Current, and the eastward fowing Kuroshio Extension Current and
North Pacifc Current. Marine debris aggregates in a region of the North Pacifc
Subtropical Gyre known as the “Pacifc Garbage Patch.” The Hawaiian
Archipelago,consisting of the MHI and NWHI, is situated southwest of the
center of this gyre. The debris is carried by the wind and currents and
deposited onto the shallow reef environments of the various islands, islets, reefs
and atolls of Hawaìi.
Winds play a large role in determining where this debris eventually ends up.
The earth's rotation allows the wind to drive surface currents toward the center
of the gyre, thereby causing an accumulation of foating material. Trade winds
blow from a NE to SW direction at speeds of 5–20 knots and account for most
of the wind in Hawaìi and remain present in some form throughout the year.
Ocean current models show that a northwesterly current exists on the east side
of the entire MHI chain. This current and the trade winds pushing down from
the northeast explain why DFG can be found on most windward and east-facing
coastlines. On the west side of these islands, we see much more variability in
the currents. This high level of variability and the trade winds blowing ofshore
cause DFG to get blown away from leeward coastlines.
The 2006 aerial survey identifed 78 DFG points at Hawaìi Island, and the
2008 survey recorded 246 points. DFG was found primarily on the east-facing
shores of South Pt. and from Kona Airport to Waimanu Bay during both 2006
and 2008 surveys.
Summary
ROD is most prevalent in the North Hilo and South Hilo Districts.
The Watershed for North Hilo and South Hilo Districts receive the highest
rainfall on the Big Island.1
North Hilo and South Hilo Districts have less rainfall but
beneft from groundwater percolating from through the watershed areas.
1 Fungi need lots of water to grow. University of Hawaìi at Mānoa Botany Department
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/BOT135/Lect03_c.htm
8. The presence of a high density of cesspools and surface and ground water
quality may contribute to healthy trees and immunity to environmental stress, the link
to ROD is inconclusive.
The growing presence of marine debris as a possible carrier of pathogens
may be a factor, the link to ROD is inconclusive.
MORE RESEARCH IS NEEDED
Much of what we think we know about ROD involves speculative
hypotheses that are based on common sense observations, educated
experience and evidence from elsewhere. These hypotheses need to be
confrmed and refned or refuted and replaced through research.
Guidance Document for Rapid̀Ōhia Death By Lloyd Loope. University of
Hawaii at Mānoa College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources.
December 2016, accessed March 26, 2018
https://gms.ctahr.hawaii.edu/gs/handler/getmedia.ashx?moid=4793&dt=3&g=12
UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MĀNOA
COLLEGE OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURE AND HUMAN RESOURCES
RAPID ̀ŌHÌA DEATH
March 26, 2018
https://cms.ctahr.hawaii.edu/rod/THEDISEASE/FREQUENTLYASKEDQUESTIONS.aspx
Scientists, researchers and land managers are working together to understand
various aspects of this new disease.
Some of the current research includes:
➢ Mapping the distribution of ROD
➢ Using remote sensing techniques to discover locations of stressed trees that
may be infected with the ROD fungus
9. ➢ Using computer modeling and geographic information systems to examine
landscape or ecological patterns of the disease
➢ Monitoring long-term forest plots to learn how the disease progresses over
time in a given location
➢ DNA test improvement to increase ability to test for ROD in the feld and lab
➢ DNA testing on beetle and beetle-made wood dust (“frass”)
➢ Wood dust (“frass”) trapping to see how much is being carried by wind
➢ Testing fungicides for efectiveness against Ceratocystis
➢ Testing diferent varieties of ̀ōhìa to search for resistance to ROD
➢ Testing best methods for preventing the spread of ROD
WE NEED TO LEARN FROM OUR PAST MISTAKES
OF NOT REACTING FAST ENOUGH
— Lloyd Loope —
IMAGE COURTESY LAVALAND HAWAII