The document summarizes the current status of the Philippine mango industry in the global value chain. It finds that while the Philippines is one of the leading exporters of dried mangoes, its participation in fresh mango exports is limited. Other countries like Mexico, Peru, Brazil, India and Thailand have emerged as major mango exporters and now threaten the Philippines' position. The status of the Philippine mango industry can be strengthened by improving competitiveness, productivity, meeting international standards, and developing new technologies to deal with challenges like pests and diseases. The study used a descriptive research design to analyze the Philippines' integration in the global mango value chain.
The rapid emergence of branding in food retail in asiaKrishna Singh
This document summarizes a case study on the rapid emergence of branding in the makhana (gorgon nut) market in Bihar, India. The following key points are made:
- Branding of makhana has diffused rapidly, with the share of branded products doubling from 25% to 50% of the total market over five years.
- Two types of brands exist - low-price brands that focus on packaging with little quality consideration, and high-price brands that invest more in quality, advertising, and specialized salespeople.
- Information provided by most brands is incomplete or misleading regarding traceability, certification, and linkages to producers.
- While retail prices of branded products
Multinational channel strategy and customer value in an emerging economyfredrickaila
This document summarizes a study that examined how the distribution strategy of a multinational beverage company (Coca-Cola) impacted customer value in Western Kenya. The study surveyed Coca-Cola distributors to understand their perceptions. It found that most distributors were located near major urban areas like Kisumu and Kericho for proximity to the plant and high consumption. The study also assessed the relationship between order cycle time, stock availability, and sales. It concluded that reducing order cycle times to one day for stock replenishment could increase customer value.
1) India has been successful in diversifying its exports to the US market over time. Between 1993-94 and 1997-98, over 1,600 new export items entered India's export basket to the US, accounting for 7.3% of total exports to the US in 1997-98.
2) Most of the new export items came from three major product categories - plastics, machinery, and electrical equipment. These three categories comprised over 50% of the value of new exports.
3) Many of the new export products have high dependency on the US market, with some products being exported only to the US. There is a need to reduce this dependency by developing new export markets.
This summary discusses three key issues regarding the supermarket revolution in Asia:
1. Continuity in transformation - Countries that entered the third wave of the supermarket revolution in the early/mid-2000s, like China, India, and Vietnam, continued to experience rapid growth in modern retail sales through the late 2000s.
2. Innovation in transformation - Asia's supermarket revolution has exhibited unique pathways of retail diffusion and procurement system changes, including rural supermarket penetration and the emergence of Asian retail multinational chains.
3. Innovation in development strategies - Several novel approaches have emerged in Asia to link small farmers to supermarkets, such as establishing collection hubs and platforms and forming farmer companies and cooperatives.
This document discusses business strategies for strengthening food value chains and reducing poverty in developing countries. It outlines the opportunity for businesses to engage the "base of the pyramid" market of 3.7 billion people earning $8 or less per day, who spend $1.3 trillion annually on food. 70% of this population depends on the food value chain. The document presents innovative business models that companies are using to engage smallholder farmers and consumers, and empower entrepreneurs through improved access to markets, financing, and infrastructure. It provides design principles for successful models, including creating life-enhancing offerings and collaborating through non-traditional partnerships. Finally, it recommends actions like prioritizing initiatives and facilitating corporate engagement to scale up these approaches
Dairy products are high energy-yielding products made from raw milk. Since milk can be easily contaminated because of lactose fermentation, dairy products need to be packed in durable materials, so they reach the customer in desirable condition. Increase in demand for milk and dairy products has brought a transformation in the packaging industry.
Request to Sample of This Report @ https://marketreportscenter.com/request-sample/383832
The rapid emergence of branding in food retail in asiaKrishna Singh
This document summarizes a case study on the rapid emergence of branding in the makhana (gorgon nut) market in Bihar, India. The following key points are made:
- Branding of makhana has diffused rapidly, with the share of branded products doubling from 25% to 50% of the total market over five years.
- Two types of brands exist - low-price brands that focus on packaging with little quality consideration, and high-price brands that invest more in quality, advertising, and specialized salespeople.
- Information provided by most brands is incomplete or misleading regarding traceability, certification, and linkages to producers.
- While retail prices of branded products
Multinational channel strategy and customer value in an emerging economyfredrickaila
This document summarizes a study that examined how the distribution strategy of a multinational beverage company (Coca-Cola) impacted customer value in Western Kenya. The study surveyed Coca-Cola distributors to understand their perceptions. It found that most distributors were located near major urban areas like Kisumu and Kericho for proximity to the plant and high consumption. The study also assessed the relationship between order cycle time, stock availability, and sales. It concluded that reducing order cycle times to one day for stock replenishment could increase customer value.
1) India has been successful in diversifying its exports to the US market over time. Between 1993-94 and 1997-98, over 1,600 new export items entered India's export basket to the US, accounting for 7.3% of total exports to the US in 1997-98.
2) Most of the new export items came from three major product categories - plastics, machinery, and electrical equipment. These three categories comprised over 50% of the value of new exports.
3) Many of the new export products have high dependency on the US market, with some products being exported only to the US. There is a need to reduce this dependency by developing new export markets.
This summary discusses three key issues regarding the supermarket revolution in Asia:
1. Continuity in transformation - Countries that entered the third wave of the supermarket revolution in the early/mid-2000s, like China, India, and Vietnam, continued to experience rapid growth in modern retail sales through the late 2000s.
2. Innovation in transformation - Asia's supermarket revolution has exhibited unique pathways of retail diffusion and procurement system changes, including rural supermarket penetration and the emergence of Asian retail multinational chains.
3. Innovation in development strategies - Several novel approaches have emerged in Asia to link small farmers to supermarkets, such as establishing collection hubs and platforms and forming farmer companies and cooperatives.
This document discusses business strategies for strengthening food value chains and reducing poverty in developing countries. It outlines the opportunity for businesses to engage the "base of the pyramid" market of 3.7 billion people earning $8 or less per day, who spend $1.3 trillion annually on food. 70% of this population depends on the food value chain. The document presents innovative business models that companies are using to engage smallholder farmers and consumers, and empower entrepreneurs through improved access to markets, financing, and infrastructure. It provides design principles for successful models, including creating life-enhancing offerings and collaborating through non-traditional partnerships. Finally, it recommends actions like prioritizing initiatives and facilitating corporate engagement to scale up these approaches
Dairy products are high energy-yielding products made from raw milk. Since milk can be easily contaminated because of lactose fermentation, dairy products need to be packed in durable materials, so they reach the customer in desirable condition. Increase in demand for milk and dairy products has brought a transformation in the packaging industry.
Request to Sample of This Report @ https://marketreportscenter.com/request-sample/383832
Analyzing Marketing Margins and the Direction of Price Flow in the Tomato Val...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document analyzes the tomato value chain in Limpopo Province, South Africa. It finds that farmers receive a low portion of the final consumer price for tomatoes, with about 85% of the consumer's rand going towards marketing margins. Examining prices at different levels of the chain, it determines that both wholesale and retail prices are "caused by" or dependent on farm gate prices through Granger causality tests. Therefore, the farm level plays a key role in price determination for tomatoes in Limpopo Province. Policies to improve the tomato farming sector may help enhance other sectors in the value chain.
The document assesses the export marketing challenges facing Ethiopian vegetable and fruit commercial growers. It finds that while external barriers like industry and macroenvironment challenges are rated as moderately important obstacles, internal barriers related to company resources and product quality are also issues. The top three challenges identified are human resource barriers, quality control barriers, and competition from other exporters. The study provides background on Ethiopia's vegetable and fruit export performance and will help growers and policymakers address weaknesses hampering the sector's export potential.
Lake Tana basin is one of the most potential vegetable production areas in Ethiopia. However, production in this
region has been carried out at smallholders’ level with poor marketing infrastructure. Hence, this study was aimed to
examine the structure and performance of vegetable marketing in the Lake Tana basin. Multistage random sampling
mixed with non probability sampling techniques were employed to collect data from 385 smallholder vegetable
producing farmers and 107 vegetable traders from three districts and two major town markets. Data were analyzed
using market structure and performance indicators. The result of the analysis showed that market structure in the
study area could be characterized by weak oligopolistic market with little chance of market participants to influence
market price. Storage loss and transport cost were found the two largest cost components of vegetable marketing in
the study area. Net marketing margin and producers’ share of the consumers’ price could be improved by shortening
the distance between the producer and urban consumer or reducing the intermediaries involved. Establishing
farmers’ group marketing with communication access together with least cost storage and transport technologies
should be encouraged to improve vegetable marketing performance.
This document provides an overview of agriculture marketing in India. It discusses what agriculture marketing entails, key issues like multiple middlemen and lack of storage/financing. It outlines government efforts such as NAFED, eNAM portal, and quality standards. Finally, it describes how recent farm acts aim to reduce costs, encourage private investment, and improve price assurance and storage facilities for farmers.
The challenge of adjustment in the textile and garments industries of the Phi...Raymund Habaradas
The document discusses the challenges facing the textile and garment industries in the Philippines. It provides an overview of the state of the industries, outlining declining contributions to GDP, employment levels, and exports in recent decades. Challenges discussed include high costs, low productivity, and political instability. The document also examines adjustment efforts by firms based on a survey, prospects in the post-quota regime, and export performance data for 2004-2005, finding some niche market opportunities remain for Philippine firms.
Agriculture marketing involves the process of transferring agricultural goods from the producer to the consumer. It includes pre-harvest and post-harvest operations, assembly, grading, storage, transportation, and distribution. Agriculture marketing in Pakistan faces several problems, including a long chain of middlemen that reduce farmers' returns, low-quality produce due to poor production practices, costly and inadequate transportation and storage infrastructure, and lack of market knowledge among farmers. Reforms are needed to improve the agricultural marketing system in Pakistan.
The sale of imported second-hand clothing (SHC) and counterfeits in African markets have been increasing while the manufacturing in apparel, clothing and textile has been on the decline. Most governments respond by raising duty and restricting the imports with limited success. While most researchers look at the issue from an economic perspective only, this paper looks at the effect of the trade in a combined holistic and behavioural perspective
Macroeconomic Variables and Manufacturing Sector Output in Nigeriaijtsrd
Management of macroencomic variables has been noted as instrumental to a well performing manufacturing sector. This study thus examined the effect of macroencomic variables on the manufacturing sector in Nigeria within a liberalised economic era of 1986 to 2018. The Autoregressive Distributive Lag model was employed for data analysis. The results revealed that macroeconomic variables has 93 significant short run policy effect but no significant long run effects on manufacturing sector output in Nigeria. The endogenous dynamics of manufacturing sector previous year outputs exerted a significance influence on the macroeconomic variables long run relationship effect on current year. The explanatory variables suggested that money supply M2 , interest rate INTR and credit to private sector CPS exerted positive effects on manufacturing sector output at short term trends. The study thus posits that macroeconomic variables have varying levels of effects on the manufacturing sectors of Nigerian economy. The monetary authority should employ the monetary policy stance in a pattern that increases money supply in order to boost investment in manufacturing sector which would eventual bring about improved output to Nigeria. Dr. Loretta Anayo Ozuah "Macroeconomic Variables and Manufacturing Sector Output in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38420.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/38420/macroeconomic-variables-and-manufacturing-sector-output-in-nigeria/dr-loretta-anayo-ozuah
Agricultural commodity marketing; marketing issues related to formDaisy Ifeoma
This chapter will enable students to understand the different stages of agricultural commodity marketing.The chapter also emphasizes the importance of grading and classification of agricultural commodities to the students.
Philippines apparel and footwear market report 2020|Philippines Apparel Market Ken Research Pvt ltd.
Philippines Apparel and Footwear Market Outlook to 2019 – Increase in Influx of Foreign Brands" provides a comprehensive analysis of various aspects such as market size, segment on the basis of organized and unorganized sector, product categories, domestically manufactured and imported products, location of raw materials and consumer profiling. The report also includes information on sportswear market along with the contribution of online sales of apparel and footwear products. more details visit: https://www.kenresearch.com/consumer-products-and-retail/textile-apparel-and-footwear/philippines-apparel-footwear-market/5245-95.html
The Turkish market has performed strongly over the past six years, stimulated by higher numbers of births over the past two or three years, a generally buoyant economy, and strong marketing by manufacturers.
THE WINE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: A QUALITATIVE APPROACHijmvsc
This research presents a case study of the wine distribution system of the Dominican Republic (DR). It focuses on the emerging wine market which is not a wine producing region, however represents a large and growing market for export of wine. Data were collected though in-depth interviews with major
representatives of the DR wine distribution system–importers, retailers, managers of restaurants, allinclusive resorts, and hotels. In addition, field observations were used as a mechanism of qualitative data collection. The findings show that almost all available wine in the DR is controlled by importers.
Importers negotiate promotional costs, slot fees, and promotional budgets with the producers and provide
credit to retailers. The Dominican Republic wine market operates in a highly competitive environment;
Spain, Chile, Italy, and the United States are primary competitors on this market. Retail represents the
biggest channel for sales of imported wines.
Factors Influencing Supply Chain Performance in the Public Sugar Sector - A C...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper sought to evaluate the effect of technology adoption, early supplier involvement, low-cost sourcing and backward integration on supply chain performance in the public sugar sector, guided by four objectives: To assess effectiveness of technology adoption on supply chain performance, to assess the role of early supplier involvement on supply chain performance, to evaluate effectiveness of low-cost sourcing on supply chain performance and to evaluate effectiveness of backward integration on supply chain performance. Purposive sampling was used to select a target population of 60 respondents. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instruments. Descriptive and inferential statistics was used in data analysis aided by SPSS software. From the findings, technology adoption and early supplier involvement were found to be positively correlated to supply chain performance. Thus the above factors should be considered as major determinants in influencing supply chain performance in the public sugar sector.
Keywords: Agile Supply, Backward integration, Collaborative Relationship, Corporate Strategy, Outsourcing, Supply Chain, Supply Chain Management.
THE MAJOR PROBLEMS CONFRONTING AGRICULTURAL MARKETING IN NIGERIA AND SUGGEST ...Folarin Gbolahan
Over the years, major changes came into effect to improve the agricultural marketing system. Many institutions viz., the regulated markets, marketing boards, cooperative marketing institutions, warehousing cooperatives etc., have been established primarily to help the farmers. However, various studies indicated that modernization in agricultural marketing could not keep pace with the technological adoptions in agriculture. The various marketing functions viz., grading, standardization, storage, market intelligence, etc., need to be improved to meet the present day requirements of the farmers. In improving the marketing system for food and livestock in developing countries as Nigeria, it is pertinent to understand the nature of marketing problems as it is only by doing this that workable solution can be found to them. Indeed such knowledge of marketing problems would give information as to why markets are not developing and what measures are required to develop the markets.
Agriculture Marketing (Mkt165) chapter 2-problem & characteristic of agri mar...watak manga pilu
This document discusses the characteristics and problems of agricultural marketing. It outlines several key differences between agricultural and industrial products, including financial strength, point of production, storage, management efficiencies, promotion, acceptance, and volatility. It then describes several problems in agricultural marketing, such as difficulties adjusting production to changing demand, lack of orientation towards consumers, and high costs of marketing and distribution. Finally, it examines how agricultural marketing responds to consumer goals through understanding tastes and preferences, providing variety, ensuring safety and nutrition, special displays and promotions, and time-saving services.
Exploring the fourth wave of supermarket evolution: concepts of value and com...ijmvsc
This document discusses the expansion of South African supermarket chains into other parts of Africa, representing a "fourth wave" of global supermarket evolution. It explores the concepts of value and complexity that arise in this process. Three major South African supermarket businesses - Shoprite, Pick 'n Pay, and Spar - have expanded into other African countries. While this expansion has economic benefits, it also presents challenges for local producers and increases operational complexities due to cultural and business practice differences across countries. The document examines these issues through the lens of the value chain concept.
This document contains questions and answers related to agricultural marketing. It discusses:
- Four important criteria for market information to be useful, including being complete, relevant, confidential, and timely.
- The differences between cyclical and seasonal price variations in farm prices.
- Four common environmental factors that influence international markets: demographic, natural, technological, and socio-cultural.
- Three components of marketing costs that food marketing firms incur: labor, transportation, and packaging costs.
- Four factors to consider when selecting marketing channels: distance, nature of products, production skill, and others.
- Two methods the government uses to protect price stability for agricultural products: price pegging and subsidies
Organic farming has the potential to improve livelihoods for small farmers in Asia, but its impacts depend on conditions. Transitioning from traditional to organic methods tends to increase incomes despite initial yield losses. Transitioning from intensive conventional farming sees higher costs initially as yields stabilize in years 2-3, but overall incomes increase due to lower inputs and premium prices for organic crops. While organic methods require more labor, they can be suitable for areas with abundant labor or land degradation where conventional farming is impractical. Widespread adoption faces challenges including a lack of technical support and strong farmer organizations needed to access growing local and international organic markets.
Organic Farming as a Tool for Productivity and Poverty Reduction in Asiax3G9
This document summarizes a study on the potential for organic farming to improve livelihoods for small farmers in Asia. The study found that transitioning to organic methods from traditional farming can increase yields and profits due to higher premium prices, though there may be initial yield losses. Transitioning from intensive conventional farming increases labor costs but lowers input costs over time. Small farmers often lack technical assistance and access to markets, posing challenges. While organic exports from Asia have grown, small farmers may struggle meeting demands of mainstream markets like supermarkets without support for certification and organization. Overall, organic agriculture could benefit small Asian farmers but support is needed for the transition process and market access.
Analyzing Marketing Margins and the Direction of Price Flow in the Tomato Val...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document analyzes the tomato value chain in Limpopo Province, South Africa. It finds that farmers receive a low portion of the final consumer price for tomatoes, with about 85% of the consumer's rand going towards marketing margins. Examining prices at different levels of the chain, it determines that both wholesale and retail prices are "caused by" or dependent on farm gate prices through Granger causality tests. Therefore, the farm level plays a key role in price determination for tomatoes in Limpopo Province. Policies to improve the tomato farming sector may help enhance other sectors in the value chain.
The document assesses the export marketing challenges facing Ethiopian vegetable and fruit commercial growers. It finds that while external barriers like industry and macroenvironment challenges are rated as moderately important obstacles, internal barriers related to company resources and product quality are also issues. The top three challenges identified are human resource barriers, quality control barriers, and competition from other exporters. The study provides background on Ethiopia's vegetable and fruit export performance and will help growers and policymakers address weaknesses hampering the sector's export potential.
Lake Tana basin is one of the most potential vegetable production areas in Ethiopia. However, production in this
region has been carried out at smallholders’ level with poor marketing infrastructure. Hence, this study was aimed to
examine the structure and performance of vegetable marketing in the Lake Tana basin. Multistage random sampling
mixed with non probability sampling techniques were employed to collect data from 385 smallholder vegetable
producing farmers and 107 vegetable traders from three districts and two major town markets. Data were analyzed
using market structure and performance indicators. The result of the analysis showed that market structure in the
study area could be characterized by weak oligopolistic market with little chance of market participants to influence
market price. Storage loss and transport cost were found the two largest cost components of vegetable marketing in
the study area. Net marketing margin and producers’ share of the consumers’ price could be improved by shortening
the distance between the producer and urban consumer or reducing the intermediaries involved. Establishing
farmers’ group marketing with communication access together with least cost storage and transport technologies
should be encouraged to improve vegetable marketing performance.
This document provides an overview of agriculture marketing in India. It discusses what agriculture marketing entails, key issues like multiple middlemen and lack of storage/financing. It outlines government efforts such as NAFED, eNAM portal, and quality standards. Finally, it describes how recent farm acts aim to reduce costs, encourage private investment, and improve price assurance and storage facilities for farmers.
The challenge of adjustment in the textile and garments industries of the Phi...Raymund Habaradas
The document discusses the challenges facing the textile and garment industries in the Philippines. It provides an overview of the state of the industries, outlining declining contributions to GDP, employment levels, and exports in recent decades. Challenges discussed include high costs, low productivity, and political instability. The document also examines adjustment efforts by firms based on a survey, prospects in the post-quota regime, and export performance data for 2004-2005, finding some niche market opportunities remain for Philippine firms.
Agriculture marketing involves the process of transferring agricultural goods from the producer to the consumer. It includes pre-harvest and post-harvest operations, assembly, grading, storage, transportation, and distribution. Agriculture marketing in Pakistan faces several problems, including a long chain of middlemen that reduce farmers' returns, low-quality produce due to poor production practices, costly and inadequate transportation and storage infrastructure, and lack of market knowledge among farmers. Reforms are needed to improve the agricultural marketing system in Pakistan.
The sale of imported second-hand clothing (SHC) and counterfeits in African markets have been increasing while the manufacturing in apparel, clothing and textile has been on the decline. Most governments respond by raising duty and restricting the imports with limited success. While most researchers look at the issue from an economic perspective only, this paper looks at the effect of the trade in a combined holistic and behavioural perspective
Macroeconomic Variables and Manufacturing Sector Output in Nigeriaijtsrd
Management of macroencomic variables has been noted as instrumental to a well performing manufacturing sector. This study thus examined the effect of macroencomic variables on the manufacturing sector in Nigeria within a liberalised economic era of 1986 to 2018. The Autoregressive Distributive Lag model was employed for data analysis. The results revealed that macroeconomic variables has 93 significant short run policy effect but no significant long run effects on manufacturing sector output in Nigeria. The endogenous dynamics of manufacturing sector previous year outputs exerted a significance influence on the macroeconomic variables long run relationship effect on current year. The explanatory variables suggested that money supply M2 , interest rate INTR and credit to private sector CPS exerted positive effects on manufacturing sector output at short term trends. The study thus posits that macroeconomic variables have varying levels of effects on the manufacturing sectors of Nigerian economy. The monetary authority should employ the monetary policy stance in a pattern that increases money supply in order to boost investment in manufacturing sector which would eventual bring about improved output to Nigeria. Dr. Loretta Anayo Ozuah "Macroeconomic Variables and Manufacturing Sector Output in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38420.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/38420/macroeconomic-variables-and-manufacturing-sector-output-in-nigeria/dr-loretta-anayo-ozuah
Agricultural commodity marketing; marketing issues related to formDaisy Ifeoma
This chapter will enable students to understand the different stages of agricultural commodity marketing.The chapter also emphasizes the importance of grading and classification of agricultural commodities to the students.
Philippines apparel and footwear market report 2020|Philippines Apparel Market Ken Research Pvt ltd.
Philippines Apparel and Footwear Market Outlook to 2019 – Increase in Influx of Foreign Brands" provides a comprehensive analysis of various aspects such as market size, segment on the basis of organized and unorganized sector, product categories, domestically manufactured and imported products, location of raw materials and consumer profiling. The report also includes information on sportswear market along with the contribution of online sales of apparel and footwear products. more details visit: https://www.kenresearch.com/consumer-products-and-retail/textile-apparel-and-footwear/philippines-apparel-footwear-market/5245-95.html
The Turkish market has performed strongly over the past six years, stimulated by higher numbers of births over the past two or three years, a generally buoyant economy, and strong marketing by manufacturers.
THE WINE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: A QUALITATIVE APPROACHijmvsc
This research presents a case study of the wine distribution system of the Dominican Republic (DR). It focuses on the emerging wine market which is not a wine producing region, however represents a large and growing market for export of wine. Data were collected though in-depth interviews with major
representatives of the DR wine distribution system–importers, retailers, managers of restaurants, allinclusive resorts, and hotels. In addition, field observations were used as a mechanism of qualitative data collection. The findings show that almost all available wine in the DR is controlled by importers.
Importers negotiate promotional costs, slot fees, and promotional budgets with the producers and provide
credit to retailers. The Dominican Republic wine market operates in a highly competitive environment;
Spain, Chile, Italy, and the United States are primary competitors on this market. Retail represents the
biggest channel for sales of imported wines.
Factors Influencing Supply Chain Performance in the Public Sugar Sector - A C...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper sought to evaluate the effect of technology adoption, early supplier involvement, low-cost sourcing and backward integration on supply chain performance in the public sugar sector, guided by four objectives: To assess effectiveness of technology adoption on supply chain performance, to assess the role of early supplier involvement on supply chain performance, to evaluate effectiveness of low-cost sourcing on supply chain performance and to evaluate effectiveness of backward integration on supply chain performance. Purposive sampling was used to select a target population of 60 respondents. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instruments. Descriptive and inferential statistics was used in data analysis aided by SPSS software. From the findings, technology adoption and early supplier involvement were found to be positively correlated to supply chain performance. Thus the above factors should be considered as major determinants in influencing supply chain performance in the public sugar sector.
Keywords: Agile Supply, Backward integration, Collaborative Relationship, Corporate Strategy, Outsourcing, Supply Chain, Supply Chain Management.
THE MAJOR PROBLEMS CONFRONTING AGRICULTURAL MARKETING IN NIGERIA AND SUGGEST ...Folarin Gbolahan
Over the years, major changes came into effect to improve the agricultural marketing system. Many institutions viz., the regulated markets, marketing boards, cooperative marketing institutions, warehousing cooperatives etc., have been established primarily to help the farmers. However, various studies indicated that modernization in agricultural marketing could not keep pace with the technological adoptions in agriculture. The various marketing functions viz., grading, standardization, storage, market intelligence, etc., need to be improved to meet the present day requirements of the farmers. In improving the marketing system for food and livestock in developing countries as Nigeria, it is pertinent to understand the nature of marketing problems as it is only by doing this that workable solution can be found to them. Indeed such knowledge of marketing problems would give information as to why markets are not developing and what measures are required to develop the markets.
Agriculture Marketing (Mkt165) chapter 2-problem & characteristic of agri mar...watak manga pilu
This document discusses the characteristics and problems of agricultural marketing. It outlines several key differences between agricultural and industrial products, including financial strength, point of production, storage, management efficiencies, promotion, acceptance, and volatility. It then describes several problems in agricultural marketing, such as difficulties adjusting production to changing demand, lack of orientation towards consumers, and high costs of marketing and distribution. Finally, it examines how agricultural marketing responds to consumer goals through understanding tastes and preferences, providing variety, ensuring safety and nutrition, special displays and promotions, and time-saving services.
Exploring the fourth wave of supermarket evolution: concepts of value and com...ijmvsc
This document discusses the expansion of South African supermarket chains into other parts of Africa, representing a "fourth wave" of global supermarket evolution. It explores the concepts of value and complexity that arise in this process. Three major South African supermarket businesses - Shoprite, Pick 'n Pay, and Spar - have expanded into other African countries. While this expansion has economic benefits, it also presents challenges for local producers and increases operational complexities due to cultural and business practice differences across countries. The document examines these issues through the lens of the value chain concept.
This document contains questions and answers related to agricultural marketing. It discusses:
- Four important criteria for market information to be useful, including being complete, relevant, confidential, and timely.
- The differences between cyclical and seasonal price variations in farm prices.
- Four common environmental factors that influence international markets: demographic, natural, technological, and socio-cultural.
- Three components of marketing costs that food marketing firms incur: labor, transportation, and packaging costs.
- Four factors to consider when selecting marketing channels: distance, nature of products, production skill, and others.
- Two methods the government uses to protect price stability for agricultural products: price pegging and subsidies
Organic farming has the potential to improve livelihoods for small farmers in Asia, but its impacts depend on conditions. Transitioning from traditional to organic methods tends to increase incomes despite initial yield losses. Transitioning from intensive conventional farming sees higher costs initially as yields stabilize in years 2-3, but overall incomes increase due to lower inputs and premium prices for organic crops. While organic methods require more labor, they can be suitable for areas with abundant labor or land degradation where conventional farming is impractical. Widespread adoption faces challenges including a lack of technical support and strong farmer organizations needed to access growing local and international organic markets.
Organic Farming as a Tool for Productivity and Poverty Reduction in Asiax3G9
This document summarizes a study on the potential for organic farming to improve livelihoods for small farmers in Asia. The study found that transitioning to organic methods from traditional farming can increase yields and profits due to higher premium prices, though there may be initial yield losses. Transitioning from intensive conventional farming increases labor costs but lowers input costs over time. Small farmers often lack technical assistance and access to markets, posing challenges. While organic exports from Asia have grown, small farmers may struggle meeting demands of mainstream markets like supermarkets without support for certification and organization. Overall, organic agriculture could benefit small Asian farmers but support is needed for the transition process and market access.
This document provides an introduction and overview of a participatory guide for designing business models that link smallholder farmers to markets. It was created by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture to help strengthen inclusive and sustainable trading relationships. The guide contains tools and exercises to map value chains, design business models using a business model canvas, assess business models against principles of inclusiveness, and test business models through a prototype cycle. The goal is to help smallholder farmers engage more effectively with markets and ensure their needs and voices are recognized in business relationships. The document emphasizes how agriculture can significantly reduce poverty by creating livelihoods and jobs for many in rural areas worldwide.
This document summarizes a study on the shrimp industry in Bangladesh. It identifies several problems plaguing the industry, including inefficient management, high mortality rates, low quality shrimp, and a negative country image abroad. The study aims to develop intervention strategies to address these obstacles and achieve an export target of $1 billion by 2010. It outlines several proposed strategies, such as implementing an integrated agriculture policy, improving sanitary and phyto-sanitary measures, increasing awareness, and applying models from other successful programs. The document provides context on Bangladesh's shrimp industry, including its economic importance and contribution to exports. It also details the methodology used in the study.
This paper has been drawn as a way of suggesting possibly ways in improving business operations. Through the use of strategic planning management companies have emerged as victors through their correctly spelled strategies for analysis and business development seek. This paper has used Unilever foods (UK) as a case study. It is therefore recommended that various business operation may use suggested measures as a way of boosting their business through the use of various strategic options.
This document provides a summary of a World Bank policy research working paper on global value chains. The paper aims to provide a framework and tools to measure countries' performance in global value chains and provide guidance on how countries can join, maintain participation in, and move up global value chains. Global value chains have become an important source of opportunities for trade, competitiveness, and development. The paper analyzes what global value chains are, why they are important, and provides context on how production has increasingly fragmented across borders through various organizational models like outsourcing and offshoring.
This document reviews coffee production and marketing in Ethiopia. It discusses coffee production systems in the country, which include forest coffee, semi-managed forest coffee, garden coffee, and plantation coffee. Coffee is an important crop for Ethiopia, employing many people and being its largest export. However, production has faced constraints like lack of infrastructure, technology, and rainfall variability. The marketing of coffee also faces issues like price volatility, poor market access, and low prices paid to producers. The review recommends improving production through development of improved varieties and marketing through increasing traders and market infrastructure.
Rice Value Chain Analysis: Rice Seed Production as a Profitable Agribusiness ...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study explored the rice value chain (RVC) in Nueva Ecija, value additions, found restrictions, and offered to upgrade solutions to improve the competitiveness of the rice industry and specific segments in the RVC using the value chain analysis (VCA) methodology. Farmers, paddy dealers, millers, wholesalers, wholesaler-retailers, and retailers in Nueva Ecija provided primary data. Workshops with stakeholders were also held to validate preliminary findings and identify upgrading strategies. The RVC begins with the provision of inputs for paddy production and concludes with the consumption of milled rice. The RVC is dominated by a traditional multi-layered supply chain with interconnected chain actors consisting of competing farmers, paddy traders, millers, and rice traders in each segment and, frequently, with the involvement of brokers in both paddy aggregation and rice distribution, thereby increasing marketing cost. The major constraints identified in the RVC included high production and marketing costs of paddy and rice due to low yield, high labor and material inputs, and a lack of critical infrastructure and market facilities (e.g., modern mills, dryers, cheap transport, and energy), resulting in high domestic paddy and rice prices and low competitiveness of the entire rice VC. To improve competitiveness, the rice industry should focus on developing and promoting yield-increasing, postharvest loss-reducing, and cost-cutting technologies, as well as those that improve overall RVC efficiency, such as investments in enabling infrastructure and facilities for transport, handling, storage, drying, and milling.
Sustainable Development through Waste Management: An Empirical Research throu...inventionjournals
The aim of this research is to examine the perspective of the costumers concerning the environmental practices that are applied by grocery stores (Supermarkets), especially in relation to packaging and food products that have expired. In order to arrive to a conclusion, a questionnaire was distributed amongst Greek costumers. The results of this survey showed that packaging and expired food products are considered by Greek consumers, as a big environmental problem. In detail, they think that these problems are not handled in a resultful way by the Supermarkets, although the Supermarkets are somewhat environmental friendly. Moreover, consumers are ethical-aware concerning their purchases, and they are willing to visit another supermarket (than their local one) or a "green" store that is more environmental friendly. However they are not willing to reward any environmental practices of their local supermarkets, if they have to suffer higher prices.
Evaluation of Risk and Return in the Added Value of Strawberry in Jelly Compa...inventionjournals
The objective of this study was to identify the expectations of return and perceived risks in strawberry production, comparing the sale of the fruit and its transformation into jelly in the city of Mafra-SC, Brazil. It is an applied research as to its nature; Descriptive and explanatory about its objective and of case study regarding the marketing strategy. For the realization of the research, the initial investment, the costs of production and the sale price were raised. From this information, we estimate the profitability and risk perception indicators inherent to the business, with a capacity to process approximately 8,000 kilos / ha. The information and data collected were structured into a projected cash flow in the respective timeframes, from a TAM of 0.79% a.m. The Multiple Index Methodology was used to analyze the return and the risks involved. The confirmation of the values uses Monte Carlo simulation through the Crystal Ball software, being considered as uncertain variables, or input variables for the simulation, the quantity from 1 / hectare to 12 months and the transformation costs in the case of jelly, and The respective sales prices of each situation. The main contribution of this study is the multidimensional analysis of the risks associated with the two types of investment.
1) The document discusses key determinants of African agricultural exports, grouping them into five categories: production capacity, cost of trade, trade policies, domestic agricultural supports, and global market shocks.
2) Gravity models are estimated using data from 2013 to examine the empirical relevance and relative importance of these determinants on African exports globally and within Africa.
3) The results show that production capacity, trade policies, and domestic supports in importing countries are significant determinants of African agricultural exports, while costs of trade and domestic policies in exporting countries have less influence.
The current global situation in agribusiness is characterized by rapid changes and endless challenges under the influence of many factors, some of which compete unidirectional. Many countries are slowly reforming agricultural policies. This has helped to increase trade and the greater role of the private sector in agriculture vis-à-vis the state. The population growth, income and urbanization, changing crop culture, eating crops, declining crops to feed the population have contributed to rising global food prices. At the same time, consumer requirements related to safety, quality, convenience of trading are increasing and the differential between agricultural and commodity prices is constantly increasing due to the differences in the technological provision of the two production processes. The changed paradigm in the diet of produced, processed and, above all, health-safe but higher-priced and differentiated agricultural products has created opportunities for agricultural entrepreneurs to transform the goods into consumer-demanded products. Small, highly mobile family agribusiness has prompted greater private sector involvement in agriculture and focusing on the development and improvement of agricultural value chain chains (AVCs) in terms of quality, productivity, efficiency and depth. The value chains are formalized relationships between producer groups, dealers, processors, service providers and non-governmental organizations that unite to achieve productivity gains and added value to their activities. Individual added value is achieved by bringing together participants in a single value chain, and its participants increase competitiveness and are better able to maintain the level of this competitiveness through a culture of innovation.The limitations of each participant in the value chain are eliminated by establishing synergies and rules for communications along the chain, with the ultimate goal of achieving higher value. The main commercial advantages of stakeholders to engage as part of an effective value chain can be defined as:- The ability to reduce the cost of doing business; increasing revenue increasing market impact; -Enhancing access to technology, information and capital for the process of innovation in manufacturing and marketing in order to gain higher added value and ensure higher quality of customers. These and other important aspects of the functioning of value chains are the subject of research in this work. As a result, some conclusions are drawn about the place of the Balkan countries in the agribusiness development chains as well as the prospects for the development of the process in the whole.
This document discusses why developing countries like Indonesia still develop national standards for exports. It finds that Indonesia's development of national standards from 2000-2014 had a 14.42% positive impact on export value, while adoption of international standards had a 10.02% positive impact. Overall, the combination of developing national standards and adopting international standards had a 12.54% positive impact on Indonesia's export value. The document analyzes trends in Indonesia's national standard development and adoption of international standards to support this conclusion.
Preliminary Examination of the Processes of Production and Value Chain Manage...ijtsrd
Shea butter has gained maximum attention in local and international markets for its diverse and widely effective use in pharmaceutical, chemical, cosmetics firms, and domestic culinary food functions. Its production and exportation have a protracted positive impact on the economy, increases GDP, improves food security, and creates a source of livelihood. The study attempts to find out the value chain from harvesting ripe fruits to the packaging of processed butter, alongside the constraints of the process using secondary data. It was found that about 13 labor intensive stages are involved in the transformation of raw Shea kernel to butter in two distinct phases. Semi mechanized, bridge press, or fully mechanized processing systems have been deployed for better quality performance, with semi mechanized being preferred for adding more quality, reducing the fatigue and long man hours involved. Areas of bedevilment include climate variability induced rainfall patterns and drought, seasonality of fruit development with over exploitation, reduced plantation and planting, soil degradation, disease and pest infestation, adulteration during the refining of butter after extraction from the kernel. The value chain is threatened by inadequate orientation, improper storage facilities, and vulnerability to extinction due to conservation threat levels, stringent regulatory policies, and taxation, packaging deficiencies, especially for locals. Suffice to say that for an efficient value chain management, deployment of biotechnology for improved and more adaptive variety production, quality control, fair trades policy frameworks. It is recommended that regular training, financial support for redesigning and improving the efficiency of the machines by developing or upgrading new versions to increase output and enhance quality. Ibeh, J. I | Prof. J. O Nnabuko | Nwajimeje Joel | Ibeh L. I "Preliminary Examination of the Processes of Production and Value Chain Management of Indigenous Shea Butter Marketed in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50163.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/food-and-nutrition/50163/preliminary-examination-of-the-processes-of-production-and-value-chain-management-of-indigenous-shea-butter-marketed-in-nigeria/ibeh-j-i
Mohan Guruswamy argues that allowing FDI in retail risks "deforming" India's economy. He outlines several concerns:
- Large retailers may become "monopsonists" that squeeze producers and lower prices. Studies show this has hurt farmers globally.
- Retail giants often destroy small shops and jobs, replacing many retailers with few large employers. This could spark social unrest in India.
- Walmart sources over 70% of goods from China. Allowing its direct pipeline may flood India with cheap Chinese imports, hurting domestic industries.
- Middlemen play important credit and support roles for small farmers in India and may not be replaced under a corporate model.
Strategic Management in Oral Care Product Market A Case Study of Colgate Palm...YogeshIJTSRD
This document summarizes a case study on Colgate-Palmolive (Thailand) Limited's strategic management of its oral care products through corporate social responsibility. It provides background on Colgate and the oral care product market in Thailand. Porter's Five Forces analysis finds medium bargaining power of suppliers and buyers and threats of new entrants and substitutes. There is great rivalry among competitors. The document also discusses Colgate's history, its focus on organic toothpaste and mouthwash products to address ethical and environmental responsibilities, and how this relates to its strategic branding through CSR.
Impact of emerging market characteristics on marketing programsprjpublications
This document discusses marketing challenges in emerging markets like India and China. It identifies three key characteristics of emerging markets: low incomes, variability in consumers and infrastructure, and relative cheapness of labor. These characteristics impact marketing programs in areas like segmentation, product, price, distribution, and communication. The document reviews literature on income inequality in India and China and discusses how differences in income levels, regional variation, and population trends present both opportunities and challenges for marketers in their strategies and programs in these emerging markets.
Commercialised supply of training & certification to improve quality and safe...ILRI
Presentation by Amos Omore to Conference on Climate Change Adaptation Strategies, Capacity Building and Agricultural Innovations to Improve Livelihoods in Eastern and Central Africa: Post-Copenhagen, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 7 – 9 June 2010
1) The document examines the influence of external bailouts on macroeconomic stability in Ghana from 2008 to 2021 using time series data and vector error correction modeling.
2) It finds that while external bailouts have no short-term impact, there is a long-term causal relationship between bailouts and macroeconomic stability as well as with foreign direct investment, GDP, and imports.
3) To improve stability, the authors recommend that Ghana reduce reliance on external bailouts, increase foreign reserves, and expand agriculture and industrialization.
- The document discusses a study on increasing brand awareness of Oranger Mobile, which is a courier service partner of PT Pos Indonesia responsible for pickups, deliveries, and direct sales.
- Brand awareness of Oranger is currently low, as the number of Oranger drivers did not meet targets in 2021 and most respondents in a survey were not familiar with the Oranger brand.
- The study uses a mixed-methods approach, collecting both qualitative data to measure brand awareness and quantitative data to analyze factors influencing awareness. The results show advertising, publicity, sponsorship, and word-of-mouth can increase Oranger's brand awareness.
The document summarizes a study on optimizing the stock portfolio of PT XYZ, a state-owned pension fund company in Indonesia. In 2021, PT XYZ's actual stock portfolio performed poorly, with a return of 0.56% and Sharpe ratio of 2.39%, below targets. Using the Markowitz portfolio model and 5 years of stock price data, the study optimized the 2021 portfolio. The optimized portfolio increased the Sharpe ratio to 21.67% and return to 1.62%, outperforming the actual portfolio. An efficient frontier analysis identified multiple portfolio options with different risk-return profiles. The results recommend PT XYZ use the Markowitz method to improve future portfolio performance and evaluation.
The document analyzes the financial performance of 20 health sector companies in Indonesia from 2018-2021 using various financial ratios and DuPont analysis. It finds that hospital companies generally benefited during the pandemic due to increased patient numbers, while pharmaceutical companies saw mixed results depending on retail and distribution impacts. Specifically, the analysis found that one hospital, Metro Healthcare Indonesia, had the highest average return on equity of 0.26 over the period. Other key findings are also presented regarding factors influencing financial performance changes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.
This document discusses a proposed marketing strategy for Hirka, a shoe company that makes shoes from chicken claw skin. Hirka currently markets its products through social media, e-commerce, and word of mouth. However, brand awareness and sales are still low due to a lack of marketing and advertising. The products are also currently only available for men. The study aims to identify the target market and appropriate marketing strategy to increase Hirka's brand awareness and purchase intention. A survey was conducted of 206 respondents to assess their brand recognition of and purchase intention toward Hirka's products. The results showed most respondents were unaware of the Hirka brand and had low purchase intention. Various analyses were used to develop marketing strategies,
1) The document proposes a marketing strategy to enhance customer loyalty for RAM Water, a water processor product experiencing declining sales.
2) It reviews literature on customer loyalty and satisfaction and how the marketing mix (7Ps) can impact satisfaction.
3) An analysis was conducted using SEM-PLS to evaluate the relationships between the 7Ps, customer satisfaction, and loyalty using data from 153 RAM Water users. The results showed the 7Ps significantly impacted satisfaction which significantly impacted loyalty.
This document proposes an integrated luggage storage and transportation scheme. It analyzes the current luggage storage market and compares traditional and new "Internet +" models. The proposed scheme designs functional modules like storage, transportation, tourism services and insurance. It provides solutions for different business scenarios like short/long term storage, inter-station delivery, and tourism services. The goal is to improve resource utilization and provide convenient luggage services for travelers.
- The Ecobiz.id platform was created to help farmers in Indonesia by facilitating knowledge sharing and connecting farmers to buyers. However, the platform still lacks interactivity and network effects due to poor existing content that does not meet user needs.
- This study examines how to motivate stakeholders, especially potential content creators, to actively participate and create valuable, interesting, and relevant content for users. Improving the quality and variety of content is expected to increase interactivity on the platform and provide value to users.
- Interviews and observations of stakeholders and users were conducted to understand their perspectives on existing content and how content could motivate involvement and interaction on the platform. The results will help improve content marketing strategies to better engage users.
This document analyzes strategies to increase brand awareness and intention to use PosAja, an application-based delivery service owned by PT Pos Indonesia. It conducts external and internal analyses, as well as surveys consumers to measure brand awareness and factors influencing intention to use. The survey finds low brand recognition of PosAja. Quantitative analysis shows brand logo and advertisements significantly impact brand awareness, while brand name and promotions do not. Further analysis is needed to identify strategies to improve awareness and drive more customers to use PosAja.
This document summarizes a research study that examined the effect of budgetary participation and internal control on managerial performance, with job relevant information as a moderating variable. The study was conducted at three type C regional general hospitals in Jambi Province, Indonesia that had intermediate accreditation levels. The results showed that budgetary participation and internal control positively affected managerial performance. Job relevant information was found to moderate the relationship between internal control and managerial performance, but did not moderate the relationship between budgetary participation and managerial performance. The document provides background information on the hospitals studied, discusses relevant theories, and outlines the research questions and objectives.
This document analyzes and compares environmentally friendly cryptocurrencies with the highest trading classical cryptocurrencies from July 2019 to April 2022. It finds a statistically significant correlation between the values of eco-friendly and classical cryptocurrencies, suggesting investors apply similar investment approaches to both. It also concludes the demand for eco-friendly cryptocurrencies is increasing as the world moves toward sustainability. The study uses daily closing price data from various sources to analyze 7 eco-friendly and 7 highest value classical cryptocurrencies over 34 months. Descriptive statistics of the data are presented in a table.
This document summarizes the evolution and enlightenment of global financial regulatory systems based on a comparative analysis of systems in the UK, US, and China. It finds that financial regulatory systems generally evolve from mixed/centralized models to separated/institutional models to more integrated approaches. The UK and US systems demonstrate a progression from separation to unification to twin peaks models. China's system has transitioned from the central bank as sole regulator to separated then integrated regulation. Key lessons for China include understanding the role of regulation in promoting development while preventing risks, and adapting international best practices to its national context.
This study analyzed the impact of e-service quality (e-servqual) on customer satisfaction and loyalty at Bank Negara Indonesia (BNI). A survey was conducted with 274 BNI customers who use the mobile banking app. The results of structural equation modeling showed that e-servqual has a significant positive effect on both customer satisfaction and loyalty. Customer satisfaction also has a significant positive effect on loyalty. The study concludes that improving e-servqual can increase customer satisfaction and loyalty for BNI, which is important for the bank's future success.
The document discusses intellectual effort and references. It notes that the brain is just a gateway to the mind, and the mind needs to maintain the brain to concentrate on useful thoughts. It also argues that those who do evil will not get an afterlife, and animals cannot attain infinite spiritual energy or an afterlife. The document concludes that solving problems requires analyzing causes, and that politics and total quality management will become more connected over time. Reform requires having a theory and being a bit of a philosopher.
- Evergrande Group, one of China's largest real estate developers, fell into a major debt crisis with total liabilities reaching 1.97 trillion yuan.
- The crisis was caused by deteriorating cash flow, an overreliance on high-leverage financing, and aggressive diversification into unrelated industries.
- Potential countermeasures discussed include restructuring debt through negotiations, asset sales, and government support to stabilize the real estate market and prevent wider economic impact.
- The document discusses strategies for increasing brand awareness and intention to use Pospay, a digital wallet launched by PT Pos Indonesia.
- Currently, 98.5% of Pospay users are PT Pos Indonesia employees, showing low brand awareness and usage outside the company.
- The study analyzes factors influencing brand awareness and usage intention through a literature review, value proposition canvas analysis, and survey data.
- Results show Pospay can create discounts/cashback and develop new features like inter-wallet transfers to boost awareness and intention to use.
The document proposes an integrated marketing communication strategy for KOST.ON3 Residence through benchmarking against competitors. It analyzes KOST.ON3 Residence's external environment and internal capabilities. The proposed strategy focuses on strengthening advertising using third-party platforms to improve brand awareness and reputation based on insights from an integrated marketing communication analysis and customer journey analysis. Using third-party platforms can help KOST.ON3 Residence expand its customer base by developing greater trust in its brand.
This document proposes marketing strategies to improve the performance of Wifi.id Corner, an internet access service provided by PT Telkom Indonesia. It analyzes Wifi.id Corner's external environment using PESTEL, Porter's Five Forces, and competitor and consumer analyses. An internal analysis uses STP and the 7Ps. SWOT and TOWS matrix analyses identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Based on these, three strategies are proposed: using social media effectively, collaborating with the government and SMEs, and improving Wifi.id Corner's ambience. The goal is to enhance sales by creating purchase intention among consumers.
Datang International is a major Chinese power company that discloses carbon information in its social responsibility reports. The summary analyzes:
1) Datang International's carbon disclosure includes monetary information like environmental fees and subsidies, and non-monetary strategies, measures, and goals.
2) Disclosed strategies commit to green development and increasing clean energy, but some details are lacking.
3) Carbon reduction measures focus on upgrading generator units, developing clean energy, and conserving resources. However, some financial data is not reported.
This document summarizes a research article about the effect of social media marketing and quality of human resources on business development of MSMEs in Maros Regency, Indonesia. The article provides background on the importance of MSMEs to the Indonesian economy. It then reviews literature on topics like the definition of MSMEs, quality of human resources, use of social media marketing, and benefits of social media. The research aims to analyze the effect of social media marketing and quality of human resources on business development of MSMEs in Maros Regency using a quantitative survey method.
Tired of chasing down expiring contracts and drowning in paperwork? Mastering contract management can significantly enhance your business efficiency and productivity. This guide unveils expert secrets to streamline your contract management process. Learn how to save time, minimize risk, and achieve effortless contract management.
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Adani Group Requests For Additional Land For Its Dharavi Redevelopment Projec...Adani case
It will bring about growth and development not only in Maharashtra but also in our country as a whole, which will experience prosperity. The project will also give the Adani Group an opportunity to rise above the controversies that have been ongoing since the Adani CBI Investigation.
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Unlocking WhatsApp Marketing with HubSpot: Integrating Messaging into Your Ma...Niswey
50 million companies worldwide leverage WhatsApp as a key marketing channel. You may have considered adding it to your marketing mix, or probably already driving impressive conversions with WhatsApp.
But wait. What happens when you fully integrate your WhatsApp campaigns with HubSpot?
That's exactly what we explored in this session.
We take a look at everything that you need to know in order to deploy effective WhatsApp marketing strategies, and integrate it with your buyer journey in HubSpot. From technical requirements to innovative campaign strategies, to advanced campaign reporting - we discuss all that and more, to leverage WhatsApp for maximum impact. Check out more details about the event here https://events.hubspot.com/events/details/hubspot-new-delhi-presents-unlocking-whatsapp-marketing-with-hubspot-integrating-messaging-into-your-marketing-strategy/
Easy Earnings Through Refer and Earn Apps Without KYC.pptxFx Lotus
Learn how to make extra money with refer and earn apps that don’t require KYC. Find out the advantages, top apps, and strategies to boost your earnings quickly and easily.
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L'indice de performance des ports à conteneurs de l'année 2023SPATPortToamasina
Une évaluation comparable de la performance basée sur le temps d'escale des navires
L'objectif de l'ICPP est d'identifier les domaines d'amélioration qui peuvent en fin de compte bénéficier à toutes les parties concernées, des compagnies maritimes aux gouvernements nationaux en passant par les consommateurs. Il est conçu pour servir de point de référence aux principaux acteurs de l'économie mondiale, notamment les autorités et les opérateurs portuaires, les gouvernements nationaux, les organisations supranationales, les agences de développement, les divers intérêts maritimes et d'autres acteurs publics et privés du commerce, de la logistique et des services de la chaîne d'approvisionnement.
Le développement de l'ICPP repose sur le temps total passé par les porte-conteneurs dans les ports, de la manière expliquée dans les sections suivantes du rapport, et comme dans les itérations précédentes de l'ICPP. Cette quatrième itération utilise des données pour l'année civile complète 2023. Elle poursuit le changement introduit l'année dernière en n'incluant que les ports qui ont eu un minimum de 24 escales valides au cours de la période de 12 mois de l'étude. Le nombre de ports inclus dans l'ICPP 2023 est de 405.
Comme dans les éditions précédentes de l'ICPP, la production du classement fait appel à deux approches méthodologiques différentes : une approche administrative, ou technique, une méthodologie pragmatique reflétant les connaissances et le jugement des experts ; et une approche statistique, utilisant l'analyse factorielle (AF), ou plus précisément la factorisation matricielle. L'utilisation de ces deux approches vise à garantir que le classement des performances des ports à conteneurs reflète le plus fidèlement possible les performances réelles des ports, tout en étant statistiquement robuste.
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K3690100
1. American International Journal of Business Management (AIJBM)
ISSN- 2379-106X, www.aijbm.com Volume 3, Issue 6 (June 2020), PP 90-100
* Corresponding Author: Michael F. Centino1
www.aijbm.com 90| Page
The Current Status of Philippine Mango in the Global
Value Chain
Michael F. Centino1
, Mary Caroline N. Castaῆo2
, Jenny Beb F. Ebo3
1
The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas and Associate Professor, College of Accountancy and
Business Administration, San Carlos College Mabini St., San Carlos City, Pangasinan, Philippines 2420
2
Associate Professor, The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Philippines
3
Associate Professor, Cavite State University, Philippines
*Corresponding Author: Michael F. Centino1
ABSTRACT. To maintain the Philippines’ competitive edge in the trading of agricultural products, this study
identifies the current status of the Philippines’ participation in the mango global value chain. The competitive
edge of the Philippines in the global market has been recorded in the trading history. Its contribution to the
economy is notable; however trading is limited to fresh mangoes. Likewise, the continuous decrease of area
planted to mangoes contributed to its bounded participation in global value chain. Meanwhile, some countries in
Asia emerged in the industry and further threatened the entrance of Philippine mango in the foreign market.
This situation will be altered by strengthening the country’s global competitiveness, gross domestic product and
implementing policies on remoteness of the country. The policy recommendations, if implemented, can
guarantee strong integration of Philippine mangoes in the global chain, which will facilitate the flow of factor
payments in the economy, thereby raising the standard of living of Philippine citizens and creating more social
protection for the Philippine people.
Keywords: Philippine Mango, Global Competitiveness, Global Value Chain
I. INTRODUCTION
The term “Global value chain” (GVCs) is often expressed as one of the features that shape the current
swing of globalization however little is known on how to efficiently integrate it in the chain. The current
situation of developing countries like the Philippines motivates these countries to search for efficient and
effective ways to integrate “GVC” in the global economy. With barriers such as limited resources and policy
challenges, developing countries are less competitive and can be left behind by neighbouring developed
countries if they will not improve their respective social and economic outcomes.
Trade statistics shows that mango as an agricultural crop also follows the integration in global value
chain, for the past ten years mango trade shows an increasing trend from US$696 million in 2005 to US$2
billion in 2015 (UN Comtrade, 2016). This is also evident to its position regarded as the top five of the most
cultivated fruits in the world. Yet in some countries, studies shows that trade is limited since majority of the
produce is still locally consumed (FAO, 2016).
In the Philippines, mango contributed to the achievement of the development goal of the country.
Globally, the country had participated in the mango global market chain with an increasing exports of fresh and
dried mangoes which is US$67.9 million or 2.6 percent share of the global market (UN Comtrade, 2018). The
country has exported mangoes to Hong Kong (China), Japan, Singapore, Switzerland, UK and the USA. The
increase in mango exports can also be attributed to the low tariff in exports, which allows Philippine mangoes to
enter duty-free markets, as provided by the World Trade Organization and Japan. Likewise, locally, mangoes
served as a major source of income to an estimate of 2.5 million farmers, ranked third after bananas and
pineapples in terms of quantity and value of production, thus, providing major a source of income to an estimate
of 2.5 million farmers (PCARRD DOST, 2017).
With the Philippines strengths in mango production, the country is regarded as one of the leading
producers and exporters of dried mangoes, with 85 percent of its total processed products was exported.
However, the country’s participation in fresh mango export is often limited which is largely due to limited farm
size. According to the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics Report (2016), the average area of farm planted with
mangoes is 1.34 hectares. There are also other constraints that hinder the Philippines’ potential to improve its
ranking. One of these problems is the inability to meet strict Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) terms in markets.
Similarly, productivity difficulties were experienced by the Philippine mango including erratic annual
production and quality yields because of environmental aspects, pest and diseases and the high costs of inputs
2. The Current Status Of Philippine Mango In The Global Value Chain
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by the Philippine mango industry (PCARRD-DOST, 2011). Moreover, the industry also faced lack in
technological development in order to survive environmental hazards, inadequate irrigation equipment, the lack
of fertilization management and equipment and abuse in the use of pesticide (Briones et al., 2013; Buguis, 2014;
Hambloch, 2015). Lastly, other significant challenges including lack of financial resources and infrastructure
are considered as threat.
Meanwhile, other significant mango exporters including Mexico, Peru, Brazil, India and Thailand
emerged in the industry. These countries threatened the status of the country in the global trade. Mexico and
Peru have placed considerable focus on developing and upgrading farming techniques and many of their farms
are certified by and followed the standards set by GAPs. Concurrently, other countries like India have allocated
additional budget for Research and Development to solved problems of low productivity and seasonality (R&D)
like India.
Literature Review
There are four points that will be discussed in Literature Review.
Definition of Global Value Chain
According to the WTO (2011), the term “value chain” illustrates all of the activities that firms and
workers do to produce goods or provide service from its conception to its end use and so on. This includes
activities such as the design, production, marketing, distribution and support to the final consumer. All these
activities was then organized with the so-called global value chains (GVCs), wherein the different stages in
production process are located across different countries (OECD, 2019). Melle et.al (2007) describes “value
chain” that includes all activities needed to produce a product from “conception”, thorough “production”,
“transformations”, and “delivery” to final consumers and also needs to incorporate the proper final disposal
after usage. It includes process and also players from suppliers of inputs to producers and processors to
exporters and buyers engaged in the activities required to produce a product for its end use.
Various researchers used the concept in different fields. One of the well-known business books
authored by Michael Porter (1985) introduced the concept in constructing corporate strategy. According to him,
for the firm to be globally competitive, it is necessary to focus on the entire system of activities like that of the
chain in which activities must be organized collectively. While Kimura and Ando (2005) suggested that the
value within the system which is the product of the firm’s effort was also the factor of the value distribution
system that influenced the firm’s selection. The vertical participation of “GVC” relies on the hierarchical
pattern that has an absolute and unidirectional control of the main company over its subsidiaries. Figure 1 shows
the modes of organizing value chains and that the subsidiaries performance is carefully supervised and
examined in line with their main company management strategies. Outsourcing options on the other hand, show
that the relationship among clients (buyers) and subcontractors (service suppliers) have the same level of
exercised powers.
Figure 1: Modes of Organizing Value Chains, Kimura and Ando 2005
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Measurement of Global Value Chain
While there are various studies conducted on analysing the global value chain, complexity of the
measurements used has created difficulties on apprehending trade and creating policies. Traditional
measurements used gross value of the exchange between partner countries and do not include producer’s
contribution in understanding global value chains of commodities. Other literature used value-added of trade
data. Chen et.al (2014) introduced the idea of integrating gross exports into the value added context. With the
limitation of the conventional approach, some studies used “input-output” tables. Hummels et al. (2011) for
instance introduced the concept of vertical specialization and used input-output tables to measure the
intermediate inputs used to produce an exported good. Another study conducted by Daudin et al. (2006)
constructed a multi-country input-output table from 70 countries to compute for the domestic value-added of
exports. This also includes indices of vertical specialization and regionalization. Moreover, Bems and Johnson
(2012) proposed the concept of “value-added” real effective exchange rate. These indicators were used to clear
the external imbalances and use to evaluate the magnitude of prices. Moreover, Koopman et al. (2016)
introduced the decomposition method of gross exports into various sources of value added. The method breaks
down the gross export into local value added absorbed abroad, local value added first exported then returned
back home, foreign value-added and pure double-counted terms.
In terms of its categorization, Gereffi et al. (2015) discussed a GVC categorization that shows the
relationship between contracting parties respective of their powers. Figure 2 shows the five variations of “GVC”
governance. The boundary was represented by the rectangles and their size represents the “bargaining power”
with respect to the other party. Moreover, the arrows illustrate the path and the degree of business integration in
the partner’s activities. The right of the diagram shows that clients possess greater bargaining power than its
left, and they are also interpreted as having the capability to exert a major influence over the distribution of
value added. In this diagram they also considered the movement of the GVC configuration with parameters of
“complexity of transactions”, “ability to codify transactions”, and “capabilities “in the supply base or the 3 C’s
model.
Figure 2:The classification of Global Value Chains, Gereffi, Humphrey & Sturgeon, 2015
Determinants of Global Value Chain
Various studies pointed out different factors that contributed to the increasing integration to the global
chain, these depends heavily on the economic and geographical status of each countries. In Asia for instance,
food distribution systems relied on changes in urbanization, consumer preference and eating habits,
infrastructure development and competition. This integration in the supply chains and networks provided
chance for making added value. Moreover, branding lead to high consumer confidence and satisfaction in the
4. The Current Status Of Philippine Mango In The Global Value Chain
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buying of good and services. Likewise, chains helped in facing challenges by creating partnership, input
provider, marketers and customer within the networks of chain (Chen and da Silva, 2005).
Geography was also found out to be one of the determining factor of Global Value Chain. The center
of production hubs in terms of trade includes the United States, Asia which includes China, Japan and Republic
of Korea and one in Europe, Germany. According to Diakantoni (2017) on his study based on the UN Comtrade
database, China is on the boundary and tends to trade with the “hub” that is nearest in geographic distance.
Since African countries are far from the existing hubs, trade becomes difficult in these countries. Many
developing countries are also far from the existing hubs that affects their integration in the chain. Figure 3
shows the interconnection and the center of production “hubs” in terms of trade.
Figure 3: The three interrelated production hubs, Diakantoni et al., 2017
Moreover, flexibility and speed were factors that also contributed to the degree of integration. Shorter
lead time, fast response to market change, and the demand-driven orientation greatly contributed to the
manufacturing supply chain strategy. However, the degree of integration within the chain needs improvement
because the functional level of the supply chains is not the desired level. There is a lack of values and
integration on the vertical and horizontal members of the manufacturing industries, which hinder the best value
chain. Working in “Silos culture” leads to lack of customer focus and top management commitments (Lemenge
& Tripathi, 2011).
Analysis of Global Value Chain
There were also various approach used in the analysis of the global value chain integration. Some
studies used qualitative approach like case analysis. In the study conducted by Sarah Mutonyi and Karin
Beukel (2015) they explained in the study that “price fairness”, “price reliability”, and “relative price” are scope
of price contentment that influence producers’ trust in the buyer. The study found out that trust is an important
mediator factor which affects producer loyalty and price satisfaction. Kusnandar (2012) utilized case study
method and the application of the triple helix model and causal loop diagram. The results of the study revealed
that institutional innovation provides support to the farmers thereby reducing risk. It further opens the chance
for the farmers to be included in the supply chain of the “export market”. Developing a scheme of information
to determine the operation of the multi stakeholder participation in the supply chain and the improvement of
policy simulator as a matter of upgrading the triple helix policy of Indonesia.
However very limited studies used quantitative approach, the study of Muntonyi et al. (2016) which
utilized the SEM model revealed that trust is important factor that influence producer’s loyalty. Relative price,
reliability and price fairness are the identified scope that establish producer’s loyalty and trust in the supply
chain. These findings are in relation to latest studies about trust and its role. Since the player’s perception
involved in the chain changes overtime, it is recommended to rely on a design which is longitudinal. However,
5. The Current Status Of Philippine Mango In The Global Value Chain
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the model has established a low disparity in producer loyalty and trust with only 45 percent, therefore other
factors needs to be addressed in this study. In China, Wang et al. (2017), utilized the Structural Equations
Modelling in analysing the sustainable food supply chain management practices. Results suggest that “supply
chain management practices” positively affects the environmental and social performance that leads to
improvement of financial performance. Food safety insurance is in turn affected by sustainable performance.
However, the model did not consider effect of other variables such as “moderator” and “control”. They
recommended that new variables into the mechanism of Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM)
practices. Enterprises of different sizes are significantly different in SSCM and that its impact to sustainable
performance may differ. SSCM included the internal and external management and its relationship was not
included in the study.
With the limitations of SEM specifically as applied in first-hand information, gravity model might be a
necessary tool that will bridge the gaps in information. The “Gravity model” that predicts the bilateral trade
flows based on the economic sizes and distance between two units. Since global value chain deals with trade
this model is applicable to use. Trade volumes depend on an entire network structure of trade connections
(Baldwin and Taglioni, 2011). The intermediate goods trade between two countries “ increases in the size and
productivity of a third country and declines in each of the two countries trade costs to it ”. They call
this relation “gravity” of a third country which finally contradicts the common theoretical literature of
the final goods trade where third country “gravity”, or in traditional terms, lower multilateral resistance,
decreases bilateral trade (Anderson and van Wincoop, 2003).
The gravity model, in its standard form, is derived from a consumer expenditure system in
which the price term is eliminated using the general equilibrium structure of the theoretical model. In
Anderson and van Wincoop (2003), the demand for the products of i by entity j , derived by
maximizing the CES utility function of the consumer j , is as follows: where Pi, is the supply price of i , tij
the iceberg trade costs and Pj the consumer price index in j . The aggregate exports of i to all partners j are
equal to the total output of i:
The above market clearance condition is then used to eliminate the relative price term ( Pi ) in expenditure
equation (1). The equilibrium prices are then:
Hence, trade from i to j in equilibrium is:
The above model relies on the assumption that the products exported from i to j are produced solely in
i . In empirical gravity literature Xij , is measured as the gross exports of i to j , while Yi is measured on a
value-added basis by the GDP of entity i . However, under vertical specialization, the origin of the
value-added and the exporter of the goods are no longer the same and the volume of aggregate gross
exports is much higher than the amount of domestic value-added due to the import content of exports or,
in other words, intermediate goods imported and re-exported after being processed.
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II. METHOD
The study used descriptive research design. It described the situation or status of the Philippines
in the mango global value chain integration. Pangasinan in Luzon, Western and Central Visayas, Davao and
Cotabato are the leading exporters of mango in the Philippines. These provinces come from four regions of the
country namely, Region 1, 6, 7 and 11 and was chosen as the regions that are assumed to be involved in the
mango global value chain. The data were gathered from the agencies Philippine Statistics Authority and UN
Comtrade.
Likewise, the leading importers of fresh and dried mangoes according to UN Comtrade (2016) are
USA, Netherlands, China, Germany, Canada, Vietnam, Hong Kong, United Arab Emirate, Korea, Thailand,
Singapore and Japan. Trade data of these countries were also used as basis of the analysis in this study.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Status of the Philippines in the Global Trade of Mango
According to the Department of Agriculture (2018), mango placed third as the most important fruit
crop in the Philippines next to banana and pineapple. The mango fruit’s importance is due to the fact that it is
the Philippine national fruit and one of the country’s top agricultural exports. The three well known variety of
mango are all present in the Philippines, and these are Carabao, Pico and Katchamita (also known as Indian
Mango). However, Carabao is the most dominant variety that is widely grown and is the sole exported variety.
By 2017, the Philippines ranked ninth in exports of fresh and dried mangoes which is US$ 67.9 million or 2.6
percent share of the global market (UN Comtrade, 2018). Mexico is the country having the highest exports. This
was followed by Netherlands, Thailand, Brazil, Peru, India, Spain and China. These countries compete with the
Philippines in global market for mangoes. Figure 4 shows the leading exporters of fresh and dried mango by
value in the world.
Figure 4: Leading exporters of fresh and dried mango by value in the world, 2018
Source: UN Com Trade
The Philippine mango industry consists of few large farms with over 20 hectares, a few hundreds of
medium sized farms of 2 to 5 hectares, and 1.9M of very small farms with an average of 10 to 12 trees for a total
equivalent area of 146,841 hectares planted with Carabao mango. With this condition of the mango farms, the
operation of orchards was limited to corporate farms. While most of the small growers were involved in service
contractors, contract-sprayers to spray and manage the fruiting of their trees which are unprofitable in most
places. (PSA, 2018).
459.9
374.6
275.1
205.5
191.7
145.6
85.3
70.1
67.9
52.6
0 100 200 300 400 500
MEXICO
NETHERLANDS
THAILAND
BRAZIL
PERU
INDIA
SPAIN
CHNA
PHILIPPINES
COTE D IVOIRE
Exports in US$ (millions)
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Likewise, according to Philippine Statistics Authority, Philippines is lagging behind in the world market for
mango. This is evident in its yield with having 4.1 mt/ha which is below the world average of 7.65 mt/ha and
is far from Thailand’s with yield of 8.20 mt/ha. With this situation, mango yield must be improved in order to
be competitive in the global market (PSA, 2018). Table 1 shows the mango production, area and yield of top 10
producing countries from 2010 to 2011.
Table 1: Mango production, area and yield of top 10 producing countries, 2010-2011
Country
Production (MT) Area harvested (ha) Yield (MT/ha)
2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011
WORLD 37,149,496 38,953,166 4,956,754 5,088,800 7.49 7.65
India 15,026,700 15,188,000 2,312,300 2,297,000 6.50 6.61
China,
mainland 4,000,000 4,350,000 450,000 450,000 8.89 9.67
Thailand 2,550,595 2,600,000 311,048 317,000 8.20 8.20
Indonesia 1,287,287 2,131,139 131,674 208,280 9.78 10.23
Pakistan 1,845,528 1,888,449 173,731 172,008 10.62 10.98
Mexico 1,632,649 1,827,314 174,970 196,930 9.33 9.28
Brazil 1,189,651 1,249,521 75,179 76,383 15.82 16.36
Bangladesh 1,047,849 889,176 129,000 111,100 8.12 8.00
Nigeria 850,000 850,000 130,000 130,000 6.54 6.54
Philippines 843,508 800,551 197,816 195,401 4.26 4.10
Source: FAO Statistics
Mango trees were cut down for being unproductive because of poor farming practices. Some farmers
had adopted wrong planting distances, use chemicals which damaged the good microorganism and biodiversity
of the soil. These suggests of increasing market demand of natural and organically grown mangoes which are
free from toxic chemical residues which makes the farmers rethink of their farming system to meet market
demands. Table 2 shows the top mango producing provinces such as Pangasinan, Zamboanga del Norte and
Davao del Sur and Cebu were climate are well- suited for cultivation of mango.
Table 2: Top Carabao mango producing provinces, Philippines, 2018
Rank Province Production (MT)
1 Pangasinan 121,142
2 Zamboanga Del Norte 47,489.02
3 Cebu 39,850
4 Davao Del Sur 38,974
5 Misamis Occidental 23,210
6 Iloilo 23,125
7 Ilocos Norte 20,993
8 Batangas 18,636
9 Nueva Viscaya 18,572
10 Isabela 17,381
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2018
Philippine Mango in the Global Value Chain
Since 1980, the Philippines notably participated in the mango global market with increasing exports in
the 1990s. By 2017, the Philippines ranked fourth in exports of fresh and dried mangoes which is US$67.9
million or 10.08 percent share of the Asia’s export of mango (UN Comtrade, 2018). The country has exported
mangoes to Hong Kong (China), Japan, Singapore, Switzerland, UK and the USA. The increase in mango
8. The Current Status Of Philippine Mango In The Global Value Chain
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exports can also be attributed to the low tariff in exports, which allows Philippine mangoes to enter duty-free
markets, as provided by the World Trade Organization and Japan. Figure 5 below shows the leading exporters
of fresh and dried mango by value in Asia, 2018.
Figure 5: Leading Exporters of Fresh and Dried Mango by Value in Asia, 2018
However, the current situation of mango in the farming industry posts problem in terms of the area
planted and volume of production. As shown in Figure 6, the land area planted with mangoes decreases at an
average of 0.20% within the period of five years with an average farm size of 1.34 hectares. Correspondingly,
volume of production decreases at an average of 1.78% in five years (Figure 7).
Figure 6: Land Area Planted with Mango (in Hectares), Philippines, 2013-2018
Figure 7: Volume of Production (in Metric tons), Philippines, 2013 – 2018
Asia’s Export is US$
673.5 million
Decreases at an average of 0.20% in the last six years with an
average farm size of 1.34 hectares
Decreases at an average of 1.78% in the last six years with an
average farm size of 1.34 hectares
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With the decrease of its volume of production, the share of mango to total exports declined, exhibiting a drastic
fall (Figure 8). This explains the decreasing competitiveness of the Philippine mangoes in the world.
Figure 8: Percentage Share of Mango to Total Philippine Export, in FOB value Million pesos
(at constant) prices, 2013-2018
The country’s participation in the global value chain was limited in the production and processing
stage of the chain. Thereby limiting its integration (Figure 9). This situation limits its participation in the trade
of fresh and processed mangoes.
Figure 9: Philippine Participation in the Mango Global Value Chain
Majority of processed mango in dried, airtight and juice goes to US and puree goes to Hong Kong (Figure 10).
Figure 10: Processed Mango Exports Value in US$ Millions, FOB, 2013-2017, By Type,
By Export Destination Philippines
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IV. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the results of this study, the government’s concerned agencies need to take a look on the
present situation of the Philippine mango specifically on its decreasing volume of production. There is a need to
review policies to boost the agricultural production of mango in the country. Likewise, a need to strengthen
research and development is also necessary to help increase the integration of mango in the global value chain.
The present situation of mango in the international market shows its competitive edge in the market of fresh
mango; however it has limited integration in the global chain. Therefore, the country must find ways how to
increase its integration.
The Philippines’ participation in mango global value chain is also limited to its exports of fresh and
processed mango and was threatened by the decreasing pattern of its land area planted with mangoes. The
Philippines for such was majority present and specialized in the primary goods that is the supply of fresh
mangoes in the world that explains the similarity and small differences in the result of the two export values
used in the analysis of global integration. This does not mean that the Philippines is not concerned in Global
Value Chain Integration, but processing activities involved in the chain are mainly oriented to the supply of
fresh mangoes to the foreign markets because of its low competitive nature. Since the Philippines is only
present in the production stage and was limited to the final stage which is processed products, its global
integration is threatened by its competitor countries.
The concerned authorities must also take necessary action to help the mango farmers. As the results
reveals, the Philippines participation is limited only in the production and processing stage of the chain. To
integrate deeply, the country may invest to improve the quality and freshness of the Philippine mangoes. Invest
also in buying machineries and equipment to be able to compete globally. They may also tap the available
manpower and skills to integrate in distribution, marketing and sales. Investment in education and trainings
might be the key factors necessary for the upgrade of the country’s status in global trading. The policy
recommendations, if implemented, can guarantee strong integration of Philippine mangoes in the global chain,
which will facilitate the flow of factor payments in the economy, thereby raising the standard of living of
Philippine citizens and creating more social protection for the Philippine people.
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*Corresponding Author: Michael F. Centino1
1
The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas and Associate Professor, College of
Accountancy and Business Administration, San Carlos College Mabini St., San Carlos City,
Pangasinan, Philippines 2420