Juvenile Arthritis Research Paper

Juvenile Arthritis Research Paper
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis Usually when the word arthritis is brought up, most people would
immediately think of older adult men and woman. What they do not know is that kids can have
arthritis too. 294,000 American children under the age of 18 have arthritis (C ). Some terms that
describe a child with arthritis include juvenile chronic arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and
juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is the most commonly used term in the
United States. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is caused by a malfunction in the immune system,
causing the synovial membrane to be attacked and targeted as a predator of the human body. This
causes inflammation and after a while, could potentially cause damage to ... Show more content on
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The most common form is pauciarticular, affecting about half of JRA kids. Some children with this
type have abnormal proteins called antinuclear antibodies in their blood. Patients with the
pauciarticular form of JRA usually outgrow arthritis by adulthood. Polyarticular is when there are
five or more joints involved, affecting about 30% of JRA children. This form is often symmetrical,
meaning it affects the same joints on both sides of the body. Similar to pauciarticular, there are
special antibodies in the blood of these children called rheumatoid factors. The last form is called
systematic, which affects the last 20% of children with JRA. This form may affect internal organs,
as long as causing rashes on the outer skin. This form of JRA is often called Still's disease
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

What Causes Joint Pain
Joint pain and other musculoskeletal conditions are the most prevalent causes of chronic pain
worldwide, affecting over 50 million people in the USA alone. The most common form of joint pain
is Arthritis – which is a disease that causes pain, swelling and restricted movement in joints. There
are various types of arthritis such as Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis and Gout.
Arthritis (along with other rheumatic conditions) has been the leading cause of disability among US
adults for the past 15 years. According to Dr Vijay Vad, (Dr Vijay Vad, 2009), arthritis is one of the
oldest and most chronic diseases in the world. The origins of rheumatic conditions such as arthritis
date back to ancient times. Evidence of this include ancient skeletons ... Show more content on
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However there are various treatments (both conventional to mainstream medicine, and alternate
treatments) for RA. The most important thing is to begin treatment early, before the joints undergo
permanent damage. The most important and successful treatment is that of starting treatment with
DMARDs (disease modifying ant–rheumatic drugs) that not only relieve the symptoms of RA, but
also slow down the progression of the disease itself. Anti–inflammatory drugs have also proven to
be successful in managing symptoms of RA. (Eric Ruderman, 2013).. Physical and occupational
therapy as well as low–impact exercise also have beneficial effects on the symptoms of RA due to
them strengthening the joint and improving mobility. For severe RA that cannot be helped by other
treatments, surgery has proven to be beneficial as well. There are also a number of alternative
treatments for RA. According to The Rheumatoid Arthritis Support Network (RASN), Organic
turmeric is very successful in terms of its benefits to relieving symptoms of RA. This is due to the
fact that it is a natural antioxidant and anti–inflammatory agent that also has bone protective
properties (a study by the US National Institute of Health in 2012 on rats has proved this)
(Kamarudin TA,

Lupus Case Study
Diagnosis of lupus is complex. From the appearance of the first symptoms to an adequate diagnosis,
on average it takes six years.
Women are 10 times more likely to develop lupus than men. African American women aged 45 to
65 have the highest risk of developing lupus (Sacks, J J, 1). SLE accounts for 70% of all cases of
lupus. Approximately 10 to 15% of patients with lupus will have a premature death related to lupus
("Lupus Facts and Statistics | National Resource Center on Lupus."3).
The figure1 and table1 below were retrieved from CDC's web page. The CDC is currently updating
this data, so far, no new data is available on mortality rate. The figure 1 and table 1 show the most
recent data the CDC has on SLE mortality rates. The data was ... Show more content on
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Currently there are no treatments for cure of SLE. The only treatments available are treatments to
suppress the progression on the disease, treatments to address complications cause by SLE, and
treatments to relieve patients from the discomfort. There is no known etiology for SLE; therefore,
there are no prevention methods for SLE. The recent improvement of the understanding of
autoimmune diseases; in general, has helped improve prognosis. Faster and more precise diagnosis,
leading to earlier treatment in suppressing the progression of the disease is allowing more patients to
live a normal life span. Also, the 2011 FDA approval of the biologic drug called Belimumab has
contributed to the improvement of prognosis. More research directed towards the understanding
autoimmune disorder is needed. Unfortunately, the current knowledge is not enough to provide
adequate and timely diagnosis. Due to the tight commonality among autoimmune diseases, a
thorough understanding of the immune system is required to develop more effective treatments and
a cure for systemic lupus

Nursing Case Study: Emelia Pena
Student Name: Yueshi Lin
Case Number: 10–3
Step 1: Respond to the Sense That Something Is Wrong – Where in the case is the first indication
that an ethical problem/issue is developing? Why? (250 words or less)
The first indication of an ethical problem is that Emelia Pena is pregnant and has systemic lupus. It
is problematic because pregnancy itself has a lot of complications. Systemic lupus erythematosus
(SLE) has no cure and available treatments are only used to control symptoms. Furthermore, none of
the medication used in the treatment of SLE is absolutely safe during pregnancy. Therefore, Emelia
faces many challenges for herself and her unborn child.
Step 2: Gather Information – What clinical and situational information is available in the case? What
clinical or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pena is 19 years old and pregnant for the first time. She is 14 weeks pregnant
Ms. Pena presented at emergency room with complaints of dizziness, decreased urine output, and
difficulty breathing. She has been sick for the past few days
Ms. Pena has a history of systemic lupus erythematous
Prior to pregnancy, she was hospitalized for cardiac involvement and pleural effusion. She was also
taking high dose steroids to control rheumatic flares
She discontinued all her medications and avoided seeing her physician when she found out she was
pregnant
The ER physician diagnosed possible pericarditis, serious hypertension, and pending renal failure
Dr. Bishop's treatment option for Pena was to perform caesarean section. if not, the baby will be
harmed by all the medications used to control Ms. Pena's symptoms
Situational information available:
Pena avoided seeing the physicians and discontinued the medications because she wanted to avoid
the side effects from medications
Dr. Sledge is uncomfortable with the abortion plan but he knew that Ms. Pena could die from a renal
failure if caesarean section was not performed soon.
Clinical information

Rheumatoid And Treatment Of Rheumatoid Arthritis Essay
"Rheumatoid joint inflammation is an interminable infection set apart by irritation of the joints,
frequently influencing the hand joints and both sides of the body in the meantime" (Royal Australian
College of General Practitioners, 2009).
Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic disease that affects whole systems of body particularly
cardiovascular system, nerves, respiratory system (RACGP, 2009). The causes of rheumatoid
arthritis are unknown but it is hereditary which assists to have a risk of rheumatoid arthritis by 50%–
60% (RACGP, 2009).
3.0 Prevalence of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Australia and the United States
3.1 Prevalence in Australia
Source: AIHW analysis of unpublished ABS 'Australian Health Survey, 2011–12 (National Health
Survey Component).
2

Clinical Pathology Essay
Zagazig University Faculty of Medicine
Clinical Pathology Department
Association of STAT4 Gene Single–nucleotide Polymorphism with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Thesis Submitted for partial fulfillment of
M.D. degree in clinical pathology
By
Marwa Abd El–Monem Mohamed Ateya
MB.B.CH. Ass .lecturer of Clinical Pathology
Faculty of Medicine Zagazig University
Prof. Dr.
Lamiaa Abd Al–wahab Mohammad
Professor of Clinical Pathology
Faculty of Medicine
Zagazig University
Prof. Dr.
Asmaa Mohammad Hosny Esh
Professor of Clinical Pathology
Faculty of Medicine
Zagazig University
Prof. Dr.
Ghada Sanad Nageeb
Professor of Rheumatology & Rehabilitation Faculty of Medicine
Zagazig University
Faculty of Medicine
Zagazig University
2016
Contents

Page
List of abbreviations ....................................................... II
List of figure ................................................................. VI
List of tables ................................................ ................ VIII
Introduction .................................................................. 1
Aim of the Work ............................................................ 2
Review of Literature Systemic Lupus Erythematosus .................. ........... 3 Pathogenesis of Systemic
lupus erythematosus ......... 4 Clinical Manifestations SLE ................................... 11 Monitoring of
SLE

arthritis Essay
Arthritis.
Arthritis is a disease that in some way effects everyone. Whether you have ... Show more content on
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Another type is Rheumatoid arthritis. It is what's known as an inflammatory arthritis. It is the second
most common form of arthritis, right behind osteoarthritis. It affects primarily the small joints in the
hands and feet, causing crippling deformities. This is an arthritis that usually starts in middle–life or
earlier. Estimates say one out of every hundred people, (females are two to three times as likely)
suffer from it. It usually starts in the winter and after a common sickness, but it isn't considered an
infective arthritis. Nobody knows what causes rheumatoid arthritis. It could be some hereditary trait.
Scientists think that rheumatoid arthritis may be an autoimmune disease (that means the body acts as
though it were allergic to itself). The immune system gets mixed up and attacks normal joint tissue
instead of the infection it is supposed to attack.
Polyarteritis Nodosa is also an inflammatory arthritis. It can even be life threatening. However, it is
a rarer form of arthritis. It affects four times as many males as females, and of those, mostly young
adults. Some symptoms are joint and muscle pain, ulcers, sores on the legs, and gangrene on your
fingers and toes (because of cut off blood supply to those parts). The organs of the body are almost
always all involved. Symptoms like sudden blindness, hemiplegia, and heart disease

Essay On Arthritis
It's easy to mistake rheumatoid arthritis symptoms for other conditions, diseases, or viruses during
the early stages of the disorder. The doctors at Tristate Arthritis & Rheumatology in Crestview Hills,
KY, share a few symptoms that could indicate that you have rheumatoid arthritis. For the past 30
years, they've helped countless Kentucky patients cope with arthritis pain, fibromyalgia, and
autoimmune diseases.
Unlike osteoarthritis, the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis aren't limited to your joints. Since this
autoimmune disorder can affect virtually every part of your body, you may notice a range of
symptoms, including:
Joint Pain And Stiffness: Many people who have rheumatoid arthritis initially notice joint pain in the
smaller joints in the fingers or toes. Your joints may also feel stiff, which can make walking and
moving more difficult. Joint pain and stiffness may not be constant, but may come and go. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Swelling can be mild, moderate, or severe. The doctors at Tristate Arthritis & Rheumatology offer
treatment options that will help you manage swelling and pain.
Tendon Issues: People who have rheumatoid arthritis often experience problems with their tendons
that can cause pain, inflammation, tears, and tendinitis.
Feeling Ill: During the early stages of rheumatoid arthritis, you might think you have the flu or
another virus. You may feel unwell, develop a low–grade fever, and experience the same types of
aches that occur when you have a virus.
Fatigue: Fatigue can be overwhelming. You may wonder why you are suddenly so tired when you
haven't been more active than usual.
Eye Symptoms: Rheumatoid arthritis can attack the eyes, causing pain, dryness, and inflammations,
including uveitis, episcleritis, and iritis. Some of your eye symptoms may be caused by Sjogren's
syndrome, a disorder that causes dry mouth and

Podiatry Rhuematoid Arthritis
Introduction Throughout this essay I shall critique the available evidence regarding rheumatoid
arthritis (RA); particularly concerning the conclusions on its aetiology, diagnosis techniques,
pharmacological management, physical therapeutics and surgical treatment interventions. I shall
explore the expected prognosis and the key developments we can expect in the future. Aetiology and
Prevalence RA is a chronic, systemic and inflammatory disease that progressively impacts
peripheral joints (Panayi 2011).The damage that occurs is predominantly symmetrical and
polyarthropathic (Rindfleisch & Muller 2005). It affects the host's joint synovial membranes, tendon
sheaths and bursae and causes stiffness, pain and swelling to the joints ... Show more content on
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Genetics influence a high percentage of cases; according to de De Vries (2011), 50–60% of sero–
positive and 30–50% of sero–negative cases are influenced by hereditary factors. A greater
understanding of this area could bring new found appreciation of RA pathogenesis and treatment
methods (Mikuls 2012). Relationship of increase RA incidence with smoking is reported widespread
in literature (Fisher 2012, Klareskog 2008, Sugiyama 2010, Mahdi 2009). Interaction occurs
between two copies of HLA–DR SE specific genes and smoking; specific citrullinated protein
antigens are induced by cigarette smoke which increases likelihood of RA. This causes a 21–flod
increase risk of RA in comparison to non–smokers (Klareskog 2006). Furthermore, literature
dictates that peripheral vascular disease (PVD), steroid therapy and prednisone use have consistent
supportive evidence that shows increased risk of RA (Firth et al.2008a, Maradit‐Kremers 2007,
Wegner 2010). There is little evidence to dictate a common infectious cause of RA, however some
pathogenic organisms such as periodontitus, B19 parvovirus or Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) virus may
stimulate the disease by activating the B cells to presence antibodies (Wegner 2010). There is
inconclusive evidence to suggest that the diet or breast implants play a role in the aetiology of RA
(Tugwell et al 2001, Pattison 2006). Pathogenesis In RA, the immune system cannot differentiate
Major

Arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus And Ankylosing...
Hypo–vitaminosis D in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Mohamed Ismail Abdel Kareem1, Reem Hamdy A Mohammed2*, Hanan Sayed M Abozaid3,
Mohamed Moneer Rayanv4, Abeer Mohamed Mohamed5 and Nihal Ahmad Fathi6
1Rheumatology and Rehabiltation, Al–Azhar Faculty of Medicine Assuit Egypt
2Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Kasr Alaini School of Medicine Cairo University Hospital,
Cairo Egypt
3Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Egypt
4Rheuamtology and Physical Medicine, Al–Azhar faculty of medicine Assuit, Egypt
5Clinical Pathology, Faculty of medicine Sohag University, Egypt
6Rheumatology and Rehabiltation, Assuit University, Egypt
Corresponding Author : Reem Hamdy A Mohammed Rheumatology and Rehabilitation Kasr Alaini
School of Medicine Cairo University Hospital, Cairo Egypt
Tel: +20–2–23641088
E–mail: rmhamdy@yahoo.com
Received: August 14, 2015 Accepted: October 28, 2015 Published: October 30, 2015
Citation: Kareem MIA, Mohammed RHA, Abozaid HSM, Rayan MM, Mohamed AM, et al. (2015)
Hypo–vitaminosis D in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and
Ankylosing Spondylitis. J Clin Cell Immunol 6:369. doi:10.4172/2155–9899.1000369
Copyright: © 2015 Kareem MIA, et al. This is an open–access article distributed under the terms of
the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium,

Case Report Right Knee Injury
DOI: 11/21/2016. Patient is a 37–year–old male satellite technician who alleges injury to his right
ankle, right knee and lower back while he was 20–feet high on a ladder when the wind blew the
ladder, causing him to jump.
Based on the medical report dated 01/05/17, the patient presents with right knee pain, described as
burning, sharp, sore, throbbing and intermittent. He does note that the intensity seems to be
improving and describes it as moderate in severity.
He does also the recent cold weather has aggravated his symptoms. He also complains of swelling,
tingling, weakness, stiffness, popping, catching, giving out, instability and shooting pain. Pain is
localized primarily to the posteromedial aspect of the right knee. Patient

Rheumatology Personal Statement
One of my earliest memories, is watching a small figure hobble across the stones with disfigured
feet and toes. This was my grandmother and as she dragged her body – riddled with what I now
believe to be rheumatoid arthritis – I always wonder how her life might have been changed with
proper treatment.
Just when I thought Internal Medicine was my field, I was introduced to Rheumatology. It was
during my intern year when working in the Rheumatology Clinic. The core of my initial attraction
was the very proximity between Rheumatology and IM. Even as the mode of treatment hinged on
working with inherent uncertainty and innate complexity, you also needed to turn to IM
fundamentals to determine a diagnosis. Moreover, I found myself highly intrigued ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In that osteoporosis is a huge societal problem, causing a large number of fractures in the elderly
population and thus leading to a poor quality of life and worse, it was clear that education of
healthcare professionals was a must. Since the USPSTF guidelines state that all women over age 65
should get dexa scans to screen for osteoporosis and start on appropriate therapy to prevent these
fractures, it soon became clear that in our resident run outpatient clinics we were doing a very poor
job in this area. As such, with two colleagues, we designed an intervention protocol based on
provider education on osteoporosis for all residents, attendings, nurse practitioners and physician
assistants. Succinctly, the intervention increased the rate of dexa scan ordering by 34% and this trial
is now in its second phase.
There have been other equally important turning points to date. In my rotation at Georgetown, I
sought to explore the field of rheumatology at a tertiary level and in doing so, gained experience in
common autoimmune conditions and some rare ones as well all which served to solidify my interest
in the field. One of the most pleasant aspects of my duties at Georgetown was the opportunity to
work with children. In taking pediatric rheumatology consults, I realized that as a rheumatologist I
may be able to care for patients of all age groups, leading to an interesting and highly diversified

Osteoarthritis Case Study
Impaired Mobility Related to Osteoarthritis
Ashley B. Douglass, Aspen Loukas, Abbie Massingill, Ashley Montee, and Madajah Simmons
Amarillo College
Introduction Osteoarthritis is a non–inflammatory, degenerative disease of the joints. It is the most
common rheumatic disorder in older adults and results in degeneration of the protective cartilage
over time. This disease is characterized by chronic pain, stiffness and functional impairment. The
joints most commonly affected are those that are weight bearing; including the hips, knees and
spine. This disorder is asymmetrical and localized to a specific joint. Therefore, functional
impairment and quality of life are primary concerns. While there is no definitive cure for this ...
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The ideal team includes: a physical therapist, dietitian, occupational therapist, rheumatologist,
personal trainer, nurse educator, and a social worker. A physical therapist would provide the patient
with range of motion exercises to improve muscle strength, recommend therapeutic modalities, as
well as recommend activities that will help decrease pressure on the affected joints. Because weight
loss is crucial to managing and preventing further progression, it is important to incorporate a
dietitian and personal trainer. Dietitians are beneficial for creating personalized meal plans and
suggesting nutritious foods that will help aid in weight reduction, while personal trainers create
exercise regimens that are specific to the patients' disease process. In addition, an occupational
therapist will assist the patient in performing tasks without causing further pain or discomfort.
Education on joint protection techniques include; using proper body mechanics when lifting,
distributing pressure to other joints, and the importance of using orthotic devices. A rheumatologist
would also need to be included for their specialization in rheumatic disorders. Lastly, a nurse
educator and social worker would be beneficial. A nurse educator would help educate the patient on
the disease and treatment plan, while a social worker would help assist the patient in dealing with
social challenges caused

Rheumatoid Arthritis: Autoimmune Disease
Rheumatoid Arthritis is an autoimmune disease that attacks the musculoskeletal system. This means
that certain cells of the immune system do not work properly and start attacking healthy tissues – the
joints in RA. The cause of RA is not known. When inflammation occurs in the joint, immune cells
release chemicals which attack the cartilage and bone, causing the swelling that leads to pain. This
type of disease can cause many difficulties in the body itself. Such as pain, stiffness, swelling in
joints, limited motion, loss of energy and appetite, low fevers, dry eyes and mouth, firm lumps at
extremities and body discomforts. Rheumatoid arthritis mainly affects the small joints in the body
like hands and feet. In rare cases, rheumatoid arthritis ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The participants will be divided into two different groups for 8 weeks. Both groups will be women
who have been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. Group 1 consists of 20 women and served as
control, which will perform counseling and acupuncture treatment as a placebo. Group 2 consists of
20 women that will perform Tai Chi treatment and counseling. All participants in this study have not
received previous treatment or treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, all participants will be
requested to prevent from vigorous activities such as heavy lifting, excessive physical activities and
limit their salt intake for 8 weeks before the initial

Osteoarthritis And Rheumatoid Arthritis
Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the health topic of arthritis. Firstly, the different types of
arthritis are discussed, with definitions given for two of the more common forms, Osteoarthritis and
Rheumatoid Arthritis. This will be followed by a discussion about assessment tools that have been
developed to help those with rheumatoid arthritis.
There are many different types of arthritis. These include: Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis,
Fibromyalgia, Psoriatic Arthritis, Juvenile Arthritis, Ankylosing Spondylitis, Gout, Polymyalgia
Rheumatic and Lupus (Arthritis Ireland).
Definitions
Osteoarthritis (OA)
According to Arthritis Ireland, the most common type of arthritis is osteoarthritis. Symptoms of this
occur gradually and these symptoms can affect different joints in the body. Yet, the cause is
unknown but it is generally known as 'Wear and tear arthritis'. Symptoms of osteoarthritis will vary
from person to person. Symptoms can vary from being subtle and barely noticeable to becoming
worse in the space of a months.
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Rheumatoid Arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease. The cause of this type of arthritis causes ...
N. (2011). "Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: A review of recommendations and emerging therapy."
Formulary 46(12): 532–545.
Firth, J. (2011). "Rheumatoid arthritis: diagnosis and multidisciplinary management." British
Journal of Nursing 20(18): 1179–1185.
Gaffo, A., et al. (2006). "Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis." American Journal of Health–System
Pharmacy 63(24): 2451–2465.
Oliver, S. (2007). "Best practice in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis." Nursing
Standard 21(42): 47–60.
Palmer, D. and Y. El Miedany (2014). "Rheumatoid arthritis: recommendations for treat to target."
British Journal of Nursing 23(6):

Gout Disease Research Paper
Gout disease was known over 4000 year by the Egyptians, Romans and the Greeks. It was named
the "rich man disease" or "disease of kings" for it was related to the standard of living that only
wealthy people can afford in that time. The first time the Egyptians documented the gout disease
was in 2600 BC as arthritis of the big toe. Originally, the name Gout is from Latin Gutta which
means "drop" (Copeman WSC, 1964). Gout disease, also called gouty arthritis, is an inflammatory
arthritis that is very painful. It occurs when there is an excess of uric acid in the bloodstream. The
acid forms crystals in joints, causing sudden and severe pain, swelling, redness and tenderness. Most
people at first experience gout at the base of the big toe. Gout can also affect others movable joints
like your ankles, knees, wrists, fingers and elbows or others. According to the Arthritis National
Research Foundation, gout affects in 8.3 million Americans. The same research institute states that it
is rare in children or young people but men are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most current treatments of gout are Oral corticosteroids, intravenous corticosteroids, NSAIDs (non–
steroid anti–inflammatory drugs), and colchicine. Indomethacin (Indocin) has also been the
preferred choice but, there is no evidence that shows that it is more effective than any other
medications. Oral NSAID can be prescribed to the patient for one to two days after the symptoms
disappear. Treatment can also be done through diet with a strict control of the patient food with only
free uric acid. Therefore, patient must stop eating a high–purine diet ( like Frequent consumption of
red meat and shellfish), and high–fructose foods and beverages, This was confirmed by Haig in a
series of clinical experiments he conducted on himself from 1894 to 1897, and more recently in
clinical physiological studies on patients given purine–free formula

lupus Essay
What is happening in research?
¨ Many doctors and scientists are investigating the cause and cure of lupus. At medical centres
worldwide (including Canada), research has led to improved tests and techniques for diagnosis and
better methods for predicting flares. These allow doctors to start treatment sooner, which improves
chances for success.
As part of research, many centres collect and store patient information and statistics. The results of
this data can help doctors and patients make better decisions about treatment of an increasingly wide
range of symptoms. This, along with today's advances in technology, the greater awareness about
lupus, and the promise of a cure, gives hope to all whose lives are ... Show more content on
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¨ Until science fully understands how the immune system works, the specific cause of lupus remains
unknown.
Four Forms of Lupus
¨ There are four different forms of lupus, and each affects the body differently.
¨ Drug–induced lupus: The most common form of lupus in older individuals is induced by drug
exposure. It usually causes only a brief illness if the offending medication is identified and
discontinued.
¨ Discoid lupus: The second form is called discoid lupus, and occurs only on the skin. It causes a
rash that can lead to permanent scarring of the skin. When the rash is in the scalp, it can be
associated with permanent hair loss.
Systemic lupus: The third type of lupus is the systemic form, which is the most serious form, as it
can affect any organ in the body. The systemic form is almost always associated with antibodies that
are detected in the blood, causing the immune system to go haywire.
An overlap syndrome: Systemic lupus can also be part of an overlap syndrome that includes
problems from more than one type of rheumatic autoimmune disorder such as lupus and rheumatoid
arthritis
What are the symptoms of lupus?
¨ General

Priapism Research Paper
Priapism
Priapism is an unwanted erection of the penis that usually develops without sexual stimulation or
desire. There are three types of priapism:
Recurrent acute priapism. With this type, erections are painful and last less than 3 hours. The
erections come and go.
Acute prolonged priapism. With this type, erections are painful and last hours to days. This type can
lead to erectile dysfunction.
Persistent priapism. With this type, erections are usually painless and can last weeks to years. The
penis gets erect but not rigid. This type can lead to erectile dysfunction.
Priapism affects males of all ages.
CAUSES
This condition develops either when blood has difficulty leaving the penis (low–flow priapism) or if
too much blood ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Recurrent acute priapism is often managed at home. Acute prolonged priapism is usually treated at a
hospital. There treatment may involve:
Getting fluid and medicines for pain through an IV tube.
A blood transfusion.
A procedure to drain blood from the penis.
Surgery to make a passageway for blood to flow in the penis (surgical shunting).
No standard treatment exists for persistent priapism.
HOME CARE INFORMATION
General Instructions

Avoid sexual stimulation and intercourse until your health care provider says it is okay.
Avoid drugs or alcohol if they caused the priapism. Avoiding them can help keep the condition from
coming back.
Drink enough fluid to keep your urine clear or pale yellow.
Empty your bladder as much as possible.
Take over–the–counter and prescription medicines only as told by your health care provider.
Do not take any medicines during an attack without getting approval from your health care provider.
Managing Recurrent Priapism
Try taking a warm bath or exercising.
Keep track of how long your erection lasts. If it does not get better in 3 hours, seek medical care.
SEEK MEDICAL CARE

Is Septic Arthritis A Potential Emergency? With...
Garcia–Arias et el argue Septic Arthritis is a potential emergency "with significant mortality and
morbidity".
The crew was called to an 80 year old lady with possible Septic Arthritis, who had a home visit by
GP this am, suffering with severe, constant pain and progressive swelling of the left knee, over past
two days. The GP would like her transported to Accident and Emergency for investigations re any
systemic infection or within the knee and other joints.
The crew entered the patients' house to find her in bed unable to weight bear. Her left knee appeared
red, swollen, and the skin was tight; it felt hot, was very tender to touch and the movement was
limited with minimal range of motion. She was also experiencing left hip ... Show more content on
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He is concerned she has Septic Arthritis following Endocarditis four months ago.
Other notable past history included Endocarditis four months ago, treated in hospital with IV
antibiotics; Type II Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus for eighteen years; Chronic Osteoarthritis for
more than twenty years; the stress of the death of her partner two months ago and a lack of family
supports nearby; and > 20 years ago Right Breast cancer & subsequent right mastectomy; lung
cancer with left partial pneumonectomy (previous smoker) and a laminectomy for scoliosis when 17
years old.
This patient has an extensive allergy list including Morphine, Penicillin, Cefaclor, Sulfonamides,
and Duloxetine; and her regular medications include Desvenlafaxine succinate (an extended release
anti depressant) 25mg mane; Celecoxib (Celebrex) 100mg mane; Insulin glargine (Lantus)
24units/mane; and Temazepam 20mg nocte
Acute septic arthritis is an infection within a joint. The infective agent can enter into the joint
through the blood supply, from a traumatic injury to the joint or from a previous infection (where
resistant organisms have survived treatment). The most common risk factors for joint infection is
generalised sepsis and penetrating trauma . Others include age older than eighty years (most cases of
septic arthritis occur in the elderly, >65 years = 12% of the population ); Diabetes; Rheumatoid
arthritis, Osteoarthritis or other

A Close Look at Rheumatoid Arthritis Essay
Pathophysiology
RA is a mediated inflammatory process that triggers an autoimmune response. The result is in the
production of antibodies and inflammatory cytokines that over time destroys bone, cartilage,
tendons, ligaments and blood vessels (Dewing, Setter, & Slusher, 2012). Although joints are the
primary areas of destruction, the inflammatory process can also affect various organs, such as heart
tissue including the heart values, visceral layers of the lung and brain, spleen, sclera and larynx
(Dunphy, Windland–Brown, Porter, & Thomas 2011). If RA is not treated promptly or if the patient
does not respond to treatment, irrevocable bone deformity, bone erosion and immobility is often the
sequelae.
Standards of treatment
According ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although there are a variety of CAM options, only a few have been investigated and show promise.
Tai Chi and Omega–3 fatty acid supplement are two types of CAM that show potential to improve
the patient's mental state, decrease pain, reduce inflammation and improve functional mobility.
Complementary Alternative Therapy
The National Health Institute defines complementary alternative therapy as a health care
methodology used outside of or in addition to mainstream medicine (National Center for
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), 2013). CAM is divided into five groups: (1)
oral based product, such as supplements, (2) body manipulation, such as massage, chiropractic,
reflexing and osteopathy, (3) mind and body therapies, consisting of yoga, tai chi, meditation,
biofeedback and hypnosis, (4) energy touches, which includes Reiki, Gigong, and prayer; and (5)
holistic approaches, such as homeopathy, naturopathy, traditional Chinese and Indian medicine.
According to Efthimiou, Kukar, and Mackenzie (2009) there has been exponential growth in those
who seek CAM. In 2010, data demonstrates that 40–60% of Americans use CAM to cope with
medical conditions. This growth trend is attributed to increased public awareness through social
media and patient's desires to try something new and promising. Barnes and Bloom (2008)
determined that individuals decided to use CAM therapies because they were frustrated by the lack
of response

Lupus Research Paper
According to Lupus.org, lupus is a chronic autoimmune disorder that can affect any of the systems
of the body. The organization continues to state that an estimated 1.5 million people within the
United States have lupus with more than 16,000 new cases being reported across the nation annually
(Lupus.org). While lupus does not often lead to death itself, the complications that can arise will
have an impact on how one would embalm a decedent who had the disease. Embalming is a
technique used to preserve, sanitize, and present the dead to surviving family, and can be
complicated by disease and condition of the body. This paper will discuss the two types of lupus,
their effects on the body, treatment of the disease, and how the disease in conjunction ... Show more
If one has or has had at least four of the preceding conditions, there is a strong chance that they may
have lupus. Common symptoms of lupus as described by the Lupus.org website also include edema
in the legs, feet, hands, and around the eyes, hair loss, abnormal blood clotting, Raynaud's
phenomenon, and painful or swollen joints. In a 2002 article from the journal Rheumatology about
the long term complications of SLE, it is stated that although the

Rheumatoid Arthritis And Treatment Of Arthritis Essay
Rheumatoid Arthritis or RA has been around since early humanity. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic
inflammatory joint disease, which can cause cartilage and bone damage. Diseased joints have been
found in well preserved Egyptian mummies. Showing that arthritis was prevalent among Egyptians.
Hippocrates a Greek physician who is known for the Hippocratic oath, described the symptoms of
arthritis. It was not until 216 AD that the term rheumatismus was used to describe the joint
inflammation. Alfred Baring Garrod, an English physician, in the mid 1800s named the disease,
Rheumatoid Arthritis to help distinguish the disease from osteoarthritis and gout. In 1932 the
committee of Rheumatism was created and it later became the American College of Rheumatology.
There is a difference between rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is a
complex disease with many different symptoms. Even though both cause joint pain they are both
chronic and non–curable diseases, they both have different causes, symptoms, and prognoses.
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder and osteoarthritis is a degenerative condition that is
the results of increased wear on joints. It is estimated that 27 million American have Osteoarthritis.
Certain jobs or things that require repetitive motion can cause the cartilage to wear down. The
different symptoms of osteoarthritis symptoms are joint pain that last less than thirty minutes in the
morning, possible spine and hip pain, and joint

Symptoms And Treatment Of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Brandon Holley
PAS5430 Winter 2017 – Class 6
Clinical Presentation
Disease Overview. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is considered the most common autoimmune
inflammatory arthritis disease diagnosed in adult patients and affects quality of life and leads to
increased mortality rates. It is defined as a chronic, inflammatory, systemic autoimmune disorder
characterized by symmetric, erosive synovitis that often leads to joint destruction, deformity, and
disability. If left untreated, progression of RA could lead to irreversible joint damage, systemic
effects including damage to the heart, lungs, & GI system. Early diagnosis and treatment can
prevent long term complications and increase odds of remission. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
First degree relatives are at a 2–3 fold higher risk for developing the disease.
Presentation. Patient diagnosed with RA may have medical history of periodontitis, smoking,
genetic predisposition, nulliparous, and family history of RA. Genetics may account for
approximately 60% of risk associated with RA. Smoking has been the only confirmed
environmental trigger for RA. Genes that affect the immune system may make some people more
prone to getting RA. Physical symptoms upon exam may be subtle such as achy joints or morning
stiffness. Other symptoms may include swelling, tenderness, limitation of joint movement, joint
deformity, and warmth of involved joints. Less common presenting factors include fever, weight
loss, and lyphadenopathy. Muscle atrophy could present near affected joints along with
disproportionate weakness. Cutaneous findings are common and may include nodules with ulcers or
petechia, purpura, or nodular erythema related to vascultitis. RA usually starts to affect small joints
in the fingers, balls of the feet, and the wrists bilaterally. As disease progresses, RA can affect any
joint, causing permanent damage, and even lead to systemic damage. Extraarticular manifestations
may include anemia, pericarditis, Raynaud's, interstitial lung disease, scleritis, neuropathy, pleuritis,
lynphadenopathy, and splenomegaly. Initial evaluation of the patient with RA should include
documentation of symptoms of

Systemic Sclerosis
Vasculopathy in Systemic Sclerosis
Introduction
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multi–faceted, heterogeneous disease of unknown etiology. Despite its
high clinical variability, it is consistently characterized by three main elements: vascular alterations,
autoimmunity and progressive fibrosis. However, there is increasing evidence that SSc pathogenesis
is dominated by vascular changes, as demonstrated by numerous experimental and clinical studies
(1).
Diagnosis is made by the physician based on the presence of specific features; however, until
recently, the requirements for classifying patients as having SSc lacked sensitivity for milder or
early forms of the disease. Taking into account the pleomorphism of SSc disease manifestation, the
American ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Matucci–Cerinic M, Kahaleh B, Wigley FM. Review: evidence that systemic sclerosis is a vascular
disease. Arthritis Rheum. 2013; 65(8): 1953–62.
2. van den Hoogen F, Khanna D, Fransen J, et al. 2013 classification criteria for systemic sclerosis:
an American College of Rheumatology/European League against Rheumatism collaborative
initiative. Arthritis Rheum. 2013; 65(11): 2737–47.
3. Gheorghiu AM, Dobrotă R, Predescu T, et al. Performance of the 2013 American College of
Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism Systemic Sclerosis Classification Criteria.
EUSTAR Congress 2016. In press
4. Sáez–Comet L et al. Applying the ACR/EULAR Systemic Sclerosis Classification Criteria to the
Spanish Scleroderma Registry Cohort. J Rheumatol. 2015; 42(12): 2327–31.
5. Allanore Y, Simms R, Distler O, et al. Systemic sclerosis. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2015;
1:1–21.
6. LeRoy EC, et al. Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis): classification, subsets and pathogenesis. J.
Rheumatol. 1988; 15: 202–205.
7. Hasegawa M. Biomarkers in systemic sclerosis: Their potential to predict clinical courses. Journal
of Dermatology. 2016; 43: 29–38.
8. Pattanaik D, Brown M, Postlethwaite BC and Postlethwaite AE. Pathogenesis of systemic
sclerosis. Front. Immunol. 2015; 6:

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ( Sle ) As Simply Lupus
Abstract
Most know Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) as simply lupus. It is difficult to diagnose and
treat but the symptoms can be mentally and physically devastating for any patient. Many may not
realize the extent to which a person with SLE is affected on a day to day basis. It is important for
healthcare professionals to understand the disease process, including the cause, signs, symptoms,
and treatment of SLE. By understanding the aforementioned, healthcare professionals can assist
with reporting signs and symptoms to the patient's doctor to further reach a correct diagnosis, but to
provide holistic care to the patient. SLE is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease which means the
body's immune system fallaciously attacks healthy tissues and various organs, in this case, primarily
the skin , joints, kidneys, and brain of both men and women.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is a chronic inflammatory disease which may affect many different
organs and tissues in the body. Lupus erythematous was first known as a skin disorder by Pierre
Cazenave a frechman in 1851. But even before the articles were found that went back to ancient
Greece. Lupus got its name because Lupus patients developed markings or rashes that resembled
that of a wolf. There are four types of Lupus, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid Lupus
Erythematosus, and crossover or overlap Syndrome or Mixed Connection Tissue Disease.
Individuals of any age, sex, or race may develop the diseases.

Rheumatoid Arthritis : The Commonest Form Of Inflammatory...
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is the commonest form of inflammatory arthritis (Taylor 2007). It affects
approximately 1% of the world population (Gibofsky 2012). Several western incidence and
prevalence studies (Symmons et al. 2002; Helmick et al. 2008; Neovius et al. 2011; Widdifield et al.
2014; Fina–Aviles et al. 2016; Śliwczyński et al. 2016) of RA have been published, proposing a
variation of the disease occurrence among different populations. However, the prevalence and
incidence of RA are lessening in the western populations but prevalence remains alike (e.g. Sweden
(0.77%) and the UK (0.81%) (Symmons et al. 2002; Neovius et al. 2011). RA is less common in
low–income and middle–income countries (0.5% prevalence) compared to western ... Show more
Patients primarily complain of pain, morning stiffness, and edema (swelling) of their peripheral
upper limbs and lower limbs joints (Hochberg et al. 2009). The joints most commonly involved
initially are the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints, proximal interphalangeal joints (PIP), wrist, and
metatarsophalangeal joints (Taylor 2007; Harnden et al. 2016). Although RA is primarily affect the
musculoskeletal system, the systemic inflammation properties may affect other body organs and
systems (Extra–Articular), causing vasculitis, fever, weight loss, fatigue, pleuritic, pericarditis,
endocarditis, neuropathies, scleritis, and episcleritis (Cojocaru et al. 2010).
As pointed out previously the presentation and clinical expression of RA is highly variable between
patients. Moreover, the signs and symptoms of RA cover a wide–ranging spectrum, varying from
pain, stiffness, swelling and functional impairment (Taylor 2007; Heidari 2011; Crawford 2015).
Therefore, clinical diagnosis of RA is greatly individualised process (Heidari 2011), which makes it
fundamentally hard to establish a uniform diagnostic criteria (Aggarwal et al. 2015). Considering
the absence of specific test for diagnosis of RA, the majority of treatment trials published in the last
two decades included patients who fulfil the 1987 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) as a
diagnostic criteria of RA (van der

Rheumatoid Arthritis In The Human Body
Movement is a part of everyday life. For most organisms, movement is a vital part of survival. The
inability to move stumps daily activity. Arthritis is a common disease that develops in a variety of
different forms. The word "arthritis" itself means "joint inflammation". A joint is the section of the
body where two bones meet, providing a cushion between them and facilitating movement. Arthritis
not only comes in different forms but, occur in humans of all ages, genders and races. Because
conventional treatment options focus mostly on pain management, an increasing number of the 43
million people with arthritis are seeking alternative methods of disease management to improve
their quality of life. Symptoms of the disease can be mild, moderate ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
2015). Preventing the influx of such cells in the joint space is the key concept for treatment. Natural
medicine is popularizing among the general population. Patients and healthcare providers both need
dependable information to make appropriate treatment choices. "Several studies have shown that
cannabinoids down regulate cytokine and chemokine production" (Nagarkatti P, Pandey R, Rieder
SA, Hegde VL, Nagarkatti M, 2009). The anti–inflammatory properties that are found in
cannabinoids may serve as an effective treatment to patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis.
"THC decreases the production of immune cell–recruiting pro–inflammatory chemokines by
keratinocytes independent of CB1/2 receptors" (Gaffal E, Cron M, Glodde , Tuting T

Oa Arthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis. The prevalent population suffering from
OA is the elderly, but it may afflict a person of any age, especially upon injury of the joint. This
ailment will usually affect loan bearing joints such as the knee or hips, but it can affect any joint. OA
is the breakdown of the protective cartilage within the joint, and the patient will suffer from pain,
swelling and/or stiffness of the joint, and a decreased range of motion at the joint. These symptoms
can have a debilitating effect on a patient by making menial tasks suck as walking, climbing stairs,
or even rising out of bed or a chair difficult. Currently, there are various treatment options available
for OA but no cure exists; therefore, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pharmacological treatments include analgesics, nonsteroidal anti–inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS),
opioids hyaluronic acid, corticosteroid injections (Citiation Garcia) or disease–modifying
osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs) such as sodium pentosan polysulfate. Kumagai et al researched the
efficacy of subcutaneous injections with sodium pentosan polysulfate on the improvement of
cartilage while Garcia–Padilla et al researched the efficacy of intra–articular injections of
bicarbonate and calcium gluconate. For treatments to be clinically significant they must alleviate the
symptoms; therefore, the treatment should decrease the patient?s level of pain and/or joint stiffness
from moderate to mild while resting or being active. The normal range of motion of the knee is 0 to
130 degrees for flexion and 120 to 0 degrees for extension(CITATION Mercks); therefore, within
the affected joint the range of motion should increase by 10 degrees. However, the range of motion
will be affected by the amount of cartilage lost and scar tissue in the knee joint; therefore, a full
recovery in the range of motion should not be

Symptoms And Treatment Of Arthritis Essay
While everyone wishes to live to advanced age, it is not always that old age is enjoyable. Living to
see own children bring up their children is gratifying too. Many old consider age is also a blessing
but it also comes with a cost and arthritis is one of the big costs that the aged continue to pay. The
disease turns chronic with progressive inflammation of the synovial lining of peripheral joints. It is
characterized by symmetric, chronic and deforming polyarthritis that results in long term joint
disability especially in the aged.
Arthritis
"Arthro" meaning a joint and "It is" meaning inflammation becomes Arthritis which remains one of
the most common disease in the developed world and manifests itself in three forms of arthritis;
rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and gout. All forms of arthritis can be detected with constant joint
pains, joint swelling and stiffness, warmth in joints and movement problems. There are many people
who are at risk of contacting arthritis but are ignorant of its symptoms. For example, women who
are above the age of sixty are more likely to have arthritis than men. There is also genetically
inherited arthritis that can run in family lines. However, arthritis can be increased due to joint
injuries, infections and weight disorders. Additionally, arthritis also occurs as a result of occupations
that require squatting or bedding that results in excessive pressure on joints.
Nevertheless, arthritis is mainly common among many aged people who

Chronic Low Back Pain Essay
Effectiveness of Therapeutic Exercises for Chronic Low Back Pain
Low back pain (LBP) is a major cause of disability wherein it involves nerves, muscles and bones of
the back (Luciana G Macedo, 2008). The sensation of pain that can be felt can be a dull constant
ache or a sudden sharp feeling (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 2015). The
pain felt is identified below the margin of the last ribs and above the inferior gluteal lines. The pain
is usually caused by certain conditions such as osteoarthritis, herniated discs, rheumatoid arthritis,
etc.
Depending on its duration, low back pain can be classified as acute of the pain is less than 6 weeks,
sun–chronic if it the pain is around 6 to 12 weeks, or chronic if the pain ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Sources such as EMBASE (1988 to June 2008), PEDro (2008), AMED (1985 to June 2008),
CINAHL (1982 to June 2008), and MEDLINE (1950 to June 2008) were utilized for the study
(Luciana G Macedo, 2008). The searches from the sources led to an initial result of 1,052 articles
and was eventually narrowed down to 42 articles based on the research's title and abstract. To further
increase the number of researches that can be utilized, a Web of Science search was also conducted
which added 45 more potentials researches that can be utilized. Both initial numbers were continued
to be re–analyzed if those can be included in the research. However, after the analysis, only 14 of
the total literature were used in the research of the team. Several exclusion criteria were made by the
team since some of the patients in the other studies had acute but not persistent back pain; the trial
did not use a motor control intervention according to their review definition; patients had neck pain
and headache but not back pain; and the trial did not have the outcomes of

Rheumatology: A Website Analysis
As a patient leaves his appointment with the doctor, he asks if you could recommend some online
websites that he could reference to educate himself on osteoporosis. Mr. Patient could visit
www.patienteducationcenter.org information on this website is supplies by Harvard Medical School.
Another site is www.rheumatology.org this website is maintained by the American College of
Rheumatology. What is a credible source? Credible sources are ones the reader can trust. Either
online or in print. Someone or something whose words, ideas, or notions are considered to be
genuine and factual. Official government websites (.gov), sites that represent universities/colleges
(.edu) are two examples of credible sources and not–for–profit organizations

Lumbar Disc Herniation Essay
Human race has been affected by back pain and leg pain since the beginning of history. Even though
there are various pathological conditions which present as back pain, most common condition giving
rise to back pain is LUMBAR DISC HERNIATION. Lumbar Disc Herniation is one of the
commonest problems in adults. At their productive age this problem is debilitating and if timely
intervention is not made the outcome is quiet disabling. Lumbar disc herniation in the past have
been treated successfully with both conservative and surgical modalities. Various studies in the past
have proved both these modalities, conservative and surgical treatment to give a good relief of
symptoms. Weber et al in his study compared the long term outcome of disc herniation treated ...
Newer techniques have evolved since then. With the advent of advanced instrumentation and newer
techniques the surgical treatment for disc prolapse has changed ever since then. Recent advancement
like micro–discectomy and endoscopic discectomy are becoming more popular in recent times.
These are minimally invasive surgeries and less morbid procedures compared to regular fenestration
discectomy. However the cost factor and need for advanced instrumentation for these procedures has
been a main draw back. Hence fenestration Discectomy is still the regularly been performed widely.
In this study the functional outcome of fenestration discectomy for a single level lumbar disc
herniation with unilateral radiculopathy is assessed using Japanese Orthopaedic Association scoring
system. The common levels of L4–L5 and L5–S1 have been chosen for the study. Both these levels
have significant anatomical as well as bio–mechanical differences. Hence the clinical presentations
in the two areas are chosen for the study and the outcome of the management is being

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Research Paper
21st Century Treatments for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Lanie Cantrell
Kennesaw Mountain Magnet Program 21st Century Treatments for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Introduction
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis is a disease in children 16 years or younger that causes inflamed joints.
(Haines, 2007) JIA includes 2 or more of these symptoms; ability of motion is impaired, motion
causing pain or tenderness, or increased warmth in a joint and occurring in more than one joint for 6
weeks or more. (Espinosa, M., et al., 2012) In the study of Anakinra effects on JIA, the category
Systemic JIA is used in the trial. (Nigrovic, P. A., et al., 2011) Many different treatments are used to
treat JIA and some arguments have broken out as to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Haines, K. 2007) Espinosa agreed that these drugs were positive for patients with limited cases of
JIA and states that they are used to treat multiple of the subcategories of JIA.
Anakinra
A trial performed by Nigrovic, et al. was to see if Anakinra could potentially treat JIA. This trial
lasted 82 days and included 21 patients (3 days after diagnosis) and 32, (within 30 days of being
diagnosed. These subjects were injected with two different variations of Anakinra.After around 14.5
months, Nigrovic says that improvement was a fast positive improvement. 25 out of 29 patients'
fever and rash healed in about 1–2 days. 8 of 10 patients treated with only Anakinra did not require
any additional therapy after the trial. The specialists in this study associated Anakinra with positive
outcomes. (Nigrovic, P. A., et al., 2011) Another trial was used to see if Anakinra was safe to use in
minors. 69% of the test subjects responded to the medication while 31% did not. After figuring out
weight based exposure to Anakinra provided adequate exposure to the patients they concluded that
Anakinra was a safe drug to administer to children. (Ilowite, N., et al. 2008)
Conclusion
Rheumatologists have considered many different options as treatments for Juvenile Idiopathic
Arthritis and have narrowed it down to these few. Anakinra is a safe medicine which is considered a
positive treatment. (Ilowite, N., 2008) (Nigrovic, P. A., 2011) NSAIDs and IA

Arthritis Experiments
Background/Introduction:
Arthritis patients has inflammation in their joints where chronic pain is a common symptom.
Although the mechanism linking pain with arthritis is unknown, it is suggested that the extension of
autonomic sympathetic fibers into the upper dermal layer of the skin may explain the sensation of
chronic pain that arthritis patients experience. Hence, the goal of Longo et al.'s experiment was to
investigate the changes of innervations in the skin directly above the inflamed joints and how this
change correlates with the perception of pain. Additionally, the effects of guanethidine on pain, as
well as, the changes in protein levels of pro–NGF (nerve growth factor) and mature–NGF are also
explored.
Materials and Methods:
To test their hypothesis, an experiment was conducted on male ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There was no difference in pain response between CFA treated rats and control rats when they
behavioral test was conducted on the contralateral paw.
There was an significant increase of innervations of synovial membrane of joints with CFA –
induced arthritis by sympathetic and peptidergic fibers, and these fibers were wrapping around each
other. Sympathetic fibers were found in close proximity with the peptidergic fibers in the upper
dermis of the paws with induced arthritis, and these fibers were present at levels 3 times the level
found in rats with mineral oil injections. Although the levels of pro–NGF remained constant when
comparing the tissues of both the control and CFA–treated rat's paws, there was a change in amount
of mature–NGF. There was a significant increase in levels of mature–NGF found in the tissues of
the paws with CFA–induced arthritis. Finally, behavioral tests conducted in rats 4 weeks post–CFA
treatment showed that rats with guanethidine injections had increased pain

Most Common Auto Immune Disease
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systematic inflammatory disease characterized by synovitis (constant
inflammation of the synovial membranes) and autoantibodies. The disease that affects 0.5–1.0% of
all adults in industrialized countries, mostly women and elderly people (Scott et al, 2010). In the
United States, more than 1.5 million people suffer from rheumatoid arthritis, making it one of the
most common auto–immune disease (Carmona et al. 2010). According to the Arthritis Foundation,
individuals who suffer from arthritis have to deal with joint pain, morning stiffness, fatigue, loss of
appetite, depressive symptoms, and low–grade fever which can last a few days to weeks. Individuals
with this disease tend to have a low–quality of life and difficulties with day–to–day activities.
There are 5 types of RA progression measured by imaging radiography. Type 1 is identified as a rare
type, with no radiographic progression, type 2 is a slow or moderate onset with increasing
progression, type 3 is a moderate–to–fast onset with stable progression, type 4 is a fast onset with a
decreased progression rate, and type 5 is a slow onset with acceleration in progression, then
deceleration (Graudal et al, 2004). Having any of the five types of RA can cause disability as a result
of joint damage, lowers quality of life, and can lead to other comorbidities such as cardiovascular
disease, tuberculosis, malignancies, and mental health conditions such anxiety and depression (Scott
et al,

The Most Common Forms Of Inflammatory Arthritis
Gout is one of the most common forms of inflammatory arthritis, affecting about 2.49% of the
population in the United Kingdom. Over the past 16 years, there has been a rise in reported
incidence in the UK (Lim et al., 2014). The condition tends to increase with age, especially affecting
those above 65 years. It is known to be much more common in men, with an incidence of 4.42 per
1,000 in men but only 1.32 per 1,000 in women (Moi et al., 2014). The condition is characterised by
the rapid onset of severe pain, swelling, and erythema of the affected joint. The first
metatarsophalangeal joint is the site of the initial attack of gout in up to 78% of gout sufferers and is
involved at some point in the course of the disease in up to 89% (Roddy et al., 2011). Other areas
affected can include the mid–foot, ankle, knee, fingers, wrists and elbows. Chronic gout is defined
as repeated attacks of gout greater than one episode in a year with persistent hyperuricemia
(National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2015).
The treatment of gout is usually conducted over two separate phases: in cases of acute gout, rapid
relief is offered from joint pain and inflammation, while in chronic cases, long–term management is
provided to reduce serum urate, thus decreasing further acute attacks and irreversible joint damage
(Moi et al., 2014). The European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) management
recommendations include lowering serum urate below 360 μmol/l (6 mg/dl). This has been

Rheumatology-Personal Narrative
Ever since I was 9, I've had bone and joint pains and when I finally went to rheumatology about it,
the doctor ordered a series of tests. I was laying on the table getting a pelvic MRI at Children's
Hospital of Philadelphia. I thought I was gonna finally get a diagnosis as to why my bones were
hurting. Instead, I was diagnosed with a huge ovarian cyst that needed to be surgically removed. My
mother and I had finally gotten home from getting the MRI of my pelvis. I went downstairs in the
basement to watch TV and my mother went upstairs to shower, then lie in bed. A few hours later, my
mother came downstairs to tell me that the hospital called her to tell her what they saw on my MRI.
"Kayda," my mother said, as she was walking down the stairs ... Show more content on
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I went into the hospital room with my mother, got undressed, and changed into a hospital gown. A
woman came into the room to put an IV into my arm, then I turned on the Food Network on the
hospital TV. A few doctors came into the room, asking for my name, birthdate, and other questions
for identification purposes. Later, my two aunts came into the room. A few minutes later, my
surgeon walked in as well to tell me that she'd come back in about twenty minutes to wheel me
away to the operating table. This made it even more surreal and made me even more anxious. My
surgeon, Dr. Mainigi came back into the room with two other doctors and she told me that it was
time for me to be wheeled away. I said my "I love you's" to my family as one of the male doctors
wheeled me away. He was asking me questions, trying to ease my nerves a little bit. We finally
reached the operating room. I transferred from the hospital bed to the operating table. My heart was
beating so fast, as I realized this was really happening. There were at least 10 doctors in the room
and there was a light above me shining down on me. Dr. Mainigi anesthetized me and before I knew
it, I saw

Osteoarthritis Or Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Arthritis is an inflammation of the joint(s). There are tons of different types of arthritis, but the two
most common types include; osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis is common when
an infection or an injury occurs to the joints, which can then breakdown cartilage tissue.
Rheumatoid arthritis is considered an autoimmune disorder. This happens when your immune
system attacks the tissue of the body. You can tell if you have some type of arthritis if you have pain,
swelling, and stiffness in the joints. Sometimes you can see redness on the skin around the joint. My
grandma has arthritis and I can sometimes see the redness around her joints, and her fingers become
very swollen and stiff
It is known that people who have

Symptoms And Treatment Of Arthritis
PHYSICAL THERAPY AND ITS ROLE IN ARTHRITIS Daymara Nodarse Florida National
University Professor: Dr. Kelly Krenkel November 4, 2014 Arthritis and other such rheumatic
conditions have been considered to be the most common medical complain as well as one of the
leading causes of disability and activity limitation among the population of the United States. The
rates of arthritis diagnosis have been steadily increasing in the last 20 years. Based on surveys and
research it was determined that by the end of 1990, it was estimated that almost 40 million people
suffered from arthritis and/or were currently being treated for it (MMWR, 2001). Further studies
show that by the end of 2005, this number had increased by almost 10 million people as reported by
the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and over 23 million had reported that although they
were not yet diagnosed they were dealing with chronic joint symptoms and conditions (Atkinson,
2009). This increase indicates that approximately 800,000 people per year since 1990 have been
diagnosed or treated for arthritis (MMWR). The limitations of activities of daily living (ADLs) are
one of the most common aspects of those suffering from arthritis. It is estimated that out of over 70
million people with arthritis, about 20 million (close to 30%) have debilitating symptoms which
may cause them decreased abilities to carry on daily activities. Arthritis has many variations and
although their prevalence is indicative of a

Juvenile Arthritis Research Paper

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