1. The document describes a SCADA system implemented by Jamshedpur Utilities and Services Company (JUSCO) to monitor and control their electrical distribution network.
2. The SCADA system collects real-time data from substations and switch houses through GPRS or fiber optic communication and displays it at the Network Monitoring and Control Centre.
3. Field data such as breaker status, transformer temperatures and energy meter readings are collected through potential free auxiliary contacts attached to breakers and transmitted to servers at the control center.
This ppt explains how to develop a device for wireless power transfer. It can make a remarkable change in the field of the electrical engineering and eliminates conventional copper cables and current carrying wires.
The document discusses Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) systems. It describes AMR as the remote collection of meter data from customer premises via communication links. The presentation covers how AMR systems work using components like the encoder-receiver-transmitter, meter interface unit, data concentrator unit and host central station. Benefits of AMR include reduced costs, improved customer service, and better detection of leaks or theft. The document provides an overview of AMR system architecture and its advantages over conventional meter reading.
The document discusses the Optical Communication course taught by Prof. Junaid Mandviwala. It outlines the prerequisites, course outcomes, syllabus, textbooks, and examination scheme. The course covers fundamentals of optical fiber communication including fiber properties, transmission characteristics, optical sources, detectors, components, and optical links. It aims to enable students to list, write and explain these concepts, and perform optical link budget analysis.
Fibre optics are thin strands of glass that transmit light signals over long distances. They have a core that transmits light surrounded by cladding that reflects light to prevent signal degradation. Advantages include low cost, high bandwidth, security and immunity to electromagnetic interference. Disadvantages include cost of installation, fragility and susceptibility to chemicals. Fibre optics have become widespread due to their use in telecommunications.
Cables have three main sections - a conducting core, insulating material, and protective cover. The core carries current using copper or aluminum wires. Insulation prevents current leakage and is made of rubber, paper, PVC, or other materials. The cover protects the insulation from damage.
Cables are classified by voltage, conductor material, insulation type, and number of cores. Low voltage cables operate at 250/440V while high voltage cables are 650/1100V. Cables have two, three, or more cores to carry current to different phases and the neutral. Three-and-a-half and four core cables have strands of different sizes to reduce costs when the neutral carries less current.
The document provides an overview of power electronic devices. It begins by defining power electronic devices as semiconductor devices used to convert or control electric power. It then discusses the key features of power electronic devices, including that they must handle large power levels and typically operate in switching states. The document outlines the basic configuration of a power electronic system and classifications of devices. It provides details on uncontrolled diodes, half-controlled thyristors, and fully-controlled devices. It also discusses characteristics, specifications, applications and history.
A two-port network has four terminals labeled A, B, C, and D, with A and B as the input ports and C and D as the output ports. The voltages and currents at the input and output ports are related by ABCD parameters, which are constants that describe the network's performance. The ABCD parameters can be represented in a transmission matrix and are used to analyze electrical networks and determine input/output voltages and currents. Specific ABCD parameters are defined for open circuit, short circuit, and symmetrical network configurations.
This ppt explains how to develop a device for wireless power transfer. It can make a remarkable change in the field of the electrical engineering and eliminates conventional copper cables and current carrying wires.
The document discusses Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) systems. It describes AMR as the remote collection of meter data from customer premises via communication links. The presentation covers how AMR systems work using components like the encoder-receiver-transmitter, meter interface unit, data concentrator unit and host central station. Benefits of AMR include reduced costs, improved customer service, and better detection of leaks or theft. The document provides an overview of AMR system architecture and its advantages over conventional meter reading.
The document discusses the Optical Communication course taught by Prof. Junaid Mandviwala. It outlines the prerequisites, course outcomes, syllabus, textbooks, and examination scheme. The course covers fundamentals of optical fiber communication including fiber properties, transmission characteristics, optical sources, detectors, components, and optical links. It aims to enable students to list, write and explain these concepts, and perform optical link budget analysis.
Fibre optics are thin strands of glass that transmit light signals over long distances. They have a core that transmits light surrounded by cladding that reflects light to prevent signal degradation. Advantages include low cost, high bandwidth, security and immunity to electromagnetic interference. Disadvantages include cost of installation, fragility and susceptibility to chemicals. Fibre optics have become widespread due to their use in telecommunications.
Cables have three main sections - a conducting core, insulating material, and protective cover. The core carries current using copper or aluminum wires. Insulation prevents current leakage and is made of rubber, paper, PVC, or other materials. The cover protects the insulation from damage.
Cables are classified by voltage, conductor material, insulation type, and number of cores. Low voltage cables operate at 250/440V while high voltage cables are 650/1100V. Cables have two, three, or more cores to carry current to different phases and the neutral. Three-and-a-half and four core cables have strands of different sizes to reduce costs when the neutral carries less current.
The document provides an overview of power electronic devices. It begins by defining power electronic devices as semiconductor devices used to convert or control electric power. It then discusses the key features of power electronic devices, including that they must handle large power levels and typically operate in switching states. The document outlines the basic configuration of a power electronic system and classifications of devices. It provides details on uncontrolled diodes, half-controlled thyristors, and fully-controlled devices. It also discusses characteristics, specifications, applications and history.
A two-port network has four terminals labeled A, B, C, and D, with A and B as the input ports and C and D as the output ports. The voltages and currents at the input and output ports are related by ABCD parameters, which are constants that describe the network's performance. The ABCD parameters can be represented in a transmission matrix and are used to analyze electrical networks and determine input/output voltages and currents. Specific ABCD parameters are defined for open circuit, short circuit, and symmetrical network configurations.
Vacuum tubes were invented in 1904 by John Ambrose Fleming and were a basic component for electronics throughout the 20th century, enabling technologies like radio, television, radar, and computers. Vacuum tubes work by emitting electrons from a heated cathode through a vacuum and rely on the thermionic and photoelectric effects. Early vacuum tubes included diodes, which could rectify AC, and triodes, which were invented in 1907 by Lee de Forest and added a grid electrode to control current flow. While largely replaced by transistors, vacuum tubes are still used for high-power radio applications due to their efficiency and cost effectiveness.
Speed control of dc motor using pulse width modulationviveksinghdew
This document discusses using pulse width modulation (PWM) to control the speed of a DC motor. It introduces PWM, which uses square waves to adjust the width of pulses in proportion to frequency to control power. The digital closed loop control system interfaces a microcontroller to the DC motor circuit to allow software control of motor speed via PWM. Diagrams show the power supply, speed controller, and motor circuit blocks. The system allows finer speed control of the DC motor while reducing power consumption and heat losses compared to traditional control methods.
PhD thesis presentation - Advanced Control Strategies for UPQC to Improve Pow...Trinh Quoc Nam
The document presents a thesis on advanced control strategies for unified power quality conditioners (UPQC) to improve power quality in distribution power systems. The thesis proposes control strategies to compensate for current and voltage harmonics, voltage sags, and voltage unbalances. Specifically, it introduces a control method for a shunt active power filter (APF) that eliminates the need for load current measurement and harmonic detection. This is achieved by directly controlling the DC link voltage and supply current. A proportional-integral-virtual phase lead (PI-VPI) current controller is designed to compensate for dominant 6nth harmonic currents without requiring additional filters or controllers. The proposed control strategy aims to simplify UPQC control systems and improve compensation performance.
1) DC generators convert mechanical energy to electrical energy through Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. When a conductor moves through a magnetic field, an EMF is induced in the conductor.
2) The main components of a DC generator are the yoke, field electromagnets, armature, commutator, and brushes. The armature is wound with coils and rotates within the magnetic field produced by the field electromagnets to generate an EMF.
3) As the armature rotates, the commutator and brushes are used to periodically reverse the direction of current in the external circuit, thereby producing direct current. Losses in the generator arise from copper, iron, and mechanical components
The wireless power transmission is a great technology that has long history. It has more potential in the near future in various industrial as well as commercial applications.
This document covers fundamental circuit analysis concepts including:
1) Ohm's law defines the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance in a circuit. Kirchoff's laws (KVL and KCL) are also introduced.
2) Series and parallel resistor combinations are examined along with voltage and current division techniques.
3) Wye-delta transformations allow the analysis of resistor networks that are neither purely series nor parallel.
This presentation was given as part of the April 21, 2010 Northwest Clean Energy Resource Team meeting on Smart Grid Technology in Northwest Minnesota.
This document discusses different types of resistors used in electrical circuits. It defines the ohm as the unit of electrical resistance and explains that a resistor's value is measured in ohms. It describes several types of fixed resistors like carbon composite, film, and wire wound resistors. It also covers variable resistors like thermistors whose resistance changes with temperature and photoresistors whose resistance changes when exposed to light.
This document discusses electric traction in railways. It provides an introduction to electric traction and its advantages over non-electric systems. It describes the key components of an electric railway system including the power transmission system, track electrification methods, traction motors, and braking systems. The main advantages of electric traction are its cleanliness, lower maintenance costs, ability to start quickly with high torque, and ability to regenerate braking energy. However, the initial costs are high and the system requires a reliable power supply.
Connectors are used to connect electrical circuits through wires and cables. Permanent connections are made through soldering or crimping, while temporary connections use plugs and sockets. Key properties of connectors include being keyed to prevent incorrect insertion, locked to prevent accidental disconnection, and water or moisture resistant. Common connector types discussed are USB, audio, and power connectors. Switches are electromechanical devices that connect or disconnect circuits. Switches are classified based on the number of poles and throws, determining the number of connections that can be made. Examples given are SPST, SPDT, DPST, and DPDT switches.
Practical DNP3 and Modern SCADA SystemsLiving Online
This document provides an introduction and overview of SCADA systems, communication standards like DNP3 and IEC 60870.5, and the OSI reference model for layered communications architecture. It describes the basic components and functions of SCADA systems including RTUs, master stations, and software. It also summarizes the purposes and services provided by each layer in the OSI model. Finally, it provides a brief history and comparison of the DNP3 and IEC 60870.5 communication standards.
seminar on SMART GRID is the best seminar of my branch
technology based on smart to integration of information technology on traditional power system
It may be best to understood Smart Grid as the overlaying of a unified communications and control system on the existing power delivery infrastructure to provide the right information to the right entity (e.g. end-use devices, transmission and distribution, system controls, customers, etc.) at the right time to take the right action. It is a system that optimizes power supply and delivery, minimizes losses, is self-healing, and enables next-generation energy efficiency and demand response applications.
To have connections between suppliers, distributors and consumers.
In definition, Smart Grid is a form of electricity network utilizing digital technology.
Its delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using two-way digital communications to control appliances at consumers' homes; which in deed will saving the energy, reduce costs and increase reliability.
A key feature of the smart grid is automation technology that lets the utility adjust and control each individual device or millions of devices from a central location.
A Smart Grid must functions as followings
1. Be able to heal itself
Smart Grid is designed with a control system that self-analyzes its performance using intelligent autonomous reinforcement learning controllers that are able to learn new strategies and successfully implementing such strategies to govern the behavior of the grid in the face of an ever changing environment such as equipment failures.
2. Motivate consumers to actively participate in operations of the grid
If consumers have freedom to control own usage of energy, they will be motivated to participate and be part of the system. They can monitor their usage and manipulate by the assistance of “smart appliances” and “intelligent equipment” in homes or businesses. Advanced communications capabilities equip customers with tools to exploit real-time electricity pricing, incentive-based load reduction signals, or emergency load reduction signals.
3. Resist attack
Most important issues of resist attack is the smart monitoring of power grids, which is the basis of control and management of smart grids to avoid or mitigate the system-wide disruptions like blackouts.
4. Accommodate all energy generation and storage options
Smart Grid integrates two power generation source; traditional power generation likes fossil fuel powered power plant with renewable power generations either generates from residential, commercial, and industrial customers that will improves reliability and power quality, reduces electricity costs, and offers more customer choice.
5. High quality power
Outages and power quality issues is common for any country especially for major industrial-based countries. Smart Grid provides more stable power provided that will reduce downtime and prevent such high losses because of
This document describes a smart energy meter that uses a GSM module to send electricity consumption data via SMS. The meter uses an AD7751 IC to measure real power consumption based on current and voltage inputs. An AVR microcontroller then processes this data and calculates energy used. It can send meter readings, billing information, and load details to the user's mobile phone upon request via a missed call to provide real-time monitoring. The smart meter allows for accurate and automated energy monitoring and billing compared to traditional meters.
Impact of Partial Shading and bypass diode on PV panel Output Powersaad motahhir
1. The document presents a study on the impact of partial shading and bypass diodes on photovoltaic (PV) panel output power. It includes modeling of a PV panel, the effects of shading, and the impact of bypass diodes.
2. Simulation results show that partial shading reduces panel power by lowering the current and voltage output. It can also cause the "hot spot" effect which damages cells. Bypass diodes help by directing current around shaded cells.
3. Under shading conditions with bypass diodes, the panel has both a global maximum power point and a local one, complicating maximum power point tracking algorithms. Further work is needed to identify the multiple power points.
The document discusses various circuit theorems including:
1. Linearity property and superposition principle which allow complex circuits to be simplified by treating sources individually.
2. Source transformations allow replacing voltage sources in series with resistances by current sources in parallel with resistances.
3. Thevenin's theorem states any linear two-terminal circuit can be reduced to a voltage source in series with a resistance.
4. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying these theorems to solve for unknown voltages and currents.
Presentation about chapter 1 of electrical circuit analysis. standard prefixes. basic terminology power,current,voltage,resistance.How power is absorbed by the circuit and its calculation with passive sign convention.
The document discusses the components of electric power grids including power generation plants, transmission lines, transformers, and distribution systems. It describes different types of power generation such as fossil fuel, nuclear, hydroelectric, and renewable sources. Key components of the transmission and distribution system are described including step-up and step-down substations, overhead and underground transmission lines, and distribution lines. Diagrams illustrate one-line diagrams of power systems and characteristics of transmission lines.
Tata Projects is Top Engineering, Construction & Procurement Company in India. It has expertise in executing Industrial and Urban Infrastructure projects.
This document discusses smart grid initiatives at CESC Ltd. It begins with definitions of smart grid and discusses how CESC is working towards IT-OT convergence. Some key areas CESC is focusing on include integrated communication technology, demand side management using time-of-use meters, advanced monitoring systems integrating DMS, OMS and MDMS, and enterprise application integration between OT systems and IT systems like GIS and CRM. The goal is to modernize the grid to improve efficiency, reliability and optimize system operations.
Vacuum tubes were invented in 1904 by John Ambrose Fleming and were a basic component for electronics throughout the 20th century, enabling technologies like radio, television, radar, and computers. Vacuum tubes work by emitting electrons from a heated cathode through a vacuum and rely on the thermionic and photoelectric effects. Early vacuum tubes included diodes, which could rectify AC, and triodes, which were invented in 1907 by Lee de Forest and added a grid electrode to control current flow. While largely replaced by transistors, vacuum tubes are still used for high-power radio applications due to their efficiency and cost effectiveness.
Speed control of dc motor using pulse width modulationviveksinghdew
This document discusses using pulse width modulation (PWM) to control the speed of a DC motor. It introduces PWM, which uses square waves to adjust the width of pulses in proportion to frequency to control power. The digital closed loop control system interfaces a microcontroller to the DC motor circuit to allow software control of motor speed via PWM. Diagrams show the power supply, speed controller, and motor circuit blocks. The system allows finer speed control of the DC motor while reducing power consumption and heat losses compared to traditional control methods.
PhD thesis presentation - Advanced Control Strategies for UPQC to Improve Pow...Trinh Quoc Nam
The document presents a thesis on advanced control strategies for unified power quality conditioners (UPQC) to improve power quality in distribution power systems. The thesis proposes control strategies to compensate for current and voltage harmonics, voltage sags, and voltage unbalances. Specifically, it introduces a control method for a shunt active power filter (APF) that eliminates the need for load current measurement and harmonic detection. This is achieved by directly controlling the DC link voltage and supply current. A proportional-integral-virtual phase lead (PI-VPI) current controller is designed to compensate for dominant 6nth harmonic currents without requiring additional filters or controllers. The proposed control strategy aims to simplify UPQC control systems and improve compensation performance.
1) DC generators convert mechanical energy to electrical energy through Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. When a conductor moves through a magnetic field, an EMF is induced in the conductor.
2) The main components of a DC generator are the yoke, field electromagnets, armature, commutator, and brushes. The armature is wound with coils and rotates within the magnetic field produced by the field electromagnets to generate an EMF.
3) As the armature rotates, the commutator and brushes are used to periodically reverse the direction of current in the external circuit, thereby producing direct current. Losses in the generator arise from copper, iron, and mechanical components
The wireless power transmission is a great technology that has long history. It has more potential in the near future in various industrial as well as commercial applications.
This document covers fundamental circuit analysis concepts including:
1) Ohm's law defines the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance in a circuit. Kirchoff's laws (KVL and KCL) are also introduced.
2) Series and parallel resistor combinations are examined along with voltage and current division techniques.
3) Wye-delta transformations allow the analysis of resistor networks that are neither purely series nor parallel.
This presentation was given as part of the April 21, 2010 Northwest Clean Energy Resource Team meeting on Smart Grid Technology in Northwest Minnesota.
This document discusses different types of resistors used in electrical circuits. It defines the ohm as the unit of electrical resistance and explains that a resistor's value is measured in ohms. It describes several types of fixed resistors like carbon composite, film, and wire wound resistors. It also covers variable resistors like thermistors whose resistance changes with temperature and photoresistors whose resistance changes when exposed to light.
This document discusses electric traction in railways. It provides an introduction to electric traction and its advantages over non-electric systems. It describes the key components of an electric railway system including the power transmission system, track electrification methods, traction motors, and braking systems. The main advantages of electric traction are its cleanliness, lower maintenance costs, ability to start quickly with high torque, and ability to regenerate braking energy. However, the initial costs are high and the system requires a reliable power supply.
Connectors are used to connect electrical circuits through wires and cables. Permanent connections are made through soldering or crimping, while temporary connections use plugs and sockets. Key properties of connectors include being keyed to prevent incorrect insertion, locked to prevent accidental disconnection, and water or moisture resistant. Common connector types discussed are USB, audio, and power connectors. Switches are electromechanical devices that connect or disconnect circuits. Switches are classified based on the number of poles and throws, determining the number of connections that can be made. Examples given are SPST, SPDT, DPST, and DPDT switches.
Practical DNP3 and Modern SCADA SystemsLiving Online
This document provides an introduction and overview of SCADA systems, communication standards like DNP3 and IEC 60870.5, and the OSI reference model for layered communications architecture. It describes the basic components and functions of SCADA systems including RTUs, master stations, and software. It also summarizes the purposes and services provided by each layer in the OSI model. Finally, it provides a brief history and comparison of the DNP3 and IEC 60870.5 communication standards.
seminar on SMART GRID is the best seminar of my branch
technology based on smart to integration of information technology on traditional power system
It may be best to understood Smart Grid as the overlaying of a unified communications and control system on the existing power delivery infrastructure to provide the right information to the right entity (e.g. end-use devices, transmission and distribution, system controls, customers, etc.) at the right time to take the right action. It is a system that optimizes power supply and delivery, minimizes losses, is self-healing, and enables next-generation energy efficiency and demand response applications.
To have connections between suppliers, distributors and consumers.
In definition, Smart Grid is a form of electricity network utilizing digital technology.
Its delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using two-way digital communications to control appliances at consumers' homes; which in deed will saving the energy, reduce costs and increase reliability.
A key feature of the smart grid is automation technology that lets the utility adjust and control each individual device or millions of devices from a central location.
A Smart Grid must functions as followings
1. Be able to heal itself
Smart Grid is designed with a control system that self-analyzes its performance using intelligent autonomous reinforcement learning controllers that are able to learn new strategies and successfully implementing such strategies to govern the behavior of the grid in the face of an ever changing environment such as equipment failures.
2. Motivate consumers to actively participate in operations of the grid
If consumers have freedom to control own usage of energy, they will be motivated to participate and be part of the system. They can monitor their usage and manipulate by the assistance of “smart appliances” and “intelligent equipment” in homes or businesses. Advanced communications capabilities equip customers with tools to exploit real-time electricity pricing, incentive-based load reduction signals, or emergency load reduction signals.
3. Resist attack
Most important issues of resist attack is the smart monitoring of power grids, which is the basis of control and management of smart grids to avoid or mitigate the system-wide disruptions like blackouts.
4. Accommodate all energy generation and storage options
Smart Grid integrates two power generation source; traditional power generation likes fossil fuel powered power plant with renewable power generations either generates from residential, commercial, and industrial customers that will improves reliability and power quality, reduces electricity costs, and offers more customer choice.
5. High quality power
Outages and power quality issues is common for any country especially for major industrial-based countries. Smart Grid provides more stable power provided that will reduce downtime and prevent such high losses because of
This document describes a smart energy meter that uses a GSM module to send electricity consumption data via SMS. The meter uses an AD7751 IC to measure real power consumption based on current and voltage inputs. An AVR microcontroller then processes this data and calculates energy used. It can send meter readings, billing information, and load details to the user's mobile phone upon request via a missed call to provide real-time monitoring. The smart meter allows for accurate and automated energy monitoring and billing compared to traditional meters.
Impact of Partial Shading and bypass diode on PV panel Output Powersaad motahhir
1. The document presents a study on the impact of partial shading and bypass diodes on photovoltaic (PV) panel output power. It includes modeling of a PV panel, the effects of shading, and the impact of bypass diodes.
2. Simulation results show that partial shading reduces panel power by lowering the current and voltage output. It can also cause the "hot spot" effect which damages cells. Bypass diodes help by directing current around shaded cells.
3. Under shading conditions with bypass diodes, the panel has both a global maximum power point and a local one, complicating maximum power point tracking algorithms. Further work is needed to identify the multiple power points.
The document discusses various circuit theorems including:
1. Linearity property and superposition principle which allow complex circuits to be simplified by treating sources individually.
2. Source transformations allow replacing voltage sources in series with resistances by current sources in parallel with resistances.
3. Thevenin's theorem states any linear two-terminal circuit can be reduced to a voltage source in series with a resistance.
4. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying these theorems to solve for unknown voltages and currents.
Presentation about chapter 1 of electrical circuit analysis. standard prefixes. basic terminology power,current,voltage,resistance.How power is absorbed by the circuit and its calculation with passive sign convention.
The document discusses the components of electric power grids including power generation plants, transmission lines, transformers, and distribution systems. It describes different types of power generation such as fossil fuel, nuclear, hydroelectric, and renewable sources. Key components of the transmission and distribution system are described including step-up and step-down substations, overhead and underground transmission lines, and distribution lines. Diagrams illustrate one-line diagrams of power systems and characteristics of transmission lines.
Tata Projects is Top Engineering, Construction & Procurement Company in India. It has expertise in executing Industrial and Urban Infrastructure projects.
This document discusses smart grid initiatives at CESC Ltd. It begins with definitions of smart grid and discusses how CESC is working towards IT-OT convergence. Some key areas CESC is focusing on include integrated communication technology, demand side management using time-of-use meters, advanced monitoring systems integrating DMS, OMS and MDMS, and enterprise application integration between OT systems and IT systems like GIS and CRM. The goal is to modernize the grid to improve efficiency, reliability and optimize system operations.
IRJET- SMART GRID: The Internet of Electrical Energy SystemIRJET Journal
This document discusses smart grids as the new distribution technology that can help address challenges in India's electrical sector like increasing demand, costs, and pollution. Smart grids integrate distributed energy sources, allow for electric vehicle integration, reduce peak loads, lower emissions, and give customers more control over energy use. Key components of smart grids include intelligent appliances, smart meters, smart substations, superconductors, integrated communications, and phasor measurement units. The document also describes a smart grid pilot project in Puducherry, India that implements technologies like advanced metering infrastructure, peak load management, and renewable energy integration. Overall, smart grids can improve reliability, optimize investments, aid network operation and planning, and reduce air pollution.
The document discusses the implementation of the Restructured Accelerated Power Development and Reforms Program (R-APDRP) in Rajasthan, India. Key points:
- R-APDRP aims to establish reliable baseline data and adopt IT in energy accounting to reduce losses before distribution strengthening projects.
- It has two parts - Part A focuses on IT applications for energy auditing and consumer services. Part B covers network renovation.
- The Discoms of Rajasthan have taken steps like forming implementation committees and appointing an IT consultant to timely execute the scheme and avail grants.
- Benefits of R-APDRP include increased consumer satisfaction, transparency, reduced out
Smart Grids & smart grid technologies in IndiaIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on smart grids and smart grid technologies in India. It discusses the current state of India's power sector, key smart grid technologies including advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) and its components. It also outlines some of the major smart grid pilot projects that have been implemented across different Indian states to test smart grid solutions. These pilot projects aim to address issues like reducing transmission and distribution losses, managing peak demand, and improving power reliability and availability. The document highlights various technological and implementation challenges for smart grids in India such as lack of standards, cybersecurity issues, and inadequate policy frameworks.
This document provides a report on a 4-week industrial training at Greater Noida Institute of Technology in Basic Telecom at Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL). The report includes an acknowledgment, preface, table of contents, and 12 chapters that describe BSNL, the workings of telecommunication networks including call setup and exchanges, conventional leased line systems, intranets, wireless technologies like Wi-Fi and GSM, fiber optic transmission, and conclusions. The training covered concepts of leased lines, WiMAX, optical fiber, and an overview of intranets.
This document provides information about Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (POWERGRID), including:
1) POWERGRID is an Indian state-owned electric utilities company that transmits about 50% of India's total power generation.
2) The document discusses POWERGRID's history, vision, mission, objectives, and role in establishing India's power transmission infrastructure and national grid.
3) It provides an overview of POWERGRID's network and technological developments, including the implementation of new technologies like ultra-high voltage transmission lines and smart grid pilots.
ISGF White Paper - Leveraging Smart Grid Assets for Smart Cities_20 Jan 2016Amol Sawant
The document discusses leveraging smart grid assets to build smarter cities at marginal cost. It argues that smart grids are essential infrastructure for smart cities as they enable reliable 24/7 power supply and integration of renewable energy. Smart grid technologies allow real-time monitoring and control of electricity distribution, and can be extended to manage other city utilities through a common command center. National initiatives in India like the Smart Cities Mission and National Smart Grid Mission aim to develop smart grids and smart infrastructure in urban areas. By reusing smart grid communication networks and control systems, additional smart city functions can be integrated at low cost, helping build sustainable cities.
T&D India (Apr 2017): The Face of Smart GridT&D India
A smart meter is undoubtedly the face of a smart grid though there is much more than to a smart grid than just the measuring device. The most important aspect of a smart meter is that it is the principal channel of communication between the consumer and the power utility. It is not only about accurately understanding electricity consumption but a smart meter also empowers a consumer to dynamically control electricity consumption.
Smart city -Opportunity to Indian Telecom Operator Satish Chavan
The document discusses India's Smart Cities Mission to develop 100 cities across the country. It provides definitions of smart cities from various organizations and outlines some key aspects of smart cities like smart transportation, traffic management, health, education, governance, and the role of telecom as the backbone to connect various systems and technologies. It also lists the first 20 cities selected for development under the mission.
This record gives full information of different communication technologies those are being used in BSNL Telephone Exchange Kodad, Nalgonda SSA and also gives a lot of practical oriented knowledge in Communication Industry.
The document describes a 5-day internship program organized by the National Power Training Institute (NPTI) on Internet of Things applications in the power and energy sectors. The program will provide both theoretical and hands-on training on topics like IoT architecture, sensors, Arduino and Raspberry Pi programming, cloud computing, and IoT applications for renewable energy, smart metering, and condition monitoring. It will involve lectures, simulations, and projects implementing systems like weather stations and solar monitoring with cloud interfaces. The target audience are college students and engineers, and registration costs Rs. 2,360. The program aims to equip participants with skills for applying IoT in energy management and grid reliability.
The world is moving forward at a fast hop, and the credit goes to ever growing technology. One such idea is IOT Internet of things with which automation is no longer a virtual reality. The Internet of Things will seamlessly incorporate a large number of different and heterogeneous end systems, while providing open access to selected subsets of data for the development of an overabundance of digital services. Building a wide ranging architecture for IoT is required because of the extremely large variety of devices but it is a very complex task, link layer technologies, and services that may be involved in such a system. In this paper we emphasis specifically to an urban IoT systems that, while still being quite a broad category, are characterized by their specific application domain. Urban IoTs, in fact, are designed to support the Smart City vision, which aims at take advantage of the most advanced communication technologies to support added value services for the administration of the city and for the citizens. Sunitha C | Asha Priya B | Lavanya S ""Need of Internet of Things for Smart Cities"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23597.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/world-wide-web/23597/need-of-internet-of-things-for-smart-cities/sunitha-c
This document provides a summary of a project report on quality assurance submitted by Sudhanshu Kumar to MAEER's MIT School of Business. The report discusses Tata Steel and its subsidiary Jamshedpur Utilities and Services Company (JUSCO), which provides various infrastructure services including water, power, construction, waste management, and public health. It outlines JUSCO's vision, mission, values, and quality policy. The report also describes JUSCO's various business lines and the role of its quality assurance department. The objective of the project was to evaluate the quality of JUSCO's services. Primary and secondary data was collected through field work and company records. The theoretical background discusses definitions of quality and quality assurance
This document provides an overview of a summer training report completed by Avaneesh Kumar Rai at BSNL Exchange in Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. The report includes acknowledgments, an introduction on BSNL and its objectives, and sections covering various telecommunication topics studied during the training, such as broadband, GSM, antennas, CDMA, wireless technologies, and fiber optics. The training aimed to provide practical exposure and understanding of technical aspects involved in the telecommunications industry.
IRJET - Asset Monitoring of Railroad Switch using IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system to monitor railroad switch assets using IoT. The system would monitor the position of the actuator, current supplied to the point machine, and vibrations of the point machine using ultrasonic, current transformer, and piezo-electric sensors respectively. The sensor data would be sent to a cloud server via an ESP32 microcontroller for visualization and monitoring in the control room. This system aims to reduce maintenance delays by enabling continuous remote monitoring of critical switch parameters, as currently maintenance is done manually once a week. It could help reduce accidents by detecting issues early and extending the life of railroad infrastructure.
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Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?
Jusco nmcc scada(avinash kumar)
1. 1
SCADA System
For
Digital
Electrical Distribution
Network Monitoring,Control & Maintainence
Mentor: Mr.Kaustav Banerjee
Submitted Under
Guidance Of
Mr.Sumit Ranjan Sinha
Mr.Dharam Vir Kumar
Officer NMCC
Submitted By:
Avinash Kumar
Btech 4th
Semester
B.M Group of institutions
B.M College of Tech & Mgmt
Id Card No:J/VT-15/1046
2. 2
CERTIFICATE
TO WHOM MAY BE CONCERN
This is to certified that Mr. Avinash kumar of Btech 4th
Sem of B.M College of Tech & Mgmt had done
bonafide work on project entitled SCADA System For Digital Electrical Distribution
Network Monitoring,Control & Maintainence under Our guidance and supervision in Mr.
Sumit Ranjan Sinha and Mr. Dharam Vir Kumar at Jamshedpur Utility & Services Company limited
(JUSCO) As per the Practical training prescribed in His University Syllabus To the best of my
knowledge and belief, the same project has not been submitted to any university or institute.
3. 3
Acknowledgement
I, Avinash Kumar student of Branch Electronic and Communication 4th
Sem here by being thankful
to JUSCO for allowing me to undergo training session of one month, secondary member Mr. Sumit
Ranjan Sinha and Mr. DharamVir Kumar, whose guidance allowed me to inherit knowledge,
experience and skill during my training period and to all safety officers and site inspection staff for
their sincere cooperation at every step, lastly to all site workers battling to the tough seen which
never had been an easy for them but their working and handling things taught me much more than
just theoretical knowledge.
4. 4
INDEX
1) Jamshedpur Utility and Services Company (JUSCO)
2) Network monitoring and Control Center
3) SCADA and its Architecture
4) Field Engineering
a) GPRS based communication
b) Fiber Optics based communication
5) Control Room Engineering
a) Different types of Servers.
b) WS-500 used for view.
6) Benefits of Implementing SCADA in power distribution network.
5. 5
Jamshedpur Utilities and Services Company (JUCSO)
Jamshedpur Utilities and Services Company (Jusco) is India's only comprehensive urban infrastructure service provider.
Carved out of Tata Steel, from its Town Services Division in 2004, the company's mandate was to convert an obligatory
service into a customer-focused sustainable corporate entity. Jusco’s core competency is ―creation and subsequent operation
and maintenance of urban infrastructure and services‖.
Areas of business
Engineering procurement and construction: Planning, development and maintenance of township infrastructure.
Power services division: Operation and maintenance of power infrastructure and distribution of power.
Integrated township management: Providing civic and municipal services in an integrated manner in a full-
fledged municipal area.
In a first of a kind initiative in India, the Jamshedpur Utilities and Services Company (JUSCO) was carved out of Tata Steel
from its Town Services Division in 2004. In JUSCO, the steel major reposed nine decades of experience and expertise. The
mandate for JUSCO was to convert an obligatory service into a customer focused sustainable corporate entity.
Jamshedpur Utilities & Services Company is today India’s only comprehensive urban infrastructure service provider. A Tata
Enterprise, its services focus on the Tata Group Purpose ―to improve the quality of life of the communities we serve‖.
The Group purpose is reflected in JUSCO’s Mission of providing ―quality services for life‖. Its services include water,
power, infrastructure, public health and horticulture services. JUSCO works alongside civic bodies, large and small
industries, local government bodies, communities and individuals to deliver value through sustainable solutions.
The Company believes that a clear sense of the Tata Values and Mission allows it to achieve immense clarity on its role for
the future. JUSCO intends to rise to the challenge of meeting India's need for infrastructure development in a sustainable
manner by anticipating and addressing the country's growth needs such that the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs is not compromised.
Areas of business of JUSCO are:
1)Engineering procurement and construction: JUSCO offers design, construction and turnkey services as well as
comprehensive EPC services; according to individual needs, it undertakes end-to-end projects or provides stand alone
solutions in the areas of:
Building & Industrial Construction – geared to provide EPC Services as well as exclusive construction
solutions for Residential/ Commercial/ Industrial/ Recreational requirements.
Road Construction & Maintenance – facilitating economic growth
Design & Planning Consultancy – understanding and delivering the physical planning, architectural and
structural needs of modern townships
Township Management – solutions for India’s urban growth & development
JUSCO has a strong commitment towards the safety of the people and community it interacts and hence takes
extreme precaution with every piece of infrastructure we build. JUSCO has 3 strategic business verticals under EPC:
Industrial Construction
Design and Township Management
2)Integrated Township Management: Unless forewarned first time visitors to the city of Jamshedpur, modern India’s first
planned city, do expect to see the wide-open landscaped spaces, parks and gardens, tree-lined avenues, that envelope a 10
million tonne steel plant. This balance between the environment, urban space and bustling industrial enterprises has
responsibly been managed by JUSCO since the inception of the steel city in the early part of the 20th century.
6. 6
Jamshedpur Utilities and Services Company Limited (JUSCO), spawned from the erstwhile Town Services Division
of Tata Steel in 2004, has ensured that challenges posed by the surge in urban growth, aspiration for a world-class
city with the best quality of life in India have progressively been met. The Company consistently focuses on
managing civic amenities and resources efficiently and responsibly so as to make them available and affordable for
the last mile consumer.
To unlock the urban productivity dividend JUSCO focuses on enhancing the quality of life of the residents of the
steel city through sustained and public-private partnerships for infrastructure development. Jamshedpur today has
among the highest per capita incomes in the country and is rated among the best cities to live in by its residents.
Civil & Electrical Maintenance
Water Management
Municipal Solid Waste Management
City Roads
Horticulture Services
3)Power service division
Power Availability – ensuring clean and reliable power at the doorstep of every consumer
Household Consumers – enjoy the highest per capita power consumption in the country.
Industrial consumers – growth needs are matched by continuously augmenting infrastructure.
Municipal Functions.
Improvement in efficiencies.
Power division services is divided in two areas:
a)Saraikela and Kharsawan
b) Jamshedpur.
In Jamshedpur the monitoring and control of power division is taken care by a unit of JUSCO named NMCC (Network
Monitoring And Control System
7. 7
Networking Monitoring and Control Centre-JUSCO
NMCC is unit of JUSCO which monitors and control the distribution of power to different areas coming under it area
of supervision though system, called SCADA.
NMCC unit has been newly established and inaugurated in February 2015 for monitoring.
NMCC does the work of:
Monitoring through SCADA (Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition).
JUSCO inaugurated the Network Monitoring and Control Center of Power Services Division on february 10,
2015. Jamshedpur is one of the few cities in India which has implemented such a monitoring system of distribution
network right upto the distribution transformers. JUSCO distributes power on behalf of Tata Steel in its command
area of 64 sq.km in Jamshedpur. The electrical distribution network is spread across the city connecting
approximately 500 High Tension installations. These installations include substations, distribution substations, switch
houses and other installations to supply power to consumers. In order to minimize the duration of power outages,
these installations are required to be continuously monitored by collecting its real time information about its status.
The present system of manual monitoring for any kind of interruption is time consuming & cumbersome. It also lacks
a central place where real time data (viz. load conditions, breaker status, voltage levels) of substations and consumers
can be monitored.
Required information and data needs to be collected for each case manually from field as and when required. This
limits decision making on system control, operation and maintenance.
Seizing the opportunity to improve monitoring and control of the town power distribution leading to reduction in
operational delays, enhancement of manpower productivity and enhanced customer satisfaction, Jusco has
implemented Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems for power distribution management in
Jamshedpur.
SCADA is a real-time industrial process control system used to centrally monitor and control remote or local
industrial equipment.
SCADA & Distribution Network
SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. It is a system operating with coded signals over
communication channels so as to provide control of remote equipment (using typically one communication channel
per remote station). The control system may be combined with a data acquisition system by adding the use of coded
signals over communication channels to acquire information about the status of the remote equipment for display or
for recording functions. It is a type of industrial control system (ICS). Industrial control systems are computer-based
systems that monitor and control industrial processes that exist in the physical world. SCADA systems historically
distinguish themselves from other ICS systems by being large-scale processes that can include multiple sites, and
large distances. These processes include industrial, infrastructure, and facility-based processes, as described below:
Industrial processes include those of manufacturing, production, power generation, fabrication, and refining,
and may run in continuous, batch, repetitive, or discrete modes.
Infrastructure processes may be public or private, and include water treatment and distribution, wastewater
collection and treatment, oil and gas pipelines, electrical power transmission and distribution, wind farms, civil
defense siren systems, and large communication systems.
Facility processes occur both in public facilities and private ones, including buildings, airports, ships,
and space stations. They monitor and control heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems (HVAC), access,
and energy consumption.
8. 8
JUSCO uses SCADA for power distribution through its unit called NMCC.SCADA is basically combination of
hardware and software used to automate industries with the help of networking unlike Programmable Logic
Control(PLC) –the earlier version of SCADA which did not have networking facility.
So, the working of the SCADA can be shown as:
Auxiliary Memory
CPUProgram Input
output
Computer Interface
Display and
Control Console
RTU FRTU RTU
9. 9
IN JUSCO the hardware and software is provided by the company ABB to implement SCADA.
Software used for SCADA operations and view is WS-500
Software used for development are : 1) DE (Data Engineering)
2) PED (Picture Editor)
TCS has implement the SCADA for JUSCO
WS-500 has two parts:
1) Control System Overview: Tells Network related equipment status.
2) Power System overview: Tells substation status and sends control actions if required.
JUSCO has 3 level voltage transmissions-132 KV (Extra High Voltage), 6.6 KV (High Voltage) ,33KV( High Voltage).It has
divided its substations in 2 parts depending upon various factors like no of other substations connected, revenue generated
etc.
Very Important Substation: These substations have top priority and black outs cannot be afforded in these areas for longer
duration. So for these substations communication takes place through optical fibers which is expensive to install and maintain
but more reliable. There are nine (9) sub-station which JUSCO has placed under this category.
Less Important Sub-stations: All other substations come under this category. In these substations communication takes place
through GPRS.
The monitoring and control of power distribution requires two types of engineering
1) Field Engineering
2) Control Room Engineering.
10. 10
Field Engineering:
It includes the data taken as input from the substations and switch houses for monitoring purpose and data given as output to
substations and switch houses for controlling.
Distribution has component types:
Transformer
Breaker
Transformer: Transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy between two circuits thorough electromagnetic
induction. Its work is to regulate the voltage of alternating current in electric power applications.
Transformer cooling methods are following:
Oil temperature
Force temperature
Winding temperature
Breaker: A breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage
caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow. Unlike a fuse,
which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume
normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household
appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city
Breakers have digital input are following:
ON
OFF
TRIP
Energy Meter
Fig: Breaker
11. 11
Auxiliary Contact: A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically operate a
switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control
a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several
circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they
repeated the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in
telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor or other loads is called a
contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform
switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect
electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital
instruments still called "protective relays".
Auxiliary contacts are secondary switching devices that work in conjunction with primary switching equipment such as
circuit breakers, relays, and contactors. These contacts are physically linked to the main switching mechanism and activate at
the same time it does. They are commonly used as interlocks or retainers on the primary device's control circuit and often
used to give indication of its state of operation. Many contactors and circuit breakers feature sets of auxiliary contacts as
integral parts or they may be modular snap on units which can be added or removed as required. They are available with
either normally open or normally closed contact points or a combination of both.
Fig: Auxiliary Contacts
Main circuit switching devices, such as circuit breakers and contactors, often require additional switching functions over and
above those of their primary contacts. These include remote indication of their status, trip function indication, electrical
interlocks, and start circuit retainers. These functions have no physical bearing on the main circuit and stand alone. In
addition, the voltage used for these auxiliary circuits will typically be far lower than that of the main circuit. To achieve this
simultaneous yet separate switching, auxiliary contact points activate along with the primary device. These are generally a lot
smaller and rated at lower current values than those of the main device.
One of the main uses of auxiliary contacts is the electrical retainer circuit. This is a control circuit function that allows the use
of momentary, push type buttons to start motors and other equipment. Another common function of these contacts is remote
status and trip indication. A separate, low voltage circuit is run through the auxiliary to a remote indication lamp that
illuminates when the device is activated or trips. Auxiliary contact points may also be used to switch on ancillary equipment,
such as starter panel cooling fans, when the contactor activates.
There are two basic auxiliary contact types: those that are closed in the non-activated state or those that are open. These are
known as normally closed (N/C) and normally open (N/O) contacts. The N/C contacts are, for example, used as electrical
interlocks where two contactors are used for forward/reverse operation. The control circuit for one contactor will run through
12. 12
the N/C auxiliary on the other. This means that one cannot be inadvertently started while the other is operating. The N/O
contacts are generally used to switch on status indication lamps and act as retainer circuits.
Data taken as input from the field which mainly includes breaker and transformer in case of substation and breakers in case of
switch houses include:
1) Data taken as input from Breaker: On-Off status, tripping status in case of any fault which is acquired from the relay
placed on the breaker and energy meter reading which includes voltage, current, power etc values.
2) Data taken as input from transformers: Oil temperature and winding temperature.
The input data comes from the field in digital form. The electrical parameters are converted into digital at various substations
and send through GPRS in case of less important substations and through optical fibers in case of more important substations
to the server located at NMCC.
For checking the on-off status of the breaker auxiliary contacts are attached to the moving end of the breaker. The auxiliary
contacts can be of two types-with potential and potential free contact .JUSCO uses potential free auxiliary contact.
In case of Potential free auxiliary contact, a +24Volts supply is applied to the contact to complete the circuit. Any changes in
the breaker status affects this 24 volts supply circuit and hence indicating the change in breaker status. This change in status
of the breaker is recorded in PLC card (Programmable Logic control) which uses FBD (Functional Block diagram) for its
programming.
So, Field Data comes to NMCC sever by two ways:
GPRS based communication: The data taken from the less important substations as input at NMCC for monitoring through
GPRS
Optical Fiber based communication: The data from very important substations are taken as input from NMCC through OFC.
GPRS Based Communication: The data from the field comes to NMCC server as input through GPRS. For GPRS based
communication FRTU is used. The data from the field comes to NMCC server as input through GPRS. For GPRS based
communication FRTU is connected to
Arctic Modbus Gateway effectively integrates serial Modbus devices to IP based management systems via Ethernet, GPRS
and EDGE. This is achieved by protocol conversion from Modbus serial protocols to Modbus TCP protocol and vice versa.
Combining this to many other Modbus specific features Arctic Modbus Gateway is powerful and flexible building block for
industrial Modbus communication. Also mobile operator independent systems (when GPRS/EDGE is used) can be built with
Viola M2M Gateway which provides virtual static IP addresses and VPN connections for Arctic devices.
The Modbus protocol family is a vendor-independent industrial communication standard supported by industrial automation
control units (PLCs, RTUs, data loggers, sensors etc.) and controlling software such as SCADA programs. Usually field
devices use serial mode (RTU or ASCII) protocol where as control network communication uses Modbus TCP protocol. The
Modbus user community has defined gateway functionality for required protocol integration. This functionality (protocol
conversion) is implemented in Arctic Modbus Gateway. Arctic Modbus Gateway offers powerful and easy-to-use features for
building wireless communication networks for distributed industrial systems. Also local area networks can be effectively
built by the Ethernet version of Arctic Modbus Gateway. Many industrial devices like PLCs and data loggers support RS-485
Modbus RTU protocol. Arctic Modbus Gateway can integrate unlimited number of serial slaves to IP network. All Modbus
protocol versions are supported!
Arctic Modbus Gateway can also be used as a serial slave at the SCADA end in the systems where SCADA is not supporting
Modbus TCP. In this case Arctic Modbus Gateway is connected to SCADA machine’s serial port (Modbus RTU) and it is
routing serial Modbus messages from SCADA to a single Modbus TCP recipient (Acting as a Modbus TCP master for it)
thus avoiding message broad-casting and extra network traffic over wireless GPRS/EDGE networks.
13. 13
GPRS M2M Gateway
Feeder remote terminal unit (FRTU): Field Engineers are on the front line, involved in every phase of our business—from
acquiring the first data needed for drilling decisions to designing plans for long-range development of complex multiwall,
multi reservoir fields. They provide this data from some of the world’s toughest environments. This product containing
switch controller and terminal device controls switches with host server. The size is smaller than existing product, and the
economic efficiency is higher. And it improves the efficiency of the distribution automation system by providing various
services such as power quality monitoring function.
The FRTU is placed on the breaker for sending input data taken from the breaker to server placed at NMCC for monitoring
purpose. FRTU is basically used for GSM based communication and controlling cannot be done. RTU (Remote Terminal
Unit) is the advanced version of FRTU and is basically used for Optical Fiber based communication. FRTU consists of PLC
card, GSM card, router, terminal block, +24 volt power supply to complete auxiliary contact circuit.
Fig: FRTU
Parts of FRTU:
PLC Card
GPRS
Gateway
24V
Supply
Terminal
Block
14. 14
GPRS Gateway: A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. A router
00is connected to two or more data lines from different network (as opposed to a network switch, which connects
data lines from one single network). When a data packet comes in on one of the lines, the router reads the address
information in its routing table or routing policy, it directs the packet to the next network on its journey. This creates
an overlay internetwork. Routers perform the ―traffic directing‖ function on the Internet. A data packet is typically
forwarded from one router to another through the networks that constitute the internetwork until it reaches its
destination node.
Fig: Router
Terminal Block: Terminal Blocks are available in pluggable and fixed configurations in various pitch-sizes and
wire sizes, for signal and power solutions. The proven rising-cage-clamp technology ensures long-life, reliable
connections, especially for demanding applications in industrial, instrumentation and communication environments.
Fig: Terminal Block
24V Power Supply: It is used to provide potential to the potential free auxiliary contacts .This potential is provided
to complete the circuit. Any kind of change in this circuit indicates the change in the status of the breaker.
Fig: 24v supply
.
15. 15
PLC Card: A programmable logic controller is a specialized computer used to control machines and processes. It
therefore shares common terms with typical PCs like central processing unit, memory, software and
communications. Unlike a personal computer though the PLC is designed to survive in a rugged industrial
atmosphere and to be very flexible in how it interfaces with inputs and outputs to the real world.
The components that make a PLC work can be divided into three core areas.
The power supply and rack
The central processing unit (CPU)
The input/output (I/O) section
PLCs come in many shapes and sizes. They can be so small as to fit in your shirt pocket while more involved controls
systems require large PLC racks. Smaller PLCs (a.k.a. ―bricks‖) are typically designed with fixed I/O points. For our
consideration, we’ll look at the more modular rack based systems. It’s called ―modular‖ because the rack can accept many
different types of I/O modules that simply slide into the rack and plug in.The Functional Body Diagram (FBD) is used for the
programming of PLC card. In FBD Commonly we use Gates. Like "OR" , "AND" & "NOT" etc.The Input to these Gates are
"0" & "1" or Low & High. And output is corresponding to the Gates used as in Electronics.
Fig: PLC Card Reader
The Basic Field Wiring
Contacts of breaker are one fixed and one moving. The moving contact of the breaker is connected to auxiliary contact
which is of Normally Open (NO) and Normally Closed (NC) type. These NO and NC contacts are connected to the
PLC card through terminal block to indicate On-Off status of the breaker. A +24V supply is also connected to complete
the circuit.
Any movement in moving contacts of breakers brings about a change in NO and NC contacts of auxiliary contact and
hence indicates the status of breaker on PLC card which converts this electrical data into digital data and the output of
PLC card is send to router which finally send the data to the server at NMCC through cloud computing or GPRS.
Tripping is sensed by the relay placed on the breaker which is connected to PLC card through terminal block and a
+24V supply is used to complete the circuit, hence giving the information of tripping of breaker in case any fault occurs
and this data is send to server in similar way through GPRS.
The Energy meter is also placed on the breaker whose readings is taken as input for monitoring and control. JUSCO uses
energy meter made by two companies-SECURE and LnT.
Two type of communication takes place through energy meter
1) Serial Data Communication: Data flow in the form of FIFO (First In First Out)
2) Packet Data Communication: Data flows in the form of packets.
16. 16
JUSCO uses energy meter from two companies:
a) SECURE
b) L&T
Type of Energy Meter:
1) Secure:
Secure premier 300: Premier is the family of CT/VT operated meters, which covers a wide range of power levels and
offers flexible time-of-use tariff metering and communications capabilities. Premier 300 is the latest offering from this
family having enhanced event detection facility and interoperable DLMS communication protocol. It is available in
various accuracy classes and wiring configurations.
Secure premier 250: Premier is the family CT/VT operated meters, which covers a wide range of power levels, and
offers flexible time of use tariff metering and communications capabilities. Premier 250 is the latest offering from this
family having enhanced event detection facility and interoperable DLMS communication protocol. It is available in
various accuracy classes and wiring configurations.
2) L & T ER300P: Electronic Trivector meter, ER300P – PRIDE is a multipurpose unit which integrates several
functions and replaces various equipment for metering energy parameter. It is light, compact and highly reliable. L&T
has indigenously designed and developed the same at its state-of-the-art manufacturing facility in Mysore. It is well
suited for Indian transmission and distribution network and can be used for unidirectional or bi-directional metering,
TOD metering, and for energy management. It is available for both HT and LT applications.
In case of SECURE energy meters:
RJ-11 port is used to take data from the energy meter. This port is a communication port. A serial data convertor is attached
to the port RJ11 to convert data into serial data port that is RS485. The output of the serial data convertor is send to router
which finally sends data to NMCC server through GPRS or cloud computing.
Fig: Energy Meter Fig: Serial Data Convertor
17. 17
Fig: Flow of Energy Meter Data
In case of L&T energy meters data is directly taken from port RS485 which is a serial data communication port.
More than one energy meter can also be connected in cascade form through the serial data convertor and the output of last
serial data convertor is send to the router. This can be done as:
In case of SECURE energy meter there are two ports in serial data convertor. The upper port is connected to RJ11 port of the
energy meter and the lower port is connected to serial data convertor whose other port is connected to other energy meter
communication port (RJ-11) which is to be connected in cascade. All the cascaded energy meters are given slave ID to
differentiate data is coming from which energy meter. All these data finally goes to RTU or FRTU.
L&T meters can be directly connected in cascade and slave id is given to recognize which data is coming from which energy
meter.
Fig: Energy Meters Connected in Cascade with each other
The data taken from the energy meter via serial data convertor and the data for the status of breaker taken via PLC card
goes to GPRS. This data from the GPRS goes to the cloud server. The cloud computing data comes to NMCC server
through M to M communication. M to M is basically a gateway through which data flows.
Optical Fiber communication/ Fiber optics (FO) based communication: In more important substations the data is taken
as input at NMCC server through optical fiber also known as fiber optics. For this RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) is placed in
the field for giving out data input for monitoring and taking data output from NMCC for control.
Optical Fiber based communication: The data from very important substations are taken as input from NMCC through
OFC.
Fiber optics (optical fibers) are long, thin strands of very pure glass about the size of a human hair. They are arranged in
bundles called optical cables and used to transmit signals over long distances.
18. 18
Fiber Optic Data Transmission Systems
Fiber optic data transmission systems send information over fiber by turning electronic signals into light.
Light refers to more than the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is near to what is visible to the human eye.
The electromagnetic spectrum is composed of visible and near-infrared light like that transmitted by fiber, and all
other wavelengths used to transmit signals such as AM and FM radio and television.
The electromagnetic spectrum.
Only a very small part of it is perceived by the human eye as light.
Fiber Optics Transmission
Low Attenuation
Very High Bandwidth (THz)
Small Size and Low Weight
No Electromagnetic Interference
Low Security Risk
Elements of Optical Transmission
o Electrical-to-optical Transducers
o Optical Media
o Optical-to-electrical Transducers
o Digital Signal Processing, repeaters and clock recovery.
Types of Optical Fiber
Multi Mode:
(a) Step-index – Core and Cladding material has uniform but different refractive index.
(b) Graded Index – Core material has variable index as a function of the radial distance from the center.
Single Mode: The core diameter is almost equal to the wave length of the emitted light so that it propagates along a single
path.
Transducers
Electrical-to-Optical Transducers
o LED - Light Emitting Diode is inexpensive, reliable but can support only lower bandwidth.
o LD – Laser Diode provides high bandwidth and narrow spectrum.
Optical-to-Electrical Transducers
19. 19
o PIN Diode - Silicone or InGaAs based p-i-n Diode operates well at low bandwidth.
o Avalanche Diode – Silicone or InGaAs Diode with internal gain can work with high data rate.
BW Capacity of Fiber Optics
To give perspective to the incredible capacity that fibers are moving toward, a10-Gbps signal has the ability to
transmit any of the following per second:
1000 books
130,000 voice channels
16 high-definition TV (HDTV) channels or 100 HDTV channels using compression techniques. (a HDTV channel
requires a much higher bandwidth than today’s standard television).
Transmission Limitations
Transmission over fiber is limited by the attenuation and dispersion.
Multimode fibers may experience
o Multimode dispersion: The delayed rays cause pulse spreading
o Chromatic dispersion: Individual wavelengths may travel at different speeds.
Dispersion creates an inherent operational limit defined as a bandwidth-distance product (BDP).
Remote Terminal Unit (RTU): A remote terminal unit (RTU) is a microprocessor-controlled electronic device that
interfaces objects in the physical world to a distributed control system or SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition)
system by transmitting telemetry data to a master system, and by using messages from the master supervisory system to
control connected objects.[1] Another term that may be used for RTU is remote telecontrol unit.
An RTU monitors the field digital and analog parameters and transmits data to the Central Monitoring Station. It contains
setup software to connect data input streams to data output streams, define communication protocols, and troubleshoot
installation problems.
An RTU may consist of one complex circuit card consisting of various sections needed to do a custom fitted function or may
consist of many circuit cards including CPU or processing with communications interface(s), and one or more of the
20. 20
following: (AI) analog input, (DI) digital input, (DO/CO) digital or control (relay) output, or (AO) analog output card(s).
Fig: RTU
An RTU consists of:
Power supply: A form of power supply will be included for operation from the AC mains for various CPU, status
wetting voltages and other interface cards. This may consist of AC to DC converters where operated from a station
battery system.
RTUs may include a battery and charger circuitry to continue operation in event of AC power failure for critical applications
where a station battery is not available. This is done with the help of DC to DC convertor which coverts 110V DC from the
battery bank to 24V DC which is used to provide potential to the various cards.
Fig: DC to DC convertor
Digital inputs: Most RTUs incorporate an input section or input status cards to acquire two state real portion. This is usually
accomplished by using an isolated voltage or current source to sense the position of a remote contact (open or closed) at the
RTU site. This contact position may represent many different devices, including electrical breakers, liquid valve positions,
alarm conditions, and mechanical and positions of devices.
Fig: Digital Input
21. 21
Analog inputs: An RTU can monitor analog inputs of different types including 0-1 mA, 4–20 mA current loop, 0–10 V.,
±2.5 V, ±5.0 V etc. Many RTU inputs buffer larger quantities via transducers to convert and isolate real world quantities
from sensitive RTU input levels. An RTU can also receive analog data via a communication system from a master or
IED (Intelligent Electronic Device) sending data values to it.
Fig: Analog Input card
The RTU or host system translates and scales this raw data into the appropriate units such as gallons of water left,
temperature degrees, or Megawatts, before presenting the data to the user via the HMI.
Digital (control) outputs: RTUs may drive high current capacity relays to a digital output (or "DO") board to switch
power on and off to devices in the field. The DO board switches voltage to the coil in the relay, which closes the high
current contacts, which completes the power circuit to the device.
Fig: Digital Output Card
RTU outputs may also consist of driving a sensitive logic input on an electronic PLC, or other electronic device using a
sensitive 5 V input.
Analog outputs: While not as commonly used, analog outputs may be included to control devices that require varying
quantities, such as graphic recording instruments (strip charts). Summed or massaged data quantities may be generated
in a master SCADA system and output for display locally or remotely, wherever needed.
Communication Card Unit (CMU): All the information from DI and DO cards goes to CMU and from Ethernet port
of CMU the data is send to switch where it gets converted into optical data from digital data and transmitted through FO
to NMCC server. The data of the energy meter and AI is also send to CMU.
Adapter Card: This card is used to link various DI, DO and AI cards present in different rows and send the data of
these cards to CMU.
22. 22
24V relay: For controlling the breaker requires a high voltage of 110V.But the DO and DI cards works on a very low
voltage of 5V.On DO card a relay is used to convert 5V to 24V and this 24V is further converted into 110V with the
help of relay switches to switch on or off the breakers.
Fig: Relay Switch
In RTU data outputs (DO) can also be given for controlling unlike FRTU. The optical fiber is connected to the RTU through
a switch which converts digital data into optical data so that it can be transmitted through optical fiber and reach to NMCC.
The nine important substations are connected to each other in the form of ring so that even if the FO cable of one ring gets
cut the information can be received or control signals can be sent through the other ring. Two rings are formed and each ring
has one cable for input and one for output. So, four optical fiber cables come from field to NMCC server, one pair of I/O
cable from each ring. These four optical cables comes to NMCC server where it is again converted into digital data through
L1 and L2 switches.
Fig: Ring connection of important substation through FO
Control Room Engineering: The data comes as an input to NMCC server through Optical Fibers from very important
substations and through GPRS from other substation. The servers are installed in NMCC server room.
Server: A server is a running instance of an application (software) capable of accepting requests from the client and giving
responses accordingly. Servers can run on any computer including dedicated computers, which individually are also often
referred to as "the server".
Servers operate within client-server architecture. Servers are computer programs running to serve the requests of other
programs, the clients. Thus, the server performs some tasks on behalf of clients. It facilitates the clients to share data,
information or any hardware and software resources. The clients typically connect to the server through the network but may
23. 23
run on the same computer. In the context of Internet Protocol (IP) networking, a server is a program that operates as a socket
listener.
Servers often provide essential services across a network, either to private users inside a large organization or to public users
via the Internet. Typical computing servers are database server, file server, mail server, print server, web server, gaming
server, and application server.
Fig: END TO END DATA SERVER
Type of server:
A front end processor (FEP) or a communications processor: It is a small-sized computer which interfaces to the
host computer a number of networks, such as SNA, or a number of peripheral devices, such as terminals, disk units,
printers and tape units. Data is transferred between the host computer and the front end processor using a high-speed
parallel interface. The front end processor communicates with peripheral devices using slower serial interfaces,
usually also through communication networks. The purpose is to off-load from the host computer the work of
managing the peripheral devices, transmitting and receiving messages, packet assembly and disassembly, error
detection, and error correction. Two examples are the IBM 3705 Communications Controller and the Burroughs
Data Communications Processor.
Application Server (AS): An application server is a software framework that provides both facilities to create web
applications and a server environment to run them.
Most Application Server Frameworks contain a comprehensive service layer model. An application server acts as a
set of components accessible to the software developer through an API defined by the platform itself. For Web
applications, these components are usually performed in the same running environment as its web server(s), and
their main job is to support the construction of dynamic pages. However, many application servers target much more
than just Web page generation: they implement services like clustering, fail-over, and load-balancing, so developers
can focus on implementing the business logic.[2]
In the case of Java application servers, the server behaves like an extended virtual machine for running applications,
transparently handling connections to the database on one side, and, often, connections to the Web client on the
other
FIELD
RTU
FIELD FRTU
(GPRS ROUTER)
GPRSFO CABLE
TTSL/ LEASE LINECISCO L-1, L-2
SWITCH
M to M Gateway
TCS/CISCO
ROUTER
FEP
SERVER
24. 24
UDW SERVER (UTILITY DATA WAREHOUSE): The fundamental feature of Utility Data Warehouse, UDW,
is the ability to store the continuous inflow of measurements and events from the power process, along with
information from any other Utility Information System, and make it all available for Data Mining in the folder name
spio. The UDW does this, while providing high user performance, high availability and redundancy.
The UDW is designed to meet the requirements of control room operation, such as short response times and high
availability, as well as the requirements of a Data Warehouse user on the office network, such as openness and
possibility to do extensive data analysis. The UDW function is accomplished through the Oracle RDBMS. SCADA
data is sampled from the Network Manager real-time database Avanti and stored in the Oracle database together
with results from calculations(such as Snapshot, Time Series) using tools such as Matlab applied to the sampled
information. Since UDW is based on the Oracle database, it is of course possible to create any table containing any
relevant relationship to the sampled data. UDW server has Linux as OS, but function is accomplished through the
Oracle RDBMS. There we have two UDW servers one is 01 and other is 02. At a time one AS server is in online
and other is in hot standby both the server is auto synchronized with the help of auto script written, real time data
updating is in both the server every time, administrator can switch over to standby server for data maintenance
required or any other reason from WS500 (workstation) or from remote desktop with help of tool SSH (secure shell
tool) remotely or from server itself. Data minning or historical data base management is done with the help of UDW,
data get fetched from UDW .
Active Directory (AD): Active Directory (AD) is a directory service that Microsoft developed for Windows domain
networks and is included in most Windows Server operating systems as a set of processes and services. An AD
domain controller authenticates and authorizes all users and computers in a Windows domain type network—
assigning and enforcing security policies for all computers and installing or updating software. For example, when a
user logs into a computer that is part of a Windows domain, Active Directory checks the submitted password and
determines whether the user is a system administrator or normal user
Data Engineering (DE): The data might be generated in many ways, or subset of the available data may be used.
Data engineering uses data analysis techniques from statistics, machine learning, pattern recognition or neural
networks, together with other technologies such as visualization, optimization, database systems, prototyping tools
and knowledge elicitation. The goal is to use the available data or generate more data, and to thereby understand the
process being investigated. The process of analyzing the data, creating new analysis tools specifically for the task,
and working with the domain experts is a key aspect of this engineering task. We will be using Bayesian data
analysis methods (which occur throughout the different communities).
Backup Server(BS):A server responsible for backing up and restoring files, folders, databases and hard drives on a
network in order to prevent the loss of data in the event of a hard drive failure, user error, disaster or accident. In
addition to numerous backup server products and services available from third-party vendors, Microsoft Windows
Server operating systems also include a built-in Windows Server Backup feature that can be used to perform basic
backup and recovery operations on backup servers. An alternative to standard backup server software tools are
online backup and recovery services that save your network's data to a remote location in the cloud.SSH file transfer
25. 25
protocol tool is used to taking a backup. After quick connect to required server we have to take a back in the folder.
Keep a note that AS back should be in separate folder and UWD server backup should be in separate folder.
WS-500: WS-500is the software used by NMCC for implementing SCADA.The hardware and the software required for the
setup of SCADA system is provided by the company ABB. Ws-500 has two parts
1. Control System Overview: is a device, or set of devices, that manages commands, directs or regulates the
behavior of other devices or systems. Industrial control systems are used in industrial production for controlling
equipment or machines. There are two common classes of control systems, open loop control systems and closed
loop control systems. In open loop control systems output is generated based on inputs. In closed loop control
systems current output is taken into consideration and corrections are made based on feedback. A closed loop
system is also called a feedback control system. The human body is a classic example of feedback systems. Fuzzy
logic is also used in systems.
26. 26
2. Power System Overview: OPAL-RT provides a complete range of real-time digital simulators and control
prototyping systems for power grids, power electronics, motor drives and other mechatronic systems. Under the
ePOWERgrid umbrella, these real-time systems help you perform feasibility studies, develop new concepts, design
and test your controllers for a wide variety of applications including small power converters, hybrid electric drives,
large power grids and renewable energy systems.
Substation: A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. Substations
transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. Between the
generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels.
Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a large industrial or commercial
customer. Generally substations are unattended, relying on SCADA for remote supervision and control.
A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission voltages and lower
distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages. The word substation comes from
the days before the distribution system became a grid. As central generation stations became larger, smaller generating
plants were converted to distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from a larger plant instead of using their
own generators. The first substations were connected to only one power station, where the generators were housed, and
were subsidiaries of that power station.
27. 27
- Breaker is on
- Breaker is off
- Transformer
- Isolator
- Trip
HT Switch House: In an electric power system, switchgear is the combination of electrical disconnect switches, fuses
or circuit breakers used to control, protect and isolate electrical equipment. Switchgear is used both to de-energize
equipment to allow work to be done and to clear faults downstream. This type of equipment is directly linked to the
reliability of the electricity supply.
The very earliest central power stations used simple open knife switch, mounted on insulating panels of marble or
asbestos. Power levels and voltages rapidly escalated, making opening manually operated switches too dangerous for
anything other than isolation of a de-energized circuit. Oil-filled equipment allowed arc energy to be contained and
safely controlled. By the early 20th century, a switchgear line-up would be a metal-enclosed structure with electrically
operated switching elements, using oil circuit breakers. Today, oil-filled equipment has largely been replaced by air-
blast, vacuum, or SF6 equipment, allowing large currents and power levels to be safely controlled by automatic
equipment.
High-voltage switchgear was invented at the end of the 19th century for operating motors and other electric machines.
The technology has been improved over time and can now be used with voltages up to 1,100 kV.
Typically, switchgears in substations are located on both the high- and low-voltage sides of large power transformers.
The switchgear on the low-voltage side of the transformers may be located in a building, with medium-voltage circuit
breakers for distribution circuits, along with metering, control, and protection equipment. For industrial applications, a
transformer and switchgear line-up may be combined in one housing, called a unitized substation
28. 28
Feeder Wise SLD:
A feeder line is a peripheral route or branch in a network, which connects smaller or more remote nodes with a route or
branch carrying heavier traffic. The term is applicable to any system based on a hierarchical network in
telecommunications, a feeder line branches from a main line or trunk line.
In electrical engineering, a feeder line is a type of transmission line. In radio engineering, a feeder connects radio equipment
to an antenna, usually open wire (air-insulated wire line) or twin-lead from a shortwave transmitter. In power engineering, a
feeder line is part of an electric distribution network, usually a radial circuit of intermediate voltage.
The concept of feeder lines is also important in public transportation. The term is particularly used in US air travel and rail
transport. Efficient, high-capacity routes connect important nodes while feeder lines connect these nodes to departure and
destination points
29. 29
Benefits of implementing SCADA in Power Distribution Network:-
Reduction of downtime via full time monitoring of all substation devices and critical parameters.
Labor savings derived from ability to troubleshoot, identify and correct problems.
Identifying exact fault location (Breaker) at a glance. No need to visit multiple locations to identify fault.
Ability to record the history of substation operations and fine tune the efficiency of breakers and relays.
Real time power and energy monitoring and recording provided the user with comprehensive load profiles
and growth planning.
Monitor deviation of voltages and other critical values such as hours of operation, number of closures etc
to extend useful life of Sub-Stations.
Provide real time stamping and recording of all power quality events at the substation.
Monitor and control feeder loading and continual balancing of loads.
Remote switching of feeder breakers and electronic tagging.
Increased degree of safety for line crews responsible for identifying fault locations and restoring service
power.