3.  Iodine
is a vital micronutrient required at all
stages of life; fetal life and early childhood
being the most critical phases of requirement.
Total body contains 25-30 mg of iodine.All cells
do contain iodine.;but 80% of the total is stored
in the thyroid gland.Iodine level in blood is 5-10
dl.
 Mustard Seed Contains thiourea,which inhibits
iodination of thyroglubolin.
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4.  Excretion
of iodine is mainly through urine, and
minimal amounts through bile and saliva. The
only biological role of iodine is the formation of
thyroid hormones,thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The conversation of T3 to
T4 is by selenium containing deiodinase
enzyme; and so iodine and selenium
metabolisms are interrelated.
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5.  Iodine
sources are drinking water, fish, cereals,
vegetabels and iodinated table salt.
 Goitrogens
are seen in cassava, maize, millet,
bamboo shoots, sweet potatoes and beans.
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6.  Fluoride
is known to prevent caries.Caries is a
latin term, meaning “decay”. In the pits and
fissures of premolar and molar teeth, bacterial
fermentation of residual food leads to acid
production. The acid removes enamel and
dentine to expose the pulp, leading to
inflammation and toothache.
 Topical application of fluoride will result in a
fluoroapatite layer which protects the enamel
from the decay by acid.
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7.  The
safe limits of fluorine is about 1 ppm
in water. Fluoride containing toothpastes
are now available.
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8.  Manganese
is a cofactor for enzymes involved in
hydrolysis, phosphorylation, decarboxylation,
and transamination.Total body Mn is 15 mg.
Maximum concentration is in liver (1.5ppm). In
the cells, it is mainly seen inside the nuclei, as
complex with nucleic acid. Requirement of Mn
is 5-6 mg/day. Nuts and tea are good sources.
The absorption is inhibited by iron. In blood, Mn
is bound to the specific carrier protein,
transmanganin,a beta-globulin.
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9. Manganese is excreted through bile and
pancreatic juice. The enzymes either contain or
activated by manganese are: hexokinase,
phosphoglucomutase, pyruvate carboxlase,
isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinate
dehydrogenase, arginase, glutamine
synthetase, Mn-dependent superoxide
dismutase, hepatic and intestinal phosphatase.
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10.  Manganese
is an integral part of glycosyl
transferace responsible for synthesis of
glycoproteins and chondroitin sulfate. Mn has
an imp role in cholestrol synthesis. Manganese
is also required for RNA polymerase activity.
Manganese helps the utilization of vitamin B1,
and is involved in the antioxidant property of
vitamin E.It is necessary for skeletal
development.
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11.  Selenium
intake depends on the nature of the
soil in which food crops are grown. It is a well
known growth stimulant in agriculture,
especially when Se content of soil is marginal.
Punjab and KPK have selenium rich soils.
 Requirement of Se is 50-100 dl. It is absorbed
from duodenum. Normal serum level of Se is
50-100 dl. In mammals, glutathione peroxidase
is the important Se containing enzyme.
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12.  In
Se deficiency, this enzyme becomes inactive,
leading hypothyroidism. Se protects liver from
cirrhosis. Se concentration in testis is the
highest in addult tissues.Se is necessary for
normal development of spermatozoa. Se is
concentrated in the mid-piece of spermatozoa.
Availability of vitamin E reduces the Se
requirements.
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