This document discusses the global market for herbal medicines and medicinal plants. It notes that the global herbal market is valued at $120 billion currently and is expected to reach $500 billion by 2050. India is a major exporter and producer of medicinal plants, exporting $330 million worth in 2017-18. However, it also relies on imports to meet some domestic demand. Developing standardized quality and addressing regulatory and market access challenges can help India better capitalize on the growing global herbal market.
Toxicity and Regulations: Herbals vs
Conventional drugs, Efficacy of Herbal medicine products, Validation of herbal therapies, Pharmacodynamic and
Pharmacokinetic issues.
WHO guidelines on herbal drug monitoringKaustav Dey
This presentation points out the various guidelines laid out by World health organization for safe & effective way of monitoring of Herbal Medicine in a pharmacovigilance setting
Adulteration and Deterioration: Introduction, Types of
Adulteration/ Substitution of Herbal drugs, Causes and Measures
of Adulteration, Sampling Procedures, Determination of Foreign
Matter, DNA Finger printing techniques in identification of drugs of
natural origin, detection of heavy metals, pesticide residues, phytotoxin, microbial contamination in herbs and their
formulations.
INDIAN AND INTERNATIONAL PATENT LAW AS APPLICABLE TO HERBAL AND NATURAL PRODUCTSTejaswini Chandra
ITS A USEFUL TOPIS FOR LAW STUDNETS REGARDING THE HERBAL DRUGS AND NATURAL PRODUCTS .
ALSO USEFUL FOR THE MPHARM STUDENTS OF ALL DOMAIN TO STUDY REGARDING THE PATENT LAW
HOPE YOU ALL MAKE USE OF IT TO FULLEST AND SUCCEED.
Stability testing of natural products.docxKipaPape
Stability is defined as the capacity of drug to remain within established specification limits to maintain its identity, strength, quality and purity throughout the retest or expiration dating period.
It is the ability of formulations to retain its physical, chemical, microbiological and toxicological parameters same that time of manufacturer.
Toxicity and Regulations: Herbals vs
Conventional drugs, Efficacy of Herbal medicine products, Validation of herbal therapies, Pharmacodynamic and
Pharmacokinetic issues.
WHO guidelines on herbal drug monitoringKaustav Dey
This presentation points out the various guidelines laid out by World health organization for safe & effective way of monitoring of Herbal Medicine in a pharmacovigilance setting
Adulteration and Deterioration: Introduction, Types of
Adulteration/ Substitution of Herbal drugs, Causes and Measures
of Adulteration, Sampling Procedures, Determination of Foreign
Matter, DNA Finger printing techniques in identification of drugs of
natural origin, detection of heavy metals, pesticide residues, phytotoxin, microbial contamination in herbs and their
formulations.
INDIAN AND INTERNATIONAL PATENT LAW AS APPLICABLE TO HERBAL AND NATURAL PRODUCTSTejaswini Chandra
ITS A USEFUL TOPIS FOR LAW STUDNETS REGARDING THE HERBAL DRUGS AND NATURAL PRODUCTS .
ALSO USEFUL FOR THE MPHARM STUDENTS OF ALL DOMAIN TO STUDY REGARDING THE PATENT LAW
HOPE YOU ALL MAKE USE OF IT TO FULLEST AND SUCCEED.
Stability testing of natural products.docxKipaPape
Stability is defined as the capacity of drug to remain within established specification limits to maintain its identity, strength, quality and purity throughout the retest or expiration dating period.
It is the ability of formulations to retain its physical, chemical, microbiological and toxicological parameters same that time of manufacturer.
Herbal remedies are plants used as medicine.
People use herbal remedies to help prevent or cure disease.
They use them to get relief from symptoms, boost energy, relax, or lose weight.
Herbal remedies are a type of dietary supplement. They are not medicines.
Herbals are not regulated like medicines.
Herbals do not need to be rigidly tested before they are sold.
Herbals may not work as claimed.
Labels do not need to be approved.
It may not list the correct amount of an ingredient.
Plants Drug Cultivation:
General introduction to importance pharmacognosy.
Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
Current good agricultural practices.
Current good cultivation practices
Current good collection practices.
Conservation of medicinal plants-Ex-situ & In-situ conservation of medicinal plants.
Regulatory requirement for setting herbal drug industryRAGHAV DOGRA
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 80 percent of the population of some Asian and African countries presently use herbal medicine for some aspect of primary health care.Pharmaceuticals are prohibitively expensive for most of the world's population, half of whom lived on less than $2 U.S. per day in 2002. In comparison, herbal medicines can be grown from seed or gathered from nature for little or no cost
patent (/ˈpætənt/ or /ˈpeɪtənt/) is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention. An invention is a solution to a specific technological problem and is a product or a process. Patents are a form of intellectual property.
Unit 2. Regulatory requirements for setting herbal drug industry:
Content: Global marketing management.
Indian and International patent law as applicable herbal drugs and natural products.
Export - Import (EXIM) policy, TRIPS.
Quality assurance in herbal/natural drug products.
Concepts of TQM, GMP, GLP, ISO-9000.
Herbal drugs are usually considered safe but when taken along with other drugs of chemical origin (allopathic drugs), they do interact with them and cause Bio-drug interaction
In this slide contains Introductionnof Indian pharmacopeia, ayurvedic, unani pharmacopeia and monographs of herbal drugs.
Presented by: P.SUDHEER KUMAR (Department of pharmaceutical analysis ).RIPER, anantapur
Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other medicine/vaccine-related problem.
All medicines and vaccines undergo rigorous testing for safety and efficacy through clinical trials before they are authorized for use.
The clinical trial process involves studying these products in a relatively small number of selected individuals for a short period of time.
Certain side effects may only emerge once these products have been used by a heterogenous population, including people with other concurrent diseases, and over a long period.
A purified and standardized fraction with a defined minimum of four bioactive or phytochemical compounds of an extract of a medicinal plant or its part, for internal or external use of human beings or animals for diagnosis, treatment, mitigation, or prevention of any diseases but does not include administration by parenteral route.
Drug discovery is the process through which potential new medicines are identified.
It involves a wide range of scientific disciplines, including biology, chemistry and pharmacology.
Natural products and their structural analogues have historically made a major contribution to pharmacotherapy, especially for cancer and infectious diseases.
Natural products also have challenges for drug discovery, such as technical barriers to screening, isolation, characterization and optimization.
Herbal remedies are plants used as medicine.
People use herbal remedies to help prevent or cure disease.
They use them to get relief from symptoms, boost energy, relax, or lose weight.
Herbal remedies are a type of dietary supplement. They are not medicines.
Herbals are not regulated like medicines.
Herbals do not need to be rigidly tested before they are sold.
Herbals may not work as claimed.
Labels do not need to be approved.
It may not list the correct amount of an ingredient.
Plants Drug Cultivation:
General introduction to importance pharmacognosy.
Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
Current good agricultural practices.
Current good cultivation practices
Current good collection practices.
Conservation of medicinal plants-Ex-situ & In-situ conservation of medicinal plants.
Regulatory requirement for setting herbal drug industryRAGHAV DOGRA
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 80 percent of the population of some Asian and African countries presently use herbal medicine for some aspect of primary health care.Pharmaceuticals are prohibitively expensive for most of the world's population, half of whom lived on less than $2 U.S. per day in 2002. In comparison, herbal medicines can be grown from seed or gathered from nature for little or no cost
patent (/ˈpætənt/ or /ˈpeɪtənt/) is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention. An invention is a solution to a specific technological problem and is a product or a process. Patents are a form of intellectual property.
Unit 2. Regulatory requirements for setting herbal drug industry:
Content: Global marketing management.
Indian and International patent law as applicable herbal drugs and natural products.
Export - Import (EXIM) policy, TRIPS.
Quality assurance in herbal/natural drug products.
Concepts of TQM, GMP, GLP, ISO-9000.
Herbal drugs are usually considered safe but when taken along with other drugs of chemical origin (allopathic drugs), they do interact with them and cause Bio-drug interaction
In this slide contains Introductionnof Indian pharmacopeia, ayurvedic, unani pharmacopeia and monographs of herbal drugs.
Presented by: P.SUDHEER KUMAR (Department of pharmaceutical analysis ).RIPER, anantapur
Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other medicine/vaccine-related problem.
All medicines and vaccines undergo rigorous testing for safety and efficacy through clinical trials before they are authorized for use.
The clinical trial process involves studying these products in a relatively small number of selected individuals for a short period of time.
Certain side effects may only emerge once these products have been used by a heterogenous population, including people with other concurrent diseases, and over a long period.
A purified and standardized fraction with a defined minimum of four bioactive or phytochemical compounds of an extract of a medicinal plant or its part, for internal or external use of human beings or animals for diagnosis, treatment, mitigation, or prevention of any diseases but does not include administration by parenteral route.
Drug discovery is the process through which potential new medicines are identified.
It involves a wide range of scientific disciplines, including biology, chemistry and pharmacology.
Natural products and their structural analogues have historically made a major contribution to pharmacotherapy, especially for cancer and infectious diseases.
Natural products also have challenges for drug discovery, such as technical barriers to screening, isolation, characterization and optimization.
Herbs, Herbal Drugs
Present Scope of Herbal Drug Industry
Scope of Herbal Drug Medicine and Industry
Indian Herbal Industry
International Scope of Herbal Medicines
World Wide Herbal Trade
Overview on plant based industries and research institutions in India
List of few herbal drug industries in India
List of few herbal research institution/ centres in India
General Introduction to Herbal Industry
Herbal drugs industry: Present scope and future prospects.
A brief account of plant based industries and institutions involved in work on medicinal and
aromatic plants in India.
List of Highly Profitable Business Ideas in Herbal Products Manufacturing Ind...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
List of Highly Profitable Business Ideas in Herbal Products Manufacturing Industry. Herbal Cosmetics, Herbal Extract, Herbal Medicine, Ayurvedic Medicines, Ayurvedic Formulations, Medicinal Plants Cultivation and Processing.
Botanically herbs are non-woody flowering plant. Although we consider any plant that is valued for flavor, scent, medicinal, or other qualities to be an herb. Even fungi, pitch, minerals, and animals can be considered herbs to some practices of herbal medicine. Herbs are used in smaller amounts then food as they are more potent and have stronger action in the body.
India is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of biodiversity, has 15 agro-climatic zones. Out of the 17000-18000 species of flowering plants, more than 7000 are estimated to have medicinal usage in folk and documented systems of medicine like Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha & Homoeopathy (AYUSH System of Medicine).
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Quality control parameters for medicinal plantsShah Ummar
Content of Presentation
Global Market: Share
Indian Medicinal Plant Sector Profile
Area and production of Medicinal and Aromatic plants in India
Why Quality Control?
What is Quality control?
Factors contributing to variation in the content and composition of raw materials.
Quality Control Parameters for Medicinal Plant Materials
Limits of Microbial Contamination : (WHO,2006)
Parameters involved in the Quality Evaluation of Herbal Drugs
The Cost of Poor Quality
Standards for Medicinal plants
Quality control Standards
Quality Demands from Global Markets
Genesis of GAP & GFCP
Criteria for Good Agricultural Practices
Criteria for Good Field Collection Practice
Certification process: At a Glance
Voluntary Certification Scheme for Medicinal Plant Produce (VCSMPP)
Conclusion
General Introduction to Herbal Industry.pdfSamerPaser
Know about the present scope and future prospects of herbal drug industry
2. Know about the various plant based industries and institutions
3. Know about the various industries involved in work on medicinal and aromatic plants in
India
4. Know about the Schedule-T and its objectives
5. Know about the components of GMP and various infrastructural requirements of
working space
Rajasthan and Gujarat are also known as ǮSeed Spices Bowlǯ and contributes more than 80% of total seed spices production in India. Other states where seed spices are commonly grown are Bihar, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Since there is a large scope of seed spices by introducing them in new areas, the higher yields can also be achieved effortlessly by implementing new technologies and introducing modern cultural practices, enhancing the knowledge of latest techniques to the farmers and putting more area under these seed spices crops. Many production technologies and introduction of new varieties through research have been generated by National Research Centre on Seed Spices for increasing the profitability of Seed Spices in Rajasthan. The global demand for Indian Spices is increasingly day by day. In terms of export, there is an increase of 29% in Coriander, 70% in Cumin, 3.1% in celery, 58% in Fennel, 49% in Fenugreek and 97% in others and overall 62%. It can be analysed that there is still a huge demand for Indian Spices all over the world. Keeping in view researcher can say that Seed Spices are not only the cash crops but there is also a huge export potentiality.
Seed spices production in rajasthan– an overviewTapasya123
Rajasthan and Gujarat are also known as ǮSeed Spices Bowlǯ and
contributes more than 80% of total seed spices production in India. Other
states where seed spices are commonly grown are Bihar, West Bengal,
Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab, Karnataka and Tamil
Nadu. Since there is a large scope of seed spices by introducing them in new
areas, the higher yields can also be achieved effortlessly by implementing
new technologies and introducing modern cultural practices, enhancing
the knowledge of latest techniques to the farmers and putting more area
under these seed spices crops. Many production technologies and
introduction of new varieties through research have been generated by
National Research Centre on Seed Spices for increasing the profitability of
Seed Spices in Rajasthan. The global demand for Indian Spices is
increasingly day by day. In terms of export, there is an increase of 29% in
Coriander, 70% in Cumin, 3.1% in celery, 58% in Fennel, 49% in Fenugreek
and 97% in others and overall 62%. It can be analysed that there is still a
huge demand for Indian Spices all over the world. Keeping in view researcher can say that Seed Spices are not only the cash crops but there is
also a huge export potentiality.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
1. RRRRRRRRRRRRNJNBKMNLKGR
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(Deemed to be University)
Accredited ‘A’ Grade by NAAC
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Karnataka, INDIA
REGULATORY
REQUIREMENT FOR
SETTING HERBAL DRUG
INDUSTRY
Prepared by
Ramkishan Jatoth,
PhD Research Scholar,
Dept. Pharmacognosy and Phyto pharmacy
JSS College of Pharmacy, Rockland’s, Ooty-01, Tamil
Nadu, India.
2. GLOBAL MARKETING MANAGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
3
Medicinal plants (MPs) as a group comprises approx. 9,000 species
and which is around 50% of all the higher flowering plant species of
India.
More than 15 lakh practitioners use MPs in preventive, promotive and
curative applications.
There are over 7,800 manufacturing units of herbal product in India
according to Planning Commission, 2000.
The growing demand for herbal products has led to a big leap in
volume of plant materials traded within and across the countries.
The EXIM Bank (2003) puts the international market of medicinal
plants related trade as US$ 60 billion per year growing at the rate of
7% only .
80% of the population of developing countries relies on traditional
medicines, mostly plant drugs, for their primary health care needs
acc.to WHO.
3. The total value of world herbal trade is currently at USD 120
billion. India exported herbs worth of USD 330.18 Million during
2017-18 with a growth rate of 14.22% over the previous year. Also,
the export of value-added extracts of medicinal herbs / herbal
products during 2017-18 was USD 456.12 Million with a growth
rate of 12.23% over the previous year.
As per the World Bank Report, world trade in medicinal plants and
related products is expected to be US$ 500 billion by 2050.
4. Demand for medicinal plant in global market
The wide spread popularity towards the traditional
medicines in Asia, Europe and USA has induced high
growth and development in the world wide trade of
medicinal plant.
The US market for medicinal plant extract in 1999 was
estimated approximately US$ 500 million which is
equivalent to about 25% of global market.
Global market in herbal medicines was estimated as
fallows-
• In 1994 estimate was US$12.4 billion it was increasing
in up to US$19.6 billion in 1999.
• In 2002 estimate was grow about US$24.2 billion it has
grown up to US$ 62 billion in 2012.
5. Global market in the Herbal medicines estimate in
graphical presentation
12.
4
19.
6
24.
2
6
2
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
7
0
6
0
5
0
4
0
199
4
199
9
200
2
201
2
currency in US$ in
billion
currency in US$ in
billion
6. Indian market
In India approximately 1800 plant species are use in
AYURVEDA in which
1. 600 species for Siddha.
2. 400 species for Unani.
3. More than 400 species for Homoeopathic.
A few species are used in Indian pharmaceutical industry for
example –
1. Terpenoids annual turnover US$ 7.7 billion it reach up to
US$ 10.79 billion in 2005
2. Glycoside annual turnover US$ 7.2 billion it reach up to
US$ 10.03 billion in 2005
3. Alkaloid annual turnover US$ 3.6 billion it reach up to US$
5.6 billion in 2005
7. Graphical presentation for some species and annual
turn over
7.
7
7.
2 3.
6
10.7
9
10.0
3
5.6
2
0
1
8
1
6
1
4
1
2
1
0
8
6
4
Terpenoi
d
Glycosid
e
Alkaloi
d
US$ in
billoin US$
in billion
8. BENEFITS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
4
Different kinds of subsistence, cultural and monetary
benefits are provided by MPs to people.
In China, Nepal and India, they are an important revenue
generating resources and provides income to economically
marginalized and native people.
Medicinal plants can also relax the chronic problem of
global poverty and hunger.
Poverty Reduction Strategy and Programs will require
interventions which are grass roots-based, poor-centered and
livelihood focused.
Medicinal plants can meet the basic needs of the poor rural
people.
9. EMERGING MARKETS
5
Multinational pharmaceutical companies and domestic manufacturers
of herbal based medicines increased interest had significantly
contributed to the economic growth of the Medicinal plant sector.
The global market potential of Aloe Vera used to treat burns and
added to skin creams and cosmetics was estimated in the billions of
dollars.
Devil’s Claw, is a major exports from Namibia for use in the
treatment of arthritis and other inflammatory diseases.
India is the hub of the regional trade, at national level the 40% of the
state forest-based revenues and 70% of forest export revenues come
from MAPs & on-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs), mostly in
unprocessed and raw forms.
In Nepal it is estimated that every year 20,000 tons of MAPs worth
US$ 18-20 millions are traded and about 90% of this collection is
exported mainly to India in raw form.
10. DEMAND FOR MEDICINAL PLANTS
From 2002 to 2005 the demand for medicinal plants in India to meet
both domestic and export markets was projected to increase at about
15−16 percent annually.
If properly organized, the cultivation and management of medicinal
plants becomes highly remunerative both in financial and economic
terms for the small-scale growers.
The annual revenue stream from the three major Indian systems of
medicine, is estimated at more than half a billion dollars annually.
In 2000 demand and supply of MAPs was estimated to be about
40,000 to 2,00,000 tons; by 2005 the gap was expected to increase
from 1,52,000 to 4,00,000 tons (Planning Commission, 2000).
MAP-based industries create employment opportunities in poor, job-
starved states, thereby increasing the cash earnings of local people .
11. GLOBAL MARKETTING OPPORTUNITY
Export opportunities of natural products are remarkable as the world
market is looking towards natural sources for the purposes of
therapeutic use as well as nutritional dietary supplements.
The global herbal remedies market can be classified into five strategic
areas:
(i) Phyto-Pharmaceuticals -the plant based drugs containing isolated pure
active compounds used to treat diseases.
(ii) Medicinal Botanicals /Dietary Supplements -the whole plant or plant-
part extracts used for maintenance of health by affecting a body structure
and its function;
(iii) Nutraceuticals-the food containing supplements from natural
(botanical) sources, that deliver a specific health benefit, including
prevention and treatment of disease;
(iv) Cosmeceuticals-the cosmetic products which contain biologically
active ingredients having an effect on the user and
(v) Herbal raw material.
12. EXPORTS
8
India is one of the major exporters of crude drugs mainly to the 6
developed countries i.e. USA, Germany, France, Switzerland, UK
and Japan and about 75% to 80% of crude drug import market is taken
over by INDIA alone.
Aconite, Aloe, Belladonna, Cassia, Cinchona,Dioscorea, Digitalis,
Ephedra,Ergot,Hyoscyamus,Ipecac,Liquorice,Opium,Podophyllum,Ra
uwolfia, Senna, Stramonium, Isabgol seeds/husk are in chief demand.
The total value of exports of crude drugs has increased from
Rs.394.crores in 1996-97 to Rs.446 crores in 1998-99.
Chinese exports of herbal medicines worth $10 billion a year as
compared to India’s Rs 700 crore showing vast scope of increasing our
advantage to take over large share of the world market.
Out of the Rs 700 crore exports of herbal medicines, only 40 per cent
is value addition and 60 per cent is export of raw medicinal plants.
13. Western countries can add value if India is to depend on exports of
raw medicinal plants .
Neither domestic farmers be ever given better prices nor tribal
people be given more returns for collection of these medicinal plants.
In India, medicinal plants are registered as a Minor Forest Produce
(MFP) and there is a need to move away from unsustainable
exploitation of forest wealth to contract farming where there is a link
between the producer and the grower for better livelihood.
It is more worrisome that in crops, which are grown only in India
such as Isabgol, psyllium, there are 848 patents in the last two
decades in the USPTO and only four out of these are by Indians
14. Trading routes of crude drugs
In case of exporting, India is second to China in this ranking with 6,600
medicinal plants
15. IMPORTS
10
All the raw materials used by the Pharmacies are not of indigenous
origin.
Substantial supplies are received from Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh,
Pakistan, Afghanistan, Singapore, etc. often through informal
routes.
For instance most of the 'Chiraita' and other Himalayan medicinal
plant crude drugs come from Nepal and Bhutan, 'Oleoresin guggul' of
best quality from Pakistan,Liquorice' from Afghanistan etc.
7, 180 tons raw material demand is met through import According to
the data from CHEMEXCIL, of the total estimated annual demand of
31,780 tons.
The requirements of Akkalkada- Glycyrrhiza glabra(Pakistan, Iran,
Afghanistan),Dalchini-Cinnamomum zeylanica(China),Kankol- Piper
cubeba(Indonesia), Maiphal- Quercus infectoria mostly met through
imports.
16. About 90% requirement of Guggul(Commiphora wightii) is
imported from Pakistan.
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum), Nutmeg mace (Myristica fragrence
aril), Ginger(Zingiber officinale) are the other raw materials partially
imported to fulfill the requirements.
According to a survey conducted by Mac Alpine Thorpe Warrier,
Commonwealth Consultants, (1997), the global market for herbal
products was estimated of US $ 9 billion (Rs.36,000 Crores) which
is expected to grow to US $ 40 billion (Rs.1,60,000 Crores) by 2010.
Of this European market is of the size of US $ 2.7 billion
i.e.,Rs.10,800 crores.
India's share of this market is less than one per cent revealing the fact
that there is substantial scope for the country to exploit this
opportunity.
17. CHALLENGES
1
Collectors, processors and traders face problems in finding favorable
markets due to price factors, quality and quantity considerations.
Local and regional price fluctuations as well as the lack of current
market and price information affect the income of the actual local
collectors who are dependent on the middlemen or village traders.
Financial and logistic constraints make it difficult for local producers
and collectors to interact more closely with prospective clients .
The followings are the major challenges in trading of Medicinal
Plants both at domestic and international level:
• Inadequate knowledge and incomplete information on products,
markets and prices on the part of collectors/producers.
18. • Lack of standardization and consistency in quality for international
marketing.
• Astringent phyto-sanitary regulations such as requirement of
microbiological test, pesticides and heavy metal test by international
markets.
• Difficult to No proper recognition access appropriate markets and
market information of environmentally and commercially sound MPs.
19. MARKETING STATERGIES
The current increase in the worldwide consumption and use of 'green'
products, especially drugs, flavors and fragrances of natural origin, has
indeed amplified the scope of the use of indigenous flora and collection
& trade of exotic species.
The identification of the ultimate suppliers and buyers is also big issue
in this sector.
The gaps between the producers/collectors and traders or buyers need
to be minimized as these are at present very wide and often
inequitable.
Linkages should be developed in order to have better understanding
about the NTFPs business & between the businesses and the
producers/collectors.
A holistic management action plan is necessary to formulate for
assessment and management of resource base, best harvesting and
processing practices, trade issues and aspects dealing with the
intellectual property rights on the traditional medicines by the tribal
people.
20. Investments are needed for the development of appropriate
conversation, cultivation harvesting strategies, which will
simultaneously meet the demand for low-cost and locally available
medicines.
At the same time, there must be immediate efforts to ensure the
conservation of diverse biological resources and the preservation and
application of local and cultural knowledge on the use of these resources