In my presentation I describe the foundation frameworks for improving crop production in developing countries firmly based on the successes, failures and issues identified during the Green Revolution. I describe the status of Genetically Modified Biotechnology in developed and developing countries,describe the regulatory activities that examine environmental/biodiversity and food/feed safety, as GM bio-technologies are the only regulated biotechnologies globally with a few exceptions. I describe our experiences and issues related to socioeconomic assessments of potential and actual impacts of GM crops in Uganda, Philippines, Colombia and Honduras. I summarize some lessons and conclusions learned in this process.
Creating or discovering a new life form by the use of genetic engineering sounds interesting.. but is it actually possible to patent life forms?
Watch out to know.
Creating or discovering a new life form by the use of genetic engineering sounds interesting.. but is it actually possible to patent life forms?
Watch out to know.
Use of biotechnologies to increase the storability and shelf life of fruit ExternalEvents
Use of biotechnologies to increase the storability and shelf life of fruit presentation by Eric van de Weg, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands
OBC | How to improve fundamental research in developing countries: UNESCO dip...Out of The Box Seminar
Dušan Repovš, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
How to improve fundamental research in developing countries:
UNESCO diploma program in mathematics and physics at ICTP
http://obc2012.outofthebox.si/
Use of biotechnologies to increase the storability and shelf life of fruit ExternalEvents
Use of biotechnologies to increase the storability and shelf life of fruit presentation by Eric van de Weg, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands
OBC | How to improve fundamental research in developing countries: UNESCO dip...Out of The Box Seminar
Dušan Repovš, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
How to improve fundamental research in developing countries:
UNESCO diploma program in mathematics and physics at ICTP
http://obc2012.outofthebox.si/
Falck zepeda presentation on experiences with socieoconomics biosafety and bi...Jose Falck Zepeda
A review of the experiences with the potential or actual inclusion of socioeconomic considerations in decision making as related to genetically modified crops in developing countries. I examine such issues including background, relationship to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, achieving conceptual clarity, definitions, scope and implementation. I discuss a set of case studies conducted in selected developing countries, experience with implementation in Brazil and Argentina, examine the positive and negative consequences of inclusion and conclude summarizing these experiences.
Landscape Survey of Science Literacy in Developing Countries :Summary ReportNIDA-Net
Authors: Rob Davies and Carol Priestley
February 2017
In late 2016, NIDA undertook a landscape research survey in the field of Science Literacy (SL) in developing countries in order to assemble and assess available evidence on policies, on initiatives which have taken place or were in progress, on evaluation of what works and what does not and other data. In addition, initiatives and activities in the developed world which were felt to bear potential for replication or adaptation in developing or transitional countries were examined.
Jose Falck Zepeda presentation cambridge university december 2014 final conde...jfalck
Presentation examines potential/actual role of biotechnology in developing countries while describing technology adoption elements starting from the Green Revolution. Content of the presentation is:
Background and conceptual framework
1) Biotechnology as a tool
2) GM biotechnology as the regulated technology
3) Socioeconomic assessment experiences
4) Policy guidance
Presentation 1 falck zepeda introduction to socioeconomicsJose Falck Zepeda
Presented at the Cornell Alliance for Science October 2016. This presentation discusses the issues of socioeconomics, biosafety, decision making as related to developing countries.
Falck overview of socioeconomics uganda parlamentarians 2017 finalJose Falck Zepeda
Presentation for the Science and Technology Committee from the Uganda Parliament on the economic impacts of biotechnology with an emphasis on Uganda and developing countries.
Socioeconomic considerations, biosafety and decision making: The view of a pr...Jose Falck Zepeda
"Socioeconomic considerations, biosafety and decision making: The view of a practitioner” is a presentation I made at the Michigan State University 2013 short course on environmental biosafety, August 8 2013. The focus is on socioeconomic considerations, biosafety and decision making highlighting issues, options and approaches to such inclusion from a developing country perspective.
Technical and socio-cultural continuum in food safety management in informal ...ILRI
Presentation by Kebede Amenu, Silvia Alonso, Theodore Knight-Jones, Gemma Tacken and Delia Grace at the 2022 annual meeting of the International Association for Food Protection, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 31 July–3 August 2022.
Presented at the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in Boston, February 19, 2017. This presentation highlights the need for a new global food system that is knowledge based and one that will address complex issues. The need for smart agriculture has to be firmly based on excellence in science but also firmly situated by design in the social context in which it operates. The presentation discusses genetically engineered crops as an example of convergence and provides a few broad ideas about the characteristics a new innovation system in agriculture needs to pursue.
The document deals with the current status of Organic Farming in Ethiopia and its future prospects. The current fertility status of Ethiopian soil is a subject that needs an urgent interference from the government. Organic fertilizers play an important role in reclaiming the soil fertility. Food security can only be achieved when a healthy and fertile soil is available to grow crops and animal feeds.
Accelerating Innovation in Agriculture 2014 01-23 ACIAR
Dr Achim Dobermann, outgoing Deputy Director General (Research) International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) presented a seminar at ACIAR on “Accelerating Agricultural Innovations for the Post-2015 Sustainable Development Agenda” on 23 January 2014
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A proposal for zamorano and universities' reform and rebirth 2020 jose falck ...Jose Falck Zepeda
A personal proposal for Zamorano reform renewal by Jose Benjamin Falck Zepeda describing the basic elements of a vision and roadmap for higher education focused in agriculture . Presentation takes into account the future of Latin America and the Caribbean and global agriculture, the new learning ecosystem. This presentation is not only valid for Zamorano University but for all higher education institution in the region.
Falck zepeda presentacion guatemala 2020 final for presentationJose Falck Zepeda
Presentacion "El Impacto Socio Económico de la Biotecnología Agrícolas en America Latina – Gobernabilidad, Regulaciones y Políticas" hecha por Jose Benjamin Falck Zepeda en el evento I Congreso en Línea de Biotecnología, organizado por la Comisión Técnica Interinstitucional de Guatemala, 12 Noviembre 2020
Falck zepeda 2020 iowa state university webinar final 10 27 2020Jose Falck Zepeda
Presentation made by Jose Falck Zepeda at Iowa State University's “Agricultural, Food, and Trade Policy” (ECON 460/550)” webinar October 28, 2020. This presentation discusses biotechnology, genetic modifications, gene editing, science and technology, innovation and economic and trade issues related to developing countries. These are related to policy, regulatory and enabling environment issues.
Falck zepeda 2020 michigan state university webinar finalA Jose Falck Zepeda
A presentation made at the 2020 Michigan State University short summer course on biotehcnology and biosafety. This presentations discusses context in which GE crops may be deployed, economic benefits from the adoption of genetically engineered crops, and the enabling environment which hay hinder or promote the safe use of genetic engineering in developing countries.
Presentation made to the Master's students in Sustainable Tropical Agriculture at Zamorano University November 14 2019. This presentations describes the research and publishing process with an emphasis on facilitating students undertaking both.
Presentation done as keynote speaker in the event "Zamorano Investiga". Presentations discusses the new agricultural food system, issues that impact and may be impacted by research, status of ag research in Latin America and the Caribbean, options for a way forward. IN SPANISH.
Jose Falck Zepeda presentation at the American Society of Horticultural Sciences, Washington DC, August 3, 2018. Presentation examines governance and other issues affecting genetically engineered crops and builds on this expereince to examine potential consequences on new plant breeding techniques and other advanced biotechnologies.
Jose Falck-Zepeda presentation at the 6th Sympsium Zamorano University Graduates at the University of Florida Gainesville, August 4 2018. This is a recopilation of a experiencies accumulated over a policy research career on agriculture, biotechnology, science technology and innovation, regulations, governance, economic impact and GM biotechnologies.
This corporate presentation summarizes the report done by a Committee commisioned by the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine examining issues related to genetically engineered crops.
Slides jose falck zepeda nas study economics december 2016 original submttedJose Falck Zepeda
This presentations summarizes the economic impacts of GE crops as included in Chapter 6 of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine report on genetically engineered crops released May 2016.
Presentation 2 falck zepeda socioeconomic assessments results from case studiesJose Falck Zepeda
This presentation was made at the Alliance for Science at Cornell October 2016. The presentation considers assessments in practice as related to socioeconomics, biosafety, biotechnology and decision making.
In 2003 IFPRI released the results of Next Harvest, a study that compiled and analyzed the first comprehensive database of publically-developed genetically modified crops under development in non-industrialized countries. Since then, several regional and national efforts have been made to update this database and expand Next Harvest findings. Nevertheless, to this day there are no comprehensive data about the state of biotechnology in developing countries, that takes into account both traditional and modern biotechnologies under development by the public and private sector. In particular, in Africa the lack of standardized and uniformly collected data is limiting the ability to assess the overall state of Africa’s agricultural biotechnology capacity and draw policy recommendations regarding countries’ strengths and needs. To begin to fill this gap, IFPRI has started gathering information using standard data collection protocols in four countries in Africa. This study presents the results for Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, and Uganda and shows the differences and similarities among their state of biotech development. South Africa, clearly the leader in biotech adoption in the continent, is a country where agricultural biotechnology has been mainstreamed in a significant number of agricultural research institutes. Nigeria, on the other hand, has had more difficulties developing and implementing biotechnologies. Kenya and Uganda maintain a solid portfolio of agricultural biotechnology research but still face institutional and human and financial resource limitations. Drawing from the rich data collected, the study identifies the opportunities and challenges and makes policy recommendations to address current limitations.
Falck Zepeda et al ICABR presentation on the insect resistant and herbicide t...Jose Falck Zepeda
This study analyzes the socio-economic considerations of genetically modified (GM) maize adoption in Honduras and their relation to farmer’s characteristics influencing their decision making process durign crop year 2013. This presentation highlights the preliminary result from a joint University of California- Davis, IFPRI and Zamorano University study in Honduras. This is the second round of surveys conducted by IFPRI and Zamorano University in the country. GM maize has a great potential of reducing pest or weed damage and thus produce higher yields compared to the conventional counterpart. Damage reduction can lead to an increase in farmer’s income, if managed appropriately. During the last decade the adoption of GM maize in Honduras has increased steadily from 2,000 ha in 2002 to more than 36,000 ha in 2012 (Cerritos, personal communication 2014). In the case of Honduras, GM maize may contain protection for specific target insects through the introduction of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) gene into the genetic material of the plant. A second trait is the introduction of herbicide tolerance (HT) to withstand the herbicide glyphosate which allows its application. Herbicide tolerance enables weed control without causing crop damage. These two traits may be available individually or together incorporated into the maize germplasm.
Falck Zpeda et al Presentation of Honduras Bt_RR maize case study at Templeto...Jose Falck Zepeda
This is a presentation of the advanced preliminary results from a study on genetically modified Bt-RR maize in Honduras. The study was conducted by IFPRI, Zamorano University and University of California -Davis. Our results show that Bt-RR maize has performed as designed. It has reduced damage due to target lepidopteran insects, and has decreased slightly pesticide use by adopters. Net benefits are substantially higher for Bt-RR maize adopters than for the non-adopters in our sample. Yet, Bt-RR maize remains adoption remains at around 8-10% of total area planted to maize in Honduras in 2013. Our qualitative and quantitative analysis seems to indicated that there are other organizational and institutional constraints which are limiting such adoption. The current Bt-RR maize technology as it stands now is not intending for subsistence farmers much less the poorest of the poor producers in Honduras. This opens the question of whether there may be potential interventions to improve these producers' productivity through conditional transfer programs that include cash and/or productive inputs such as seed, fertilizer and in some cases pesticides and herbicides.
FALCK ZEPEDA GMCC 2013 Implications of Biosafety Regulatory Costs and Time De...Jose Falck Zepeda
Presentation I made at the GMCC13 conference in Lisbon. Here I discuss the implications for the public and private sector innovation from time and cost delays due to regulations. I pay special attention to the implications from such delays in terms of the type and number of public sector technologies addressing developing countries' problems of a public good nature.
Falck zepeda et al ravello icabr june 2013 final updatedJose Falck Zepeda
Presentation at the 2013 ICABR meeting in Ravello, Italy. Details experiences with two surveys conducted on GM maize in Honduras. Identifies impacts on yields and profits, issues, traits related to the adoption of a GM product in a small resources poor country.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
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Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
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Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
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ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
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11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
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https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
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This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
ISI 2024: Application Form (Extended), Exam Date (Out), EligibilitySciAstra
The Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) has extended its application deadline for 2024 admissions to April 2. Known for its excellence in statistics and related fields, ISI offers a range of programs from Bachelor's to Junior Research Fellowships. The admission test is scheduled for May 12, 2024. Eligibility varies by program, generally requiring a background in Mathematics and English for undergraduate courses and specific degrees for postgraduate and research positions. Application fees are ₹1500 for male general category applicants and ₹1000 for females. Applications are open to Indian and OCI candidates.
ISI 2024: Application Form (Extended), Exam Date (Out), Eligibility
Jose Falck Zepeda presentation on biotechnology and developing countries Georgetown University april 2014
1. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
“Biotechnology and Developing Countries”
José Falck Zepeda
Senior Research Fellow
International Food Policy Research Institute - Program
for Biosafety Systems (IFPRI - PBS)
Presentation made at Georgetown University,April 2014
2. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Content
1. Background and conceptual framework
2. Biotechnology as a tool
3. GM biotechnology as the regulated technology
4. Socioeconomic assessment experiences
5. Concluding comments
3. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
The challenge according to FAO
• To feed a population of 9 billion persons by 2050,
without allowing for additional imports of food,
continents have to increase their food production
roughly:
– Africa 300%
– Latin America 80%
– Asia 70%
– Even the US has to increase food production by 30% just
to supply food for the projected population of 348 million
person
4. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
“New” constraints
• Erosion, water and irrigation problems
• Climate change => Global warming?
• Soil fertility
• Urbanization and land being retired from production
• Consumer concerns about intensive agriculture: Organic, Fair
Trade
• Competition from biofuels production
• Social, philosophical, ethical and religious concerns over the
food production system
• Concerns over globalization and corporate control of
agriculture
• …
5. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
The Green Revolution
• Transformation of agriculture during
1940s-1970s that lead to significant
increases in yields
• Firmly based on:
– Agricultural production needs to keep
pace with population growth
– Agricultural sciences philosophy of
maximizing production per unit of land
– Plant breeding developments of the late
19th early 20th centuries
• Initially focused on a few crops (Wheat,
rice, maize) but has been expanded
6. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
The Green Revolution: A 1967 Frame of Mind
• Haiti Can’t- be-saved
• Egypt Can’t-be-saved
• The Gambia Walking Wounded
• Tunisia Should Receive Food
• Libya Walking Wounded
• India Can’t-be-saved
• Pakistan Should Receive Food
- Paul and William Paddock, 1967 book
“Famine 1975!”
7. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Norman Bourlag: Father of the Green
Revolution
• Developed the wheat program
that later became CIMMYT in
1963
– Shuttle breeding
– Incorporate short-stature genes into
wheat
– Increased yield and rust resistance in
wheat
• Mexico:
– 1948 self sufficient wheat producer
– 1965 Net exporter
• Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1970
and World Food Prize
• Genesis of the Consultative
Group of International
Agricultural Research ( CGIAR)
8. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
How was the Green Revolution possible? An agronomist
perspective on a technological triumph as an engineering feat…
• Incorporation of a dwarfing genes from natural
populations into wheat and rice
• In maize: more vertical orientation of leaves, reduces
self-shading while allowing planting of narrower rows
and thus increases in densities
• Plants bred to dedicate a larger share of photosynthesis
efforts to grain rather than to stems and leaves
– Harvest index of older varieties was 20% whereas HYV around 50-55%
• Relatively insensitive to day length – can be planted in a
wider range of latitudes
• Increased responsiveness to fertilizer and water
9. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Green Revolution: Successes
• Significant increases in yields and production
– From 1950 to 1992, the world’s grain output rose from 692 million tons
produced on 1.70 billion acres of cropland to 1.9 billion tons on 1.73
billion acres
– India: food production increased from 50 to 205 million tons during the
last 5 decades
– But, barely happened in Sub-Saharan Africa
• Economic output per hectare increases significantly
• 30% increase in cereal and calorie availability per person
• Poverty reductions—some studies show this is attributed to GR
raising farmers incomes
10. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Green Revolution: Social and Economic
Criticisms
• Does not address underlying social, cultural, ethnical and
institutional constraints that create vulnerability and thus affect
livelihoods
– Is hunger and food insecurity a question of production or unequal
distribution of resources?
• Increased mechanization affected rural labor employment
• Debt effects and credit institutions necessary
• Technology not scale neutral
– Uneven adoption as larger/wealthier farmers adopted first capturing larger
share of benefits
• Landowner/Landholder displacement
• Dependence on pesticides and fertilizers
11. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Green Revolution: Environmental/Ecological
Criticisms
• Loss of agricultural biodiversity, not so clear effect on
wild biodiversity
– Focus on few crops => monocultures
• Increased used of pesticides and the pesticide
treadmill
• Increased use of fertilizers
• Irrigation
– Negative impacts of salinization, damage to soils, and
lowering of water tables
– Need to build dams and irrigation systems
12. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Lessons Learned
• Increasing agricultural productivity is necessary but not
sufficient to guarantee food security
• Scale neutral technologies
• Knowledge transfer to/from farmers
• Need to consider agriculture within the social,
political, economic, national/international context
• We can’t continue proposing “technology-only solutions”
to complex problems....nevertheless technological
responses are indeed critical to the “solution”
• Learn from mistakes and inexperience to come up with
better alternatives => Policy options, strategies and
outcomes
13. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
CGIAR Changing Paradigm
Agronomic
Paradigm
• Increase
production
• Maximize
yields
• Improve
fertilizer and
water
efficiency
Sustainable
Agriculture
Paradigm
• Improve and/or
maximize livelihoods
• Reduce vulnerability
• Environmental /
ecological
• Gender
• Collective action
• Sustainable
intensification
Time
Production
Economics
Paradigm
• Maximize profit
or net
returns...is not
the maximum
yield
15. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
What is biotechnology?
• Manipulation of living organisms for a useful purpose
• Definition that covers a broad range of techniques
– Traditional: Plant breeding, tissue culture, micro-
propagation
– Modern: Marker assisted selection, Genetic Modifications
and Genomics
• Only GM products are currently regulated for
biosafety
16. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
GM Biotechnology – What is its
status?
18. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Diffusion to developing countries
19. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Implications for developing country
agriculture
• Majority expansion is in four crops and two traits
(insect protection and herbicide tolerance) produced
by industrialized countries for its agriculture
• Diffusion to developing has been a (fortunate)
development
• Challenge now is meeting explicit needs of
– Developing countries
– Smallholder / resource poor farmers
– Crop / traits
20. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
R&D and innovation for and by
developing countries
• Crops and traits of interest/value have been
produced
• Capacity to develop GM crops and other
biotechnologies
– Advanced => China, Brazil, Mexico, India, Argentina
– Medium- Advanced => Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia
• Next Harvest documented 270 technologies in 16
developing countries
Why aren’t these technologies in the hands of famers?
21. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Why GM biotech?
• Embodied technologies
• Address specific productivity constraints
not easily addressed by conventional
means
• Can be deployed in low resource use
production systems
• Flexible – fit with other production
systems
– GM and Integrated Pest Management
– GM and organic production methods (!!!)
• Impacts can be non-pecuniary, indirect,
and scale neutral
• Scalable
22. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
3. Biotechnology as a regulated R&D
activity
23. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Biosafety as a process…
Contained Use
Experiments
Confined
Field Trials
Deliberate
Release
Post
Release
Deregulation
Regulatory decision points
Familiarity
Learning
24. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
R&D and product development life cycle
1 – 3 yrs. 1 – 3 yrs. 1 – 3 yrs.
Product
Concept
Discovery Early Product
Testing &
Development
Integration
& Product
Selection
Product
Ramp Up
Market
Introduction
1 2 3 4 5 6
Confined Field Trials
Author: Ramaeker-Zahn
25. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Regulatory processes, decision making and
assessments
Environmental
and Food/Feed
Safety
Assessment
Socio-
Economic
Assessments
(plus others?)
Decision
Making
26. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Impacts on biodiversity
• Which biodiversity?
Agricultural vs. Wild
• Agricultural biodiversity –
intraspecific vs interspecific
• Tradeoffs between land use
and the maintenance of the
agricultural frontier and
encroachment in protected
and/or “wild” areas
• Biodiversity valuation issues
and measuring taxonomic
diversity and richness
• Ecosystem services
27. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Environmental biosafety assessments: A
Roadmap under review at the Cartagena
Protocol on Biosafety
• Impacts on non-
target organisms
• Gene flow
• Impacts on sexually
compatible species
– Increase in weed
behaviour
– Competitive
advantage/fitness
28. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Example from seed adoption sector
“Farmer preferences for Milpa diversity and genetically modified
maize in Mexico” (Birol, Villalobos and Smale 2007)
• “Milpa” is crop production system in Mexico and C. America
– Private economic value: food security, diet quality and livelihoods
– Public economic value: conserving agrobiodiversity, especially that of
maize landraces (potential to contribute unique traits for future plant
breeding efforts
• Subject to multiple externalities which have a negative impact
• Farmer heterogeneity is an issue identified by the study
– (i) Landrace Conservationists
– (ii) Milpa Diversity Managers
– iii) Marginalized Maize Producers
• Contrast results with the 2004 Commission for Environmental
Cooperation report
29. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Food/Feed Safety Assessments
• CODEX Alimentarius guidelines (CAC/GL 46-2003)
• Procedure roadmap
A) Description of the recombinant-DNA microorganism;
B) Description of the recipient microorganism and its use in food production;
C) Description of the donor organism(s);
D) Description of the genetic modification(s) including vector and construct;
E) Characterization of the genetic modification(s);
F) Safety assessment:
– expressed substances: assessment of potential toxicity and other traits related
to pathogenicity;
– compositional analyses of key components; evaluation of metabolites, effects
of food processing
– assessment of immunological effects, assessment of viability and residence of
microorganisms in the human gastrointestinal tract, antibiotic resistance and
gene transfer; and nutritional modification.
30. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
What is socio-economic impact
assessment?
• Different levels
– Household, Farm, Communities,
Industry, Consumer, Trade
• May be done before or after
adoption of the technology (ex
ante or ex post)
• Compare effects of intervention
against a counterfactual
– Economics => monetary costs and
benefits
– Sociology /Anthropology => impact
on people
31. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
4. What do we know about the socio-
economic impact of GE technologies?
32. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
What do we know from the economic impact
assessment literature to date?
• A review of 187 peer
reviewed studies
• Examined studies with
a focus on:
– Farmers, household
and community
– Industry and markets
– Consumers
– Trade
Citation: Smale, Melinda; Zambrano, Patricia; Gruère, Guillaume; Falck-Zepeda, José; Matuschke, Ira; Horna, Daniela; Nagarajan, Latha;
Yerramareddy, Indira; Jones, Hannah. 2009. Measuring the economic impacts of transgenic crops in developing agriculture during the first
decade: Approaches, findings, and future directions. (Food policy review 10) Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute
(IFPRI) 107 pages
33. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Food Policy Review 10 conclusions
• On average LMO crops have a
higher economic performance
— but averages do not reflect
the variability by agro-climate,
host cultivar, trait, farmer
• Too few traits, too few
cases/authors—
generalizations should not be
drawn yet...need more time to
describe adoption
These conclusions are no different than
those for most technologies released to
date…
34. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Food Policy Review 10 conclusions
• Address cross
cutting issues for
further study
including impacts of
poverty, gender,
public health,
generational
• Develop improved
methods and multi-
disciplinary
collaborations to
examine broader
issues
35. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
A meta-analysis paper by Areal, Riesgo and
Rodriguez-Cerezo (2012)
“GM crops perform better than their conventional
counterparts in agronomic and economic (gross
margin) terms”
“GM crops tend to perform better in developing
countries than in developed countries, with Bt
cotton being the most profitable crop grown”
36. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
How does a producer benefit? Insect resistance
traits
The case of Bt cotton
Producer Profit
Producer Surplus
Cost to Benefit
Additional
Cost of
Using the
Technology
Tech fee:
US$80/ha
0
+
-
Decrease
pesticide
application
cost
-Insecticide
-Machinery &
Equipment
Yield /
Reduction
in damage
-Timing
applications
-Reduced
damage bolls
Price change
due to increase
in supply
Additional
cost of
controlling
secondary
pests
Amenable to
IPM and/or
controlled
easily
Labor
Labor
37. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Black Sigatoka Resistant Bananas in Uganda
Consider irreversible and
reversible cost and benefits by
using the Real Option model
One year delay, forego
potential annual (social)
benefits of +/- US$200 million
A GM banana with tangible
benefits to consumers
increases their acceptance for
58% of the population
Photos credits: Kikulwe 2009 and Edmeades 2008
Kikulwe, E.M., E. Birol, J. Wesseler, J. Falck-Zepeda. A
latent class approach to investigating demand for genetically
modified banana in Uganda Agricultural Economics 2011.
39. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Bt maize in the Philippines
• Growing Bt maize
significantly increases
profits and yields
• Significant insecticide use
reductions
• Adopters tend to be
– Cultivate larger areas
– Use hired labor
– More educated
– have more positive perceptions
of current and future status
Change in economic surplus
(mill pesos)
Producer Surplus 7906
Seed Innovator 703
Total Surplus 8609
Producer Share (%) 92
Innovator Share (%) 8
Bt maize studies in Philippines led by Dr. Jose
Yorobe Jr. with 466 farmers in 16 villages Isabela
Province, Luzon, South Cotabato Province,
Mindanao
42. Program for Biosafety Systems – http://pbs.ifpri.info/
Concluding comments
• Biotechnology and Genetically Modified Crops are still only
technologies
• Similarities and differences with other technologies
• Actual and potential benefits from GM technology
adoption…important tool to consider. Cannot disregard
• Developments in the public sector in developing countries
• Additional crops/traits of interest whose limitations can
probably be only addressed through biotechnology means,
will be available if we manage to resolve institutional and
regulatory issues.
43. José Benjamin Falck-Zepeda, Ph.D.
Senior Research Fellow / Leader Policy Team Program for
Biosafety Systems
IFPRI
2033 K Street NW
Washington, DC 20006-1002
USA
j.falck-zepeda@cgiar.org
Brief bio/pubs: http://www.ifpri.org/staffprofile/jose-falck-zepeda
Blog: http://socioeconomicbiosafety.wordpress.com/
Follow me on Twitter: @josefalck