This document provides an overview of the life and work of John Knox, a key figure in the Scottish Reformation. It summarizes his early exposure to Protestant ideas as a student, his time as a prisoner in French galleys, his ministry work in Geneva and Scotland advocating for Protestantism, and his role in challenging the Catholic church and Queen Mary's rule in Scotland. The document traces Knox's journey from being influenced by early Reformers to becoming a bold preacher himself who argued Christians had an obligation to revolt against tyrannical rulers promoting idolatry.
The Huguenots were French Protestants who fled religious persecution in France in the 16th-17th centuries, settling in places like South Africa. They left a legacy of faith and sacrifice. Many Huguenot names and surnames remain common in South Africa today due to their influence. The first Huguenot arrived at the Cape in 1652. They faced brutal persecution including the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre but remained steadfast in their faith. Their emigration contributed greatly to places they settled including South Africa.
The document discusses the Second Great Awakening religious revival that occurred in the late 1700s and early 1800s in America. It began in southern frontier camp meetings, where preachers would energetically yell and scream sermons to excite audiences. Two famous preachers were Peter Cartwright, known for his bellowing voice and knocking out rowdies, and Charles Finney, a trained lawyer who became a famous evangelist. The revival helped spread new Christian sects like Methodism and Baptism and promoted causes like feminism and abolition of slavery.
The Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther protested corrupt practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Over the next 40 years, Protestantism was established in Europe. The Reformation was influenced by religious, cultural, political, and economic factors. Martin Luther posted his 95 theses criticizing indulgences in 1517, and was later excommunicated in 1521 for heresy. The Reformation led to the establishment of Protestantism and a split from the Catholic Church.
The Enlightenment was an 18th century intellectual movement that promoted rational thinking and scientific inquiry over religious dogma and tradition. Enlightenment thinkers applied scientific principles to philosophy and politics and advocated the use of reason to reform society. Key figures like Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau influenced revolutions in America and France and shaped modern concepts of government, rights, and education. Enlightenment principles also inspired reforms by monarchs across Europe seeking to modernize their nations according to rational principles.
William Shakespeare was an English Renaissance writer. Some of his most famous quotes reflect on themes of wisdom, love, and greatness. The document also provides background on the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century and its effects. Martin Luther's nailing of his 95 Theses challenging Catholic Church practices in 1517 is seen as marking the start of the Protestant Reformation. The Reformation transformed Christianity and had wide-ranging impacts across Europe.
The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses criticizing Catholic Church practices like selling indulgences. This sparked religious and political changes across Europe. Luther and other reformers like John Calvin and Ulrich Zwingli questioned Catholic doctrine and authority. Their teachings spread, dividing Western Christianity and leading many regions to adopt Protestantism over Catholicism by 1600. The Reformation had widespread impacts, including weakening the Pope's power, strengthening secular rulers, and influencing ideas like democracy. Protestantism remains one of the major branches of Christianity today.
Teddy Roosevelt and the Progressive Movementreghistory
Teddy Roosevelt became president in 1901 after William McKinley was assassinated. As president, Roosevelt believed the presidency gave him a platform to influence policy reforms known as the Progressive Era. Roosevelt pursued trustbusting by suing monopolistic trusts like the Northern Securities Company. He also intervened in the 1902 coal strike by threatening to take over the mines and forcing arbitration between miners and owners. Roosevelt advocated for railroad regulation through acts that prohibited rebates and rate changes without notice. He also promoted food and drug regulations like the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act. Additionally, Roosevelt established national parks and forests, wildlife reserves, and irrigation projects through conservation acts.
Powerpoint created by Dr. Rex Butler at the New Orleans Theological Seminary. Available at:
http://www.nobts.edu/faculty/atoh/BulterR/CH2_Unit_1b.Martin_Luther.ppt
The Huguenots were French Protestants who fled religious persecution in France in the 16th-17th centuries, settling in places like South Africa. They left a legacy of faith and sacrifice. Many Huguenot names and surnames remain common in South Africa today due to their influence. The first Huguenot arrived at the Cape in 1652. They faced brutal persecution including the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre but remained steadfast in their faith. Their emigration contributed greatly to places they settled including South Africa.
The document discusses the Second Great Awakening religious revival that occurred in the late 1700s and early 1800s in America. It began in southern frontier camp meetings, where preachers would energetically yell and scream sermons to excite audiences. Two famous preachers were Peter Cartwright, known for his bellowing voice and knocking out rowdies, and Charles Finney, a trained lawyer who became a famous evangelist. The revival helped spread new Christian sects like Methodism and Baptism and promoted causes like feminism and abolition of slavery.
The Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther protested corrupt practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Over the next 40 years, Protestantism was established in Europe. The Reformation was influenced by religious, cultural, political, and economic factors. Martin Luther posted his 95 theses criticizing indulgences in 1517, and was later excommunicated in 1521 for heresy. The Reformation led to the establishment of Protestantism and a split from the Catholic Church.
The Enlightenment was an 18th century intellectual movement that promoted rational thinking and scientific inquiry over religious dogma and tradition. Enlightenment thinkers applied scientific principles to philosophy and politics and advocated the use of reason to reform society. Key figures like Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau influenced revolutions in America and France and shaped modern concepts of government, rights, and education. Enlightenment principles also inspired reforms by monarchs across Europe seeking to modernize their nations according to rational principles.
William Shakespeare was an English Renaissance writer. Some of his most famous quotes reflect on themes of wisdom, love, and greatness. The document also provides background on the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century and its effects. Martin Luther's nailing of his 95 Theses challenging Catholic Church practices in 1517 is seen as marking the start of the Protestant Reformation. The Reformation transformed Christianity and had wide-ranging impacts across Europe.
The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses criticizing Catholic Church practices like selling indulgences. This sparked religious and political changes across Europe. Luther and other reformers like John Calvin and Ulrich Zwingli questioned Catholic doctrine and authority. Their teachings spread, dividing Western Christianity and leading many regions to adopt Protestantism over Catholicism by 1600. The Reformation had widespread impacts, including weakening the Pope's power, strengthening secular rulers, and influencing ideas like democracy. Protestantism remains one of the major branches of Christianity today.
Teddy Roosevelt and the Progressive Movementreghistory
Teddy Roosevelt became president in 1901 after William McKinley was assassinated. As president, Roosevelt believed the presidency gave him a platform to influence policy reforms known as the Progressive Era. Roosevelt pursued trustbusting by suing monopolistic trusts like the Northern Securities Company. He also intervened in the 1902 coal strike by threatening to take over the mines and forcing arbitration between miners and owners. Roosevelt advocated for railroad regulation through acts that prohibited rebates and rate changes without notice. He also promoted food and drug regulations like the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act. Additionally, Roosevelt established national parks and forests, wildlife reserves, and irrigation projects through conservation acts.
Powerpoint created by Dr. Rex Butler at the New Orleans Theological Seminary. Available at:
http://www.nobts.edu/faculty/atoh/BulterR/CH2_Unit_1b.Martin_Luther.ppt
The document provides an overview of the Gilded Age in United States history from the 1870s to 1900. It describes how the era got its name, as the country experienced rapid industrialization and economic growth alongside high levels of poverty and corruption. Key aspects of the Gilded Age discussed include the rise of large industrialists, growing inequality between the wealthy and poor, immigration and urbanization, political machines that controlled local politics, and suffering among groups like Native Americans, African Americans, farmers, and women.
The document discusses why many people in Tudor England saw the Catholic church as corrupt. It describes how the church was engaging in dishonest and illegal activities to make money and gain power, such as selling indulgences and priests not behaving properly. It then introduces Martin Luther and how he started the Protestant reformation to reform the church due to these issues. It explains some of the key differences between Catholic and Protestant beliefs and churches, such as Protestants believing the Bible is the sole religious authority rather than the clergy, and Catholics having more elaborate ceremonies and statues in churches.
The document discusses the history of Christianity from its founding by Jesus Christ in the 1st century CE through its spread and development, major events like the Protestant Reformation and Councils of the Church, and current topics such as ecumenism and relations with other world religions. It provides definitions of key Christian terms, outlines the major periods in Christianity's history, and examines differences between the Eastern and Western Churches as well as differences between Christian denominations. The document serves as an overview of the origins and evolution of Christianity over the past two millennia.
Westward expansion from 1865 to 1914 led to significant changes across the United States. The discovery of gold in California in 1849 sparked the Gold Rush, drawing thousands of prospectors West in search of wealth. This period also saw the expansion of the cattle industry, growth of the railroad system, and an influx of homesteaders and immigrants seeking land and opportunity. However, westward settlement increasingly came into conflict with Native American tribes, leading to broken treaties, warfare, and the eventual confinement of most tribes to reservations by the late 19th century.
Charles Spurgeon - the Puritan Prince of PreachersPeter Hammond
Charles Spurgeon was one of the greatest preachers of the 19th century. He was born in 1834 in England to dissenting Protestant minister ancestors. He was converted to Christianity at age 15 and felt called to preach. By age 19, he was pastor of a London church and his sermons attracted thousands of listeners. He faced opposition but built a large congregation and church called the Metropolitan Tabernacle. Spurgeon was a prolific writer and preacher who was estimated to have reached over 10 million people with his sermons during his lifetime.
The document provides biographical details about Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., including his education, family, civil rights activism, and assassination. It discusses key events like the Montgomery bus boycott led by Dr. King, his "I Have a Dream" speech, and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The document also summarizes Dr. King's nonviolent philosophy and legacy of advancing racial justice and equality through peaceful protest.
Labor unions in the late 19th century fought for workers' rights and better conditions through key organizations like the Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor, and American Railway Union. These groups advocated for tactics like collective bargaining, arbitration, and strikes to achieve goals such as an 8-hour workday and equal pay. However, some strikes turned violent, such as the Haymarket Square and Pullman strikes, which led to deaths and increased public distrust of unions. Unions were ultimately able to make some gains for workers through limiting work hours, regulating conditions, and preserving collective bargaining rights.
The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 with Martin Luther publishing his 95 Theses challenging Catholic Church practices. Over the next century, reformers like Luther, Calvin, and Henry VIII promoted ideas like sola scriptura and challenged papal authority, leading northern Europe like Germany and Switzerland to adopt Protestantism as the dominant religion. The Catholic Church responded with the Counter-Reformation, reforming itself through the Council of Trent while also persecuting Protestants. Today, the Reformation continues to impact principles of religious freedom, separation of church and state, and widespread access to scripture in local languages.
The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther wrote his 95 Theses criticizing the Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences. Luther studied the Bible and concluded that faith alone, not good works or sacraments like confession, were necessary for salvation. When the pope excommunicated Luther in 1521, many German princes adopted Lutheranism, seeing it as a way to assert independence from the Catholic Church and Holy Roman Empire. Luther's writings spread his message of reform and Protestantism took hold across Germany and Scandinavia, though Luther himself struggled with the Peasants' War and maintaining control over the growing movement.
Rosa Parks was a civil rights activist who refused to give up her bus seat to a white passenger in 1955 Alabama, violating segregation laws. Her arrest sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott, a 13-month non-violent protest of the city bus system led by Martin Luther King Jr. that ultimately resulted in the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that segregation on public buses was unconstitutional. Rosa Parks came to be known as the "Mother of the Civil Rights Movement" for her pivotal role in fighting racial injustice and inspiring further protests against segregation.
Martin Luther was a German monk who criticized corruption in the Catholic Church and called for reforms. In 1517, he nailed his 95 Theses criticizing the Church's sale of indulgences to a cathedral door in Wittenberg. This sparked the Protestant Reformation. Luther taught that salvation comes through faith alone, not good works. He translated the Bible into German so ordinary people could read it. Though excommunicated, Luther's ideas spread rapidly through the printing press. The Reformation divided Europe and led to new Protestant denominations like Lutheranism and Calvinism.
1) Several big business leaders like John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and J.P. Morgan dominated American industry in the late 19th century through practices like vertical and horizontal integration which allowed them to gain control over entire industries like steel and oil.
2) The rise of big business and social darwinism philosophy led critics to label these businessmen "robber barons" for their accumulation of wealth and treatment of workers.
3) Labor unions emerged to fight for better wages and working conditions for American workers, organizing major strikes that sometimes turned violent as with the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and the Homestead Strike.
4) Both business and government applied pressure tactics against unions like yellow-dog contracts
The Reformation began in the 1500s led by reformers such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, and King Henry VIII who challenged the authority and teachings of the Catholic Church. Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing the Church in 1517 which sparked the Protestant Reformation. The printing press helped spread Protestant ideas. The Counter Reformation was launched by the Catholic Church including through the Jesuits and the Council of Trent to combat heresy and reform the Church. This led to a divided Europe and era of religious wars between Protestant and Catholic states.
The US Civil Rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s fought to end legal racial segregation and discrimination in the southern United States. Led by Martin Luther King Jr. and other activists, they used non-violent protests and civil disobedience to challenge Jim Crow laws. Their actions inspired activists around the world, including in Australia where the 1965 Freedom Rides protested against discrimination. While the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court ruling declared segregation illegal, southern states resisted desegregation efforts through violence and intimidation of activists until the passage of landmark civil rights legislation in 1964 and 1965.
The Civil Rights Movement in the United States saw the use of various non-violent and activist methods to fight racial segregation and discrimination over the course of several decades in the 20th century. Key events and figures included Jackie Robinson breaking the color barrier in baseball in the 1940s, the Montgomery Bus Boycott sparked by Rosa Parks' arrest in 1955, and Martin Luther King Jr.'s iconic "I Have a Dream" speech at the 1963 March on Washington. Major pieces of civil rights legislation like the 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act were passed amid ongoing protests and demonstrations across the South.
The Reformation occurred in the 16th century and resulted in the Christian Church splitting into Catholic and Protestant denominations. Martin Luther protested corrupt practices in the Catholic Church like selling indulgences and instead advocated justification by faith alone without good deeds. Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing indulgences, and his ideas spread, leading other reformers like John Calvin and Henry VIII of England to establish new Protestant churches that rejected the Pope's authority. The split caused religious conflicts but eventually peace agreements divided Western Christianity between Catholic and Protestant branches.
This document provides an overview of atheism from a Christian perspective. It begins by asking what readers know about atheism and questions they have. It then outlines a methodology for introducing and discussing other faiths or worldviews. The document proceeds to define key terms related to atheism and trace its historical development. It identifies some influential atheist thinkers and common beliefs among atheists today such as materialism, progressivism, and humanism. The document notes areas of agreement and disagreement between Christianity and atheism, such as views on morality, human nature, and the nature of the world. It concludes by offering advice on how to build respectful relationships with atheists.
Martin Luther King Jr. was a prominent civil rights leader born in 1929 who advocated for non-violent protest and was influential in ending segregation on buses. He was assassinated in 1968. Malcolm X also fought for black rights but took a more militant approach before converting to Islam and renouncing his earlier views. Both men had a profound impact on the civil rights movement through their work, though they differed in their philosophies and tactics.
John Knox and the Reformation of ScotlandPeter Hammond
This document provides an overview of the life and work of John Knox, a key figure in the Scottish Reformation. It summarizes his early conversion to Protestantism, his time as a galley slave after being captured for his beliefs, and his eventual release. It describes Knox's preaching against Catholicism in Scotland and Switzerland, and his view that Christians had an obligation to revolt against tyrannical rulers promoting idolatry. The document outlines Knox's call for resistance against Queen Mary I of England and his belief that no woman could legitimately rule as queen.
JOHN KNOX; Converting our Scottish Ancestors from Catholicism to ProtestantismPeter McIntyre
This document provides a summary of the key figures and events that shaped the Protestant Reformation in Scotland. It discusses influential reformers like Patrick Hamilton, George Wishart, and John Knox, and how they faced persecution but continued preaching. It also describes the challenges posed by political rulers like Mary of Guise and Cardinal Beaton who opposed the Reformation. Finally, it summarizes how John Knox helped establish a Presbyterian system of church governance in Scotland in the 1560s, though this faced future threats under kings who favored a more Episcopal church structure.
The document provides an overview of the Gilded Age in United States history from the 1870s to 1900. It describes how the era got its name, as the country experienced rapid industrialization and economic growth alongside high levels of poverty and corruption. Key aspects of the Gilded Age discussed include the rise of large industrialists, growing inequality between the wealthy and poor, immigration and urbanization, political machines that controlled local politics, and suffering among groups like Native Americans, African Americans, farmers, and women.
The document discusses why many people in Tudor England saw the Catholic church as corrupt. It describes how the church was engaging in dishonest and illegal activities to make money and gain power, such as selling indulgences and priests not behaving properly. It then introduces Martin Luther and how he started the Protestant reformation to reform the church due to these issues. It explains some of the key differences between Catholic and Protestant beliefs and churches, such as Protestants believing the Bible is the sole religious authority rather than the clergy, and Catholics having more elaborate ceremonies and statues in churches.
The document discusses the history of Christianity from its founding by Jesus Christ in the 1st century CE through its spread and development, major events like the Protestant Reformation and Councils of the Church, and current topics such as ecumenism and relations with other world religions. It provides definitions of key Christian terms, outlines the major periods in Christianity's history, and examines differences between the Eastern and Western Churches as well as differences between Christian denominations. The document serves as an overview of the origins and evolution of Christianity over the past two millennia.
Westward expansion from 1865 to 1914 led to significant changes across the United States. The discovery of gold in California in 1849 sparked the Gold Rush, drawing thousands of prospectors West in search of wealth. This period also saw the expansion of the cattle industry, growth of the railroad system, and an influx of homesteaders and immigrants seeking land and opportunity. However, westward settlement increasingly came into conflict with Native American tribes, leading to broken treaties, warfare, and the eventual confinement of most tribes to reservations by the late 19th century.
Charles Spurgeon - the Puritan Prince of PreachersPeter Hammond
Charles Spurgeon was one of the greatest preachers of the 19th century. He was born in 1834 in England to dissenting Protestant minister ancestors. He was converted to Christianity at age 15 and felt called to preach. By age 19, he was pastor of a London church and his sermons attracted thousands of listeners. He faced opposition but built a large congregation and church called the Metropolitan Tabernacle. Spurgeon was a prolific writer and preacher who was estimated to have reached over 10 million people with his sermons during his lifetime.
The document provides biographical details about Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., including his education, family, civil rights activism, and assassination. It discusses key events like the Montgomery bus boycott led by Dr. King, his "I Have a Dream" speech, and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The document also summarizes Dr. King's nonviolent philosophy and legacy of advancing racial justice and equality through peaceful protest.
Labor unions in the late 19th century fought for workers' rights and better conditions through key organizations like the Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor, and American Railway Union. These groups advocated for tactics like collective bargaining, arbitration, and strikes to achieve goals such as an 8-hour workday and equal pay. However, some strikes turned violent, such as the Haymarket Square and Pullman strikes, which led to deaths and increased public distrust of unions. Unions were ultimately able to make some gains for workers through limiting work hours, regulating conditions, and preserving collective bargaining rights.
The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 with Martin Luther publishing his 95 Theses challenging Catholic Church practices. Over the next century, reformers like Luther, Calvin, and Henry VIII promoted ideas like sola scriptura and challenged papal authority, leading northern Europe like Germany and Switzerland to adopt Protestantism as the dominant religion. The Catholic Church responded with the Counter-Reformation, reforming itself through the Council of Trent while also persecuting Protestants. Today, the Reformation continues to impact principles of religious freedom, separation of church and state, and widespread access to scripture in local languages.
The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther wrote his 95 Theses criticizing the Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences. Luther studied the Bible and concluded that faith alone, not good works or sacraments like confession, were necessary for salvation. When the pope excommunicated Luther in 1521, many German princes adopted Lutheranism, seeing it as a way to assert independence from the Catholic Church and Holy Roman Empire. Luther's writings spread his message of reform and Protestantism took hold across Germany and Scandinavia, though Luther himself struggled with the Peasants' War and maintaining control over the growing movement.
Rosa Parks was a civil rights activist who refused to give up her bus seat to a white passenger in 1955 Alabama, violating segregation laws. Her arrest sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott, a 13-month non-violent protest of the city bus system led by Martin Luther King Jr. that ultimately resulted in the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that segregation on public buses was unconstitutional. Rosa Parks came to be known as the "Mother of the Civil Rights Movement" for her pivotal role in fighting racial injustice and inspiring further protests against segregation.
Martin Luther was a German monk who criticized corruption in the Catholic Church and called for reforms. In 1517, he nailed his 95 Theses criticizing the Church's sale of indulgences to a cathedral door in Wittenberg. This sparked the Protestant Reformation. Luther taught that salvation comes through faith alone, not good works. He translated the Bible into German so ordinary people could read it. Though excommunicated, Luther's ideas spread rapidly through the printing press. The Reformation divided Europe and led to new Protestant denominations like Lutheranism and Calvinism.
1) Several big business leaders like John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and J.P. Morgan dominated American industry in the late 19th century through practices like vertical and horizontal integration which allowed them to gain control over entire industries like steel and oil.
2) The rise of big business and social darwinism philosophy led critics to label these businessmen "robber barons" for their accumulation of wealth and treatment of workers.
3) Labor unions emerged to fight for better wages and working conditions for American workers, organizing major strikes that sometimes turned violent as with the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and the Homestead Strike.
4) Both business and government applied pressure tactics against unions like yellow-dog contracts
The Reformation began in the 1500s led by reformers such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, and King Henry VIII who challenged the authority and teachings of the Catholic Church. Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing the Church in 1517 which sparked the Protestant Reformation. The printing press helped spread Protestant ideas. The Counter Reformation was launched by the Catholic Church including through the Jesuits and the Council of Trent to combat heresy and reform the Church. This led to a divided Europe and era of religious wars between Protestant and Catholic states.
The US Civil Rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s fought to end legal racial segregation and discrimination in the southern United States. Led by Martin Luther King Jr. and other activists, they used non-violent protests and civil disobedience to challenge Jim Crow laws. Their actions inspired activists around the world, including in Australia where the 1965 Freedom Rides protested against discrimination. While the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court ruling declared segregation illegal, southern states resisted desegregation efforts through violence and intimidation of activists until the passage of landmark civil rights legislation in 1964 and 1965.
The Civil Rights Movement in the United States saw the use of various non-violent and activist methods to fight racial segregation and discrimination over the course of several decades in the 20th century. Key events and figures included Jackie Robinson breaking the color barrier in baseball in the 1940s, the Montgomery Bus Boycott sparked by Rosa Parks' arrest in 1955, and Martin Luther King Jr.'s iconic "I Have a Dream" speech at the 1963 March on Washington. Major pieces of civil rights legislation like the 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act were passed amid ongoing protests and demonstrations across the South.
The Reformation occurred in the 16th century and resulted in the Christian Church splitting into Catholic and Protestant denominations. Martin Luther protested corrupt practices in the Catholic Church like selling indulgences and instead advocated justification by faith alone without good deeds. Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing indulgences, and his ideas spread, leading other reformers like John Calvin and Henry VIII of England to establish new Protestant churches that rejected the Pope's authority. The split caused religious conflicts but eventually peace agreements divided Western Christianity between Catholic and Protestant branches.
This document provides an overview of atheism from a Christian perspective. It begins by asking what readers know about atheism and questions they have. It then outlines a methodology for introducing and discussing other faiths or worldviews. The document proceeds to define key terms related to atheism and trace its historical development. It identifies some influential atheist thinkers and common beliefs among atheists today such as materialism, progressivism, and humanism. The document notes areas of agreement and disagreement between Christianity and atheism, such as views on morality, human nature, and the nature of the world. It concludes by offering advice on how to build respectful relationships with atheists.
Martin Luther King Jr. was a prominent civil rights leader born in 1929 who advocated for non-violent protest and was influential in ending segregation on buses. He was assassinated in 1968. Malcolm X also fought for black rights but took a more militant approach before converting to Islam and renouncing his earlier views. Both men had a profound impact on the civil rights movement through their work, though they differed in their philosophies and tactics.
John Knox and the Reformation of ScotlandPeter Hammond
This document provides an overview of the life and work of John Knox, a key figure in the Scottish Reformation. It summarizes his early conversion to Protestantism, his time as a galley slave after being captured for his beliefs, and his eventual release. It describes Knox's preaching against Catholicism in Scotland and Switzerland, and his view that Christians had an obligation to revolt against tyrannical rulers promoting idolatry. The document outlines Knox's call for resistance against Queen Mary I of England and his belief that no woman could legitimately rule as queen.
JOHN KNOX; Converting our Scottish Ancestors from Catholicism to ProtestantismPeter McIntyre
This document provides a summary of the key figures and events that shaped the Protestant Reformation in Scotland. It discusses influential reformers like Patrick Hamilton, George Wishart, and John Knox, and how they faced persecution but continued preaching. It also describes the challenges posed by political rulers like Mary of Guise and Cardinal Beaton who opposed the Reformation. Finally, it summarizes how John Knox helped establish a Presbyterian system of church governance in Scotland in the 1560s, though this faced future threats under kings who favored a more Episcopal church structure.
The document discusses the historical Inquisition and argues that it was not truly a Christian institution but rather an anti-Christian persecution of Protestant believers. It provides numerous examples of Protestants who were tortured and killed by the Inquisition for beliefs like translating the Bible or teaching Scripture in English. Figures like William Tyndale, John Hus, and Anne Askew were burned at the stake for their faith. The Inquisition occurred during a time of corruption in the medieval Roman Catholic church and targeted early Protestants, not true witches or heretics.
William Tyndale & The Battle for The BiblePeter Hammond
1) William Tyndale was burned at the stake in 1536 for translating the Bible into English from the original Greek and Hebrew.
2) Two other Protestant bishops, Hugh Latimer and Nicolas Ridley, were burned at the stake in 1555 at Balliol College, Oxford for their Protestant faith, along with Archbishop Thomas Cranmer four months later.
3) Their martyrdom served to inspire further calls for Bible translation into English and the Protestant Reformation in England, though over 450 years later their sacrifices are often forgotten.
In the ongoing ecumenical dialogue between Mennonites and Catholics the Anabaptist martyrs of the 1500s play a major role. In an address to the 2008 Bridgefolk Conference at Saint John's Abbey in Collegeville MN Ivan Kauffman related the Catholic tradition of saints to the Mennonite tradition of martyrs.
United Kingdom Personal Calendar Of Saints Summer 2008edwardogs
This document provides biographical information on three notable figures:
1) William Laud, the 17th century Archbishop of Canterbury, who advocated for greater ritualism in the Church of England and faced opposition from Puritans, ultimately being executed for treason in 1645.
2) George Herbert, a 17th century priest and poet who was elected to Parliament but later felt called to ministry, becoming a revered parish priest and writing the collection of poems "The Temple".
3) Charles Gore, a 19th/20th century theologian who helped make Anglo-Catholicism more mainstream and founded the religious community The Society of the Resurrection.
THE SWORD AND THE CROWN; The Heroes of the English ReformationPeter McIntyre
The document provides background on the Protestant identity and faith of Ulster Protestants. It discusses early English Christianity from the Roman period through 1000 AD. It then focuses on the corruption of the church that led to the English Reformation, covering figures like John Wycliffe, the "Morning Star of the Reformation" who first translated the Bible to English. It also discusses the roles of Henry VIII, Thomas Cranmer, and Thomas Bilney in the English Reformation from 1517-1558.
The document summarizes the major events and figures of the Protestant Reformation. It describes how Martin Luther protested abuses within the Catholic Church and sparked the growth of Protestantism. Over time, various Protestant denominations emerged like Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism under leaders such as Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII respectively. The Reformation destroyed unity within Christianity and led to religious conflicts across Europe for over a century.
Detailed summary for the 1st 20 centuries in the History of Christianity.
Starting with the Apostles and how the christian faith spread throughout the world
The document summarizes key events and figures of the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation. It discusses early reformers like John Wycliffe and Jan Hus who were executed for their beliefs. It also mentions Martin Luther challenging Catholic practices by translating the Bible to German and nailing his 95 Theses to the church door in Wittenberg. The document then outlines the spread of Protestantism under leaders such as Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin, and John Knox as well as the establishment of Anglicanism in England under King Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth I. It concludes with an overview of the religious wars and conflicts between Catholics and Protestants that culminated in the Treaty of Westphalia.
The Viking marauders from pagan Scandinavia wreaked havoc throughout Europe. Throughout the 9th and 10th centuries Vikings raided, killed and plundered. Soon a new prayer was added to the church liturgy: “From the fury of the Northmen, O Lord, deliver us!”
Christianity first came to Europe through the efforts of Paul and Peter in Rome in the 1st century AD. Early Christians faced periods of persecution from Roman authorities for refusing to worship the emperor. By the 300s, Constantine legalized Christianity and it grew rapidly throughout the Roman Empire. Christianity then spread from Rome to other parts of Europe, being introduced to France in the 200s but facing early persecution. In the late 400s, the Frankish king Clovis converted to Christianity, helping establish it as the dominant religion in his kingdom. Christianity also spread to Poland in the 10th century through the baptism of King Mieszko I, and to Norway in the early 1000s through the efforts of King Olaf Har
This is an extensive series of slides on Christian missions, beginning in the Bible and going to modern times. This section covers the later middle ages
"The Inquisition - Catholic and Protestant?"niwres
The document provides background information on the Inquisition, including its origins and justification based on passages from the Bible. It describes various groups that were victims of the Inquisition such as Cathars, Waldensians, Knights Templar, and Joan of Arc. It also discusses the different forms of the Inquisition including the Medieval Papal Inquisition, Spanish Inquisition, and Counter-Reformatory Inquisition. Procedures used by the Inquisition such as interrogation, imprisonment, and torture methods are outlined.
John Foxe was a 16th century English clergyman and historian best known for writing The Book of Martyrs, which chronicled the lives and sufferings of Protestant martyrs during the reign of Queen Mary. Though originally from a modest background, Foxe studied at Oxford and became a lecturer there. He opposed some Catholic traditions and fled to continental Europe during the Marian persecutions, where he began researching Protestant martyrologies. After Mary's death, Foxe returned to England and published his massive Book of Martyrs, which became hugely influential in shaping English attitudes against Catholics. The book was continually expanded and reprinted throughout Foxe's life and after his death.
This document profiles 10 reformers who changed the world:
1) King Alfred the Great of Wessex defended England from Viking invaders and established a stable legal system based on biblical principles.
2) John Wycliffe translated the Bible to English and inspired reformers like Jan Hus.
3) Jan Hus was a professor who confronted corruption in the Catholic Church and was burned at the stake for his beliefs.
4) Martin Luther's 95 Theses launched the Protestant Reformation and he courageously defended his beliefs at the Diet of Worms.
5) Ulrich Zwingli reformed Zurich and Switzerland through biblical preaching.
The document summarizes the spread of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. It discusses the more radical Anabaptist sect that rejected infant baptism and private property. It then covers the English Reformation under King Henry VIII who broke with the Catholic Church to create the Church of England and had those who refused executed, including Sir Thomas More. Upon Henry's death, his son Edward VI further Protestantized England while his daughter Mary I tried to restore Catholicism and burned hundreds of Protestants. Elizabeth I's settlement compromised between the two faiths.
The Vincentian missionary presence in China began in the late 1600s and grew significantly in the 1800s, establishing missions, schools, and native clergy training. François-Regis Clet and Jean-Gabriel Perboyre were among the early Vincentian missionaries to China in this period, arriving in the late 1700s/early 1800s. Both Clet and Perboyre endured imprisonment, torture, and eventual martyrdom for refusing to renounce their Catholic faith amid anti-Christian persecutions. Their examples inspired continued Vincentian missionary work in China in subsequent decades. By the early 20th century, the Vincentians had a considerable presence across northern China with missions, schools, and over 600 native clergy trained
The document discusses the Protestant Reformation and the resulting Catholic Counter-Reformation and period of religious wars in Europe between the 16th and 17th centuries. It covers key figures like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII and events like the Diet of Worms, Council of Trent, and Thirty Years' War. The period was one of significant religious and political change as Protestantism spread and new denominations formed while the Catholic Church fought to reassert its authority.
Similar to John Knox and the Reformation in Scotland (20)
The Wesley brothers, John and Charles, were central figures of the 18th century Evangelical Revival in Britain. They grew up during the Industrial Revolution, a time of rapid social and economic change. Both brothers experienced spiritual crises and conversions that led them to preach the doctrine of justification by faith alone, sparking widespread evangelism across Britain and literally transforming society.
Girolamo Savonarola - The Reformer of FlorencePeter Hammond
Savonarola was born in 1452 in Ferrara, Italy to a noble family. He studied philosophy, logic, and medicine before becoming a monk in 1475 and joining the Dominicans. He was sent to Florence where he began fearlessly preaching against the corruption and immorality he saw in the Catholic Church and Florentine society. Savonarola gained a large following and confronted the ruling Medici family. When the Medici's power waned, Savonarola became ruler of Florence for three years and instituted moral reforms. However, he made enemies, including Pope Alexander VI, who had Savonarola excommunicated, imprisoned, and tortured. Remaining steadfast in his beliefs,
Jan Hus was a 15th century Bohemian priest who preached reformist views that challenged the Catholic Church's corruption and abuse of power. Inspired by John Wycliffe's teachings, Hus denounced the sale of indulgences and sins of clergy. He was excommunicated, summoned to a church council, and despite an imperial guarantee of safe passage, was imprisoned and burned at the stake for heresy. Hus' martyrdom helped spread reformist resistance against Rome's authority and led to military conflicts between Hussite followers and the Holy Roman Empire.
Anne of Bohemia was the eldest daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor and a friend of the Protestant Reformation. She loved studying the Bible and protected John Wycliffe from persecution. Anne encouraged Bohemian students to study under Wycliffe and helped spread Reformation teachings throughout Europe. Her marriage to King Richard II of England was said to be happy. However, Anne tragically died of plague at age 27, deeply mourning by the people of England. Her influence helped spread Reformation ideas to Bohemia and beyond.
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Peter Waldo was a wealthy merchant in Lyons, France who gave away all his possessions after a friend's death led him to seriously consider his soul. He had priests translate the Gospels into French and was convicted by what he read. Waldo and his followers, called the Waldensians, sought to live in voluntary poverty and preach the Gospel, which brought persecution from the Catholic Church. Despite centuries of persecution, the Waldensians survived and helped inspire reformers like Jan Hus, spreading the Gospel across Europe through traveling preachers.
Countering Halloween Witchcraft with Biblical ReformationPeter Hammond
This document discusses Halloween and argues that it has origins in pagan rituals rather than Christianity. It describes Halloween traditions like costumes, jack-o-lanterns, and trick-or-treating as having roots in Celtic harvest festivals and Druid practices involving human and animal sacrifices to appease spirits. The document recommends that Christians celebrate Reformation Day instead of Halloween and warns that Halloween promotes occult beliefs and can introduce people to witchcraft. It provides many Bible verses condemning pagan practices and encouraging Christians to stand against evil.
William Wilberforce and the Campaign to End SlaveryPeter Hammond
This document provides background on William Wilberforce and his lifelong crusade to abolish the slave trade in Britain. It details how Wilberforce was inspired by his Christian faith to take on this cause, despite facing overwhelming opposition. After years of persistent effort, public awareness campaigns, and legal battles, Wilberforce succeeded in getting Parliament to pass acts abolishing the slave trade in 1807 and emancipating all slaves in the British Empire by 1833, just before his death. The document emphasizes Wilberforce's moral leadership and the role of his evangelical Christian faith in fueling his determination to achieve these landmark reforms.
Queen Elizabeth I and the Spanish ArmadaPeter Hammond
Queen Elizabeth I was England's greatest queen who successfully established Protestantism and led England during a golden age. Under her 45-year reign, England defeated the Spanish Armada, establishing itself as a naval power. Shakespeare and other artists flourished during her Protestant rule, which contrasted with the Catholic persecutions under her half-sister Queen Mary I. The Spanish Armada posed an immense threat in 1588 as it sought to invade England, but the Royal Navy led by Hawkins and Drake used superior cannons to defeat the larger Spanish fleet in a decisive victory.
A Christian Perspective on the War in UkrainePeter Hammond
This document provides a Christian perspective on the war in Ukraine from Dr. Peter Hammond. It makes several key points in 3 or fewer sentences:
The war pits millions of Christians against each other and has caused much suffering. Ukraine has a history of oppression under communism, particularly Stalin's regime which caused millions of deaths. Attempts to expand NATO and draw Ukraine away from Russia's sphere of influence helped precipitate the conflict despite warnings from Russia.
Hudson Taylor was a British Protestant Christian missionary to China in the 19th century. He founded the China Inland Mission, now known as OMF International, which became a large missionary organization that focused on evangelizing interior regions of China. Some key aspects:
- Taylor was called to be a missionary to China from a young age and prepared extensively through language study, theology study, and living frugally.
- He adopted Chinese dress and customs to better connect with Chinese people and viewed this as important for an indigenous church. This was controversial among other missionaries.
- Taylor started the China Inland Mission in 1865 with the goal of sending missionaries deep into China without salaries and relying on faith for provisions.
This document discusses the challenge of finding suitable missionary volunteers. It notes that while opportunities for missionary work are vast, there are not enough volunteers to fill positions on the mission field. It attributes this shortage to modern secular culture that discourages long-term commitment and sacrifice. The document then outlines the qualities needed for effective missionary work, including diligent Bible study, strong Christian character, integrity, a positive attitude, and a willingness to endure hardship and criticism. It provides examples from missionary pioneers who exhibited these qualities and were willing to sacrifice all for the cause of missions.
The document discusses how the 19th century was the greatest century of Christian missions and expansion. It summarizes that in 1801, Christianity was concentrated in Europe and North America, with Asia and Africa largely unevangelized. However, by 1900 Christianity had spread to become a worldwide religion. It attributes this to the pioneering missionaries of the 19th century who overcame immense hardships and obstacles to spread the gospel despite limited resources. The document urges Christians to learn from these missionaries' effective strategies and sacrifices if the 21st century is to see similar growth.
This document provides 17 reasons for why the evangelization of non-Christians (the heathen) is important. It argues that all people are lost and in need of salvation due to humanity's sinful nature. It cites biblical passages stating that Jesus is the only way to salvation and that he commands followers to spread the gospel message to all nations. The document emphasizes that God loves all people and that the whole world belongs to him. It concludes by stating that the Lord is worthy of all praise, worship, and honor.
Samuel Zwemer and the Mission to MuslimsPeter Hammond
Samuel Zwemer (1867-1951) was a Dutch-American missionary who dedicated his life to bringing Christianity to Muslims. He grew up in a missionary family and felt called from a young age to take the gospel to followers of Islam. After facing rejection from missionary boards, he co-founded the American-Arabian Mission. Throughout his career, he traveled extensively in the Middle East, wrote prolifically advocating for missions to Muslims, and trained future missionaries. Though he saw few Muslim converts himself, Zwemer laid important groundwork for later missionary efforts and helped mobilize Christians worldwide to reach Muslims with the gospel.
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This document summarizes the occult roots and teachings of Sabbatai Zevi, a 17th century Jewish rabbi who declared himself the messiah. Some key points:
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3) Sabbatean followers believed conversion was part of Zevi's messianic mission and continued secret Sabbatean practices after
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The document discusses the importance and power of prayer in the church and for Christians. It notes that prayer meetings used to be a central part of church life but have declined in many Western churches today. When the author was first converted, their local church had vibrant weekly prayer meetings, men's meetings, and outreach events, but these were suspended due to conflicts with television viewing. The document advocates that prayer, studying the Bible, and evangelism should be core priorities and activities for all Christians and churches. It provides many examples from the Bible of the emphasis on prayer and how prayer strengthened the early church.
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Oliver Cromwell was a dedicated Puritan and military leader who played a pivotal role in the English Civil War and overthrow of the monarchy. As a member of Parliament, he helped dismantle the King's oppressive powers and supported religious freedom. Cromwell went on to select and train a highly disciplined New Model Army that proved victorious against Royalist forces. However, he opposed Presbyterian attempts to impose religious uniformity, believing in liberty of conscience. This led to further conflict and ultimately the trial and execution of King Charles I in 1649, with Cromwell establishing himself as Lord Protector afterwards.
The document provides an overview of the Book of Acts, describing it as an account of the origin and expansion of the early Christian church. It summarizes that Acts shows Christianity conquering pagan cultures through the power of the Holy Spirit, acting as a missionary manual. Key events and figures in the spread of Christianity are highlighted, obstacles to communicating the gospel cross-culturally are examined, and the church's strategies for successful missionary work are outlined.
Charles Spurgeon The Puritan Prince of PreachersPeter Hammond
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
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The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
4. As the books of Martin
Luther, and Tyndale’s
translation of the New
Testament, entered Scotland,
they were received with great
interest. Students at St.
Andrews University began to
take their faith seriously.
Patrick Hamilton, a student
at St. Andrews, wrote a book
that was condemned as
heretical. He fled to Germany,
met with Luther and soon
returned to Scotland.
Hamilton began preaching the
Protestant Faith with great
boldness.
5. THE BETRAYAL OF
PATRICK HAMILTON
By an act of Parliament, 17
July 1525, the importation
of Luther’s books into
Scotland was prohibited.
In 1528, the Archbishop of
St. Andrews summoned
Hamilton for “a debate.”
However, he had no
intention of debating
Hamilton, it was a trap.
Before any of his friends
could come to Hamilton’s
defense, a church court
hurriedly found him guilty
of “heresy.” Patrick Hamilton
6. While most heresy trials
took weeks, Hamilton’s was
rushed through in less than
12 hours.
It took 6 long,
excruciatingly painful hours
for Hamilton to die by
burning at the stake. Patrick
Hamilton was Scotland’s
first Protestant martyr.
He was just 24 years old.
His death inspired
widespread interest in the
Reformation, and an
intensified opposition to
Catholicism.
7. Hamilton’s last words were: “How
long, O Lord shall darkness cover
this realm? How long will you suffer
this tyranny of men? Lord Jesus,
receive my spirit!”
8. CONVERSION
In 1543, the Regent for the
infant Mary Queen of Scots,
initiated a pro-English,
therefore Protestant, policy.
This was during the reign of
King Henry VIII.
The Regent encouraged Bible
reading and promoted
preaching by Reformers.
It was through the preaching of
Thomas Guilliame, a converted
friar, that John Knox was
converted, in 1543.
9. The exhilarating effect of this newfound faith and freedom,
the joy of experiencing God’s grace in Christ,
transformed Knox forever.
Soon, however, the Scottish authorities reversed their initially
pro-Reformation policies and began to threaten Protestants.
10. THE COURAGE OF
GEORGE WISHART
Tall, handsome and
well-mannered George
Wishart became the
spokesman for
Scotland’s growing
Protestant movement.
Wishart travelled
throughout the country
proclaiming
Reformation doctrines
with skill and
conviction.
11. Cardinal David Beaton,
Archbishop of
St. Andrews had
5 Protestants executed in
1544 and twice tried to
have the popular
Wishart murdered.
After one failed attempt
on his life, out of concern
for his safety, the
Protestants organised for
Wishart to move his
location daily,
to avoid capture.
12. John Knox, armed with a large double handed, broadsword
was part of the bodyguard appointed to travel with Wishart.
Those who came to a service by George Wishart, found,
instead of the normal mass in Latin, congregational singing,
and a fiery, hour-long sermon in their own tongue.
13. In 1536, believing his arrest
imminent and unavoidable,
Wishart dismissed his bodyguard
saying,
“one is sufficient for a sacrifice.”
Wishart was condemned as a
heretic, strangled and burned by
order of Cardinal Beaton.
As the fire was lit, Wishart
declared: “This flame hath
scorched my body, yet hath it not
daunted my spirit. But he who
from yonder high place beholdest
us with such pride, shall, within a
few days, lie in the same as
ignominiously as now he is seen
proudly to rest himself.”
14. REVENGE
Within 2 months of the execution of
Wishart, 16 Scottish nobles
assassinated Beaton in a most brutal
way. Before being struck down Beaton
was admonished:
“Repent thee of thy former
wicked life, but especially of the
shedding of the blood of that
notable instrument of God,
Master George Wishart, which…
cries for vengeance… We from
God are sent to revenge it…
Thou hast been, and remain an
obstinate enemy against Jesus
Christ and His holy Evangel.”
15. Then a group of ardent Protestants, the Castilians,
took over the city of St. Andrews
and garrisoned themselves in the castle there.
16. THE CALL
Although Knox was not part of either the assassination, or this
conspiracy, he decided to join the men to minister to them. Impressed by
Knox’s teaching abilities, they asked him to become the castle’s chaplain.
17. (Although, Knox had studied law and Theology at the University of St.
Andrews, and had been ordained, because of the excess of priests in
Scotland, he had ended up becoming a tutor and had not previously
served as a parish priest.) Knox was overwhelmed, reduced to tears and
declined the offer, not feeling worthy.
18. Over the next few days,
the congregation
persisted in extending
to him the call. Then,
while attending a local
church service, in St.
Andrews, Knox heard
Dean John Annand
affirming Catholicism,
claiming that it was
“the Bride of Christ.”
19. Knox stood up in his
pew and interrupted him,
declaring that the
Roman Church was no
bride of Christ, but a
prostitute. The Roman
papacy had degenerated
further from the Faith of
the Apostles than the
Jews had from Moses
when they had crucified
Christ.
20. At this, the congregation loudly
demanded that Knox justify his
remarks in a sermon the
following Sunday – which he
did. Knox declared that the
Roman church had become
the synogogue of Satan.
He pulled no punches and one
observer noted that while others
snipped at the outer branches of
the papacy, Knox “struck at the
root to destroy the whole!”
This was the beginning of the
public career of one of the most
powerful preachers of the
Reformation era.
21. CAPTURED AND
CONDEMNED
The French fleet laid
siege to St. Andrews
Castle,
which surrendered in
July 1547.
The rebels were taken to
Rouen, in France. Knox
and most of the
Protestants were
condemned for life to
serve as galley slaves.
22. A life sentence in the
galleys was considered
the next most severe
punishment after
execution. Knox said
little about his time in the
galleys, but two words
that he used to described
it were: “torment” and
“affliction.” During his
time in the galleys he
contracted kidney
infection and stomach
ulcers, which afflicted
him for the rest of his life.
23. About 150 galley
slaves, or forsairs, rode
6 to the oar. The 25 oars
were each about 45 feet
long. The rowers were
kept chained to the oar,
when not doing other
duties.
The comites on the
ships carried whips to
ensure that the convicts
and prisoners of war
pulled their weight.
Galley slaves were
considered a cheap and
expendable form of fuel
for ships.
24. Knox was about 33 years of age when
he was condemned to the galleys. His
strong character, which was evidenced
throughout the rest his life and
ministry served him well throughout
this ordeal. On one occasion, while
mass was being celebrated on the
galley, and the Salve Regina (O, Holy
Queen) was sung, a statue of the
Virgin Mary (Nostre Dame) was
handed around for all on board to kiss.
He refused: “Trouble me not; such an
idol is accursed!” When this statue
was again thrust before Knox’s face to
kiss, he grasped it and threw the idol
overboard declaring: “Now, let our
lady save herself. She is light enough,
let her learn to swim!”
25. Knox admitted
that the prisoners
on these galleys
were
“miserably
treated.”
They were also
placed under
pressure to
renounce
Protestantism
and embrace
Catholicism.
26. RELEASE and FREEDOM
The English Protestant
government
of King Edward VI took
a direct interest in the plight
of these prisoners
and in February 1549,
after 18 months as a galley
slave, Knox was released.
This was probably at the direct
intervention of King Edward
VI, as part of a prisoner
exchange. King Edward VI
27. KNOX THE PURITAN
Knox spent the next 5 years in
England as an honoured guest.
He was granted preaching
opportunities in Berwick and
Newcastle.
In 1551, Knox was
appointed a royal
chaplain of King Edward
VI. As a chaplain, he had
opportunity to preach
before the king, and
contributed to the
preparation of the second
“Book of Common
Prayer” (BCP)
28. Knox, for example, insisted that the
statement be included that “kneeling
at the Lord’s Supper does not imply
any adoration of the bread and wine,
nor is such adoration intended or
permitted. On the contrary, it is stated
explicitly, firstly that the natural body
and blood of Christ are in Heaven, not
on earth, and, secondly, that at the
Lord’s Supper both the bread and the
wine stay the same as they are.
To adore them is idolatry.”
When Knox was invited to become
Bishop of Rochester, he declined.
29. BLOODY MARY and EXILE
When King Edward VI died, 6 July
1553, the future of Protestants in
England looked bleak. Mary Tudor
made clear her intention to reinstate
Catholicism as the national religion.
Knox described Mary as the “wicked
English Jezebel.” Knox, along with
thousands of other English
Protestants, sought refuge in
Protestant Germany and Switzerland.
30. SWITZERLAND
Early in 1554, Knox travelled to Geneva, where he met John Calvin.
Knox described Calvin’s Geneva as “the most perfect school of Christ
that ever was on earth since the days of the Apostles.”
32. FRANKFURT
Knox settled in
Frankfurt
where a group of
English and
Scottish exiles
asked Knox to
be their pastor.
This plunged
Knox into
distressing
quarrels and
controversies
over what
liturgy should be
used.
33. Knox had become critical of the
“Book of Common Prayer” (BCP)
and even about Calvin’s “Genevan
Order of Service” (GOS), so he drew
up a new Order of Service, which
became known as the “Book of
Common Order” (BCO).
However, this was rejected by a large
majority of the congregation.
By March 1555, the congregation was
split and the majority proposed
Knox’s dismissal.
Some members of the congregation
convinced the city authorities to
prohibit Knox from preaching and to
expel him from the city.
34. It is interesting to note that although his “Book of Common Order” was
rejected by the exiles in Frankfurt, in 1560 it became the official worship
book of the Church of Scotland.
35. THE LORDS OF THE CONGREGATION
While Knox was in exile in Europe, Protestant congregations were
forming back in Edinburgh, Dundee, St. Andrews, Perth and Brechin.
Most of these were clandestine meetings, and many used the English
“Book of Common Prayer.”
36. In December 1557, a group of Scottish nobles drew up a covenant to “set
forward and establish the most blessed Word of God and His
Congregation” to renounce Catholicism and to establish the Protestant
Faith as the official religion of Scotland. This group became known as
the “Lords of the Congregation.”
37. After being expelled from
Frankfurt, Knox helped co-pastor
an English congregation in
Geneva.
`
38. SCOTLAND
Then in August 1555, he returned to Scotland and spent 9 months
preaching extensively throughout the land. The Catholic bishops
summoned him to Edinburgh in May 1556 to face legal charges.
`
39. Knox returned to Geneva where he assisted
members of his congregation in a new
translation of the Bible into English. This
became known as the “Geneva Bible.”
`
40. WHEN IS IT RIGHT TO FIGHT?
Knox asked Calvin whether is was permissible to resist by force a
monarch who was “idolatrous.” Calvin maintained that individuals
might refuse to obey commands contrary to God’s Law, yet he could not
accept revolt. However, Knox was coming to believe that Christians
have the obligation to revolt against a tyrannical monarch. A ruler’s
highest obligation is to preserve pure Faith and worship.
41. In Knox’s “A Godly Letter”
(1554) he taught that the
nation could incure
corporate guilt for
tolerating evil.
If the people permitted
Catholicism to remain, the
nation would be subjected to
Divine judgment and
plagues.
God punished the entire
tribe of Benjamin, for
example, not because all
were adulterers, but because
some were tolerated.
42. IDOLS FOR DESTRUCTION
In his 1549 leaflet: “A Vindication
That The Mass Is Idolatry”,
Knox taught that idolatry entails
not only worshipping what is not
God, but also in trusting anything
besides God.
To honour anything in religion
contrary to God’s Word is to lean
on something other than God.
That is idolatry.
“The mass…is an
abomination.”
The mass promoted a false
atonement based on works.
43. REBELLION AGAINST GOD
Since the Law of God never changes, He must respond to sin in Scotland
as He did in ancient Israel, e.g. raising up a Jehu to slay an idolatrous
ruler. Knox demanded that God’s Law be upheld in Scotland. If the
people obeyed the unjust commandments of evil rulers, they would
receive a far more terrible punishment from God than any ruler could
inflict upon them for treason. Not to revolt against an idolatrous ruler
was “plain rebellion against God.”
44. FROM SEPARATION TO VICTORY
Knox maintained that, when in a
minority, the faithful are only required
to separate themselves from idolatry.
However, when the believers are in a
dominant position, and reasonably
unified, they must not simply
separate from idolatry,
they must also abolish it.
If exterminating idolatry meant
overthrowing a tyrannical ruler,
then that was necessary.
45. Knox’s sermons and writings
on the subject were full of
Scriptural examples: Abraham,
Moses, Deborah, Samuel,
Elisha, Hezekiah, Jehu, Elijah,
Amos, Isaiah, Josiah, Jeremiah,
and many other passages
dealing with the Covenant,
purifying national religion,
resisting authorities who
promoted idolatry,
and the Sovereignty of God.
“If princes exceed their
bounds…there is no
doubt that they may be
resisted with power.”
46. THE MINISTER OF JUSTICE
Luther was protected
by Prince Fredrick of Saxony,
47. THE MINISTER OF JUSTICE
Ulrich Zwingli was protected
by the mayor and council of Zurich,
48. THE MINISTER OF JUSTICE
Calvin had the support of the
Geneva City Council,
49. THE MINISTER OF JUSTICE
the English Reformation at that time
had King Edward VI.
50. However, since no civil
authority in Scotland was
able to provide protection
for Protestants,
Knox believed that the
abusive powers should be
overthrown.
In this Knox stands alone
amongst the leading
Reformers
of the 16th Century.
He openly challenged the
standard interpretation of
Romans 13 held by such
Reformers as Luther,
Zwingli, Tyndale
and Calvin.
51. A CALL FOR RESISTANCE
In his 1555 “Admonition to
England”, Knox condemned
those leaders who had connived
to restore the nation to
Catholicism under Queen Mary
Tudor. “Had she…been
sent to hell before these
days, then should not
their iniquity and
cruelty so manifestly
have appeared to the
world.”
52. In 1558, Knox published his most
notorious “The First Blast of the
Trumpet Against the Monstrous
Regiment of Women” aimed directly at
“Bloody Mary” – The Queen of
England at that time.
Knox stated that no woman could be a
legitimate ruler – certainly not one who
persecuted true Christians.
“Bloody Mary” was a rebel
against God, “a traitoress
and rebel against God.”
53. Knox declared that it was
against the Law of God and
nature for such a woman to rule
any kingdom, it subverted both
the Divine and natural order.
He called for the faithful to
“remove from honour and
authority that monster in
nature.”
In his, “Appellations To the
Nobility and Commonality of
Scotland” he extended to the
common people the right and
duty to rebel against tyranny.
55. Within weeks of its publication,
“Bloody Mary” died and the
Protestant Queen Elizabeth
ascended to the English throne.
Some saw Knox’s bold stand against
the tyranny of “Bloody Mary”
vindicated by her sudden removal
and the assession of a Protestant
Queen to the throne.
However, most saw it as a
monumental political mistake and
distanced themselves from Knox.
Knox admitted:
“My First Blast has blown from me
all my friends in England!”
56. Queen Elizabeth I was appalled at Knox’s tract. Knox’s explanation that “the monstrous
regiment of women” that he was referring to were “Blood Mary” Tudor of England,
Mary of Guise and Mary, Queen of Scots, didn’t seem to repair the breach.
Nor did Knox’s public statement of support for the new Queen, Elizabeth I, as the
Protestant Queen of England, repair the damage of his once strong links to the Church
of England.
57. REFORMATION SWEEPS SCOTLAND
In May 1559, Knox arrived in Perth. His fiery sermon against Catholic
idolatry was so effective that when the service was over, the
congregation immediately began to demolish altars, smash images,
statues, and crucifixes. They removed all the superstitious trappings of
Romanism. Then the Lords of the Congregation militarily occupied
Perth, Sterling, St. Andrews, and by the end of June, Edinburgh.
There, Knox was elected minister at St. Giles Kirk in High Street. His
Reformation preaching reverberated throughout Scotland.
58. THE FRENCH
OUTMANOEVERED
To counter Mary of Guise, and
her French troops, the Scottish
Lords of the Congregation
drew up the Treaty of
Berwick, February 1560, with
the English.
The Treaty was so effective
that, on 6 July 1560, the
French and English both
agreed to leave Scottish soil.
Without French interference,
the future of the
Reformation in Scotland was
assured!
59. THANKSGIVING AND
CONFESSION
Later that month, the Scottish Parliament
met at St. Giles, in Edinburgh,
for a great Thanksgiving service
where Knox preached to them.
The Parliament then ordered Knox and
5 of his colleagues
to write a confession of faith.
Hurriedly put to paper, in 4 days,
The Scots Confession is vibrant and
spontaneous, filled with prophetic and
militant language. It was adopted by
Parliament, and remained, for 90 years,
the Scottish churches official theology.
(In 1647, it was superceded by
The Westminster Confession.)
60. FAITH IN ACTION
The Scots Confession stands out in how it specifies practical Christian
ethics. It urges good citizenship, honorable living and a commitment to
social justice in these words: “To have one God, To worship and honour
Him, to call on Him in our troubles, to reverence His Holy Name,
to hear His Word and believe it, to share in His Holy sacraments.
Scottish Confession
(A confession penned by the Scottish
Churches under the direction of John
Knox.)
Chapter 1 - God
We confess and acknowledge one God
alone, to whom alone we must cleave,
whom alone we must serve, whom only
we must worship, and in whom alone we
put our trust. Who is eternal, infinite,
immeasurable, incomprehensible,
omnipotent, invisible; one in substance
and yet distinct in three persons, the
Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost. By
whom we confess and believe all things
in heaven and earth, visible and invisible
to have been created, to be retained in
their being, and to be ruled and guided
by his inscrutable providence for such
end as his eternal wisdom, goodness, and
justice have appointed, and to the
manifestation of his own glory.
St. Giles
61. “The second kind is: to honour father, mother, monarchs, rulers and
superior powers; to love them, support them, obey their orders providing
they are not contrary to God’s Commandments, save the lives of the
innocent, overthrow tyranny, defend the oppressed, keep our bodies
clean and holy, live in soberness and temperance, deal justly with all
men in word and deed, and finally, to subdue any desire to harm our
neighbour…Contrary acts are sins.” (Article 14)
62. A HIGHER DUTY
The Scots Confession
not only permits the
overthrowing of tyrants,
but makes such action
mandatory. Tyrants
are defined as the real
rebels, to the King of
kings. Article 13 defines
workers of iniquity as:
“filthy persons,
idolaters, drunkards and
thieves… murderers,
oppressors and cruel
persecutors.”
63. The Scots Confession
makes clear that no civil
power is absolute.
Civil leaders are
permanently on
probation and no
Christian should give
unqualified and absolute
allegiance to any
government. Christians
must reserve the right of
just rebellion against
tyrants.
64. No other Reformation Confession ventured so far into such dangerous
waters, providing theological justification for rebellion against tyrants.
As Knox declared: “Dangerous times demand vigorous faith.”
On August 17, Parliament abolished the mass, repudiated papal
jurisdiction over Scotland, and rescinded all laws at variance
with the Reformed Faith.
65. COMPREHENSIVE REFORM
Also in 1560, Knox’s Treatise on
Predestination was published in Geneva.
The Geneva Bible was also published. This
was the work of the English congregation
that Knox has pastored.
In December 1560, the “First Book of
Discipline”, drawn up by Knox and his
colleagues was submitted to the General
Assembly.
Knox laid out plans for the comprehensive
application of the Gospel to every area of
Scottish life. He wanted a school in every
parish, a college in every town, a
university in every city, and regular,
organised provision for the poor.
67. MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS
Although the Reformation
Parliament of 1560 had worked
with John Knox to mandate a
Calvinist Scotland, the return
of the Catholic Mary Queen of
Scots, in 1561, put that all in
jeopardy.
68. As Queen, she refused to
assent to the new order and
Scotland remained
officially Catholic.
Mary Stuart was heir to
England’s throne if
Elizabeth died.
With her strong ties to
Philip II in Spain, and the
Guises in France, the
Catholic threat to
Scotland’s emerging
Reformation was serious.
69. The Scots were well aware
that, in the Netherlands,
Protestants were being
tortured, beheaded,
hanged, drowned, burned
and buried alive by the
Vatican’s heavy hand.
They had recently
witnessed the wave of
horrible executions under
“Bloody Mary” in
neighbouring England.
70. As rumors circulated that Mary Stuart would marry Don Carlos, the son
of Philip II of Spain (the arch persecutor of Protestants), Knox preached
a withering sermon declaring that: “all papists are infidels!”
71. Philip II was well aware
that Mary Stuart was the
Vatican’s best hope of
restoring Catholicism to
England:
“She is the one
gate through
which religion
can be restored
in England.
All the rest are
closed.”
72. IMMORALITY AND
INTRIGUE
Mary Stuart married Lord
Darnley of England, hoping to
unite the Catholics of England
and Scotland. When the
Queen became pregnant, her
young husband accused the
Queen of adultery with her
private secretary, David
Rizzio. Lord Darnley (now
King Henry) participated in
the murder of Rizzio, 9 March
1556. On 15 June 1556, Mary
Stuart delivered a son: James
Charles Stuart (who grew up
to become James I of
England).
73. In revenge for voicing his
suspicions, Mary Stuart arranged
the assassination of her husband,
King Henry (Lord Darnley),through
her boyfriend, the Earl of Bothwell.
Mary coaxed Henry back to
Edinburgh, lulled his suspicions and
arranged for him to be blown up by
explosives.
Both Protestants and Catholics in
Scotland were outraged.
Mary had Bothwell stand a mock
trial, at which he was acquitted.
Then she gave him Dunbar Castle
and various lands to his associates.
Earl of Bothwell
King Henry (Lord Darnley).
74. CONFRONTING THE QUEEN
Knox was called before the Queen’s Council - where he voiced his
suspicions. Then he confronted Bothwell with charges of adultery,
complicity in murder, and rape. When Queen Mary married Bothwell,
May 1567, the nation became convinced that she had helped murder
her husband. There were widespread calls for her to be deposed and the
people turned against her.
75. Knox demanded that the Queen stand trial for murder and adultery –
both capital crimes. Mary Stuart was forced to abdicate and the nobles
organised a swift coronation of the infant, James VI of Scotland (later he
would become James I of England and of the United Kingdom).
76. THE REFORMATION
TRIUMPHS IN
SCOTLAND
At this coronation, Knox
preached from the pulpit
about the baby Joash who
was anointed and crowned
while Queen Athaliah cried
treason from her palace.
The sermon included
details from the Bible as to
how the nobles had gone
from the coronation of
Joash to kill Athaliah, to
tear down the temples of
Baal and to restore the rule
of the prophets in the land.
77. While Knox was calling for the trial of Mary Stuart, she
escaped and raised an army of 6,000 Catholics. However,
when her army was confronted by the disciplined Protestants,
Mary’s army melted.
78. She fled to
England and
sought the
protection of her
cousin, Queen
Elizabeth.
Bothwell fled to
Denmark.
79. James Stuart, Mary’s half
brother, became Regent of
Scotland. James Stuart (1531 –
1570) had been an influential
figure in Scottish politics.
By age 19, he was already a
member of the Privy Council.
He became Mary Queen of
Scots’ Chief Advisor when she
returned to Scotland.
However, as he was won over
to the Protestant Faith and
became a member of the Lords
of the Congregation, he used his
power to maintain and extend
the influence of Protestantism.
80. When Mary was
forced to abdicate
in 1567, and her
infant son, James
VI was crowned,
Stuart was
appointed Regent.
He was described
as:
“a Puritan with
natural charm and
diplomacy.”
81. OPPRESSION AND
INSURRECTION
At the same time, Europe was
boiling. The Spanish Duke of
Alva had fallen upon the
Calvinist rebels of Holland with
fire and sword.
8,000 Dutch Protestants were
executed. Another 30,000 had
their property confiscated.
Then in 1568, the Inquisition
condemned all 3 million Dutch
Protestants to death as
“heretics!”
The Dutch valiantly resisted and
declared independence.
82. Philip II was
facing a great
revolt.
Along with the war
in the Netherlands,
and civil war in
France, a papal bull
excommunicating
Elizabeth inspired a
Catholic uprising
under the Earls of
Northumberland
and Westmoreland.
83. The Catholic armies of Northumberland destroyed Bibles and prayer
books, re-instituted the mass in Durham Cathedral, and moved to rescue
Mary Stuart to make her Queen of England.
84. REMOVING THE THREAT
Elizabeth’s army crushed the Catholic rebellion, and after numerous
other intrigues and conspiracies to assassinate her and place Mary on the
English throne were exposed, reluctantly agreed to her trial.
86. ASSASSINATION
The assassination, in
February 1570, of the
Protestant Regent of
Scotland, James Stuart,
plunged Scotland into civil
war.
Later that year, Knox
suffered a stroke. But he
continued to preach
throughout the last months
of his life. Even as his
health was deteriorating, he
insisted on being carried to
the pulpit.
87. SUCCESS
Before he died, 1572, Knox had the
joy of seeing the Reforms of 1560
ratified by the Scottish Parliament.
Papal authority in Scotland was
outlawed. All future rulers of
Scotland were to swear to uphold
the Reformed doctrine.
The day before he died Knox said: “I
have been fighting against satan, who
is ever ready for the assault; I have
fought against spiritual wickedness
and have prevailed.”
The dedicated labours of John Knox
resulted in Scotland becoming the
most Calvinist nation in the world.
88. THE VERDICT OF HISTORY
Otto Scott in “The Great Christian Revolution” summarizes his
achievements: “Knox had humbled a reigning monarch,
toppled a government, ousted a hierarchy, converted the
people and could regard, towards the close of his life, the landscape
transformed by his efforts and the teaching of his mentor, Calvin.
Knox’s triumph in Scotland…severed a tentacle of France and
lessened the threat to the Reformation of England.”
89. At his grave, one man
declared:
“Here lies a man
who neither
flattered, nor
feared, any flesh.”
One of Knox’s followers
had declared that his
preaching was
“able in hour to put
more life in us than 500
trumpets continually
blustering in our ears.”
90.
91. The 19th Century historian, Thomas
Carlyle, describe Knox as: “a most
surprising individual to have kindled
all of Scotland, within a few years,
almost within a few months, into
perhaps the noblest flame of sacred
human zeal and brave
determination, to believe only what
it found completely believable, and
to defy the whole world and the devil
at its back, in an unsubduable
defense of the same.” To Carlyle,
Knox was the very epitome of
stalwart leadership, “the most
Scottish of Scots…nothing
hypocritical, foolish and untrue can
find harbor in this man… fearing
God and without any other fear.”
92. Douglas Wilson in his biography
of Knox “For Kirk and
Covenant” describes Knox as:
“like Daniel in the Old
Testament, he was forthright in
his condemnation of sin,
unguarded in his pronouncement
of truth, and single-minded in his
adherence to the Word of God.
Like King Josiah, in ancient
Israel, he did what was right in
the sight of the Lord, never
turning aside to the right hand or
to the left. Like the great general
Joshua, he dutifully obeyed the
clear commands of Scripture,
always steadfast and unwavering.
93. But such character traits and such
stands, however compelling, are
inevitable costly. It nearly cost
Knox everything during his
lifetime and it has earned him the
odium and ire of virtually every
secular historian in the years
since…a simple compromise here
or there might well have saved
him from imprisonment, exile and
anathema. But he refused to
compromise. He could have tried
to work within the system. He
could have tried conciliation,
accommodation, or negotiation.
But he refused to compromise,
risking everything for the sake of
principle.”
94. John Calvin described
Knox as: “God’s
firebrand” and as a
“brother…labouring
energetically for the faith.”
95. Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, had been heard to declare, trembling
and in tears: “I am more afraid of the prayers of John Knox
than of an army of 10,000.”
96. John Knox’s famous
prayer: “Give me
Scotland or I die!”
was thoroughly
answered in his
lifetime.
“I have fought the
good fight, I have
finished the race, I
have kept the
faith.” 2 Timothy 4:7
97. REFORMATION SOCIETY
Dr. Peter Hammond
PO Box 74
Newlands, 7725
Cape Town
South Africa
E-mail:
info@ReformationSA.org
Web:
www.ReformationSA.org
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112. “Who am I, O Lord God, and
what is my family; that you
have brought me this far?”
1 Chronicles 17:16
1: Amazing grace! How
sweet the sound,
that saved a wretch like me!
I once was lost, but now am
found,
was blind, but now I see.
Amazing Grace!
113. 2: ‘Twas grace that
taught my heart to
fear,
and grace my fears
relieved;
how precious did that
grace appear,
the hour I first
believed!
114. 3: Thro’ many dangers, toils and snares,
I have already come;
‘tis grace has brought me safe thus far,
and grace will lead me home.
115. 4: The Lord has promised good to me,
His Word my hope secures;
He will my shield and portion be,
as long as life endures.
116. 5: And when this flesh
and heart shall fail,
and mortal life shall
cease;
I shall possess within the
veil,
a life of joy and peace.
117. 6: When we’ve been there ten thousand
years,
bright shining as the sun;
we’ve no less days to sing God’s praise,
than when we first begun.
118. REFORMATION SOCIETY
Dr. Peter Hammond
PO Box 74
Newlands, 7725
Cape Town
South Africa
E-mail: info@ReformationSA.org
Web: www.ReformationSA.org