John Hunter Anatomists

John Hunter Anatomists
Anatomy, the study of the human body, is a discipline of the medical sciences that flourished beyond
precedent during the 17th and 18th centuries in Western Europe. During this time, many physicians,
anatomists, and doctors began to not only investigate anatomy more seriously, but also to teach
anatomy to more people. Dissections of cadavers became more common at learning establishments
and more accepted by the general public, and by government authorities. Anatomical theatres were
constructed for the mass teaching of dissections, and any and all bodies from criminal hangings
were donated as cadavers to the universities. As trends grow and become popular problems are
bound to become known. In anatomy, this problem was the shortage of cadavers ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Trained as surgeons, they both lectured and studied anatomy in London, performing many
dissections and teaching several future doctors. John, the younger of the two, started off as a student
of his older brother William, and went on to have a highly successful career, often seen as a more
influential anatomist of the two. John Hunter studied and dissected every animal he could,
comparing animal and human bodies. John Hunter is credited with the naming of several body
components including all of the teeth. On top of that, he discovered the embryonic development
similarities between species, as well as discovering the paths of nerves and blood vessels through
the skull. Through his work on the circulation of blood, he paved the pathway for what is known
today as vascular surgery. Another great anatomist, Alexander Monro, was appointed to teach
anatomy as a professor, and in turn became the founder of the Edinburgh Medical School. His son,
followed by his grandson, continued his legacy as a professor of anatomy and head of Edinburgh
Medical School, although his grandson met with little success as he did not possess the abilities of
his father and
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Wudu Essay
3) WUDU' (ABLUTION)
Wudu' is performed before someone performs their prayer, recites Al–Quran or even before they
sleep. It is an act where someone washes his/her mouth, face, hands, arms, head and feet with water.
It also can be seen as a daily routine to make sure that their hygiene is assured. Mokhtar Salem
mentioned in his book, Prayers:A Sport for the Body and Soul, wudu' is believed to prevent the risk
of having skin cancer. As the causes of skin cancer are frequent exposed and interacted with
chemical substances that stuck on and absorbed by the skin, the effective ways to overcome the
problem is by washing the skin regularly. Therefore, wudu' is the best solution as it performs 5 times
per day. Mouthwashing is one of the steps for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This movement will improve the blood circulation and train hand muscles. At the moment you raise
both of your hand, muscles of your shoulder will be stretched and this will lead to efficient blood
circulation in the body. Next, clasping hands on your abdomen region which right hand is placed on
the left hand. This act will prevent disruption to your joints especially on the upper part. According
to Dr. A. Saboe, placing the palm of the right hand on the wrist of the left hand is the perfect rest
state of rest for both hands. This is due to both hands are fully at rest state. Rokoo' is when you
bowing your body down where your upper body is 90 degrees to lower part of the body. This
movement is good to preserve the placement and function of your backbone. The position of heart
that is parallel to the brain will cause the maximum circulation of blood at the middle part of the
body. Besides, rokoo' is good to strengthen your leg muscles which could lessen the strain at the
knee

The Canon Of Medicine Summary
Born in 980 A.D., during the eleventh century in Uzbekistan, philosopher–physician Ibn Sina also
known as Avicenna in Europe, wrote a comprehensive medical encyclopedia called the Canon of
Medicine. The Canon of Medicine is considered as one of the most famous books in the history of
medicine. The Persian physician was a paramount figure in the history of Islamic medicine for he
was best known for his advancements and contributes to other Greek physicians' philosophy and
medical theories. His work was so methodical that he was later considered as 'the father of early
modern medicine' or the 'prince of physicians'. Avicenna finished writing The Canon of Medicine
prior to his twenty first birthday, in which he provides detailed yet concise notes and findings of his
medical research in addition to writing many comments about other medical theories. However, the
physician–philosopher also acquired many other achievements in different and diverse fields, such
as mathematics, poetry, music theory, and religion. The Canon of Medicine Volume I primarily
focuses on general principles of Avicenna's medicine; it can also be perceived as an introductory text
for medical students. As his method of research, Avicenna wrote in his book summarizations and
synthesis based on Hippocrates, Galen, and Aristotle; in addition to incorporating some of his own
observations and facts. This book has imprinted major impacts on other physicians and on medical
practices as well, where it widened the

Anatomy And Physiology Essay
How we came to know what we know now about anatomy and physiology has always been a great
curiosity of anyone interested in the medical field. Knowing the history can lead to even more
discoveries in the future. When you think of anatomy you imagine something like this picture below.
But here is where it all began....
The beginning of anatomy and physiology, ironically, began with a curiosity in biology. The first
man to create an important contribution to biology was Alcmaeon, in the 5th century, BC. He was
the first scientist to have worked with dissection. His focus was in trying to find out from where and
how human intelligence came to be. His research never intended to be anatomical. He merely
stumbled upon anatomical research. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He is famous for his dissection of apes and pigs, it is said he never once dissected a human cadaver.
He believed apes were anatomically identical to humans. His work was never questioned until 100's
of years later when, Vesalius, a Renaissance anatomist showed people the difference between apes
and humans. He discovered more than 200 differences. In 1540, Vesalius showed exactly what
Galen was wrong about. Galen's work was much respected regardless. He got a lot right, but also a
fair amount wrong . For example, he stated that apes had hearts with 3 ventricles, as did humans.
During the Renaissance era, slicing open human cadavers was approved by many people, but
unfortunately a lot of professors bypassed the idea. Vesalius was a very dedicated man. He did
dissect criminals, but he also managed to snatch the bodies himself. Based on his research, Vesalius
created a very detailed book called De Humani Corporis Fabrica.(The Structure of the Human
Body). This was the most famous anatomy book of that era.
Just like Galen, Hippocrates never once dissected a human cadaver. He stated that "dissection was
unpleasant if not cruel," as stated on page 53 of the book Stiff by Mary Roach. Hippocrates believed
tendons to be nerves and believed the brain was a mucous secreting gland. Hippocrates was dubbed
the Father of Medicine.
In 1489 to 1515, Leonardo da Vinci, began to illustrate anatomical features. He is ordered to stop
dissecting in 1515 by

Everyone Has the Right to Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit...
Everyone has the hunger to be free. We want to be left alone. We want to go about our lives, not
having to conform to other people's demands. We want to be able to bear a firearm, to assemble
peacefully, to vote in fair elections, to speak freely, and to practice religion, all without the
government or a powerful group ordering us what we can and cannot do.
The Bill of Rights laid out the liberties and rights of its citizens. We are allowed to speak badly
about our government. We are able to protest when we feel we have been wronged or we want
something changed. We can bear firearms freely. We have the right against being detained without a
speedy trial. We have the right not to self–incriminate ourselves. We have the to right to vote ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There was nothing to do, no work, no school, no way out of their situation. The protests in Tunisia
showed the people lashing out against a corrupt government, and winning. Within ten days of the
protests beginning, Tunisia was free. The military often protects the dictator; however, this time the
military consisted of ordinary people. Since the military did not intervene, the transition was
relatively smooth and peaceful.
In Egypt, people used social networking to organize the uprisings against Hosni Mubarak. The
protesters poured into Tahrir square to demand the ouster of their dictator. Over 18 days, hundreds
of thousands of protesters cried out that they wanted change. Mubarak ruled with an iron fist for
over 30 years! He would not be stripped of power easily. The very day before he was removed from
office, Mubarak went on state television declaring that he would continue his regime until the next
election, but the protesters wanted change quickly. They would not accept repression anymore. The
military, instead of backing the dictator, chose the people's cause. After the successful uprising,
Tahrir square became a symbol of hope for all countries wanting to be free. "Copycat" protests
began springing up throughout the Arab world.
In Bahrain, Pearl Circle became the center for the Bahraini revolution. The country is relatively
small, with a population of only 1.2 million. The problem is that most the country is of the Shia sect
of

Essay On The Conch Shell In Lord Of The Flies
Throughout the novel, Lord Of The Flies, by William Golding, there are multiple objects through
the novel that have a large impact on the group of boys. Some objects or materials are brought into
the book that might help them in a specific way, or even influence the killing of some boys, but none
of them had been an influence for as long as the conch shell was. Objects came and went throughout
the novel, but the conch really stuck to the boys on the island, influencing them from beginning to
end in physical and mental ways. Overall, the conch shell is hands down one of the most important
of not, then the most important object that is brought into the novel, and brought up throughout the
novel. In the beginning of the novel, the conch is considered a significant part of it, because of the
ways that it helps the boys. The two boys that found the conch in the beginning of the novel were
Ralph and Piggy, who had just gotten off of the crashed plane on the deserted island. Ralph and
Piggy then spotted it after talking for a little while sitting in the mud in a lagoon. When they finally
got it out of the lagoon, they exchanged comments about it, with both of them passing it back and
forth to each other. Piggy was holding when he made the comment, "a conch; ever so expensive. I
bet if you wanted to buy one, you'd have to pay pounds and pounds and pounds...."(Golding 16). He
made this comment, because he and Ralph both valued it as a very important item to them, that they
would end

Medicine and Doctors in Final Cut by Atul Gawande
The main theme of "Final Cut" by Atul Gawande is that medicine is an inexact science and doctors
are not always sure of themselves, even if they appear confident. Gawande's main argument is
simply stated: there has been a decline in the amount of autopsies performed in the medical field as
a result of medical arrogance; over confident doctors believe they know the cause of death and do
not want to perform autopsies. Gawande illustrates his argument by outlining the history of autopsy
use in medicine, incorporating medical cases that he has experienced as a surgeon, and including
statistics on autopsy usage. "Final Cut" is an outstanding profile on the decline of autopsy use in
medicine. What makes "Final Cut" an enjoyable and informative article for all readers is its use of
strategies associated with fiction such as the establishment of characters, balance between medical
information and personal experience, and its use of active voice. It is evident throughout "Final Cut"
that Gawande is an author who draws on and adapts elements of fiction such as the establishment of
characters and the creation of tension and suspense within his journalism. By incorporating medical
cases he has experienced as a surgeon, Gawande is able to establish many characters that the reader
develops an emotional connection with. This emotional connection develops because readers are
provided with just enough information about the characters to individualize them, allowing readers
to care about

Comparison Of Respiration In Flatworm And Humans
COMPARISON OF RESPIRATION IN FLATWORMS, AND HUMAN
INTRODUCTION.
Animals exist either as very simple, or complex forms. Simple forms can either be unicellular such
as bacteria, or simple multi–cellular, as flatworms and cnidarians. Complex animals are multi–
cellular with organised organ system requirements that enable them to carry out complex metabolic
processes. Respiration is one of the key metabolic processes for the energy requirements of all other
physiologic processes. The primary role of respiration is to deliver oxygen to cells and tissues, and
remove carbon dioxide (Charles, 2015) To appreciate how the size of organisms plays different roles
in the respiratory process, we can use an example of a simple, multi–cellular organism like Planaria;
a fresh–water, free–living flatworm, and compare with a complex multi–cellular organism like
human.
COMPARISON OF RESPIRATION IN FLATWORMS AND HUMAN:
A comparison of planarian flatworm and human reveal a great difference in their structures that
enables them to meet their respiratory requirements. They have different means of obtaining oxygen
from their surrounding, which is determined by their respective environments. The complexity of
each respiratory system, correlates with the size of the animal. Unicellular and simple multi–cellular
organisms use simple diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide as their mean mechanism, while
higher organism combine breathing, diffusion, the circulatory system and complex mitochondria

The Canon Of Medicine : The Contributions Of The Canon Of...
In its detailed state, the Canon of Medicine had influenced other physicians to investigate and
inquiry upon its works. For instance, the text has impacted physician Thomas Aquinas of Naples,
Italy; after it was made part of the curriculum. In his education of philosophy, Aquinas had read
translations of Avicenna's work that included comprehensive commentators and remarks on
Aristotle's lost work. With the Latin West's increasing contact with the Arabic world in between the
twelfth and thirteenth century, the lost works of Aristotle and Arabic ideas of medicine were
reintroduced into the European universities. Aquinas followed Avicenna's idea of the common sense
(or the faculty of the interior sense that synthesize all the senses). This book as major impacts on the
medical practice as well, to which it was looked upon as one of the most influential textbooks of all
time. The Canon of Medicine defined Avicenna as one of the most famous physician–philosophers
who preserved Greco–Roman knowledge and wisdom during the Dark Ages that occurred after the
fall of the Roman Empire. This medical textbook has been translated from Arabic to Latin, to which
Greek philosophers and physicians have utilized this to enrich the writings with their own
observation. This is important information since it was influenced on the western civilization after
five hundred years near the Rebirth, or the Renaissance. In result, Avicenna was dubbed by his
contemporaries as the 'Prince of Eastern

Research Paper On Batelco
Communication Networks
Batelco Telecommunication company
DES 452
Fatema Yousif Ahmedi 1647 Fatema1647@ruw.edu.bh Shams Mohammed Alkhazraji 1651
Shams1651@ruw.edu.bh Aysha Khalid Mohammed 1716 Aysha1716@ruw.edu.bh
Dr. Rashed Al Jalahma rjalahma@ruw.edu.bh
Table of Contents
Page:
Introduction
3 Purpose
3
Terms of Reference
3
Method
3
Findings
3
Introduction of company
4 – 9 Market Overview
9 – 14
Action plan of marketing
14 – 16
Conclusion
19
References
20
Introduction Purpose ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In advertisement Batelco spends and give lots of money and time for each advertising, because
advertising has a big impact on the consumers behavior and the result will be positive if the ads
were very creative and stands out from the competitors advertisements.

Public relations is when the staff of Batelco have a good manner to talk with the consumer, even if
the consumer is angry and not polite. The staff of Batelco reacts as a calm person and talks politely,
this good service will help to get loyal customers to the company and never change into other
competitor. Action plan of marketing
SWOT analysis
The SWOT analysis is an extremely useful tool for understanding and decision–making for all sorts
of situations in firms and organizations. SWOT is an short cut for Strengths, Weaknesses,
Opportunities, Threats. SWOT analysis is perfect for business planning, strategic planning,
competitor evaluation, marketing, business and product development and research reports. The
SWOT analysis enables companies to identify the positive and negative influencing factors inside
and outside of a company or organization
Batelco's SWOT contains of:
SWOT Analysis comparison

Second Take-Home Assignment Essays
Response to question 1:
Ibn Tufayl writes of Hayy ibn Yaqzan's experiences starting with his birth. Tufayl presents two
different accounts about the origin of his hero, Hayy. The first account was that Hayy was born on
an uninhabited island, not from parents but, rather, from clay fermentation. The author emphasizes
the importance of the island's perfect geographic location and climate in order to support the
possibility of spontaneous human generation without the need for a mother and father. According to
the second account, Hayy was the illegitimate son of a princess who was the daughter of a ruler of a
large inhabited island next to the uninhabited island. In order to save the baby (Hayy) from certain
death, his mother puts him ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He discovers that they do not seek God. He then examines the spiritual bodies which possess an
intelligent substance, like his, and that they see the Necessary Being. Among all the animals, he
thinks of himself as the only one who could know the Necessary Being. Up to this point, he has not
met other human beings.
I believe that the author gave two different explanations about how Hayy came to life in order to
immediately attract the reader and to start the thought process at the very beginning of his tale. The
tale was written in a way that reflected Tufayl's own philosophical ideas. I understood the
background of the explanations to be the same, i.e., they both present Hayy in solitude on an
uninhabited island to show how reason guides the human intellect naturally. I believe that was
Tufayl's intention. Both explanations were related to science and religion and, because Tufayl was a
philosopher, I believe that they were based on his readings and learnings. I do not think that the
author favored either account because, other than giving the two accounts, he did not set out to
prove or disprove one or the other. In my opinion, Tufayl's intent, throughout his essay, was to
convey the fact that self–discipline is important in the search for the understanding of life in all
forms and that solitude is necessary to the learning

William Harvey Research Paper
William Harvey was an English physician and first person to describe the circulation and properties
of blood being pumped from the human heart. According to an article called Famous Scientists,
Harvey proved that the "heart receives and expels blood". He attended various schools, including
ones in Germany, England, and France, but in one university in Italy, Harvey's career fired up more
than ever, as he had already an interest in science and medicine. In Italy, Harvey was pushed more
towards the human body eventually led him to his theory (stated earlier) and to his success. This is
probably also why Harvey was cocky.
On April fool's day in 1578, Harvey was born in Folkestone to a normal middle–class English
family. He was the first of nine Harvey kids, but probably the only one that did something
significant. At age 15 in 1593, William enrolled as a medical student at the University of Cambridge
with the help of a scholarship that he won which was useful in paying for his living costs and tuition
fees for the next 6 years. In 1599 (6 years later), William, now 21, changed universities to the
University of Padua in Italy, where he would take medical and anatomy courses and was heavily
influenced by one of his teachers, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He didn't really believe the works in text books and only relied on his observations rather than what
people told him. Harvey came up with his theory of the heart when he was in between schools and
observations and he did mention it in his first lecture that he presented in front of the Royal College
of Physicians. He also put his philosophy in his book De Moto Cordis. His friend and teacher
Fabricius told him about dissection, and Harvey did actually read Fabricius' works, but the
dissection concept really helped out and pushed Harvey along, and probably made him arrogant as
he was proving most people wrong with his findings and

The Themes In The 5th Wave By Rick Yancey
The 5th Wave by Rick Yancey is a novel about death, survival, and relationships. There are several
themes that are visibly evident to the story. A theme is the subject of a piece of writing, as described
in the novel. Some of these themes are, "trusting one another is what makes us human", people are
defined by the choices they make", and "Family is worth dying for". Each one of these themes are
indisputably established as the story progresses. To begin with, the theme, "trusting one another is
what makes us human" can be interpreted in many ways. This means that even if you're an Other,
you can still be a human if you trust. As you can see, Evan is an Other and a human yet he trusts
Cassie with all of his heart. When Evan was injured after ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
For instance, when a band of men raided Ben's house and Ben left Sissy to die, he used his shame,
regret, and her locket to remind him to not run away again. Later on, when the squad is on their
mission, Ben sacrificed himself to save Sammy by going back to Camp Haven even though he knew
that they would read him via Wonderland. Ben did hesitate to go back to Sammy, but he
remembered Sissy's locket and the promise that he had made with Sammy. Ben had made the
promise to Sammy back in Camp Haven when he said, "Of course you're going to see me again,
Nugget. I

The Mathematics Of Algebra And Algorithms
Anna Safavi
Algebra and algorithm are two of the most used branches of mathematics. They are used in everyday
life, algebra is used in financial planning, physical health and cooking, and algorithms are used in
driving and finding the shortest path, scheduling and in computer programming.
The history of algebra dates back to 1800 BC, in countries such as India, China, Greece, Persia and
England. With the understanding that algebra and algorithms have a huge impact on our lives today,
we will take a look at the history of algebra and algorithms, notable people that helped in their
creation and the things that influenced what we know today about algebra and algorithms. This
paper will go into depth in the influences of Islam on the creation and growth of algebra and
algorithms as separate branches of mathematics. We will look at the Golden age of Islam and how it
influenced many scientists, astronomers, geographers and physicians as well as mathematicians.
Also we will take a look at one notable mathematician of that time, Al–Khwarizmi who created
algebra and algorithms, who is known as the father of algebra.
The work of mathematicians and scientists like Al–Khwarizmi in 820 CE is the result of the
influences of Islam on the culture and knowledge of a specific time in our world, which is also
known as the Golden Age of Islam. It was during that time that Al–Khwarizmi wrote the
"Compendious book of balancing and calculations" from which the word Algebra is derived from.
Later

Essay about The Works of William Harvey
The Works of William Harvey
SYNOPSIS
William Harvey was a distinguished physician of the seventeenth century. Harvey was educated by
some of the great scientists of his time and was highly knowledgeable of the scientist theories
preceding his time. Harvey was greatly intrigued by the views of the ancient Aristotle and developed
a number of his own ideas based on Aristotle's theories. It was from Aristotle's theory of the primacy
of blood that allowed Harvey to make breakthroughs about circulation and generation of animals.
His advancements greatly enhanced the study of anatomy. Harvey also revolutionized the means by
which science was performed through the use of innovative, investigational techniques. William
Harvey became a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This disproved the common view of preformation (Pagel 33). He published his final writings in the
"Essays on the Generation of Animals." After a productive and eventful life, William Harvey died in
London on June 3, 1657.
Through his investigation founded on beliefs of Aristotle, William Harvey was able to hypothesize
on the movement of blood in the body. Prior to William Harvey's research , the medical view of
blood in the body came from a Greek doctor by the name of Galen. Galen explained the flow of
blood as a to–and–fro movement being pumped by the veins and arteries themselves. Galen also
believed that blood was made and then used up in the body. His conclusions were drawn mainly
from outer appearances (Bayon 444). This made Harvey's work more accurate because he performed
specific experiments and calculations. One reason Harvey was able to determine the movement of
blood through the body was founded in Aristotle's belief of the perfection of circular motion because
it is continuous path (Pagel 28). William Harvey combined this idea with Arsitotle's view of the
power of the heart to act independently of the brain. From these notions, Harvey created the theory
of a constant circulation of blood throughout the body by the pumping of the heart. He began
researching his hypothesis with a hen's egg. He discovered that the first drops of blood in the hen's
egg eventually gave

Advantages Of Khalifa Bin Saman Port
 Introduction:
In this essay I am going to discuss how Bahrain developed the new Khalifa Bin Selman Port.
Moreover, I am also going to discuss the geographical factors and technological changes that have
happened over the last 100 years which have made it essential and possible for the Khalifa Bin
Salman Port to be constructed and built. In addition, the advantages of the new port compared to the
Mina Salman Port will also be discussed and listed in this essay. Moreover, in this essay; the first oil
well in Bahrain, dredging that helped build the new port, land reclamation, the sizes of the ships, the
King Fahad Causeway, the advantages of the new Khalifa Bin Selman Port will all be discussed and
the Oram's First Law of Mechanisation.
 Timeline:
 First port in Bahrian:
Bahrain has a strategic position because it is positioned in the centre of the gulf. The first port in
Bahrain was constructed in the 1930s. It was positioned on the north side of Bahrain at Mina
Manama. The port was small and it only could handle vessels drawing up to 4 meters of water and
then wharves ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Land reclamation is the idea of creating new lands from seas, oceans, rivers or lakes. Reclamation is
mostly done in coastal areas. There are different methods to land reclamation. However, the most
common method of land reclamation is when lands are filled with large rocks or cement, or both.
Then the area is covered by using dirt until it gets to the level of height that is required. Bahrain
spent over 79BD Million to start working on Khalifa Bin Salma Port. The port is positioned on 110
hectares (ha) of reclaimed land (Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunications, n.d.). The
reclamation process was planned for Khalifa Bin Salman Port to get the best possible location
available in Bahrain for a port. As shown in the land reclamation picture above the development of
land reclamation in Bahrain and how it is expected to be in the

Animal Experimentation And The Medical Field
Every year in high–school, the discussion about animal experimentation would be brought up either
in a Science or English class. The discussions would last about three quarters of a period, and they
would go nowhere because nobody could agree whether it was a good or bad thing to do. I would
always be in the middle of the debate because, I believed that it was a good thing. I am for animal
experimentation because it has revolutionized the medical field, regulates the overpopulation of
certain animal species in the environment, and follows a certain set of laws set by the Animal
Welfare Act. The first reason I support animal experimentation is because it has revolutionized the
medical field. For thousands of years there have been reports of animal experimentation throughout
the courses of history. "Ancient Greek philosophers such as Aristotle (384–322 B.C.E.) observed
and manipulated numerous animals, establishing that mammals in particular resembled humans to
the extent that they could act as stand–ins. (Bruce Jennings)" As Bruce Jennings described, animal
experimentation has been around since the great historians. Also, one–hundred years after Aristotle
made the discovery that the human and animal anatomy were similar, a physician made a
miraculous discovery. "The Roman physician Galen (199–129 B.C.E.)...tied off the utters from a
cow to show they channeled urine from the kidneys to the bladder, and he cut the spinal cord in
different places to demonstrate the connections

Desert Island Analysis
Desert Islands
The most imaginary desert islands which he described in novel were like a peaceful paradise where
the shipwrecked traveler manages to continue living pretty much as before used for Robinson
Crusoe or Desert Island Discs!
In a book Coral Island by RM Ballantyne which was published in 1857, 100 years before Golding's
book, three young British boys are shipwrecked on a desert island and have to survive without any
adults. They were brave and resourceful. They thoroughly enjoy their experience and there is never
a hint of trouble. As one of the characters, Peterkin, says, "There was indeed no note of discord
whatever in that symphony we played together on that sweet coral island."
From his experience as a teacher, Golding knew that the idyllic life of Coral Islandcould never exist
in real life. So, he set out to write a novel that showed his ideas about the darker side of human
nature starting from the same basis. Boys stranded on a desert island, away from all civilizing
influences. Lord of the Flies was the result.
Lord of the Flies:
These 5 years of war affected him deeply. Here he knew that even good can become evil. In an
interview he said:
"WWII which I spent in Royal Navy had a great influence on my life as well as my work. At that
time I was young and now I am old. I was terrified and it had been taken a long time to gain some
understanding of mankind".
He also said
"Before the WWII, I believed in the perfection of social Man. but after the war i did not. I had
discovered what one man could do to another. Anyone who moved to these years without
understanding that man produces evil as a bee produces honey, must have been blind or wrong in the
head."
At the end of war Golding returned to teaching and moved to Salisbury with his family. One day he
said to his wife. "Wouldn't it be good idea if I wrote a book about child on an Island? children who
behave in the way. Children really would behave." when he returned to his post at Bishop
Wordsworth's School in 1945, he began furthering his writing career. He wrote three novels, all of
which went unpublished. But his frustration would not last long. He started working on a novel "The
Strangers Within" in 1952. A year later it was sent

The Impact of Chemistry on Medicine Essay example
Chemistry has had a large impact on medicine as we know it today. In fact medicine would have
never gotten as advanced as it has today without chemistry to help it out. Everything that medicine
does is based on chemistry at its core. A long time ago when there was not nearly as much
knowledge of chemistry and the medicine was much more basic as well. All of medicine is made of
different elements in one way or another. Chemistry will probably also have impacts on the
discoveries in medicine yet to come. Back in the 1200's the human race had just discovered the
circulation of blood. That shows how far we have come with modern medicine. Things like vaccines
and even genetics such as DNA would never have been discovered if it was not for ... Show more
Cis–platin, a form of platinum has been known to be an effective cure form more than one form of
cancer. A different form of medicine that elements are a big part of is dentistry. Over sixty tons of
gold are used for things such as fillings every year. Even elements that are known to be radioactive
have found their place in medical studies. After hearing all of that I believe it is safe to say that
elements or chemistry in general has had a large impact on medicine as a whole. Before medicine
was like it is today there was a much higher fatality rate after getting sick. It didn't really matter
what you got sick with considering treatment was not a very common thing in the 1200's. Most
women died during or after child birth due to the lack of sanitation. There were no cough drops for
when people had a sore throat. Things such as the flu would cause death much more frequently just
because there was very limited treatment for it in a world where blood circulation was a newfound
discovery. One of the restrictions on past medicine is the elements used being readily available.
Obviously it wasn't as easy to get access to things such as magnesium back then as it is today. That
fact alone would limit the growth of medicine for some time. But as chemists began making
discoveries other fields of science grew as well. Throughout history chemistry has had a large
impact on the field of medicine. Things such as

Galen 's Theory Of The Circulatory System
In 162 AD, Claudius Galen; a Greek physician and philosopher, suggested his theory of the
circulatory system. He was the first physician in history to provide a proper understanding of how
the blood forms, and how blood vessels and the heart function. Galen's theory was left
unquestionable until the fifteenth century. He was also very popular within the western medical
thought as he was their main influence for more than a millennium. (1)
His theory came about from his observations from the dissection of animals, especially Barbary apes
and pigs as he considered them similar to humans. He was forbidden to experiment on human
bodies due to religious reasons, however he did see inside the human body during surgeries.
Because of his limitations to only working on dead or living animals, it made his theory somewhat
inaccurate because the human body and the organs inside are not completely similar to those of apes
and pigs. He also relied on the existence of god in nature to explain the function and the structure of
the human body.
Galen's theory explained many never before explained questions. He explained that food is
transformed into blood in the liver, and was then distributed around the body via the veins where it
is taken in to restore the tissues lost. As well as blood, veins also carried yellow and black bile. To
form venous blood, the had to be redirected to the heart, when in the left ventricle the blood will be
mixed with air to form arterial blood which is infused

Anatomics Of The Human Body During The Renaissance Period
More medical discoveries and advances are occurring every day. Medical treatments and
understanding of the human anatomy have come a long way. Though if it weren't for certain
Anatomists, we may have not have had the right comprehension of the human body which could
have led to errors in surgery and more deaths while treating patients. The Renaissance period was a
time where Anatomists searched for clearer understanding of the human body. During the
Renaissance period, Anatomists questioning and experimentation led to great discoveries of the
human body. Wrong theories of the anatomy have been assumed to be correct for thousands of
years. Theories of using a scientific base were not used by the Europeans until the Renaissance
period ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People who believed in Galen's theories tried to explain how the pulmonary vein would have air go
down into the heart and also have a by product called 'sooty vapours' brought up into the lungs.
Though there was a massive lack of evidence, the Galen theory still stood as the 'correct theory'
("About William Harvery"). Galen's model was proven wrong by Renaissance anatomists. Despite
Galen's model being used for so many years, Vesalius proved the vena cava could not have come
from the liver. Realdo Columbo's experimentation also gathered information about the heart. It was
revealed that the systole phase of the heart is active as it constricts and pumped blood into the
arteries while the dystole phase is the inactive phase of the heart ("About William Harvery").
Harvey, inspired by Vesalius's discoveries, later discovered the process of blood circulation in 1628
("Renaissance medicine"). Galen's theories were challenged by William Harvey's (About Williams
Harvey). Harvey observed sheep veins and arteries and even his own veins to discover blood
circulation. Harvey concluded that the veins in our bodies allowed the blood to
circulate("Medicine"). Harvey was able to prove Columbo's theory and discovered that the heart
worked as a muscle. The beating heart sent a shockwave to the arteries which causes them to

The Theme of Lord of the Flies Essay
When a group of children become stranded on a deserted island, the rules of society no longer apply
to them. Without the supervision of their parents or of the law, the primitive nature of the boys
surfaces. Consequently, the boys live without luxury that could have been obtained had they
maintained a society on the island. Instead, these young boys take advantage of their freedom, and
life as they knew it deteriorates. Lord of the Flies is influenced by the author's life and experiences.
Golding's outlook on life changes, due to his heavy involvement in W.W.II, to his current philosophy
that "The shape of society must depend on the ethical nature of the individual, and not on any
political system ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A rule is made that the boys will work as a group to build the huts for protection from weather and
to act as a home for the littl'uns. The boys ignore the task and become preoccupied with hunting,
swimming and eating, leaving the huts unfinished and rank. Therefore, the neglecting of the shelters
is an example of the deterioration of rules in the novel.
Deterioration is also shown when Jack alters the use of fire. The rule that Ralph, the leader, makes at
the beginning of the novel is that Jack and the other choir boys have a duty to keep the signal fire
going at all times. When a ship passes, Ralph is enraged to find that Jack let the fire burn out; Jack
breaks his promise and the rule. As a result, the boys on the island are unnoticed and fail to be
rescued by the ship; there is no fire smoke to signal it. Although the intentions of the fire are good,
Jack causes chaos when he uses it against Ralph. At the end of the novel Jack sets the whole island
on fire in order to kill Ralph. "They had smoked him out and set the whole island on
fire" (Golding, p.197). The fire that at one point symbolizes hope, has now turned to
destruction. When the savage instincts are controlled by civilization it leads to good, but when they
are out of control it leads to evil. Thus, Jack abuses the advantage of fire and his actions contribute
the deterioration of rules.
The final, and perhaps the most

Amputating Machine Research Papers
Beside from De–Fingering
Machines?
Mainly from the last few years, Muslims have been proclaimed as the light of the world. The crown
of human achievements and deep philosophies. Without them, we would have been left wallowing
in the caveman like condition we were stuck in. As mystifying and wonderful these claims are, a
medium thinker could easily dissolve these dissertations from diaper head–wrapping Turks. If
anything, the most complicated invention from these master minds is a finger amputating machine
that looks as if it had been fashioned from a table saw. Although we know that there is little claim
the Muslims have to the modern world, we are still beaten over and over with lies that they have
indeed created our comforts we ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is told that this important subject originated from a Muslim by the name of Muhammad ibn Musa
al–Khwarizmi. A few interesting facts are that his works were highly based off of other greek
manuscrips which had already discovered much of what is accredited to him. In addition to this,
Historian Gerald Toomer writes quote,
"Another epithet given to him by al–Ṭabarī, "al–Majūsī," would seem to indicate that he was an
adherent of the old Zoroastrian religion "
He wasn't even a Muslim. The only reason they lay claim to him, is because he happen to be
unfortunate enough to be subjugated by the Muslim conquest.
The list of Muslim fairy tales is endless. Most of the claims they make can easily be debunked by
their own religion. Chess was apparently a Arab blessing for the dumb western civilizations.
However according to the Quran,
"The Prophet said: 'He who played chess is like one who dyed his hand with the flesh and blood of
swine.'"
So according to Muslim teaching, this would not even be possible in their religion. In addition to
this BBC News gives the real history of

Survival In The 5th Wave By Rick Yancey
In the book The 5th Wave by Rick Yancey, there are many important themes that describe what the
book is about. Some of the themes were survival depending on being dedicated to others not one's
self, people being defined by the choices they make, and also that love can drive people to go
beyond their limits. These themes are only a few of many that help drive the plot in this book. One
of the major themes from The 5th Wave is that survival depends on being dedicated to others, not
one's self. To begin with, Cassie always thinks about Sammy's safety before her own. Throughout
the book, Cassie was dedicated to keeping her brother safe until the point where the siblings were
separated. Once Sam is taken away from Cassie, her original mission is ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
An example of this theme is when Evan was supposed to kill Cassie but he chose not to. He had
many chances to kill her such as in the woods, while she was sleeping and when she arrived at the
gas station. Instead of killing Cassie, he chose to injure her by shooting her in the leg. Then, he came
to save her later on. If Cassie would've been shot by Evan the Silencer, then Cassie and Evan would
not have bonded and become as close as they truly do. Another example of this theme being relevant
in this book would be Cassie going to get Crisco when the soldiers arrived at their refugee. Cassie's
father told her to go get Crisco so that they could all be saved. When she does this, the soldier shoots
Crisco but now Cassie is by the woods and has a greater chance of escaping. Cassie escapes but sees
her father get killed. Seeing her father murdered by the soldiers drives her to grow up and realize
that Sam could actually be in danger. She then is angry at the soldiers and becomes vengeful. On top
of that, when Cassie is separated from Sammy, she saves his stuffed bear. Sam says that she would
need it more than him and Cassie promises she will bring his bear back to him. This is
foreshadowing because Cassie keeps his bear and later brings it back to him as she promised.
Finally, when Zombie makes the choice to stick up for Nugget it causes the two to bond and become
friends. Without his

The Golden Age of Islam
The golden age of Islamic (and/or Muslim) art lasted from 750 to the 16th century, when ceramics,
glass, metalwork, textiles, illuminated manuscripts, and woodwork flourished. Lustrous glazing was
an Islamic contribution to ceramics. Islamic luster–painted ceramics were imitated by Italian potters
during the Renaissance. Manuscript illumination developed into an important and greatly respected
art, and portrait miniature painting flourished in Persia. Calligraphy, an essential aspect of written
Arabic, developed in manuscripts and architectural decoration. This paper will examine the Islamic
literature, music and philosophers.
The most well known work of fiction from the Islamic world was The Book of One Thousand and
One Nights (Arabian ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Theologus Autodidactus, written by the Arabian polymath Ibn al–Nafis (1213–1288), is an early
example of proto–science fiction. It deals with various science fiction elements such as spontaneous
generation, futurology, and the end of the world and doomsday. Rather than giving supernatural or
mythological explanations for these events, Ibn al–Nafis attempted to explain these plot elements
using the scientific knowledge of biology, astronomy, cosmology and geology known in his time.
His main purpose behind this science fiction work was to explain Islamic religious teachings in
terms of science and philosophy through the use of fiction.
A Latin translation of Ibn Tufail's work, Philosophus Autodidactus, first appeared in 1671, prepared
by Edward Pococke the Younger, followed by an English translation by Simon Ockley in 1708, as
well as German and Dutch translations. These translations later inspired Daniel Defoe to write
Robinson Crusoe, regarded as the first novel in English (James Thurber, pg.64). Philosophus
Autodidactus also inspired Robert Boyle to write his own philosophical novel set on an island, The
Aspiring Naturalist (James Thurber, pg.64). The story also anticipated Rousseau's Emile: or, On
Education in some ways, and is also similar to Mowgli's story in Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle
Book as well as Tarzan's story, in that a baby is abandoned but taken care of and fed by a mother
wolf. Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy,

Arab Islamic Medicine Essay
Arab–Islamic medicine is made up of a combination of new discoveries and the cultural exchange
between different theories and practices of healing. Religion also had a significant role in Islamic
medicine as ideas from the Qur'an, the prophet, and hadiths were pulled together to form several
principles. The attitude of Islam towards the origin of disease was in some ways similar to the
Judeo–Christians. Although it was agreed that sickness was usually borne without moral stigma, it
was also believed that Allah caused illness as a punishment for a person's sins or for reasons beyond
man's comprehension. Someone who became ill would not only hope for a curative miracle through
prayer, but enlisted the help of a physician. It was a Muslim's duty to provide care and assistance to
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was said that Allah had sent a cure for every ailment and it was a Muslim's duty to take care of the
body and the spirit. This in turn provided a motive for improving the quality of healthcare and
making sure that it was accessible for everyone. Additionally, hadiths assisted in laying down
guidelines for an extensive approach to health. In the earlier days of Islam there was much debate
over whether or not Islamic physicians should use Greek, Chinese, and Indian medical techniques.
Many people viewed them as pagan. In the end, many practices and theories were blended into
Islamic medicine creating new practices, new theories, and new ideas.
Arab–Islamic medicine shares many ideas with Greek medicine over the roles to specific major
organs, each of which perform specific vital functions. The heart was a source of 'innate heat' and
sustained life. The innate heat produced body temperature, which emotional states could disturb and
cause to rise to the surface from the heart. The liver was were natural skills of understanding,
growth, and procreation took place; carried throughout the body by veins. For example, a child is
conceived when a

Khalid Ibn El Waleed
2013 | Leadership | | Cohort Five
Mohamed Abd El–Aziz El–behery |
[Khalid ibn Al waleed] | I am the pillar of Islam! , I am the Companion of the Prophet! , I am the
noble warrior, I'm Khalid bin Al Waleed! |
Under supervision of Professor doctor: Ali Mosalam
Abstract
"What an excellent slave of Allah: Khalid Ibn al–Walled, one of the swords of Allah, unleashed
against the unbelievers!" [Prophet Muhammad (BPUH)], those great words were said by the prophet
regarding a great hero and an amazing leader of the Islamic era , about a man that was a true
believer , a man who was always using his mind to judge about what is right and what is wrong .
This is not biographical study of one of the greatest ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Khaled before conversion to Islam:
On reaching maturity Khalid 's main interest became war and this soon reached an obsession. Khalid
's thoughts were thoughts of battle; his ambitions were ambitions of victory. His urges were violent
and his entire psychological thoughts were about military. He would dream of fighting great battles
and winning great victories.
Khalid did not participate in the Battle of Badr which was the first battle fought between Muslims
and Qurayshites. Khaled first appearance against Muslims was in the Battle of UHUD , he was
appointed to lead the right wing (the cavalry ) of the Qurayshites Army ( although he was not the
older , ) under the command of Abu Sufyan ( the chief of the clan ) , he showed a great deal of
courage and military genius through leading his troops behind the Muslims army.
In 627 AD Khaled was a part of Quraish's campaign against the Muslims, resulting in the Battle of
the Trench, Khalid 's last battle against Muslims; actually he led his cavalry to cross the trench from
the thinnest side.
Conversion to Islam:
Khalid's hate for Islam was stimulated from his fathers and his people's hate , this hate did not
deprive him from thinking about Islam and why those Muslims are defending the new religion with
their own soles , He

Advantages Of Khalifa Bin Salman Seaport
1. Introduction
In the period between 1916 and 2016, many significant changes happened in Bahrain at the level of
transportation. These changes include setting up Khalifa Bin Salman Port in Hidd northeast of
Bahrain in the 1st April, 2009 (Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunication, n.d.). So, why it
was necessary to construct this seaport? What geographical factors and technological changes
happened in the last 100 years made it possible to build it? And what advantages that make Khalifa
Bin Salman seaport perform better than Mina Salman seaport?
2. 1916
In 1916, shippers were using a small pier that was built 1901 in Manama by Sheikh Isa Bin Ali Al
Khalifa and some Bahraini traders (Salahaddin, 2015). This pier was located in the current ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(n.d.). Bahrain Logistics Zone. Mtt.gov.bh. Retrieved from http://www.mtt.gov.bh/en/ports–and–
maritime/bahrain–logistics–zone
13– Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunication. (n.d.). Facts and Figures. Mtt.gov.bh.
Retrieved from http://www.mtt.gov.bh/en/ports–and–maritime/khalifa–bin–salman–port/facts–and–
figures
14– Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunication. (n.d.). Khalifa Bin Salman Port.
Mtt.gov.bh. Retrieved from http://www.mtt.gov.bh/en/ports–and–maritime/khalifa–bin–salman–port
15– Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunication. (n.d.). Mina Salman Port. Mtt.gov.bh.
Retrieved from http://www.mtt.gov.bh/en/ports–and–maritime/mina–salman–port
16– Namliti, M. (n.d.). Manama Seaport and Bahraini Traders. Alwatannews.net. Retrieved from
http://www.alwatannews.net/ArticleViewer.aspx?ID=5270
17– Our History. (2016). Bapco.net. Retrieved 2016, from http://www.bapco.net/en–us/about–
bapco/our–history
18– Salahaddin, Y. (2015). Manama's History. Alwatannews.net. Retrieved 2 February 2015, from
http://www.alwatannews.net/PrintedNewsViewer.aspx?
ID=tejyvk5K9hbe3pOzo3Nfvw933339933339
19– Tareef, E. (2004). Ministry of Works finishes 90% of sea reclamation in Hidd. Alwasatnews.
Retrieved 19 May 2004, from

Al Wahhab, A Great Man, An Honorable Reformer And A...
To his followers Abd'al–Wahhab was a "great man, an outstanding reformer and a zealous preacher",
proclaiming a message of al–da'wa ila' l–tawhid, (a belief in the unity of God alone), something
which, according to him, Muslims had neglected to their detriment. Like a troubling desert storm he
appeared in the Najd region of Arabia in the eighteenth century fulminating against the idolatrous
practices and customs of the contemporary Bedouin. "The sheikh started preaching the revival of
Islam", states one writer, and "ripped away the heresies and abuses which had grown up around
Islam and . . . preached the faith in its original simplicity". A small number of tribesmen accepted
him as Sheikh–ul–Islam and mujaddid, leader of Islam and renewer of the faith, and began a
movement which quickly spread across Arabia. Presenting Abd'al–Wahhab as "the preacher of
reform", and referring to his "great work", his "powers of persuasion, personal magnetism and the
compelling rightness of his cause", his supporters declare with alacrity how he "hurl[ed] his
doctrines into the teeth of the evildoers". As such Saudis today credit Abd'al–Wahhab as the one
who "uprooted polytheistic views [and] eradicate[d] the heresies and accretions" affecting Islam,
thereby pulling the Islamic faith "out of the darkness of polytheism and error". Although no statues
or monuments are erected in his honour, for such would be shirk, or idolatry, some Saudis name
their sons Abd'al–Wahhab, and, as in the case

Miss Peregrine 's Home For Peculiar Children
Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children is a science fiction novel that was presented to the
reading world in 2011 by Ransom Riggs. This year the characters of Riggs's novel made their way
to the big screen under the direction of Tim Burton. While critics rave about the wonders of Burton's
skills to transform the novel into a believable reality, I have some other views. My views dig past
the screen and break apart the struggles and decisions Burton made while directing. While I agree
with Hoffman, who noted this film is "Tim Burton's best in 20 years" (2016), there are some scenes
that left me confused and upset. To begin breaking down the adaptation, it must first be placed in a
category. This category tells us which form of adaptation it is and what we can expect under these
circumstances. I, personally, categorize this as a pluralist adaptation. During my screening of the
film, I spent a good chunk of my time looking for the analogies and similarities between the two.
This made it much easier to pick out the differences that lead me to conclude that the adaptation was
pluralist in nature. I also noticed how the film stuck quite closely to the novel's spirit, this made the
film more inviting and accurate. Riggs himself said in an interview that "[Burton] took the ideas I
had and made them bigger and more vibrant than I'd imagined"(Riggs, 2016). Another characteristic
of the film that made it a pluralist adaptation is how much it exists as its own production; yet many

Batelco Swot Analysis Paper
Introduction Purpose The aim of this report is to compare between communication networks in
Bahrain and to analyze one of them. Also focusing on business information, their objective,
structure and the business product or services offering. The report will cover the market Overview.
For instance, target market, marketing objectives, competitor profile and marketing strategy and
marketing mix. Other thing the report will show is the actions plan of marketing of the business,
where the SWOT analysis, the pricing strategy and sales and distributing channels. And supporting
each finding with it's collected data. Terms of Reference This report have been requested by Dr.
Rashed Al Jalahma based on the need ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In some cases consumer compare between their service provide and other service provider, they end
up changing into the service provider that offers the best for them.
The last marketing mix is the promotion, which is about advertisement, sales promotion, public
relation.
In advertisement Batelco spends and give lots of money and time for each advertising, because
advertising has a big impact on the consumers behavior and the result will be positive if the ads
were very creative and stands out from the competitors advertisements.
Public relations is when the staff of Batelco have a good manner to talk with the consumer, even if
the consumer is angry and not polite. The staff of Batelco reacts as a calm person and talks politely,
this good service will help to get loyal customers to the company and never change into other
competitor. Action plan of marketing
SWOT

Essay about Claudius Galen of Pergamum
Claudius Galen of Pergamum
Claudius Galen was a second century physiologist, philosopher, and writer who is often considered
the most important contributor to medicine following Hippocrates. Even though Galen is fairly well
known, his fame does not compare to that of Hippocrates, so Galen's reputation and work are often
underscored by Hippocrates' notoriety. While Galen's name is mentioned in most sources about
ancient medicine, usually only a small portion of the piece is dedicated to his accomplishments; this
coverage often does not do him justice. Of the sources specifically written about Galen, most are
fairly old and tend to focus a lot on Galen's philosophies and how his ideas measure up to the
different schools of thought ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Galen's impact on medicine was particularly profound because of his extensive and meticulous
research and his relentless search for the truth.
Before Galen's Time
For hundreds of years before Galen's time, debates existed among physicians about which
philosophy of medicine was most proper. By Galen's time, the Empiricists and the Rationalists were
two of the major schools of philosophy influencing medicine and science. Empiricists believed that
a competent doctor gained knowledge by experience not by creating or following medical theories.
Others who believed that theories were necessary to supplement pure experience for adequate
treatment of patients became known as Rationalists (Galen, 1985 xxii). In the fourth and fifth
centuries BCE, both Aristotle and Plato rejected the idea that science could be adequately
understood and practiced by experience alone and instead preferred the use of reason to provide
medical knowledge. At this time, scholarly doctors who were extensively trained in their field
studied and formulated rational theories about the human body and disease states, whereas
practitioners who had gained knowledge through experience were often able to practice medicine as
doctors without extensive training (Galen, 1985 xxiv–xxv). Because trained doctors used theoretical
understanding to distinguish themselves from other less qualified practitioners, the tendency of
Aristotle, Plato, and other

An Article On Islamic Mathematics
Abstract: – This is an article on Islamic Mathematics. Islamic mathematics is dated back to the 8th
and 13th centuries CE. The mathematics in the Middle East is an expansion of what great Greek
philosophers had already found and studied. Much of what the Middle Eastern mathematicians
discovered helped influence European mathematics. In fact, a lot of what high school math teachers
teach our current generations is Algebra, which was discovered by an Islamic Mathematician.
Key–Words: – Al–Khwarizmi, Algebra, Completing the square, zero
1 Introduction
Since ancient times, mathematics has always been a necessity for the sake of civilization. Many
different cultures developed their own numerical system to adapt to changing times. Even ... Show
1) [2]. Al–Khwarizmi was born in Persia near Baghdad around 780. He worked at the House of
Wisdom under the leadership of Caliph al–Ma'mun in Baghdad. The House of Wisdom was a library
for translation and research. Most of the library was full of treatises dealing with philosophy,
mathematics, and science. Here Al–Khwarizmi was commissioned to translate Greek, Hindu,
Syriac–Persian, and Hebrew text into Arabic. He popularized a number of mathematical concepts,
including the use of Hindu–Arabic numbers and the number zero, algebra, and the use of geometry
to demonstrate and prove algebraic results.
3 Arithmetic
In the 12th century, Al–Khwarizmi introduced Hindu–Arabic numerals and their arithmetic to the
west. His work is preserved in Latin, Algoritmi de numero Indorum, which then gained the term
algorithm [1]. This treatise is especially important to mathematics since it was the introduction of
the number zero. The number zero was used in the Middle East for about 250 years before it was
ever heard of in Europe. He also introduced the Hindu concept of decimal positioning notation to
the Arab and European worlds, which we still use today [2].
4 Algebra
Kitab al–jabr wa'l–muqabalah is another extremely important treatise written by Al–Khwarizmi,
translated in the 12th century, from which the term Algebra derives. Algebra is a compilation of
rules, together with demonstrations, for finding solutions of linear and quadratic equations based on
intuitive geometric

Essay about Islamic Influence in Western Medicine
Just as the Arabs preserved the knowledge of the Greek and Roman civilizations, the Europeans
were able to use and build off the knowledge built in the Islamic world. This wealth of knowledge
was the collection of ideas pulled from every corner of the Islamic empire. Rulers collected Greek,
Chinese, Indian, and Persian literary works in vast libraries for the education of the masses. Western
Europe slowly learned bits and pieces of this knowledge through trade and diffusion of culture. One
medium through which the west learned a great deal was the translated medical texts from scholars
such as Ib n Sina (Avicenna). Europeans, from Italy to the British Isles, were able to improve their
medical and scientific knowledge by learning to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, in the medieval Islamic empire many surgeons were making careful and quantitative
observations to treat diseases. For instance, Physician Avicenna wrote many medical doctrines and
was the founder of many surgeries. He revolutionized ways of performing surgeries such as removal
of kidney stones, intubation and the use of clinical trials for medicine (1). His book Cannon of
Medicine was still in use in universities in the 17th century. This book gave a base off which
Europeans could learn and pioneer their own medical practices.
Disease often consumed cities in Europe and the Catholic Church often blamed the suffering on the
sinfulness of the people. The Catholic Church would profit off this idea and as a result, the church
taught repentance as the only way to stay healthy. Nevertheless, as more knowledge from the
Islamic world traveled to Europe, ways of disease prevention and understanding began to diffuse.
The largest gain made through use of Arabic texts was the introduction of a simplified version of the
scientific method. An organized method to prove scientific questions aided in the treatment of
disease, as well as in all areas of science. Up until the mid 15th century, scholars believed that blood
traveled from the right side of the heart to the left through the septum. It was not until a physician,
Ib n al–Nafis, made careful observations and noted that blood could not pass through

Overview: The Fifth Wave By Rick Yancey
The Fifth Wave The Fifth Wave, a novel by Rick Yancey, tells the story of Cassie Sullivan as she
tries to survive and save her brother from aliens who attacked Earth in five different waves, trying to
destroy the human race. Plot After the 1st wave, only darkness remains (Yancey "The 5th Wave").
After the 2nd, only the lucky escape (Yancey "The 5th Wave"). And after the 3rd, only the unlucky
survive (Yancey "The 5th Wave"). After the 4th wave, only one rule applies: trust no one (Yancey,
"The 5th Wave"). Aliens attack Earth in Five different waves (Yancey, "The 5th Wave"). The story
follows Cassiopeia "Cassie" Sullivan as she tries to survive the apocalypse and save her brother,
Sam Sullivan, from Camp Haven (Yancey "The 5th Wave"). ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He was one of the humans who was affected by the aliens before the Arrival (Yancey, "The 5th
Wave"). His family and girlfriend all died during the first four waves (Yancey, "The 5th Wave").
Evan tried to kill Cassie as part of the 4th Wave but couldn't do it (Yancey, "The 5th Wave"). He
later saved her and helped her find Sam (Yancey, "The 5th Wave"). Evan has bushy brown hair and
deep set brown eyes (Yancey, "The 5th Wave"). Cassie describes him as a younger version of the
brawny paper towel guy (Yancey, "The 5th Wave"). She also says he has strong hands with "perfect
cuticles", broad shoulders, and "nice" arms (Yancey, "The 5th

Analysis Of William Harvey: A Life In Circulation
In the essay "William Harvey: A Life in Circulation" by Thomas Wright, Wright indicates that
William Harvey's theory of the circulation of blood gave rise to controversies in Europe. Harvey
was a well–known anatomist to the medical establishment in Nuremberg, Germany, and an author of
a Latin volume titled Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus.
The book contains Harvey's theory which opened doors for acceptance and criticism. Equally
important, Harvey had an opportunity to give a lecture regarding his theory at the University of
Altdorf. During his lecture in the University, he informed his audience about how the blood flows
from the heart to arteries, the rest of the body, veins, and ultimately, back to the heart. ... Show more
Harvey asked for Hofmann's opinion about his lecture, and so Hofmann gave his honest judgement.
He started by saying that Harvey's demonstration did not prove anything, then he questioned
Harvey's knowledge about how blood flows between arteries and veins. Harvey indicated that a
possible reason behind it was the formation of anastomosis. Also, Harvey honestly confessed that he
did not fully understand the matter yet, and insisted that he should not be rejected due to lack of
deeper understanding of his new discovery. Still, Hofmann was not convinced. Due to Hofmann's
accomplishments, he conceitedly questioned Harvey's result which was done using arithmetic;
leaving Harvey humiliated. Formerly, arithmetic was not a basis in finding causes of a phenomenon
in anatomy or philosophy, and it was not considered to be academically important. Therefore,
Harvey's theory was considered insupportable.Moreover, Hofmann believed that Nature was perfect,
and used that belief as a basis to question the purpose of Harvey's theory. Hofmann believed that
Nature was not absurd to create more blood than needed by the body just to contaminate it and reuse
it. As a matter of fact, Harvey was aware of Nature's capability, and the consequences of presenting
an idea against

Relic Master
Relic Master, by Catherine Fisher, is a book depicting a young man named Raffael and his master,
Galen Harn, in a world where dangerous relics lay hidden and only those called the Relic Masters
dare touch. After the fall of The Makers, those who created the world, a group called The Watch is
attempting to eliminate all of those left of The Order, also known as Relic Masters. The Watch, who
are afraid of the Relic Masters, do not believe in their supernatural abilities. Consequently, Galen is
Raffael's mentor in the ways of The Order. After Galen and Raffael are being followed by Carys, a
member of The Watch, they befriend her on the way to Tasceron, the dark city forever shrouded by
darkness. Although the book is hard to follow in the beginning, a thorough explanation of the
alternate world attracts the attention of the reader. Continually, the characters, quotes, and the
significant symbols used provided even more attention grabbing subjects.. The beginning chapter
introduces the character Galen Harn. Galen lost his supernatural abilities after ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Character development provides the most interesting part of the book despite the large amount of
significant, action filled events. The background and transformation the characters make after they
have gone through certain events is pleasant to observe. Galen's relentless search for someone or
something to restore his powers ultimately pushes Raffael to discover his capabilities and
completely change his mentality during stressful and life threatening situations. Continually, Galen
and Raffael's intentions convince Carys that everything she has learned as a child was a lie.
Therefore, she joins them on their journey in Tasceron. Overall, Relic Master by Catherin Fisher
offers a unique view into a different world with extraordinary character development, quotes, and
the use of powerful

Genius During The Scientific Revolution
During the Scientific Revolution scientists created many new discoveries. For example, the better
understanding of the human body and the way it works, and the invention of many instruments used
for medical purposes. Many discoveries and inventions helped to start the advancement in the
medical field. During the Scientific Revolution there was a brilliant physician named Andreas
Vesalius, who was often known as the founder of the human anatomy. Now around the time, the
dissection of a human body had only just became an acceptable practice. Vesalius took advantage of
the practice and before the 16th century and he would steal the corpses of criminals that had been
hung and he would dissect them to analyze the structure of the human body (BrainBlogger). ... Show
Harvey was the first scientists to accurately lay out and describe the functions of the human
circulatory system. In 1593, at the age of 21 Harvey attended the University of Padua in Italy. His
teacher Hieronymus Fabricius and him had become good friends and he had taught Harvey to use
the method of dissection to better understand the human body. He had learned about the arteries and
veins in the circulatory system and the valves within the veins. Harveys discovery dates back all the
way to the thirteenth century when the respiratory system was described by Ibn al–Nafis. Harvey
was well interested in the vascular system he decided to write a book containing his work called
'Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus' ( Latin for "An Anatomical
Exercise on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Living Beings") or more commonly known as "
De Motu Cordis" which was later published in 1628 in Frankfurt (Famous Scientists). In 1553, a
spanish theologian and physician named Michael Servetus believed that the blood would travel from
the heart and then into the lungs, where it combines with air and then circulates back to the heart.
Harvey realized that the muscle contractions

Ibn Taymiyyah Research Paper
Ibn Taymiyyah was born in Haran (modern day Jordan, Syria, and Palestine), in the year 1263. He
moved with his family when he was seven years old due to the Mongol invasion. After his father's
death in 1284, he started giving lessons on Hadith– (a set of traditions that is based on the saying of
the prophet Muhammad peace be upon him). He selected some parts of the Quran and Sunnah, and
turned it to an ideology that is based on violence. His way of thinking was controversial and many
scholars undermined his interpretation of the Quran, which made him a minority figure for his time
and the following centuries. His ideas dominated the contemporary Wahhabism, Salafism, and
jihadism writers.
Muhammad Ibn Abd al–Wahab
Muhammad Ibn Abd al–Wahab was born in Saudi Arabia, in 1703. He is an activist reformer of
Islam, he influenced by Ibn Taymiayyah doctrine that was controversial in his time. His ... Show
He established the state of Saudi Arabia and instituted the investment of its oil. Before he became
the king, the Rashids tribal took away his family's lands and they sent them to Kuwait without
money. In 1902, Ibn Saud, 21, and 60 of his brothers and cousins went to take back their land from
the Rashids tribal. He took control over Riyadh, but to take over all the Arabian Peninsula he asked
for help from the Ikhwan "Muslim brothers"– they are Wahhabi Islamic Puritans that want to expand
their version of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula, and nomadic Bedouins. With the help of the Ikhwan,
ibn Saud took territory after another, until he captured Mecca and Medina and became the ruler of
the two holy cities. The Ikhwan wanted to spread Wahhabism, but ibn Saud tried to prevent them, so
they rebelled against him. With the approval of the ulama– religious authorities, ibn Saud destroys
them. However, his son made a religious political agreement with Muhammad Ibn Abd al–Wahab in
early 1930s to help him rule over the

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