The document discusses concepts related to job design, work measurement, and labor standards. It outlines eight steps for conducting a time study to measure tasks and set labor standards. It also describes using work sampling to observe workers at random times over a long period to set labor standards based on the percentage of time spent on different tasks.

1. Job Design, Work Measurement and Labor Standards Superfactory Excellence Program™ www.superfactory.com

2. Outline Job Design Job specialization Job expansion Psychological components Self-directed teams Motivation and incentive systems Ergonomics and work methods Work Measurement Time Studies Work Sampling Labor Standards

3. Job Design Specifying the tasks that make up a job for an individual or group Involves determining What is to be done (i.e., responses) How it is to be done (i.e., tools etc.) Why it is to be done (i.e., purpose) Results in job description Shows nature of job in task-related behaviors

4. Eight Steps to Conducting a Time Study Define the task to be studied (after a methods analysis) Break down the task into precise elements Decide how many times each element of the task must be measured Record the times and ratings of performance for the task elements Compute the average observed cycle time (element times adjusted for unusual influences)

5. Labor standard is set using output and % of time worker spends on tasks Involves observing worker at random times over a long period Advantages Less expensive than time studies Observer requires little training Disadvantages Ineffective with short cycles Work Sampling

6. Labor Standards - Historical Experience Labor standards are based on how many labor-hours were needed in past Least preferred method Advantages Easy and inexpensive to obtain standard Disadvantages Unknown accuracy due to unusual occurrences, unknown pace etc.