This document summarizes a study that prioritized sub-watersheds in the Dohan and Krishnawati river basins in Mahendergarh district, Haryana, India for sustainable development and natural resource management. The study delineated micro-watershed boundaries within the two sub-watersheds based on terrain data from satellite imagery and topographic maps. Seven parameters - hydrogeomorphology, land use/cover, slope, soil, groundwater prospects, drainage density and rainfall - were used to assign weights and prioritize micro-watersheds using analytical hierarchy process. The prioritized micro-watersheds identified areas most in need of conservation and management efforts within the two sub-watersheds
WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT POSSIBILITIES IN CHAMARAJANAGAR TALUK...Prof. A.Balasubramanian
Any unplanned development and utilization of water resources with result in water scarcity. In many parts of the developing world. Such a situation exists. In order to do proper planning and
management of water resources, it is necessary to conduct detailed analyses of the factors, which influence the water availability and its uses. In the present study, a comprehensive analysis have been undertaken for proper utilization of water resources in Chamarajanagar Taluk, which has been identified as one of the drought hit districts of Karnataka, in India. The factors analysed in this work are, surface and groundwater availability, land use, cropping pattern, recharge potential of soils and the rainfall pattern in typical areas of Taluk. It is observed that the problem of water scarcity is mainly due to the lack of irrigation planning and management. Hence, a
modified cropping pattern is suggested by taking into consideration of all available water resources and other conditions.
GIS TECHNIQUES IN WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT IN CHAMARAJANAGAR ...Prof. A.Balasubramanian
The over-exploitation and contamination of groundwater continue to threaten the long-term sustainability of our precious water resources, in spite of the best efforts made by various agencies.
This has many serious implications to the economic development of a country like India. Lack of
judicious planning and integration of environmental consideration to ground water development
projects are primarily responsible for such a state of affair in the ground water sector. Geographical Information Systems could be of immense help in planning sustainable ground water management strategies, especially in hard rock areas with limited ground water potential. Data collected from
Satellite Imagery and through field investigations have been integrated, on a GIS platform, for demarcation and prioritization of areas suitable for ground water development and ground water augmentation. An attempt has also been made to assess the vulnerability of the area to ground water
contamination. This paper demonstrates the utility of GIS in planning judicious management of ground water resources in a typical hard rock area of Chamarajanagar Taluk, Karnataka, state India.
Tank information system of kunigal taluk tumkur district, karanataka using ge...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing data and GIS to map groundwater potential zones in the Musi River basin in India. Various maps of the basin were created from remote sensing data and existing data sources. Groundwater availability was qualitatively classified into zones of very good, good, moderate, poor and nil based on hydrogeomorphological conditions. Land use/land cover maps were also created using remote sensing classification. Alluvial plains, flood plains and deeply buried pediplains were identified as prospective groundwater zones. The study aimed to develop a digital database of groundwater availability in the basin to support agriculture using geological, geomorphological and hydrological information from remote sensing.
1. The study assessed the status of riparian buffer zones and floodplain areas along a stretch of the River Narmada in India.
2. Field surveys revealed that agricultural practices dominated 57.5% of the riparian buffer zones, while human habitation accounted for 16.5%.
3. Water quality analysis of samples from villages along the river found chloride, nitrate, and orthophosphate levels that indicate influence from agricultural and human activities.
The primary source of water is rainfall for the generation of runoff over the land
surface. Runoff or overland flow is the flow of water that occurs when excess storm
water flows over the earth's surface. Satellite remote sensing and GIS techniques
coupled with conventional filed investigations were used for mapping of land use/land
cover (LU/LC) features of the Mini Watershed of Pedda Kedari reserve forest towards
estimating the runoff of the Mini watershed. The SCS-CN method (SCS, 1985) method
involves the use of a simple empirical formula and readily available tables and curves.
Determination of SCS curve number depends on the soil and land cover conditions,
which the model represents as hydrologic soil group, cover type, treatment and
hydrologic condition. Soils are classified into hydrologic soil groups (HSG) to indicate
the minimum rate of infiltration obtained for bare soil after prolonged wetting.
Runoff computed from a given rainfall event was integrated with the data of land
use treatment, curve numbers and hydrological soil groups by using SCS-CN method.
The estimated runoff contributes more than 37% of total rainfall received in the study
area. The suitable locations of rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge structures
are suggested to increase the groundwater levels for sustainable development of water
resources in the Mini watershed of Pedda Kedari Reserve Forest.
This document summarizes a study that used geoinformatics techniques to delineate groundwater potential zones in Chitradurga District, Karnataka, India. The study integrated data from topographic maps, satellite imagery, rainfall data, and field surveys to create thematic maps of geology, drainage, lineaments, soil, slope, and land use/cover. These maps were analyzed in GIS to classify the area into excellent, good, moderate, and poor groundwater potential zones based on weighted factors. The results identified favorable zones for groundwater in the hard rock terrain to aid exploration and management of water resources.
WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT POSSIBILITIES IN CHAMARAJANAGAR TALUK...Prof. A.Balasubramanian
Any unplanned development and utilization of water resources with result in water scarcity. In many parts of the developing world. Such a situation exists. In order to do proper planning and
management of water resources, it is necessary to conduct detailed analyses of the factors, which influence the water availability and its uses. In the present study, a comprehensive analysis have been undertaken for proper utilization of water resources in Chamarajanagar Taluk, which has been identified as one of the drought hit districts of Karnataka, in India. The factors analysed in this work are, surface and groundwater availability, land use, cropping pattern, recharge potential of soils and the rainfall pattern in typical areas of Taluk. It is observed that the problem of water scarcity is mainly due to the lack of irrigation planning and management. Hence, a
modified cropping pattern is suggested by taking into consideration of all available water resources and other conditions.
GIS TECHNIQUES IN WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT IN CHAMARAJANAGAR ...Prof. A.Balasubramanian
The over-exploitation and contamination of groundwater continue to threaten the long-term sustainability of our precious water resources, in spite of the best efforts made by various agencies.
This has many serious implications to the economic development of a country like India. Lack of
judicious planning and integration of environmental consideration to ground water development
projects are primarily responsible for such a state of affair in the ground water sector. Geographical Information Systems could be of immense help in planning sustainable ground water management strategies, especially in hard rock areas with limited ground water potential. Data collected from
Satellite Imagery and through field investigations have been integrated, on a GIS platform, for demarcation and prioritization of areas suitable for ground water development and ground water augmentation. An attempt has also been made to assess the vulnerability of the area to ground water
contamination. This paper demonstrates the utility of GIS in planning judicious management of ground water resources in a typical hard rock area of Chamarajanagar Taluk, Karnataka, state India.
Tank information system of kunigal taluk tumkur district, karanataka using ge...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing data and GIS to map groundwater potential zones in the Musi River basin in India. Various maps of the basin were created from remote sensing data and existing data sources. Groundwater availability was qualitatively classified into zones of very good, good, moderate, poor and nil based on hydrogeomorphological conditions. Land use/land cover maps were also created using remote sensing classification. Alluvial plains, flood plains and deeply buried pediplains were identified as prospective groundwater zones. The study aimed to develop a digital database of groundwater availability in the basin to support agriculture using geological, geomorphological and hydrological information from remote sensing.
1. The study assessed the status of riparian buffer zones and floodplain areas along a stretch of the River Narmada in India.
2. Field surveys revealed that agricultural practices dominated 57.5% of the riparian buffer zones, while human habitation accounted for 16.5%.
3. Water quality analysis of samples from villages along the river found chloride, nitrate, and orthophosphate levels that indicate influence from agricultural and human activities.
The primary source of water is rainfall for the generation of runoff over the land
surface. Runoff or overland flow is the flow of water that occurs when excess storm
water flows over the earth's surface. Satellite remote sensing and GIS techniques
coupled with conventional filed investigations were used for mapping of land use/land
cover (LU/LC) features of the Mini Watershed of Pedda Kedari reserve forest towards
estimating the runoff of the Mini watershed. The SCS-CN method (SCS, 1985) method
involves the use of a simple empirical formula and readily available tables and curves.
Determination of SCS curve number depends on the soil and land cover conditions,
which the model represents as hydrologic soil group, cover type, treatment and
hydrologic condition. Soils are classified into hydrologic soil groups (HSG) to indicate
the minimum rate of infiltration obtained for bare soil after prolonged wetting.
Runoff computed from a given rainfall event was integrated with the data of land
use treatment, curve numbers and hydrological soil groups by using SCS-CN method.
The estimated runoff contributes more than 37% of total rainfall received in the study
area. The suitable locations of rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge structures
are suggested to increase the groundwater levels for sustainable development of water
resources in the Mini watershed of Pedda Kedari Reserve Forest.
This document summarizes a study that used geoinformatics techniques to delineate groundwater potential zones in Chitradurga District, Karnataka, India. The study integrated data from topographic maps, satellite imagery, rainfall data, and field surveys to create thematic maps of geology, drainage, lineaments, soil, slope, and land use/cover. These maps were analyzed in GIS to classify the area into excellent, good, moderate, and poor groundwater potential zones based on weighted factors. The results identified favorable zones for groundwater in the hard rock terrain to aid exploration and management of water resources.
This document provides a curriculum vitae for Dr. Jagdish Chand, an Assistant Professor at Govt. PG College in Nahan, India. It details his educational qualifications including a Ph.D. in Geography from Himachal Pradesh University. It lists his research interests in areas like hydropower, forests, and natural disasters using geospatial techniques. It also provides information on his publications, teaching experience, technical skills, awards, and specialized training.
This document summarizes a study that used geo-informatics techniques to assess river basin buffers in the Ghataprabha catchment area for engineering restoration purposes. Land cover classification of satellite imagery identified agriculture, forest, shrubs and other land uses. Digital elevation data was used to generate water bodies and buffer zones of 25-200m around streams. Buffers were divided among 3 sub-basins. Cropland areas were inventoried in buffers by sub-basin. Results showed the Ghataprabha river sub-basin had the most cropland in buffers, indicating a high priority for restoration. The study demonstrated how geo-informatics can effectively evaluate farming intensities in basin buffers to inform catchment management
GIS Based Semi Automated Extraction of Sites for Artificial Rechargeresearchinventy
This document describes a methodology for developing a GIS-based semi-automated model to extract suitable sites for artificial groundwater recharge. The model incorporates seven geosystem variables - lithology, lineament density, depth to bedrock, geomorphology, slope, drainage density, and water level - as spatial GIS databases. These are classified as favorable or unfavorable for recharge. The variables are overlaid and integrated to prioritize areas based on the number of favorable variables coinciding. Suitable recharge sites are then identified by selecting areas within the highest priority zones that also have deep water levels. The methodology and software tool developed could help identify recharge sites more quickly to support emergency response or drought management.
IRJET- Hydraulic Redesign and Analysis of Kotmara Dam: Kas River BasinIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used GIS tools to redesign the Kotmara Dam on the Kas River in India. The study first delineated the dam's watershed area using topographic maps and QGIS software. Runoff was then estimated to determine the actual water storage available. The dam's design was analyzed and its hydraulic dimensions reassessed based on the updated watershed and runoff data. Three trial designs were modeled by increasing the dam height. All trials showed safety factors above minimum requirements, indicating the dam could safely hold more water if its height was increased. The study concluded QGIS provided a more accurate watershed delineation than manual methods. Redesigning the dam could improve its ability to meet water
This study aims to analyze the hydrological characteristics as a result of changes
in land use with the help of the SWAT hydrological model and can provide
recommendations on the best land use in the Koto Panjang Electric Power catchment
area. Based on the results of the analysis using the SWAT hydrological model, it was
seen that there were effects of land use changes in 2011 and 2014 on hydrological
characteristics; yield of water (WATER YLD) of 2,413.38 mm, and 1.008, 65 mm,
runoff coefficient (C) of 0.19 and 0.063 respectively, and river regime coefficient
(KRS) of 11.449 and 12.212, respectively. The best land use to be developed in
agricultural cultivation areas as a recommendation to maintain water stability in the
Koto Panjang hydropower catchment area is a simple and complex agroforestry
pattern in scenario III, which is run together with hydrological characteristics in the
form; water yield (WATER YLD) of 1.038, 41, surface runoff coefficient (C) of 0.023,
and river regime coefficient (KRS) of 11.13. The hydrological characteristics in
scenario III are far better than 2014 land use characteristics (existing).
Delineation of irrigation infrastructural, potential and land useIAEME Publication
This study assessed irrigation infrastructure in Muzaffarnagar district, India using satellite imagery. The main canals are Tikri Branch, Nirpura Branch, and Kurthal Branch, with several minor canals branching off. Satellite imagery was used to measure canal lengths and compare to official data. Most canal lengths matched well, but Gadidbra minor was found to be shorter than officially reported. Irrigation potentials were also estimated and found to match closely with official data, except for Gadidbra minor which had lower potential than expected due to its shorter length. Land use/land cover of the study area was classified, finding agricultural land covers 48.64% of the total area.
This document is a draft project report submitted by Sumanta Kumar Sahu to Premium Farm Fresh Produce Limited on evaluating the potential and feasibility of pivot and hose reel irrigation systems in Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh. It includes declarations, certificates, acknowledgements, tables of contents and lists. The report aims to map lands using GPS and identify suitable areas for installing pivot and hose reel irrigation to improve water use efficiency and crop yields for farmers. The analytical framework involves primary and secondary research through farmer interviews and surveys.
Comparative study of evaluation of evapotranspiration methods and calculation...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes research on methods for calculating evapotranspiration (ET) and compares seven methods to the standard FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method. Previous studies found FAO-56 PM to be the most accurate across climates but require significant data. Other methods are popular due to lower data needs. This study calculates ET for the left bank canal of the Chaskaman Dam in India using temperature-based, radiation-based, and combined methods and compares them to FAO-56 PM using statistical analyses to identify the next best method when data is limited. Crop water requirements will then be calculated to aid irrigation planning for the command area.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Abstract Remote sensing has its application in various fields like geology and mineral exploration, geomorphology and modern geomorphic process modeling, nature mitigation studies, hazard zone mapping, eco system study in hills, plains, riverine, coastal, marine and volcanic landforms, forest and biomass inventory, fishery. Remote sensing plays a vital in various fields. This technique along with the GIS has been to study the geomorphological, hydro geological, land use/land cover, lithological, structural aspects/ features in the parts of Anaimalai, Pollachi and Udumalpet block of TamilNadu. Integrated approach using geographic information system provides cost effective support in resources inventory including land use mapping, comprehensive data base for resources, analytical tools for decision making and impact analysis for plan evaluation. GIS accept large volumes of spatial data derived from a variety of sources and effectively store, retrieve, manipulate, analyze and display all forms of geographically referenced information. Maps and statistical data can be obtained from the spatial integration and analysis of an area using GIS software. In order to assess the natural resource availability and its potentiality in parts of Anaimalai, Pollachi and Udumalpet block, Tamil Nadu, an integrated remote sensing and GIS based study has been conducted by adopting the standard procedures. The groundwater potential zone of any area is depends on geological formations; geomorphologic unit’s recharges characters, topography, and thickness of weathered and fractured zones. In the present study, area was taken to locate groundwater potential zones by integrated different thematic maps, remote sensing and geographic information system techniques. To find out the ground water potential zones, different thematic maps have been prepared and integrated each of them. They are mainly geology, geomorphology, land use / land cover, lineament etc. Groundwater potential zones have been prepared with help of integrating different thematic maps. This study area is finally to get the groundwater potential zones we have to classified few area such as high, moderate and low potential zones. Index Terms: Remote sensing, GIS, lithology, Geomorphology, Hydrology, landforms etc.
This document analyzes drought characteristics in the Pedda Vagu and Ookacheti Vagu watersheds in India using rainfall data from 1986-2013. Key findings include:
- Drought occurrence, magnitude, and recurrence varied significantly between stations in the watershed.
- Spatial maps of drought severity created using spline interpolation showed some regions experienced more severe drought while others were less affected.
- Empirical relationships were developed between drought duration and magnitude to help inform agricultural and water management decisions.
Analysis of Changing Land Use Land Cover in Salinity Affected Coastal RegionIJERA Editor
Anthropogenic activities have induced many changes in land use over a period of three decades in a salinity
affected semi-arid region of coastal Saurashtra in Gujarat. To overcome water scarcity and quality issues, efforts
have been undertaken by state authorities to conserve and effectively use surface water resource to supplement
the irrigation and domestic water requirements. Surface water schemes implemented in the area have altered the
general land use conditions. In the present study, remotely sensed data coupled with ancillary data are used for
analysing the land use-land cover change. Supervised classification and post classification techniques are
employed to classify various land use-land cover classes and to detect changes, respectively. Landscape pattern
change has been studied by analysing the spatial pattern of land use land cover classes structure. The results
show that the region has experienced significant changes over a thirty year period. Growth in agricultural
activities, policies developed to conserve freshwater runoff, and increase in built-up area, are the main driving
forces behind these changes
Impact of urbanisation on water quality parameters – a case study of ashtamud...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Ap gw assessment of groundwater quality around hussain sagar catchment area, ...hydrologywebsite1
This document summarizes a study on the impact of urbanization on groundwater in the Hussainsagar catchment area in Andhra Pradesh, India. The study monitored 135 observation wells and 25 piezometers to assess groundwater levels and quality. Models were used to estimate groundwater resources and predict flow and chemical transport. Key findings were that urbanization and a reduction in surface water bodies have impacted the lake and groundwater. Pollution from stormwater runoff and industry have affected water quality in both the lake and aquifer. Recommendations focus on sustainable groundwater management and holistic urban planning to protect environmental and water resources.
Assessment of groundwater potential zone in paschim medinipur district, west ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to assess groundwater potential zones in Paschim Medinipur District, West Bengal, India. The study integrated data on land cover, drainage density, geomorphology, hydrogeology, soil, water levels and elevation to create a weighted overlay model. The results showed groundwater potential was highest in the eastern part of the district and some northern and southern pockets. Specifically, 8.08% of the study area was found to have very high potential, 11.99% high potential, and 17.72% moderate potential for groundwater. The study also suggested appropriate groundwater abstraction structures for each potential zone.
Use of WLC (Weighted Linear Combination) to Determine Land Priorities for Dev...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Gorontalo Regency has the largest paddy field area
in Gorontalo province. The increase in population and the
high demand for land for the construction of residential areas,
trade areas and services, and the construction of accessibility
will put great pressure on paddy fields. Uncontrolled
conversion of paddy fields causes a decrease in paddy fields.
Paddy fields as a rice-producing container should be
maintained and protected so that the paddy needs in
Gorontalo Regency are still fulfilled. Optimization of paddy
fields needs to be done by the Gorontalo Regency government
as an effort to increase the area of paddy fields. This study
aims to determine priority lands for the development of paddy
fields in Gorontalo Regency. Determination of priority land
for growing wetland uses using the Weighted Linear
Combination (WLC) method based on geographic information
systems (GIS). The parameters used consist of driving factors
and inhibiting factors. Types of land use that have land rent
are forests, shrubs and moor. The criteria that influence the
development of paddy field use are the distance from the
paddy fields, the distance from the bush, the distance from the
moor, the distance from the river and the distance from the
small road. Land that has a high priority for the development
of paddy land use is 6,656 ha (3.01%), medium priority land is
4,721 ha (2.16%), low priority land is 4,671 ha (2.14%) and
very low priority land for development in paddy field use is
202,155 ha (92.68%).
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study that assessed water quality in the River Godavari in India. Water quality parameters were measured monthly from 2009-2012 at two monitoring stations on the river. An index called the Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated using 8 parameters to evaluate overall water quality. Models were developed to forecast WQI values from 2012-2015. Results showed the future water quality at both stations would be excellent to good. WQI is a useful tool for assessing water quality trends and informing management and public decisions.
This document provides an introduction to a study on improving catchment assessment and management planning for watershed management programs in India. The study had three objectives: 1) To develop an improved methodology for catchment management planning in the Indian context, 2) To demonstrate this methodology in one sub-catchment area of around 100 square km, and 3) To create practical tools that can be used in government watershed programs in India. The main outputs of the study were expected to be a new catchment assessment and management planning methodology, a demonstration of the methodology in a sub-catchment area through hydrological modeling, scenario building and analysis, and stakeholder engagement. The methodology aims to address shortcomings in current approaches and provide a hydro
The document is a resume for Sarwar Alam providing personal details, work experience, and qualifications. It summarizes that Alam has nearly 8 years of experience in quality assurance and management with a focus on automotive parts. He is currently a Quality Engineer at TRIGO QUALITY & PRODUCTION SERVICES PVT Ltd working on site at Maruti Suzuki India Limited handling quality control, supplier quality support, and internal audits. Previously he held quality engineering roles at Accurate Engineering Com. Pvt. Ltd. and ZF Steering Gear(India)Ltd. focusing on inspection, documentation, process audits, and team management.
This document discusses various cooking methods including dry heat methods like broiling, grilling, roasting, sautéing and deep frying as well as moist heat methods like poaching, boiling and steaming. It provides details on how each method works, advantages and disadvantages, safety rules and examples. Combination methods like braising and stewing that use both dry and moist heat are also outlined.
This document provides a curriculum vitae for Dr. Jagdish Chand, an Assistant Professor at Govt. PG College in Nahan, India. It details his educational qualifications including a Ph.D. in Geography from Himachal Pradesh University. It lists his research interests in areas like hydropower, forests, and natural disasters using geospatial techniques. It also provides information on his publications, teaching experience, technical skills, awards, and specialized training.
This document summarizes a study that used geo-informatics techniques to assess river basin buffers in the Ghataprabha catchment area for engineering restoration purposes. Land cover classification of satellite imagery identified agriculture, forest, shrubs and other land uses. Digital elevation data was used to generate water bodies and buffer zones of 25-200m around streams. Buffers were divided among 3 sub-basins. Cropland areas were inventoried in buffers by sub-basin. Results showed the Ghataprabha river sub-basin had the most cropland in buffers, indicating a high priority for restoration. The study demonstrated how geo-informatics can effectively evaluate farming intensities in basin buffers to inform catchment management
GIS Based Semi Automated Extraction of Sites for Artificial Rechargeresearchinventy
This document describes a methodology for developing a GIS-based semi-automated model to extract suitable sites for artificial groundwater recharge. The model incorporates seven geosystem variables - lithology, lineament density, depth to bedrock, geomorphology, slope, drainage density, and water level - as spatial GIS databases. These are classified as favorable or unfavorable for recharge. The variables are overlaid and integrated to prioritize areas based on the number of favorable variables coinciding. Suitable recharge sites are then identified by selecting areas within the highest priority zones that also have deep water levels. The methodology and software tool developed could help identify recharge sites more quickly to support emergency response or drought management.
IRJET- Hydraulic Redesign and Analysis of Kotmara Dam: Kas River BasinIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used GIS tools to redesign the Kotmara Dam on the Kas River in India. The study first delineated the dam's watershed area using topographic maps and QGIS software. Runoff was then estimated to determine the actual water storage available. The dam's design was analyzed and its hydraulic dimensions reassessed based on the updated watershed and runoff data. Three trial designs were modeled by increasing the dam height. All trials showed safety factors above minimum requirements, indicating the dam could safely hold more water if its height was increased. The study concluded QGIS provided a more accurate watershed delineation than manual methods. Redesigning the dam could improve its ability to meet water
This study aims to analyze the hydrological characteristics as a result of changes
in land use with the help of the SWAT hydrological model and can provide
recommendations on the best land use in the Koto Panjang Electric Power catchment
area. Based on the results of the analysis using the SWAT hydrological model, it was
seen that there were effects of land use changes in 2011 and 2014 on hydrological
characteristics; yield of water (WATER YLD) of 2,413.38 mm, and 1.008, 65 mm,
runoff coefficient (C) of 0.19 and 0.063 respectively, and river regime coefficient
(KRS) of 11.449 and 12.212, respectively. The best land use to be developed in
agricultural cultivation areas as a recommendation to maintain water stability in the
Koto Panjang hydropower catchment area is a simple and complex agroforestry
pattern in scenario III, which is run together with hydrological characteristics in the
form; water yield (WATER YLD) of 1.038, 41, surface runoff coefficient (C) of 0.023,
and river regime coefficient (KRS) of 11.13. The hydrological characteristics in
scenario III are far better than 2014 land use characteristics (existing).
Delineation of irrigation infrastructural, potential and land useIAEME Publication
This study assessed irrigation infrastructure in Muzaffarnagar district, India using satellite imagery. The main canals are Tikri Branch, Nirpura Branch, and Kurthal Branch, with several minor canals branching off. Satellite imagery was used to measure canal lengths and compare to official data. Most canal lengths matched well, but Gadidbra minor was found to be shorter than officially reported. Irrigation potentials were also estimated and found to match closely with official data, except for Gadidbra minor which had lower potential than expected due to its shorter length. Land use/land cover of the study area was classified, finding agricultural land covers 48.64% of the total area.
This document is a draft project report submitted by Sumanta Kumar Sahu to Premium Farm Fresh Produce Limited on evaluating the potential and feasibility of pivot and hose reel irrigation systems in Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh. It includes declarations, certificates, acknowledgements, tables of contents and lists. The report aims to map lands using GPS and identify suitable areas for installing pivot and hose reel irrigation to improve water use efficiency and crop yields for farmers. The analytical framework involves primary and secondary research through farmer interviews and surveys.
Comparative study of evaluation of evapotranspiration methods and calculation...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes research on methods for calculating evapotranspiration (ET) and compares seven methods to the standard FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method. Previous studies found FAO-56 PM to be the most accurate across climates but require significant data. Other methods are popular due to lower data needs. This study calculates ET for the left bank canal of the Chaskaman Dam in India using temperature-based, radiation-based, and combined methods and compares them to FAO-56 PM using statistical analyses to identify the next best method when data is limited. Crop water requirements will then be calculated to aid irrigation planning for the command area.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Abstract Remote sensing has its application in various fields like geology and mineral exploration, geomorphology and modern geomorphic process modeling, nature mitigation studies, hazard zone mapping, eco system study in hills, plains, riverine, coastal, marine and volcanic landforms, forest and biomass inventory, fishery. Remote sensing plays a vital in various fields. This technique along with the GIS has been to study the geomorphological, hydro geological, land use/land cover, lithological, structural aspects/ features in the parts of Anaimalai, Pollachi and Udumalpet block of TamilNadu. Integrated approach using geographic information system provides cost effective support in resources inventory including land use mapping, comprehensive data base for resources, analytical tools for decision making and impact analysis for plan evaluation. GIS accept large volumes of spatial data derived from a variety of sources and effectively store, retrieve, manipulate, analyze and display all forms of geographically referenced information. Maps and statistical data can be obtained from the spatial integration and analysis of an area using GIS software. In order to assess the natural resource availability and its potentiality in parts of Anaimalai, Pollachi and Udumalpet block, Tamil Nadu, an integrated remote sensing and GIS based study has been conducted by adopting the standard procedures. The groundwater potential zone of any area is depends on geological formations; geomorphologic unit’s recharges characters, topography, and thickness of weathered and fractured zones. In the present study, area was taken to locate groundwater potential zones by integrated different thematic maps, remote sensing and geographic information system techniques. To find out the ground water potential zones, different thematic maps have been prepared and integrated each of them. They are mainly geology, geomorphology, land use / land cover, lineament etc. Groundwater potential zones have been prepared with help of integrating different thematic maps. This study area is finally to get the groundwater potential zones we have to classified few area such as high, moderate and low potential zones. Index Terms: Remote sensing, GIS, lithology, Geomorphology, Hydrology, landforms etc.
This document analyzes drought characteristics in the Pedda Vagu and Ookacheti Vagu watersheds in India using rainfall data from 1986-2013. Key findings include:
- Drought occurrence, magnitude, and recurrence varied significantly between stations in the watershed.
- Spatial maps of drought severity created using spline interpolation showed some regions experienced more severe drought while others were less affected.
- Empirical relationships were developed between drought duration and magnitude to help inform agricultural and water management decisions.
Analysis of Changing Land Use Land Cover in Salinity Affected Coastal RegionIJERA Editor
Anthropogenic activities have induced many changes in land use over a period of three decades in a salinity
affected semi-arid region of coastal Saurashtra in Gujarat. To overcome water scarcity and quality issues, efforts
have been undertaken by state authorities to conserve and effectively use surface water resource to supplement
the irrigation and domestic water requirements. Surface water schemes implemented in the area have altered the
general land use conditions. In the present study, remotely sensed data coupled with ancillary data are used for
analysing the land use-land cover change. Supervised classification and post classification techniques are
employed to classify various land use-land cover classes and to detect changes, respectively. Landscape pattern
change has been studied by analysing the spatial pattern of land use land cover classes structure. The results
show that the region has experienced significant changes over a thirty year period. Growth in agricultural
activities, policies developed to conserve freshwater runoff, and increase in built-up area, are the main driving
forces behind these changes
Impact of urbanisation on water quality parameters – a case study of ashtamud...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Ap gw assessment of groundwater quality around hussain sagar catchment area, ...hydrologywebsite1
This document summarizes a study on the impact of urbanization on groundwater in the Hussainsagar catchment area in Andhra Pradesh, India. The study monitored 135 observation wells and 25 piezometers to assess groundwater levels and quality. Models were used to estimate groundwater resources and predict flow and chemical transport. Key findings were that urbanization and a reduction in surface water bodies have impacted the lake and groundwater. Pollution from stormwater runoff and industry have affected water quality in both the lake and aquifer. Recommendations focus on sustainable groundwater management and holistic urban planning to protect environmental and water resources.
Assessment of groundwater potential zone in paschim medinipur district, west ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to assess groundwater potential zones in Paschim Medinipur District, West Bengal, India. The study integrated data on land cover, drainage density, geomorphology, hydrogeology, soil, water levels and elevation to create a weighted overlay model. The results showed groundwater potential was highest in the eastern part of the district and some northern and southern pockets. Specifically, 8.08% of the study area was found to have very high potential, 11.99% high potential, and 17.72% moderate potential for groundwater. The study also suggested appropriate groundwater abstraction structures for each potential zone.
Use of WLC (Weighted Linear Combination) to Determine Land Priorities for Dev...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Gorontalo Regency has the largest paddy field area
in Gorontalo province. The increase in population and the
high demand for land for the construction of residential areas,
trade areas and services, and the construction of accessibility
will put great pressure on paddy fields. Uncontrolled
conversion of paddy fields causes a decrease in paddy fields.
Paddy fields as a rice-producing container should be
maintained and protected so that the paddy needs in
Gorontalo Regency are still fulfilled. Optimization of paddy
fields needs to be done by the Gorontalo Regency government
as an effort to increase the area of paddy fields. This study
aims to determine priority lands for the development of paddy
fields in Gorontalo Regency. Determination of priority land
for growing wetland uses using the Weighted Linear
Combination (WLC) method based on geographic information
systems (GIS). The parameters used consist of driving factors
and inhibiting factors. Types of land use that have land rent
are forests, shrubs and moor. The criteria that influence the
development of paddy field use are the distance from the
paddy fields, the distance from the bush, the distance from the
moor, the distance from the river and the distance from the
small road. Land that has a high priority for the development
of paddy land use is 6,656 ha (3.01%), medium priority land is
4,721 ha (2.16%), low priority land is 4,671 ha (2.14%) and
very low priority land for development in paddy field use is
202,155 ha (92.68%).
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study that assessed water quality in the River Godavari in India. Water quality parameters were measured monthly from 2009-2012 at two monitoring stations on the river. An index called the Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated using 8 parameters to evaluate overall water quality. Models were developed to forecast WQI values from 2012-2015. Results showed the future water quality at both stations would be excellent to good. WQI is a useful tool for assessing water quality trends and informing management and public decisions.
This document provides an introduction to a study on improving catchment assessment and management planning for watershed management programs in India. The study had three objectives: 1) To develop an improved methodology for catchment management planning in the Indian context, 2) To demonstrate this methodology in one sub-catchment area of around 100 square km, and 3) To create practical tools that can be used in government watershed programs in India. The main outputs of the study were expected to be a new catchment assessment and management planning methodology, a demonstration of the methodology in a sub-catchment area through hydrological modeling, scenario building and analysis, and stakeholder engagement. The methodology aims to address shortcomings in current approaches and provide a hydro
The document is a resume for Sarwar Alam providing personal details, work experience, and qualifications. It summarizes that Alam has nearly 8 years of experience in quality assurance and management with a focus on automotive parts. He is currently a Quality Engineer at TRIGO QUALITY & PRODUCTION SERVICES PVT Ltd working on site at Maruti Suzuki India Limited handling quality control, supplier quality support, and internal audits. Previously he held quality engineering roles at Accurate Engineering Com. Pvt. Ltd. and ZF Steering Gear(India)Ltd. focusing on inspection, documentation, process audits, and team management.
This document discusses various cooking methods including dry heat methods like broiling, grilling, roasting, sautéing and deep frying as well as moist heat methods like poaching, boiling and steaming. It provides details on how each method works, advantages and disadvantages, safety rules and examples. Combination methods like braising and stewing that use both dry and moist heat are also outlined.
This document provides a final report for an automatic test data generator for web service testing project. It includes an abstract, table of contents, introduction discussing objectives, motivation and challenges. It also covers background topics on web services, WSDL, SOAP requests and responses, data types and testing types. A critical review of existing applications is given along with requirement specifications. The design, overview and walkthrough of the application is outlined. Different types of testing performed on the application are summarized including conclusions and recommendations.
Carmen Delgado has over 20 years of experience in customer service, leadership, and community and public relations. She has strong skills in career services, organizational development, instruction, and leadership. Delgado has experience founding non-profit organizations, managing teams, and serving on boards to help at-risk communities. She holds an MBA and bachelor's degree and has worked in higher education and career advising roles.
This document summarizes a research study that prioritized sub-watershed areas in the Dohan and Krishnawati rivers watershed in Mahendergarh district, Haryana, India for sustainable development and natural resource management. The study used remote sensing data and GIS analysis to delineate micro-watershed boundaries and characterize the areas based on 7 themes - hydrogeomorphology, landuse/cover, slope, soil, underground water depth, drainage density, and rainfall distribution. Weights were assigned to the themes using the analytic hierarchy process to measure priority levels. The results provide a composite picture of high priority areas in both sub-watersheds that need conservation and management of natural resources.
La Unión Europea está considerando nuevas regulaciones para limitar el uso de datos personales por parte de las grandes empresas tecnológicas. Estas regulaciones requerirían que las compañías obtuvieran el consentimiento explícito de los usuarios antes de compartir o vender sus datos personales. Además, darían a los usuarios mayores derechos sobre sus datos personales, incluyendo la capacidad de eliminarlos y acceder a copias de los datos que las empresas tienen almacenados sobre ellos.
SlideShare is a website for sharing presentations and other documents. Users can upload PowerPoint, PDF, and other file formats privately or publicly. The site gets 58 million monthly visitors and has 16 million registered users. SlideShare functions similarly to YouTube for sharing slideshows and allows users to view, comment on, and share uploaded content.
The document provides an overview of Höküle'a's journey to South Africa, which was halfway around the world from its starting point in Hawaii. It describes Höküle'a arriving in South Africa and being welcomed as coming home, as early humans are believed to have originated in southern Africa. It discusses Höküle'a exploring ecological areas and meeting with local groups in South Africa. It also describes the crew visiting archaeological caves containing some of the earliest signs of human creativity and intelligence, dating back over 160,000 years.
Sohaib Mohamed Abdelaziz received his education from the faculty of al-alsun. He speaks Hebrew fluently and English and Italian at a good and normal level respectively. His computer skills include using Microsoft Windows, Office, troubleshooting hardware and software, internet applications, Min tab, and SPSS. He is an Egyptian male from Alexandria with an exemption from military service who is single and was born on August 1, 1994.
This document summarizes a study on sanitation and disease patterns in Haryana, India. It discusses how lack of sanitation leads to various infectious diseases and negatively impacts health and development. The objectives are to analyze spatial patterns of sanitation facilities and diseases across Haryana's districts. Data on sanitation from the 2001 Census and disease data from 2003 is used. Diseases are classified and analyzed with a focus on relationships between sanitation and water/excreta-borne diseases. While the data has limitations, it provides a broad view of regional disease patterns.
The document discusses the choice between an air cooled condenser (ACC) and a wet surface air condenser (WSAC) for use in the cooling section of a steam Rankine power generation cycle. A WSAC generates more power than an ACC but requires makeup water, while an ACC does not use water. The economics of each option are evaluated by comparing the value of additional power generated by a WSAC to the cost of the required makeup water. Key factors influencing the choice such as thermodynamics, performance, economics, and project development considerations are reviewed.
The document discusses how gas combined heat and power (CHP) is a cost-effective option for facilities facing the EPA's Boiler MACT compliance rules. CHP can help facilities reduce emissions and operating costs compared to installing pollution controls on existing boilers or switching to natural gas boilers. While CHP provides benefits to facilities, utilities, and the environment, it faces hurdles gaining approval from utilities due to regulations and financing challenges. Overall, the document argues that gas CHP is a superior compliance approach compared to traditional options under the Boiler MACT rules.
Sheikh Muhammad Ayaz has over 20 years of experience in marketing, with a focus on healthcare marketing. He has held roles such as Branch Manager and Regional Sales Manager. He is looking for a new opportunity in healthcare marketing to further develop his knowledge in the industry. He has strong skills in strategic marketing, event planning, public relations, and relationship management.
SlideShare is a website that allows users to upload and share presentations. It supports files like PowerPoint, PDFs, and Keynote presentations. Users can view presentations on the site or embed them elsewhere. With around 58 million monthly visitors and 16 million registered users, SlideShare is a large online community for sharing slides and presentations.
The document describes Monsanto's evolution in crisis communication and social media response. Originally, a crisis response caused inefficiencies as an email was forwarded through multiple teams and legal reviews. A new process in 2015 established a response priority framework, one-page process, and small working group to make quick decisions. It also created an integrated digital newsroom to discuss social media strategy and respond rapidly to issues. Examples are given of how this approach addressed crises like a celebrity promoting misinformation and responding quickly to rumors before they spread.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. It notes that regular exercise can reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes, improve mood, and reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. The document recommends that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week to gain these benefits.
This document summarizes a study on the morphometric analysis of 13 sub-watersheds in the Mand River catchment in Chhattisgarh, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Key findings include:
1) The total area of the Mand River catchment is 5332.07 sq km, with sub-watershed 7 having the largest area of 943.68 sq km and sub-watershed 2 the smallest of 179.56 sq km.
2) Linear, areal and relief morphometric parameters were calculated for each sub-watershed, including stream order (1st to 4th), stream length, basin area and perimeter, drainage density, form factor, elongation ratio,
Evaluation of Groundwater Resource Potential using GIS and Remote Sensing App...IJERA Editor
Environment and Development are the two wheels of the cart. However, they become antagonists at some
points. It has been witnessed many a times that development is done at the cost of environment. Analysis and
assessment tools like GIS along with Remote Sensing have proved to be very efficient and effective and hence
useful for management of natural resources. Groundwater is a precious resource of limited extent. In order to
ensure a judicious use of groundwater, proper evaluation is required. There is an urgent need of planned and
optimal development of water resources. An appropriate strategy is required to develop water resources with
planning based on conjunctive use of surface and subsurface water resources. Integrated remote sensing and GIS
can provide the appropriate platform for convergent analysis of diverse data sets for decision making in
groundwater management and planning. Sustainable water resources development and management necessarily
depends on proper planning, implementation, operation and maintenance. The interpretation of remote sensing
data in conjunction with conventional data and sufficient ground truth information makes it possible to identify
and outline various ground features such as geological structures, geomorphic features and their hydrologic
characters that may serve as direct or indirect indicators of the presence of ground and surface water. Remotely
sensed data provides unbiased information on geology, geomorphology, structural pattern and recharging
conditions, which logically define the groundwater regime of an area. Groundwater resource potential has been
evaluated in Pulivendula-Sanivaripalli, Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh, India, using remote sensing and
Geographic information system. Under this study, three thematic maps viz. Geological map (Lithology and
Structure), Geomorphological map and Hydro morphological maps were prepared. These thematic maps have
been integrated with the help of GIS. Appropriate weightage has been assigned to various factors controlling
occurrence of groundwater to assess the groundwater potential in each segment of the study area. The area has
been classified into high potential, moderate potential, low potential and non-potential zones landforms ground
water development on the basis of hydromorphological studies. Some of the favorable locations have been
suggested to impound the excessive run off so as to augment the ground water resources of the area.
Evaluation of Groundwater Resource Potential using GIS and Remote Sensing App...IJERA Editor
Environment and Development are the two wheels of the cart. However, they become antagonists at some
points. It has been witnessed many a times that development is done at the cost of environment. Analysis and
assessment tools like GIS along with Remote Sensing have proved to be very efficient and effective and hence
useful for management of natural resources. Groundwater is a precious resource of limited extent. In order to
ensure a judicious use of groundwater, proper evaluation is required. There is an urgent need of planned and
optimal development of water resources. An appropriate strategy is required to develop water resources with
planning based on conjunctive use of surface and subsurface water resources. Integrated remote sensing and GIS
can provide the appropriate platform for convergent analysis of diverse data sets for decision making in
groundwater management and planning. Sustainable water resources development and management necessarily
depends on proper planning, implementation, operation and maintenance. The interpretation of remote sensing
data in conjunction with conventional data and sufficient ground truth information makes it possible to identify
and outline various ground features such as geological structures, geomorphic features and their hydrologic
characters that may serve as direct or indirect indicators of the presence of ground and surface water. Remotely
sensed data provides unbiased information on geology, geomorphology, structural pattern and recharging
conditions, which logically define the groundwater regime of an area. Groundwater resource potential has been
evaluated in Pulivendula-Sanivaripalli, Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh, India, using remote sensing and
Geographic information system. Under this study, three thematic maps viz. Geological map (Lithology and
Structure), Geomorphological map and Hydro morphological maps were prepared. These thematic maps have
been integrated with the help of GIS. Appropriate weightage has been assigned to various factors controlling
occurrence of groundwater to assess the groundwater potential in each segment of the study area. The area has
been classified into high potential, moderate potential, low potential and non-potential zones landforms ground
water development on the basis of hydromorphological studies. Some of the favorable locations have been
suggested to impound the excessive run off so as to augment the ground water resources of the area.
Modelling of runoff response in a semi-arid coastal watershed using SWATIJERA Editor
The GIS based hydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) is applied to a coastal watershed in the water scarce Saurashtra region of Gujarat, India, to understand the rainfall-runoff linkage. The study attempts to identify response of the coastal watershed for existing climatic conditions. The hydrological model is calibrated (2006-2009) and validated (2010-2012) at both daily and monthly scales. Performance of the model during calibration and validation period is evaluated through standard indices, NSE, R2 and PBIAS that indicate an acceptable response. At monthly scale, model performance is good for both low and above average rainfall years.
IDENTIFICATION OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL ZONES USING REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRA...IAEME Publication
The document describes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to identify groundwater potential zones in the Konakaluva sub-basin of India. Various thematic maps were generated from satellite imagery and other data sources. These maps were overlaid and assigned weights based on their influence on groundwater occurrence. Soil data was given the highest weight of 40%, while land use/cover and drainage density were also significant at 25% and 10%, respectively. An integrated groundwater potential zones map was produced that classified areas as very good, good, fair, moderate or poor potential zones based on the overlay analysis. The results can help with better planning and management of groundwater resources in the study area.
IRJET- GIS based Quantitative Morphometric Analysis of Warna Watershed, Mahar...IRJET Journal
This document presents a morphometric analysis of the Warna watershed located in Maharashtra, India using GIS techniques. Key findings include:
1) The Warna basin has a trunk stream of 8th order, with a total of 20,325 streams of all orders. The bifurcation ratio varies from 2 to 10.3 and the main channel length is 140.73 km.
2) The total area of the Warna basin is 2,082.95 sq km. The form factor is 0.108, drainage density is 3.70 km/sq km, and elongation ratio is 0.37.
3) Relief parameters show the total basin relief is 572 m, ruggedness number
Morphometric Analysis of Indrayani River Basin using Remote Sensing and GIS T...IRJET Journal
This document presents a morphometric analysis of the Indrayani River basin in India using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Key findings include:
1) The drainage pattern analysis revealed a 7th order drainage basin with a total of 14,842 streams, ranging from 1st to 7th order.
2) Linear morphometric parameters like stream length and order were calculated, with 1st order streams having the longest length and length decreasing with increasing stream order.
3) The study of morphometric parameters provides important insights into the basin's development and could help with soil and water conservation management.
LAND USE /LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION AND CHANGE DETECTION USING GEOGRAPHICAL I...IAEME Publication
Land use and land cover change has become a central component in current strategies for managing natural resources and monitoring environmental changes. Geographical information system and image processing techniques used for the analysis of land use/land cover and change detection of Sukhana Basin of Aurangabad District, Maharashtra state. The tools used ArcGIS10.1 and ERDAS IMAGINE9.1, landsat images of 1996, 2003and 2014. From land use / land cover change detection it is found that during 1996-2014, water bodies cover have loss of 4 Sq. Km. Barren land have 146 Sq.Km. loss and forest area with 96 Sq.Km. loss. It is found that urbanization area has gain of 51 Sq.Km. and agricultural land cover also have gain of 195 Sq.Km.
Detection of hazard prone areas in the upper himalayan region in gis environmenteSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that used GIS and remote sensing tools to identify hazard-prone areas in the Alakananda River basin located in Uttarakhand, India. The study analyzed digital elevation data, soil maps, and extracted river networks to determine areas vulnerable to flooding from cloudbursts and heavy rainfall. Slope maps showed that over 50% of the region has moderate to steep slopes unsuitable for development. Soil maps indicated the presence of thin, coarse soils that are easily eroded. Overlaying village locations on river networks revealed that many villages are situated directly in stream paths, exposing them to flood risks. The integrated analysis identified highly vulnerable regions for future disaster mitigation planning.
Hydrologic Assessment in a Middle Narmada Basin, India using SWAT ModelSumant Diwakar
The document describes a study that used the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model to assess hydrologic processes in the middle Narmada River basin in India. Key inputs to the SWAT model included digital elevation data, land use/land cover maps, soil data, and weather data. The model was set up to simulate hydrologic response units based on land use, soil type, and slope. Model outputs included estimates of precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration, and streamflow over the study period. Results indicated that about 46% of annual precipitation was lost to evapotranspiration in the basin. The study provides a hydrologic assessment of the basin using remote sensing and geospatial data within the SWAT
This document analyzes a study that used GIS and logical overlay functions to determine the optimal sites for artificial groundwater recharge via flood distribution in the Sarpaniran plain in Iran. The study analyzed slope, surface infiltration, geomorphology (alluvium thickness), geology, and land use layers to identify suitable regions. The results found that 2.3% of the total area, or 1,088 hectares, were suitable for flood distribution. The limiting factor was found to be the geological formations. GIS was determined to be an effective tool for managing site data and evaluating criteria for artificial groundwater recharge site selection.
Determination of Optimum Site for Artificial Recharge Aided Geographical Info...IJMER
This document summarizes a study that used GIS and logical overlay functions to determine optimal sites for artificial groundwater recharge via flood distribution in the Sarpaniran plain in Iran. The researchers analyzed layers of slope, infiltration rate, geology, geomorphology, and land use to identify suitable regions. They found that 2.3% of the total area, or approximately 1,087 hectares, is suitable for flood distribution recharge. The study demonstrates that GIS is an effective tool for managing spatial data and evaluating criteria to select artificial recharge sites, given the many relevant factors and their variability over time.
This document presents a quantitative morphometric analysis of the Adhala river basin in Maharashtra, India using GIS tools. It analyzes various linear, areal, and relief aspects of the basin's morphology. Key findings include:
- The trunk stream order was found to be 6th order, with a total of 3145 streams in the basin. The total stream length was calculated to be 985.20 km.
- Bifurcation ratio values indicated an elongated basin shape. Drainage density was 4.54 km/km2, suggesting high drainage.
- Relief aspects showed an absolute relief of 552 m and a relief ratio of 0.02, indicating overall low relief due to the
A study on geographical characteristics of the krishna western delta using gi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Groundwater Potential Zone Identification of Karwi Area, Mandakini River Basi...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
2. Journal of Geomatics iii Vol.7 No.2 October 2013
Journal of Geomatics
(A publication of the Indian Society of Geomatics)
Vo. 7 No. 2 October 2013
Research articles
1. Land suitability analysis for industrial development using GIS 101
Amita Johar, S.S. Jain and P.K Garg
2. Power distribution information system using GIS – A case study for SAC , ISRO, Ahmedabad 107
Rajeshkumar J. Ajwaliya and P.M. Udani
3. Applications of geo-informatics technology for Surkha lignite mining area in Bhavnagar district, Gujarat 112
Khalid Mehmood, Ajay Patel, Jose Joy and Manik H. Kalubarme
4. Material of interest based sub pixel classification of remote sensing images 120
R.D. Garg and M.D. Sarat Chandra
5. GIS for mapping updates of spatial spread and the ecological reasoning of JE transmission in India 126
(1956 -2012)
M. Palaniyandi
6. Morphometric and morphologic analysis of Lunar impact craters 134
Disha Lal, Prakash Chauhan, A. S. Arya and Ajai
7. Crowdsourcing geographic information using field based mobile GIS developed on open source for 138
biodiversity conservation- An Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN) spatial data node initiative
Sameer Saran, Hariom Singh, S.P.S. Kushwaha, K.N. Ganeshaiah, P.L.N. Raju and
Y.V.N Krishnamurthy
8. Prioritisation of sub-watersheds: A case study of Dohan and Krishnawati rivers in Mahendergarh, Haryana 145
Gulshan Mehra and Rajeshwari
9. Effect analysis of GPS observation type and duration on convergence behavior of static PPP 153
Ashraf Farah
10. Hydrological modelling to estimate rainfall based runoff in the lower Tapi basin 158
N. Goswami, P. K. Gupta and Ajai
11. FFT geoid models for Egypt using different modified kernels 163
Raaed Mohamed Kamel Hassouna
12. A web based solution for online application processing for mining information system- A pilot study 169
for Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh, India
V.Raghu and K. Mruthyunjaya Reddy
13. Reservoir impact assessment on land use/land cover in the catchment of upper Tunga reservoir in 175
Shimoga taluk and district, Karanataka, India, using remote sensing and GIS
P. D. Jayakumar, Govindaraju and D. C. Lingadevaru
14. Energy balance modelling for ablation estimation of Gangotri glacier 178
Gunjan Rastogi and Ajai
15. Flood simulation for ungauged basin: A case study of lower Tapi basin, India 186
Sudhakar Sharma, Anupam K. Singh and Akshay O. Jain
16. Site suitability analysis for a central wastewater treatment plant in Accra metropolitan area using 191
geographic information system
Alex Barimah Owusu and Paulina Ansaa Asante
17. Forest fire risk and degradation assessment using remote sensing and GIS 198
R. Nambi Manavalan and S. Jayalakshmi
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4. Journal of Geomatics 146 Vol.7 No.2 October 2013
3. Study area and its characteristics
Haryana state enjoys two river basins namely Ghaghar
and Yamuna basins. Mahendergarh district, situated in
south-western part of Haryana, has a geographical area
of 1927.72 km2
. The district is part of Yamuna basin, as
reported in Soil and Landuse Survey (Watershed atlas
of India, 1988) and this district comprises two sws of
two seasonal rivers i.e. Krishnawati and Dohan Rivers.
Figure 1 presents the shape of these two sws falling in
Mahendergarh district. The climatic condition in the
district varies from arid to semi-arid. The summer
months are very hot whereas, winter season is fairly
cool and dry. The average annual rainfall of the district
is 592.5mm. About 75 percent of annual rainfall is
received during the south west monsoon in the months
of June, July, August and September. The land tract of
the district dealt with an Indo Gangetic alluvial plain
marked vast stretch of flat land. Upland tract areas are
situated between Mahendergarh, Narnaul and Nangal
Chaudhary hills in Mahendergarh and Narnaul tehsils.
The highly dissected upland situated between 284m and
302m above mean sea level belong to Aravalli system.
Rocky outcrops traverse through most part of the
district in roughly southwest to northeast direction. The
hills are longer than its width, forming roughly parallel
series of ridges. Mobile sand dunes also occur at a few
places in south and southwest of Mahendergarh town.
Stabilized sand dunes are most significant and largely
confined to Mahendergarh and Satnali area. It is
dominated by dry lands with presence of inland streams,
sandy plains, shifting sand dunes, stabilized sand dunes,
dissected upland tracks and often barren, denuded,
rocky hill ranges and their outcrops. Overall relief is
undulating with a regional slope (Chaudhary and Sinha,
2003). The soil depth and texture varies from place to
place. In the plains, the soil is deep but shallow on hill
slops. The soils texture varies from sandy loam to clay
loam in plains and sandy loam to sandy on the hills
(District Gazetteer, Mahendergarh, 1988).
Dohan and Krishnawati streams of the district make
irregular flood plains, which are ephemeral. The flood
plain occurs in association with sandy terrain and dunes
to variable morphology. Dohan orginates from Jaipur
hills about 6 km short of Nim ka thana (Rajasthan) and
flows 29 km in Rajasthan territory before entering the
Mahendergarh Tehsil. Dohan is an important source of
drinking water for the areas of the Namaul and
Mahendragarh tehsils. It runs a length of about 50 km in
the district (District Gazetteer, Mahendergarh, 1988).
The total area of Dohan seasonal river which is draining
Mahendergarh district is 732.31 km2
. This has been
classified into 15 micro-watersheds (Mehra and
Rajeshwari, 2012). Krishnawati originates about 1.6 km
south east of Nim ka thana in Jaipur hills (Rajasthan).
Flowing in northerly direction it enters Narnaul Tehsil
near Bhadanti and Dostpur, about 25 km south of
Narnaul town. The stream has a course of about 49 km
which terminates near Dahina village at the northern
boundary of the Rewari Tehsil of Rewari district. The
total area of Krishnawati seasonal river which is
draining Mahendergarh district is 1195.49 km2
. This has
been classified into 25 micro-watersheds (Mehra and
Rajeshwari, 2012). These rivers after entering the
district gradually shrink and loose water at high rate of
evaporation and excessive percolation in sandy
material. The rivers are active only during the rainy
season which raise the fresh quality sub soil water. The
seasonal flow in Dohan and Krishnawati periodically
raises the level of fresh quality subsoil water. Besides, it
also helps base flow during early part of the dry season.
Now since Rajasthan has made a number of dams in the
upstream of the river, as a result there is no appreciable
water flow in these rivers even in rainy season (District
Gazetteer, Mahendergarh, 1988).
Figure 1: Location map of study area
4. Data sources and methodology
Realizing the importance of a comprehensive and
integrated approach to the problem, various data from
different sources were obtained. Broadly two types of
data were used. The first is Survey of India (SOI)
topographical maps and another is satellite data. In
addition to this, ground water level data obtained from
Ground water Cell of Mahendergarh district for 83
wells were used. The drainage was derived from SOI
toposheet and later masking it with IRS-LISS IV FCC
of 2008. The slope map was prepared by creating digital
elevation model (DEM) from contours. The micro-
watershed boundaries were demarcated on the basis of
contour values, slope, relief and drainage flow. The
geomorphological features were obtained from IRS-
LISS IV FCC of 2008. The geology map of the district
along with SOI toposheet were used for corroboration
of Google imageries. The soil map was taken from
Haryana Space Applications Centre, Hisar and the same
5. Journal of Geomatics 147 Vol.7 No.2 October 2013
classification of soil types is being used as presented by
HARSAC, Hisar. Landuse/landcover categories were
identified using LISS IV and PAN merged data for the
year 2008. The 5 year average from 2005 to 2009 of
rainfall data for 16 stations were mapped.
In order to prioritise areas for conservation and better
resource management, seven themes/layers namely
hydrogeomorphology, landuse/cover, slope, soil,
underground water table, drainage density and rainfall
distribution were taken into account. For ranking of
areas with high and low priority, Saaty’s analytic
hierarchy process was used (Saaty, 1980).
Table 1: A comprehensive detail of its methodology
Parameters Data sources Factor/Priority
Hydrogeomorphology Satellite data of IRS 1D-LISS
IV and PAN merged (Year
2008).
The more vulnerable terrain,
more the priority.
Slope 23 topographic sheets of
Survey of India on the scale of
1:25,000.
More the sloppiness, more the
priority.
Landuse/cover Satellite data of IRS 1D-LISS
IV and PAN merged (Year
2008).
Parameter of wasteland has
been considered. More the
wasteland, more the priority.
Soil Derived from Haryana space
applications centre
(HARSAC).
More the soil depth, less the
priority.
Drainage density 23 topographic sheets of
Survey of India (1:25,000).
Higher the drainage density,
more the priority.
Underground water
depth
83 hydrograph station’s data
are used.
More the water depth, higher
the priority.
Rainfall 16 location’s data has been
used.
Less the rainfall, higher the
priority.
5. Results and discussion
5.1 Characteristics of Dohan and Krishnawati sws
Hydrogeomorphology : Hydrogeomorphology generally
describes the subsurface hydrological characteristics of
a region based on its geological and geomorphological
aspects (NRDMS, 2004). The terrain influences the
surface water hydrology by modelling the movement of
water over the land surface. In the present paper,
different hydrogeomorphological units of both sws were
categorized into 9 classes. For this, IRS LISS IV FCC
image was visually interpreted for delineation of
physiographic units of the sws. Different image
elements such as colour, texture, pattern, association
were considered to identify and delineate both
physiographic units and hydrogeomorphology. These
were corroborated with the hydrogeomorphological
categories as delineated by NRDMS (NRDMS, 2004).
Ancillary data from SOI toposheets and other secondary
sources were utilised to delineate these features. The
detailed features of both the sws are presented as Figure
2. Majority of the area in the sample study region is
under eolian plain in both the sws i.e. 85.05 percent in
Dohan and 87.74 percent in Krishnawati sws. Table 2
presents a detail account of these units. It shows that
sand dunes account for around 6 percent area in
Krishnawati sub-watershed and for about 3.2 percent in
Dohan. Similarly pediment and rocky outcrops (i.e.
structural, denudational and residual hills) account for 5
percent and 7 percent of total area in respective sws.
Figure 2: Hydrogeomorphology map of study area
Landuse/Land cover: The landuse affects rates of runoff,
infiltration and types and quality of vegetation. Suitable
landuse minimizes the soil erosion and reduces the
runoff. The landuse/landcover mapping of the
watershed was carried out by standard visual
interpretation techniques. Satellite data of IRS 1D-LISS
IV and PAN (merged) for year 2008 was used for
studying the landuse/landcover pattern. Eight broad
land use categories were identified in both the sws
(Figure 3). These are (i) agricultural land, (ii)
barren/rocky, (iii) forest, (iv) open scrub, (v) river
course/channel (vi) sand dunes, (vii) settlements or
built-up area and (viii) other water bodies i.e. dry and
fill ponds.
Since the study area represents a typical rain-fed
characteristic, agriculture is the primary landuse activity
for livelihood. Table 2 reveals that agriculture land
occupies a total of 1547.62 km2
area accounting for
81.51 and 80.36 percent of Dohan and Krishnawati
river sws respectively. The uncultivated area, which
largely consists of barren or rocky land is quite
considerable i.e. 6.3 and 4.4 percent of the Dohan and
Krishnawati sws respectively (Table 2). In both sws,
settlements or built-up area accounts for about 3 to 3.5
percent of total geographical area. It may also be noted
that sand dunes occupy 6 percent area in Krishnawati
sub-watershed, while it is 2 percent in Dohan sub-
watershed. Forest cover is relatively high in Dohan sub-
watershed (4 percent), as compared to Krishnawati sub-
watershed, where it is 1.16 percent.
6. Journal of Geomatics 148 Vol.7 No.2 October 2013
Figure 3: Landuse/landcover map of study area
Figure 4: Soil map of study area
Soil: The soil of an area determines the infiltration of
water, percolation of water, runoff and soil erosion. Soil
types affect the productivity and production of
agricultural, horticultural, forest lands and grasslands.
The soil of the watershed also determines the amount of
water percolation and correction measures needed. As
revealed by landuse pattern, more than 80 percent of
total geographical area is under agriculture. Remaining
are habitation, road, hillocks, degraded land, water
bodied, forest land, etc. The soil type is sandy loam and
it covers a 73.38 and 89.98 percent of sample study
area, accounting for Dohan and Krishnawati sws
respectively (Table 2). The underdeveloped soils (Lithic
Ustorthents and loamy skeletal) occur on the hilly
region with steep slopes and on undulating lands. Fine-
grained eolian sand (Typic torripsamments) is found in
west of Krishnawati sub-watershed. Dohan river sub-
watershed have much more sandy soil as compare to
Krishnawati river sub-watershed. The well developed
very deep coarse loamy soils (Typic Udipsamment and
typic haplustepts) are situated generally on nearly level
sloping areas of both the sws (Figure 4).
Slope: Slope and aspect of a region are vital parameters
in deciding suitable land use, as the degree and
direction of the slope decide the land use that it can
support. Slope is also very important while determining
the land irrigability and land capability classification
and has direct bearing on runoff (GOI, 2008). The
degree of slope sets limits on land use for annual crops,
plantation and even on land reclamation, depending on
soil depth, stoniness etc (Tideman, 1996).
Figure 5: Slope map of study area
In the present paper, slope analysis was carried out with
the help of 1:25,000 scale SOI toposheet (10 m contour
interval). After following the standard procedure for
calculating the slope degree, slope has been categorized
as gently sloping (less than5 degree), moderately
sloping (5-10 degree), strongly sloping (10-15 degree)
and moderately steep to steep sloping (more than 15
degree). The detail slope map of study area depicting
slope of the micro-watersheds is presented as Figure 5.
7. Journal of Geomatics 149 Vol.7 No.2 October 2013
Overall about 93.28 percent area is of gentle slope
accounting 91.93 and 94.64 percent in Dohan and
Krishnawati sws respectively. The category strongly
sloping and moderately steep to steep sloping covers
4.21 percent area of the total geographical area
accounting 5.21 and 3.22 percent in Dohan and
Krishnawati sws respectively. It also reveals a highly
dissected upland situated between 284 m and 650 m
above mean sea level belong to Aravalli system and
spread from south to north direction (District Gazetteer,
Mahendergarh, 1988).
Figure 6: Drainage density map of study area
Drainage density: Drainage density has direct
relationship with erodibility. High drainage density
watershed drains runoff water rapidly. The coarser the
drainage texture, the higher the conductivity (Tideman,
1996). Drainage density, which is characterized by the
average length of streams per unit area (Adinarayana et
al., 1995). In the term of watershed, Mahendergarh
district is unique in the sense that it is a dry land which
has presence of inland seasonal streams. Both the
Dohan and Krishnawati rivers, and their tributaries, are
non- perennial in nature (Figure 6). Drainage density
was calculated in the sample study. Figure 6 shows
drainage density ranging from nil to low, medium and
high drainage density categories. Generally, the
drainage density were higher in the hilly terrain,
followed by pediments in both the watersheds. In
Dohan sub-watershed, many streams in north of sub-
watershed lose their water in dry land without joining
Dohan river and in Krishnawati sub-watershed most of
the tributaries flow towards north-east and finally join
the Krishnawati river in several parts. Overall about
589.37 km² area is of less (0.000001-0.002336) to high
(0.004547-0.009099) category accounting 27.90 and
29.95 percent in Dohan and Krishnawati sws
respectively (Table 2). Area under high drainage
density is 5.34 and 1.74 percent in Dohan and
Krishnawati sws respectively.
Figure 7: Underground water table depth map of study
area
Underground water depth: The amount of water
quality, quantity and regime of the underground water
determines the behavior of watershed. The declining
rate of ground water Table affects recharge adversely.
In Mahendergarh district, there is acute shortage of
water. The district has experienced prolonged period of
aridity. The area under water bodies have been
declining drastically in the district (Chaudhary and
Sinha, 2003). A detail characteristic of underground
water Table is presented in Figure 7. Total 83
hydrograph stations data with their geographic
coordinates were obtained to prepare well location map.
For underground water depth map, underground depth
values at these locations were attached with well
location map in form of attribute Table. After that
spatial distribution maps were generated by carrying out
point interpolations using moving average (inverse
distance) method. The spatial variation of groundwater
depth were classified into 25-45, 45-65, 65-85 and
below 85 m ranges. The underground water table of
Krishnawati sub-watershed is deeper than Dohan river
sub-watershed. In 2010, the underground depth in
Dohan sub-watershed was in the range of 65-85 meters.
It occupies a 271.66 km² which is 37.10 percent of its
total geographical area. It may also be noted that 28.45
km² area is having worst underground depth. The water
table tends to be close to the surface (25 to 45 meters)
in Krishnawati sub-watershed and covered 72.19
percent of the total area (Table 2).
Rainfall distribution: The 5 year average of rainfall
data for 16 stations has been mapped, with the
8. Journal of Geomatics 150 Vol.7 No.2 October 2013
interpolated isohytes, spatial distribution of rainfall was
generated. It was overlaid with boundaries of both sws
and resultant distribution is shown in Figure 8. It
reveals that the average annual rainfall varies from 350
to 710 mm. Rainfall distribution has been classified into
four zones: (i) less than 350 mm, (ii) 350-450 mm, (iii)
450-550 mm, and (iv) more than 550 mm. The spatial
pattern shows that it decreases from south to northward
in both of sws. The highest rainfall occurs in south-west
of Krishnawati sub-watershed and covers almost 26.5
percent of the total area (Table 2).
The low rainfall area of this sws accounts for 24.26
percent of its total geographical area. In case of Dohan
sub-watershed, only 2.79 percent area receives scanty
amount of rainfall.
Figure 8: Rainfall distribution map of study area
5.2 Prioritisation of area for conservation of
resources and sustainable development:
In this section, a composite picture of prioritised area of
both Dohan and Krishnawati rivers sws is presented.
The basic premise is to identify and give priority to
those areas which are vulnerable and where intervention
is needed on urgent basis for management of natural
resources and development. In order to prioritise such
areas, seven theme based layers were used. These are
hydrogeomorphology, landuse/landcover, slope, soil,
underground water table, drainage density and rainfall.
Saaty’s analytic hierarchy classification was used for
weights and to measure the area (Saaty, 1980). The
more vulnerable themes were given higher weightage or
rank and are considered as higher priority. In case of
slope parameter, the areas with gentle slope were given
low priority and with very steep slope were considered
for prioritisation. Soil mapping was carried out using
HARSAC map as discussed in earlier section. The map
area depicting deep soils with sandy clay and which are
moderately deep and well drained are considered for
prioritisation. In case of landuse/landcover, high forest
cover was given less values. While high waste land and
sand dunes were ranked high and considered for
priority. Similarly ground water prospects was ranked,
where high rank was assigned to areas where its
prospects were low in term of deep water table. The
drainage pattern of any terrain reflects the
characteristics of surface as well as subsurface
information. Its density (in terms of km/km²) indicates
the closeness of spacing of channels. It characteristics
the run-off in the area. Hence, lesser the drainage
density, higher is the probability of recharge or potential
groundwater zone (Vittala et al, 2008). In case of
drainage density layer, higher density (4.547-9.099) was
given highest value. Similarly, the highest rainfall
region was given low priority. Applying the above said
ranking values, a composite picture was obtained which
is presented in Figure 9. This shows composite picture
of vulnerable area in the district comprising of both
sws. A segregated picture of both river sws is presented
in Table 3.
Table 2: Watershed Characteristics of Dohan and
Krishnawati rivers.
Dohan sub-watershed Krishnawati sub-watershed
Hydrogeomorphology Total area in
Km²
Percent
area
Total area in
Km²
Percent
area
Alluvial Plane (Younger) 21.66 2.96 10.17 0.85
Sand Dune 23.43 3.20 68.65 5.74
Eolian Plain 622.84 85.05 1048.94 87.74
Gullies 2.93 0.40 1.68 0.14
Pediment 29.94 4.09 30.91 2.58
Valley Fill 8.66 1.18 4.14 0.35
Residual Hill 0.40 0.05 6.44 0.54
Denudational Hill 2.11 0.29 7.86 0.66
Structural Hill 20.67 2.82 16.77 1.40
Total Geographical area 732.31 100.00 1195.49 100.00
Drainage density in Km/Km²
Nil 527.97 72.10 837.46 70.05
Less (0.000001-0.002336) 132.63 18.11 279.36 23.37
Moderate (0.002336-0.004547) 32.61 4.45 57.86 4.84
High (0.004547-0.009099) 39.10 5.34 20.81 1.74
Total Geographical area 732.31 100.00 1195.49 100.00
Slope in degree
<5 Gently sloping 673.19 91.93 1131.43 94.64
5-10 Moderately sloping 20.91 2.85 25.29 2.12
10-15 Strongly sloping 12.02 1.64 15.23 1.27
>15 Moderately steep to steep sloping 26.16 3.57 23.38 1.95
Total Geographical area 732.31 100.00 1195.49 100.00
Landuse/cover
Agriculture Land 596.89 81.51 960.73 80.36
Barren/Rocky 45.71 6.24 52.25 4.37
Forest 28.92 3.95 13.92 1.16
Open Scrub 14.83 2.03 42.31 3.54
River Course/channel 11.71 1.60 9.22 0.77
Sand Dune 13.21 1.80 71.91 6.01
Settlement/builtup 20.68 2.82 43.33 3.62
Other water Bodies 0.36 0.05 1.82 0.15
Total Geographical area 732.31 100.00 1195.49 100.00
Soil types
Loamy 16.37 2.24 318.53 26.64
Fine loamy 88.91 12.14 475.17 39.75
Coarse loamy 432.05 59.00 282.04 23.59
Sandy soil 140.56 19.19 27.23 2.28
Rock out crop soil 25.97 3.55 33.47 2.80
Habitation mask 13.80 1.88 54.90 4.59
Water body mask 14.65 2.00 4.15 0.35
Total Geographical area 732.31 100.00 1195.49 100.00
Underground water depth in mts).
25-45 175.18 23.92 863.01 72.19
45-65 257.01 35.10 309.89 25.92
65-85 271.66 37.10 22.55 1.89
Below 85 28.45 3.89 0.00 0.00
Total 732.31 100.00 1195.49 100.00
Rainfall distribution in mm.
Below 350 20.42 2.79 290.08 24.26
350-450 395.59 54.02 215.81 18.05
450-550 158.88 21.69 373.10 31.21
Above 550 157.43 21.51 316.49 26.47
Total 732.31 100.00 1195.49 100.00
9. Journal of Geomatics 151 Vol.7 No.2 October 2013
Table 3: Composite profile of prioritised area.
Dohan sub-watershed Krishnawati sub-watershedPriority categories
Total area in
Km²
Percent
area
Total area in
Km²
Percent
area
Low priority 665.07 90.82 1130.96 94.60
Moderate priority 28.05 3.83 33.43 2.80
High priority 22.14 3.02 22.02 1.84
Very high priority 17.06 2.33 9.074 0.76
Total 732.32 100.00 1195.49 100.00
Both Figure 9 and Table 3 show that in Dohan sws,
about 40 km2
area accounting for about 5.4 percent of
its total area falls in high priority. In case of
Krishnawati sws, about 31 km2
area accounting for 2.5
percent of total has come in the category of urgent
attention. Overall it account for 70 km2
of the study
area. Hence the study highlights that this area can be
taken up for sustainable development and management
of resources with immediate effect.
Figure 9: Prioritisation of sub-watersheds
6. Conclusion
Characterization and analysis of watershed is
prerequisite for management of natural resources in any
area. The present paper studied the characteristics of
Dohan and Krishnawati sws falling in one
administrative unit of Haryana i.e. Mahendergarh
district. It presented a detailed analysis of
hydrogeomorphology, soil, drainage density, landuse,
groundwater prospects and rainfall distribution of both
sws. In order to highlight the area for planned action
and implement, it prioritised the two sws taking seven
parameters of above said themes. Overall the paper
suggests 70 km2
area as high priority area. The high
priority area for Dohan sws is 39.20 km2
and for
Krishnawati sws is 31.76 km2
.
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