European Society of Hypertension 2013 Hypertension guidelines presentation in...JAFAR ALSAID
Summary of the European Society of Hypertension 2013 Hypertension Guidelines presented during the Eighth Hypertension and Cardiovascular highlight session in Bahrain on Sept. 11th 2013.
European Society of Hypertension 2013 Hypertension guidelines presentation in...JAFAR ALSAID
Summary of the European Society of Hypertension 2013 Hypertension Guidelines presented during the Eighth Hypertension and Cardiovascular highlight session in Bahrain on Sept. 11th 2013.
Naturopathic Treatment for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Randomized Pragmatic Trial CCNM – Journal Club Sept 30th, 2010 Dugald Seely, ND, MSc Director; Research & Clinical Epidemiology The Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine
Naturopathic Treatment for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Randomized Pragmatic Trial CCNM – Journal Club Sept 30th, 2010 Dugald Seely, ND, MSc Director; Research & Clinical Epidemiology The Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine
Recommendation 1
In the general population aged ≥60 years, initiate pharmacologic treatment to lower blood pressure (BP) at systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥150 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥90 mm Hg and treat to a goal SBP <150><90><140><60><90><60><140><140><90><140><90 mm Hg. (Expert Opinion – Grade E)
Recommendation 6
In the general nonblack population, including those with diabetes, initial antihypertensive treatment should include a thiazide-type diuretic, calcium channel blocker (CCB), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). (Moderate Recommendation – Grade B)
Recommendation 7
In the general black population, including those with diabetes, initial antihypertensive treatment should include a thiazide-type diuretic or CCB. (For general black population: Moderate Recommendation – Grade B; for black patients with diabetes: Weak Recommendation – Grade C)
Recommendation 8
In the population aged ≥18 years with CKD, initial (or add-on) antihypertensive treatment should include an ACEI or ARB to improve kidney outcomes. This applies to all CKD patients with hypertension regardless of race or diabetes status. (Moderate Recommendation – Grade B)
Recommendation 9
The main objective of hypertension treatment is to attain and maintain goal BP. If goal BP is not reached within a month of treatment, increase the dose of the initial drug or add a second drug from one of the classes in recommendation 6 (thiazide-type diuretic, CCB, ACEI, or ARB). The clinician should continue to assess BP and adjust the treatment regimen until goal BP is reached. If goal BP cannot be reached with 2 drugs, add and titrate a third drug from the list provided. Do not use an ACEI and an ARB together in the same patient. If goal BP cannot be reached using only the drugs in recommendation 6 because of a contraindication or the need to use more than 3 drugs to reach goal BP, antihypertensive drugs from other classes can be used. Referral to a hypertension specialist may be indicated for patients in whom goal BP cannot be attained using the above strategy or for the management of complicated patients for whom additional clinical consultation is needed. (Expert Opinion – Grade E)
Combination Therapy In Hypertension - Dr Vivek Baliga PresentationDr Vivek Baliga
Dr Vivek Baliga of Baliga Diagnostics, Bangalore, discusses the common combination therapies used in the management of hypertension in clinical practice.
In this overview, we draw inspiration from the article titled "Managing Hypertension in Primary Care“, published in the Canadian Family Physician journal (Vol 65: October 2019).
The article, edited by Khrystine Waked PharmD, Jeff Nagge PharmD, and Kelly Grindrod PharmD MSc,.
It provides valuable insights and evidence-based approaches to tackle Hypertension Management In Primary Care.
By incorporating the recommendations discussed in this article, we can enhance our ability to manage hypertension and ultimately improving patient outcomes and quality of life.
Management of Hypertension and Diabetes in Aging People 2014Nemencio Jr
This module discusses the issues in the management and treatment goals for hypertension and diabetes in the older population based on the most recent guidelines
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Evaluation of antidepressant activity of clitoris ternatea in animals
Jnc8 140131223904-phpapp02
1. Evidence-Based Guideline for Management
of High Blood Pressure in Adults
Report From the Panel Members Appointed to the
Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8)
Dr Arun kochar
MD;DM;DNB
Senior interventional cardiologist
Fortis Hospital, Mohali
2. JNC 8 is not just JNC 7 “Renovated”….
but 911ed and Reconstructed
3. Historical Comments about Hypertension
“The greatest danger to
a man with
high blood pressure
lies in its discovery…….
because then some fool is certain to try
his hand and reduce it.”
Hay, Brit Med J,
4. Let us take a early dinner…
Treat to 150/90 mm Hg in patients over age 60 and
140/90 for everybody else.
Any of 4 classes of drugs could be chosen.
Destination is important and not the journey.
No stages please.
In blacks C and D.
THANK YOU
5. Introduction
Hypertension remains one of the most important
preventable contributors to disease and death.
Clinical guidelines are at the intersection between
research evidence and clinical actions that can
improve patient outcomes.
This report highlights the Evidence-Based Guideline
for the Management of High Blood Pressure in
Adults.
6. Introduction
The panel members appointed to the JNC 8 used
evidence-based methods, developing Evidence
Statements and recommendations for blood
pressure treatment.
Recommendations are based on a systematic review
of the literature to meet needs of the primary care
clinician.
This is an Executive summary of the evidence and is
provides clear recommendations for all clinicians.
8. Questions Guiding the Evidence Review
Guideline focuses on the panel’s most debated
questions related to high BP management.
These questions address:
Thresholds and goals for treatment of hypertension.
Whether particular antihypertensive drugs have a bearing
health outcomes.
9. Questions Guiding the Evidence Review
1. In adults with hypertension, does initiating
antihypertensive pharmacologic therapy at specific BP
thresholds improve health outcomes? Goals
2. In adults with hypertension, does treatment with
antihypertensive pharmacologic therapy to a specified
BP goal lead to improvement in health outcomes?
Targets
3. In adults with hypertension, do various
antihypertensive drugs or drug classes differ in
comparative benefits and harms on specific health
outcomes? Impact of drugs
12. Recommendation 1
General population aged 60 years or older
SBP ≥150 mmHg
Or
DBP ≥ 90mmHg
Goal of Treatment :
SBP <150 mmHg
OR
DBP of < 90mmHg.
Initiate Treatment at :
13. Recommendation 2
General population < 60 years
Initiate Treatment at : DBP ≥ 90mmHg
Goal of Treatment : DBP of < 90mmHg.
14. Recommendation 3
General population < 60 years
SBP ≥ 140 mmHg
Initiate Treatment at :
Goal of Treatment : SBP of < 140 mmHg.
15. Recommendation 4
Population aged 18 years or older with CKD
Initiate Treatment at:
SBP ≥ 140 mmHg
Or
DBP ≥ 90 mmHg
Goal of Treatment :
SBP < 140 mmHg
Or
DBP < 90 mmHg
16. Recommendation 5
Population aged 18 years or older with
diabetes
Initiate Treatment at:
SBP ≥ 140 mmHg
Or
DBP ≥ 90 mmHg
Goal of Treatment :
SBP < 140 mmHg
Or
DBP < 90 mmHg
18. Recommendation 6
In General nonblack population, including those
with diabetes
Initial antihypertensive treatment should include any
of the following:
A thiazide-type diuretic
Calcium channel blocker (CCB)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or
Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB).
19. Recommendation 7
In general black population, including those
with diabetes:
Initial antihypertensive treatment should
include :
Thiazide-type diuretic
CCB.
20. Recommendation 8
Population aged 18 years or older with CKD
and hypertension
Initial (or add-on) antihypertensive treatment
should include an ACEI or ARB to improve
kidney outcomes.
This applies to all CKD patients with
hypertension regardless of race or diabetes
status.
21. Recommendation 9
The main objective of hypertension treatment is to
attain and maintain goal BP.
If goal BP is not reached within a month of
treatment:
increase the dose of the initial drug OR
Add a second drug from one of the classes in
recommendation 6 (thiazide-type diuretic, CCB, ACEI, or
ARB).
The clinician should continue to assess BP and
adjust the treatment regimen until goal BP is
reached.
23. Recommendation 9
If goal BP cannot be reached with 2 drugs:
Add and titrate a third drug from the list provided.
Do not use an ACEI and an ARB together in the
same patient.
If goal BP cannot be reached using the drugs in
recommendation 6 because of a contraindication or
the need to use more than 3 drugs to reach goal BP:
antihypertensive drugs from other classes can be
used.
25. Recommendation 9
For patients in whom goal BP cannot be attained
using the above strategy OR
The management of complicated patients for
whom additional clinical consultation is needed.
Referral to a hypertension specialist may be
indicated
26. JNC-8 ASH/ISH AHA/ACC
Published on 18th Dec 2013 19th Dec 2013 21st Nov 2013
Target goal
For general
patients
including
DM/CKD
<140/90 <140/90 <140/90
Lower targets may
be appropriate for
LVD, LVH, DM,
CKD
For Elderly
people
150/90(≥60 yrs) 150/90(≥80 yrs)
Lower targets for
the Elderly
Treatment preference
General <60 yrs
Initiate Thiazide-type
Diuretic or
ACEI or ARB or
CCB
For uptitration,
any possible
combination from
above (avoid
ACEI+ARB)
Stage 1 HT:
ACEI or ARB
(If needed, add
CCB or Thiazide-type
Diuretic)
Stage 1 HT:
Thiazide for most
patients or
ACEI, ARB, CCB,
(or combination, if
uncontrolled)
Stage 2 HT:
ACEI or ARB
+
CCB or Thiazide-type
Diuretic
Stage 2 HT:
Thiazide with
ACEI / ARB/ CCB,
or
ACEI with CCB
General ≥60 yrs Same as above
Stage 1: CCB or
Thiazide (If
needed, add ACEI
or ARB)
Same as Above
Hypertension
with Diabetes
Same as above
ACEI or ARB
If needed add CCB
or thiazide-type
diuretic
ACEI or ARB,
thiazide, BB,
calcium channel
blocker
Hypertension
with CKD
ACEI or ARB alone
Or in combination
with other
ACEI or ARB
If needed add CCB
or thiazide-type
diuretic
ACEI or ARB
27. Comparison..(cont.)
Hypertension
with CAD
---
β-Blocker plus ARB
or ACE inhibitor
If needed add CCB
or thiazide-type
diuretic
β-Blocker, ACEI
Hypertension
with stroke
---
ACE inhibitor or
ARB
If needed add CCB
or thiazide-type
diuretic
Thiazide, ACEI.
Hypertension
with HF
---
ARB or ACE
inhibitor+ β -
blocker+ diuretic+
spironolactone
regardless of blood
pressure
ACEI or
angiotensin-receptor
blocker
(ARB), BB,
aldosterone
antagonist,
thiazide;
28. Conclusion
Guidelines Offer clinicians an analysis of what is known
and not known about BP treatment thresholds, goals, and
drug treatment strategies
Provides evidence-based recommendations for the
management of high BP
Should meet the clinical needs of most patients.
However, these recommendations are not a substitute for
clinical judgment, and decisions must carefully consider
and incorporate the clinical characteristics of each
individual.
This evidence-based hypertension guideline focuses on the panel’s3highest- ranked questions related to high BP management.
Nine recommendations are made reflecting these questions.
Recommendations 1 -5 address questions 1 & 2 concerning thresholds and goals for BP treatment.
Recommendations 6, 7, 8 address question concerning selection of antihypertensive drugs.
Recommendation 9 is a summary of strategies based on expert opinion for starting and adding antihypertensive drugs
In patients aged ≥60 years, initiate pharmacologic treatment if systolic BP ≥150mmHg or diastolic BP ≥90mmHg and treat to a goal systolic BP <150mmHg and goal diastolic BP <90mmHg. (Strong Recommendation–Grade A)
In the general population younger than 60 years, initiate pharmacologic treatment to lower BP at DBP of 90 mm Hg or higher and treat to a goal DBP of lower than 90mmHg.
In the general population younger than 60 years, initiate pharmacologic treatment to lower BP at SBP of 140 mm Hg or higher and treat to a goal SBP of lower than 140mmHg.
initiate pharmacologic treatment to lower BP at SBP of 140mmHg or higher or DBP of 90mmHg or higher and treat to goal SBP of lower than 140mm Hg and goal DBP lower than 90mmHg.
the population aged 18 years or older with diabetes, initiate pharmacologic treatment to lower BP at SBP of 140mmHg or higher or DBP of 90 mm Hg or higher and treat to a goal SBP of lower than 140mmHg and goal DBP lower than 90mmHg.
Nine recommendations are made reflecting these questions.
Recommendations 1 -5 address questions 1 & 2 concerning thresholds and goals for BP treatment.
Recommendations 6, 7, 8 address question concerning selection of antihypertensive drugs.
Recommendation 9 is a summary of strategies based on expert opinion for starting and adding antihypertensive drugs
