This study analyzed the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Mentha pulegium (pennyroyal) essential oil. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed the main constituents were pulegone, cineole and piperitenone. The essential oil was tested against Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus subtilis and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii. It exhibited significant antimicrobial activity, especially against B. subtilis. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were 0.5% for B. subtilis, 1.25% for P. mirabilis and 1.5% for Z. rouxii. Overall, the study found M. pulegium essential oil has
In Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Con...AI Publications
Sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) is cultivated as a condiment for its aromatic leaves for culinary purposes and utilized as a medicinal plant for many diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity of marjoram extract by the 2, 2–diphenyl–1–picrylhydrazyl–hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging method while total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified by spectrophotometry using Folin−Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The extraction yield of sweet marjoram obtained by maceration in absolute ethanol at a ratio of 1/5 (w/v) for 24h at room temperature was 8.41 ± 0.76 % (w/w). The obtained results showed that the investigated extract contained a higher amount of phenolics: 164.96 ± 4.61 mg GAE/g of dry plant, lower flavonoid contents: 44.61 ± 2.08 mg QE/g of dry plant, and exhibited a strong antioxidant activity (IC50 value: 40.09 µg/ml) almost like those of the used standard products, namely ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Based on the obtained results, marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) features a potential application as natural antioxidants that could be exploited by the pharmaceutical and food industries.
In this work the antimicrobial activity and the economic viability analysis of the essential oil extracted from the hybrid formed by the seeds species of the Murupi (Capsicum chinense), Criollos de Morellos (Capsicum annuum) and Finger of the young (Capsicum baccatum ). The essential oil of the pepper was obtained by the steam drag process and for this extraction, the Soxhlet method was used. For the determination of the antimicrobial activity of the oil the disc diffusion method was used for the strains of Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The results point out the resistance of the tested strains to the essential oil of the respective pepper and, in terms of financial and economic aspects, this was not feasible on a small scale. It is suggested that other microorganisms be tested and, later, that studies be carried out with the purpose of characterizing the studied oil chemically for proper application in the agroindustry.
Evaluation of antifungal activity of gel based hand wash using Camellia sinen...IOSR Journals
Hydro-ethanolic extracts of Camellia sinensis (Green tea) and Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) were prepared and phytochemical screening analysis was done. Using Dr. Duke’s phytochemical and ethanobotanical databases, the bioactive compounds pooled out were used as ingredients in the formulated gel based hand wash. In vitro antifungal assay of extracts was performed; its MIC values were estimated and compared with antifungal agents. A gel based hand wash was formulated using Camellia sinensis (Green tea) and Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg), and evaluated by physical parameters like, colour, odour, spreadability, pH and overall appearance of the formulation. The present study also assess the antifungal activity of Camellia sinensis (Green tea) and Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) handwash gel against target fungal species.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF NEEM LEAVES AND LEMON G...IAEME Publication
In this study, the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical constituents of neem
leaves and lemon grass oil extracts were evaluated. Oil extracts of neem leaves and
lemon grass were obtained by solvent extraction method using hexane and ethanol.
Antimicrobial activity screening of plants’ oil extracts were conducted using agar well
diffusion method and the oil extracts were tested against three gram negative bacteria
(Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella specie, Escherichia coli), one gram positive
bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and two fungi (Candida albicans, Rhizopus specie).
Phytochemical components of the ethanolic oil extracts were anthocyanin and
betacyanin; quinones; terpenoids and acid for lemon grass. In addition to other
phytochemicals present in lemon grass ethanolic oil extract, neem ethanolic oil extracts
tested positive to flavonoids. Lemon grass oil extract shows high activity against
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans which are
representative of the three categories of microorganisms considered. Neem leaves oil
extracts have relatively low activity against most of the selected microorganisms.
Biodegradation of insecticidal compounds of Clausena anisata and Plectrant...researchagriculture
Essential oils of some aromatic plants are suggested in Northern Cameroon
as alternatives to hazardous pesticides having harmful effects on the consumer and
the environment. The active compounds of these essential oils are very volatile, easily
biodegradable. To be effective, treatments should be made with short interval and
regular time. This mode of use generates the accumulation of constituents of these
essential oils on the treated food and could limit food security and safety. The present
study aimed at evaluating the variation of the constituent’s quality of
Clausena
anisata
(Rutaceae)
and
Plectranthus glandulosus
(Lamiaceae)
essential oils and their
levels on food products according to time. In this way, samples of corn grains and
flour were treated with these essential oils and stored during 150 days. During this
storage, the persistent compounds present in these samples were extracted by
hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/FID. The obtained
results showed that, essential
oils concentration decreases on food products according to the duration of storage,
with half
-
life times (IT50) of 24.16 and 34.61 days for
C. anisata
, and 25 and 38.75
days for
P. glandulosus
, respectively on grains and flour. At 150 days after the
treatment, there is no more that six constituents of
C. anaisata
and 3 of
P.
glandulosus
on the grains, and 10 and seven constituents on the flour respectively for
these two essential oils. The rates of these persistent constituents are more than 62.5
times lower than the toxic concentration observed from the day of treatment. At
these used doses, these constituents are not toxic to consumers.
Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Jasminum Officinaleiosrjce
Jasminum officinale used as a urinary anti-infective in folk medicine. To validate this use, the in
vitro anti-bacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of different parts( flowers, stems plus leaves and roots) of
J.officinale growing in local gardens was evaluated against four reference bacteria by broth dilution assay and
agar diffusion assay. The MIC value of the ethanolic extracts of flowers and stems plus leaves against all
bacteria was 2 mg/mL and the MIC value of roots against S. aureus, E.faecalis and E. coli was 4 mg/mL and
the MIC value of roots against P. aeruginosa was 2 mg/mL. In agar diffusion assay, the ethanolic extracts of all
parts of the plant showed considerable activity against all bacteria.
In Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Con...AI Publications
Sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) is cultivated as a condiment for its aromatic leaves for culinary purposes and utilized as a medicinal plant for many diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity of marjoram extract by the 2, 2–diphenyl–1–picrylhydrazyl–hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging method while total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified by spectrophotometry using Folin−Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The extraction yield of sweet marjoram obtained by maceration in absolute ethanol at a ratio of 1/5 (w/v) for 24h at room temperature was 8.41 ± 0.76 % (w/w). The obtained results showed that the investigated extract contained a higher amount of phenolics: 164.96 ± 4.61 mg GAE/g of dry plant, lower flavonoid contents: 44.61 ± 2.08 mg QE/g of dry plant, and exhibited a strong antioxidant activity (IC50 value: 40.09 µg/ml) almost like those of the used standard products, namely ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Based on the obtained results, marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) features a potential application as natural antioxidants that could be exploited by the pharmaceutical and food industries.
In this work the antimicrobial activity and the economic viability analysis of the essential oil extracted from the hybrid formed by the seeds species of the Murupi (Capsicum chinense), Criollos de Morellos (Capsicum annuum) and Finger of the young (Capsicum baccatum ). The essential oil of the pepper was obtained by the steam drag process and for this extraction, the Soxhlet method was used. For the determination of the antimicrobial activity of the oil the disc diffusion method was used for the strains of Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The results point out the resistance of the tested strains to the essential oil of the respective pepper and, in terms of financial and economic aspects, this was not feasible on a small scale. It is suggested that other microorganisms be tested and, later, that studies be carried out with the purpose of characterizing the studied oil chemically for proper application in the agroindustry.
Evaluation of antifungal activity of gel based hand wash using Camellia sinen...IOSR Journals
Hydro-ethanolic extracts of Camellia sinensis (Green tea) and Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) were prepared and phytochemical screening analysis was done. Using Dr. Duke’s phytochemical and ethanobotanical databases, the bioactive compounds pooled out were used as ingredients in the formulated gel based hand wash. In vitro antifungal assay of extracts was performed; its MIC values were estimated and compared with antifungal agents. A gel based hand wash was formulated using Camellia sinensis (Green tea) and Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg), and evaluated by physical parameters like, colour, odour, spreadability, pH and overall appearance of the formulation. The present study also assess the antifungal activity of Camellia sinensis (Green tea) and Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) handwash gel against target fungal species.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF NEEM LEAVES AND LEMON G...IAEME Publication
In this study, the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical constituents of neem
leaves and lemon grass oil extracts were evaluated. Oil extracts of neem leaves and
lemon grass were obtained by solvent extraction method using hexane and ethanol.
Antimicrobial activity screening of plants’ oil extracts were conducted using agar well
diffusion method and the oil extracts were tested against three gram negative bacteria
(Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella specie, Escherichia coli), one gram positive
bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and two fungi (Candida albicans, Rhizopus specie).
Phytochemical components of the ethanolic oil extracts were anthocyanin and
betacyanin; quinones; terpenoids and acid for lemon grass. In addition to other
phytochemicals present in lemon grass ethanolic oil extract, neem ethanolic oil extracts
tested positive to flavonoids. Lemon grass oil extract shows high activity against
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans which are
representative of the three categories of microorganisms considered. Neem leaves oil
extracts have relatively low activity against most of the selected microorganisms.
Biodegradation of insecticidal compounds of Clausena anisata and Plectrant...researchagriculture
Essential oils of some aromatic plants are suggested in Northern Cameroon
as alternatives to hazardous pesticides having harmful effects on the consumer and
the environment. The active compounds of these essential oils are very volatile, easily
biodegradable. To be effective, treatments should be made with short interval and
regular time. This mode of use generates the accumulation of constituents of these
essential oils on the treated food and could limit food security and safety. The present
study aimed at evaluating the variation of the constituent’s quality of
Clausena
anisata
(Rutaceae)
and
Plectranthus glandulosus
(Lamiaceae)
essential oils and their
levels on food products according to time. In this way, samples of corn grains and
flour were treated with these essential oils and stored during 150 days. During this
storage, the persistent compounds present in these samples were extracted by
hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/FID. The obtained
results showed that, essential
oils concentration decreases on food products according to the duration of storage,
with half
-
life times (IT50) of 24.16 and 34.61 days for
C. anisata
, and 25 and 38.75
days for
P. glandulosus
, respectively on grains and flour. At 150 days after the
treatment, there is no more that six constituents of
C. anaisata
and 3 of
P.
glandulosus
on the grains, and 10 and seven constituents on the flour respectively for
these two essential oils. The rates of these persistent constituents are more than 62.5
times lower than the toxic concentration observed from the day of treatment. At
these used doses, these constituents are not toxic to consumers.
Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Jasminum Officinaleiosrjce
Jasminum officinale used as a urinary anti-infective in folk medicine. To validate this use, the in
vitro anti-bacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of different parts( flowers, stems plus leaves and roots) of
J.officinale growing in local gardens was evaluated against four reference bacteria by broth dilution assay and
agar diffusion assay. The MIC value of the ethanolic extracts of flowers and stems plus leaves against all
bacteria was 2 mg/mL and the MIC value of roots against S. aureus, E.faecalis and E. coli was 4 mg/mL and
the MIC value of roots against P. aeruginosa was 2 mg/mL. In agar diffusion assay, the ethanolic extracts of all
parts of the plant showed considerable activity against all bacteria.
Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essentialChina
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of the Essential Oils of Some Aromatic Medicinal Plants (Pulicaria inuloides-Asteraceae and Ocimum forskolei-Lamiaceae)
Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals using GC–MS in Leaf Ethanolic Extr...ijtsrd
Tragia involucrata is belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae common medicinal herb in Southern India. In the present investigation, air died powdered ethanol extracts of Tragia involucrata leaf sample was analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry GC–MS to identify the important phytochemical constituents. The GC MS analysis has shown the presence of 43 active compounds in the leaf extract. Based on area percentage, the top five major compounds present in the ethanolic extract were Palmitic acid 13.39 , 7Z,10Z,13Z 7,10,13 Hexadecatrienal 11.44 , 3beta,24s Stigmast 5 En 3 One 8.10 , Pipeline 7.37 and Friedelan 3 one 6.01 . The GC MS analysis of selected leaf extract proved that the presence of various bioactive compounds. These bioactive compounds justify, the use of this plant to treat various diseases by traditional practitioners. Kalaivanan M | A. Saravana Ganthi | M. Padma Sorna Subramanian "Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals using GC–MS in Leaf Ethanolic Extract of Tragia Involucrata L" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43651.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/biochemistry/43651/identification-of-bioactive-phytochemicals-using-gc–ms-in-leaf-ethanolic-extract-of-tragia-involucrata-l/kalaivanan-m
A REVIEW ON APPLICATIONS OF BIOSURFACTANTS PRODUCED FROM UNCONVENTIONAL INEXP...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Biosurfactants can serve as green alternative in different areas due to
their ecological acceptance as they are biodegradable and nontoxic.
Nowadays biosurfactants are predominantly used in pharmaceutical,
oil industry, and for the bioremediation of pollutants. Apart from these,
biosurfactants also show potential applications in many sectors of food
industry and agriculture. Allied with emulsion forming and breaking,
antiadhesive, functional ingredient, are some properties that can be
exploited in agro-food biotechnology. Potential role of biosurfactants
in food and agricultural sectors as well as present concern of lowering
the production cost of biosurfactants by using the unconventional
wastes as substrate is discussed in this article.
Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity evaluation of aqueous and ...Premier Publishers
Azadirachta indica Juss (neem) is a plant which has been used for a long time as traditional medicine for household remedy against various human ailments from antiquity. To evaluate the scientific basis for the use of Azadirachta indica, both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the dried leaves of the plant were subjected to phytochemical screening and determination of anti-microbial activity on six different species of bacteria and a fungus. The phytochemical screening of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of dried powdered leaves of the plant was done using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of the concentrated extracts was evaluated by determination of the diameter of zone of inhibition against the microorganisms using agar well diffusion method. The Phytochemical screening of the test plant revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, cardiac glucosides, phenols, resins, tannins, terpenes and steroids. Although, both plant extracts had antimicrobial effects against the test organisms, the aqueous extracts were found to show greater anti-microbial effect than ethanolic extract. Thus, the mean diameter zones of inhibition ranged from 0.03mm-40.00mm for aqueous extract and 0.50mm-21.00mm for ethanolic extract at the highest concentration of 50mg/ml. The finding of this study supports the use of neem leaf in the treatment of various microbial infections by alternative systems of medicine.
Cumulative effect of modified atmospheric packaging on the textural and chemi...SukhveerSingh31
Fruits and vegetables have been consumed by humans since ancient times. Scientific
investigations have proved that an increased consumption of fruits and vegetables is known to
reduce instances of cancer and cardiovascular mortality (Bhardwaj et al., 2014)
A B S T R A C T
The main objective of the present study is to formulate and evaluate a poly herbal ointment with antiseptic activity.
Ointments were formulated using methanolic extracts of Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica and Achyranthes
aspera which were evaluated for its physicochemical property, antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Ointments were
prepared using different concentrations of the extracts such as 2%, 4%, 6% w/w by fusion method using emulsifying
ointment as base. Formulations were then tested for its physicochemical properties which gave satisfactory results. The
prepared formulations were also stable at 4ºC, 25ºC and 37ºC. Further, Polyherbal formulations were evaluated for its antibacterial
activity against Betadine (5%w/w) as the standard. All the formulations showed Predominant activity against
selected species. Formulations were also evaluated for anti-oxidant activity through reducing power assay, nitric oxide and
hydrogen peroxide scavenging method. The results showed that the scavenging activity of the formulations increased with
increase in concentration and this is due to the presence of flavanoids and tannins. The presence of both antibacterial and
antioxidant activity reveals that the prepared ointment can also be used for wound healing. Hence an attempt was made to
formulate a Polyherbal ointment, and to evaluate for its physical parameter, in-vitro anti-oxidant activity and to compare its
antibacterial activity with a marketed formulation (5% w/w Betadine).Overall result of this study reveals that this is an
effective Polyherbal antiseptic ointment.
Keywords: Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica, Achyranthes aspera Formulations, Spread ability,
Extrudability
Effect of Carom Seed Oil on the Antimicrobial, Physicochemical and Mechanical...IJEABJ
Packaging material is necessary in the preservation process. Edible films containing essential oils can be incorporated into the conventional food packaging systems with a dual purpose, edible and natural preservative, that can maintain quality, extend the shelf life and reduce the risk of pathogen growth specifically in unprocessed or minimally processed foods like fruits and vegetables. In present study, pumpkin-arrowroot starch based edible film incorporated with carom seed oil at 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% were prepared and studied for the antimicrobial properties. Film with 1.5% Carom seed oil showed exceedingly good antimicrobial activities against E. coli, Staphylococcus and Aspergillus. The films were further studied for physical, mechanical and water vapour transmission properties. The results indicated that the film with 1.5% carom seed oil did not alter the mechanical properties of the film significantly, compared to control film and is ideal for coating to extend the shelf life of food products.
Assessment of Bioactive Activity of Blackberry Seed Extractijtsrd
The aim of this study was to determine the bioactive activity of the blackberry (Rubus laciniatus) seed extracts. Total phenolic and total antioxidant activity of blackberry seed extracts were assessed with respect to two extracting solvents (absolute ethanol and absolute acetone) and two extracting techniques (hot extraction at 40°C and cold extraction at 26°C). Proximate analysis showed that blackberry seeds contained 12.12% moisture, 8.00% protein, 0.74% fat, 2.15% ash and 76.99% total carbohydrate. The antioxidant activities of blackberry seeds were determined by evaluating total phenolic activity by gallic acid equivalent (GAE), total antioxidant capacity by ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE) content and ferric reducing powder assay. The tested sample showed variable amount of total phenolic content (33.21-56.56 mg GAEg of dry extract), total antioxidant capacity (75.46-82.42 AAEg) and reducing power (0.23-0.26) depending on different extraction techniques and solvents used. Higher amount of extract, total antioxidant capacity and reducing power were obtained for hot extraction technique. As compared to cold extraction technique, higher extract yields (7.48% vs 7.19% for ethanol and 4.35% vs 4.28% for acetone) and other properties were obtained by hot extraction for a given solvent. Ethanol extract with hot extraction technique gave total phenolic content as 56.56 mg GAEg of dry extract, total antioxidant capacity as 82.42 AAEg and reducing power as 0.26 at extract concentration of 250 µgml. The overall observations of the present experiment indicated that hot ethanol extract of blackberry seeds have strong antioxidant property and bioactive activity. Sajeda Begum | Pabitra Chandra Das | Md. Nur Hossain | Abdullah Iqbal"Assessment of Bioactive Activity of Blackberry Seed Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15947.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/food-engineering/15947/assessment-of-bioactive-activity-of-blackberry-seed-extract/sajeda-begum
The word “banana” is a general term comprising a number of species or hybrids in the genus Musa of family Musaceae. Many studies reported that banana is a good source of phenolic compounds, which are having potential health benefits in human beings. The phytochemical composition of eight banana varieties was investigated. Quantitative estimation of phytochemicals revealed that highest alkaloid and tannin content was noticed in variety Nendran (3.76% and 4.40 mg/100g respectively). Whereas, variety Rasakadali exhibited highest flavonoid content (9.49 mg/100). Total phenol and saponin content was found higher in variety Kadali (0.82% and 11.6 mg/100g respectively).
EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTING MIXTURE OF BENZENE AMINO PURINE (BAP) AND KINETIN (KN...Journal For Research
Naveen Gaurav , Assistant Professor Department of Biotechnology, S G R R P G College Dehradun, U.K.; A. P. Singh, Assistant Professor Department of Biotechnology, S G R R P G College Dehradun, U.K.; Arun Kumar, Professor, Department of Botany Govt. P.G. Science College, Rewa, M.P.; Aviral Maithani , M.Sc Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology , SGRRPG College Dehradun, U.K.; Aditi Grover, M.Sc Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology , SGRRPG College Dehradun, U.K.
Antibacterial activity of aerial parts of thymus serphyllum linn against clin...IJSIT Editor
In the present research work in vitro antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of aerial parts of
Thymus serphyllum L. growing wild in Kashmir Himalaya was evaluated by agar well diffusion method and
broth dilution assay against nine human pathogenic bacterial strains, known to cause serious infections. The
extract was also screened for the presence of various bioactive phytoconstituents present in the plant. The
extract in the present study possess appreciable potential of inhibiting the growth of all the bacterial strains
at all tested concentrations (30, 60 and 90 mg/ml). The highest sensitivity was exhibited against
Staphylococcus epidermidis MTCC- 435 and Staphylococcus aureus with mean zones of inhibition 20.66 and 20
mm respectively at the concentration of 90 mg/ml. Salmonella typhi showed the least activity with mean zone
of inhibition of 10.00 mm at the concentration of 30 mg/ml. The MIC value ranged between 1.56 to 12.56
mg/ml. The phytochemical analysis of the crude extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids,
phenolics, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, terpenes, steroids and carbohydrates. Anthraquinone
glycosides were absent. The present study clearly indicate that the crude methanolic extract of Thymus
serphyllum from high altitude of Kashmir Himalaya (2350 m) shows significant antibacterial activity in
concentration dependent manner.
Assessment of microwave assisted and hydrodistllation extraction on Echinops ...LucyPi1
Abstract Background: E. persicus which is well-known as Shakarook in local Persian botany and is extensively utilized in different parts of in Iran. Materials and methods: Essential oils from the aerial parts of Echinops persicus were isolated using hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) methods and the respective chemical profiles were analyzed by means of GC-MS technique. The in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts of E. persicus were investigated via using 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay as well as agar well-diffusion methods. The minimun inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the methanol extracts of E. persicus against the test microorganisms were determined by the broth microdilution method. Results: GC-MS essential oils analysis shows 29 and 36 compounds constituting 91.9% and 98.2% of the total oils using HD and MAHD methods, respectively. Furthermore, the methanol extracts of E. persicus exhibited higher DPPH radical scavenging activity than vitamin C with an IC50 value of 0.42 ± 0.16 µg/mL. Moreover, the prepared methanol extracts preliminarily showed promising antimicrobial activities against S. aureus with the MIC value of 6.2 mg/mL. Conclusion: This study confirms that the methanol extract of E. persicus plant exhibits considerable antioxidant and antimicrobial properties in vitro.
Chemical composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial activity of Thuja orientalisJing Zang
Essential oils derived from many aromatic plants are well known to possess cytotoxic, antioxidant, antifungal, insecticidal and antimicrobial activities. Thuja orientalis (family: Cupressaceae) is widely cultivated as a common ornamental plant. It possesses anti-plasmodial, antioxidant and elastase inhibitory activities. Chemical composition and pharmacological potential of hydro distillate from Thuja orientalis are reported in this study. Fresh fruits were subjected to conventional hydrodistillation. Antioxidant activity was assessed as free radical scavenging capacity (RSC) towards 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radicals and antibacterial activity was evaluated against six test bacteria by agar well diffusion method. Qualitative and Quantitative analysis of Thuja orientalis hydrodistillate by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry revealed the presence of nineteen constituents, representing 94.6% of the total oil. The major constituents of oil were alpha-pinene (83%), sabinene (2.6%), delta-3-carene (2.5%). The oil showed appreciable antibacterial effect against all Gram-positive and Gram negative bacteria tested with MIC values between 12.8-25.6 mg/ml. Therefore this oil could be used in the formulation of antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.
10 very important reasons you should not use sex toys made from jelly. Please consider your body when purchasing a sex toy or vibrator. Always choose one that states it is body safe and preferably made from 100% silicone. This presentation has been brought to you by Vibrator Kingdom and is in conjunction with the "Everyone Deserves A Safe Vibrator" campaign. #SoNotJell
Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essentialChina
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of the Essential Oils of Some Aromatic Medicinal Plants (Pulicaria inuloides-Asteraceae and Ocimum forskolei-Lamiaceae)
Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals using GC–MS in Leaf Ethanolic Extr...ijtsrd
Tragia involucrata is belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae common medicinal herb in Southern India. In the present investigation, air died powdered ethanol extracts of Tragia involucrata leaf sample was analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry GC–MS to identify the important phytochemical constituents. The GC MS analysis has shown the presence of 43 active compounds in the leaf extract. Based on area percentage, the top five major compounds present in the ethanolic extract were Palmitic acid 13.39 , 7Z,10Z,13Z 7,10,13 Hexadecatrienal 11.44 , 3beta,24s Stigmast 5 En 3 One 8.10 , Pipeline 7.37 and Friedelan 3 one 6.01 . The GC MS analysis of selected leaf extract proved that the presence of various bioactive compounds. These bioactive compounds justify, the use of this plant to treat various diseases by traditional practitioners. Kalaivanan M | A. Saravana Ganthi | M. Padma Sorna Subramanian "Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals using GC–MS in Leaf Ethanolic Extract of Tragia Involucrata L" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43651.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/biochemistry/43651/identification-of-bioactive-phytochemicals-using-gc–ms-in-leaf-ethanolic-extract-of-tragia-involucrata-l/kalaivanan-m
A REVIEW ON APPLICATIONS OF BIOSURFACTANTS PRODUCED FROM UNCONVENTIONAL INEXP...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Biosurfactants can serve as green alternative in different areas due to
their ecological acceptance as they are biodegradable and nontoxic.
Nowadays biosurfactants are predominantly used in pharmaceutical,
oil industry, and for the bioremediation of pollutants. Apart from these,
biosurfactants also show potential applications in many sectors of food
industry and agriculture. Allied with emulsion forming and breaking,
antiadhesive, functional ingredient, are some properties that can be
exploited in agro-food biotechnology. Potential role of biosurfactants
in food and agricultural sectors as well as present concern of lowering
the production cost of biosurfactants by using the unconventional
wastes as substrate is discussed in this article.
Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity evaluation of aqueous and ...Premier Publishers
Azadirachta indica Juss (neem) is a plant which has been used for a long time as traditional medicine for household remedy against various human ailments from antiquity. To evaluate the scientific basis for the use of Azadirachta indica, both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the dried leaves of the plant were subjected to phytochemical screening and determination of anti-microbial activity on six different species of bacteria and a fungus. The phytochemical screening of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of dried powdered leaves of the plant was done using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of the concentrated extracts was evaluated by determination of the diameter of zone of inhibition against the microorganisms using agar well diffusion method. The Phytochemical screening of the test plant revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, cardiac glucosides, phenols, resins, tannins, terpenes and steroids. Although, both plant extracts had antimicrobial effects against the test organisms, the aqueous extracts were found to show greater anti-microbial effect than ethanolic extract. Thus, the mean diameter zones of inhibition ranged from 0.03mm-40.00mm for aqueous extract and 0.50mm-21.00mm for ethanolic extract at the highest concentration of 50mg/ml. The finding of this study supports the use of neem leaf in the treatment of various microbial infections by alternative systems of medicine.
Cumulative effect of modified atmospheric packaging on the textural and chemi...SukhveerSingh31
Fruits and vegetables have been consumed by humans since ancient times. Scientific
investigations have proved that an increased consumption of fruits and vegetables is known to
reduce instances of cancer and cardiovascular mortality (Bhardwaj et al., 2014)
A B S T R A C T
The main objective of the present study is to formulate and evaluate a poly herbal ointment with antiseptic activity.
Ointments were formulated using methanolic extracts of Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica and Achyranthes
aspera which were evaluated for its physicochemical property, antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Ointments were
prepared using different concentrations of the extracts such as 2%, 4%, 6% w/w by fusion method using emulsifying
ointment as base. Formulations were then tested for its physicochemical properties which gave satisfactory results. The
prepared formulations were also stable at 4ºC, 25ºC and 37ºC. Further, Polyherbal formulations were evaluated for its antibacterial
activity against Betadine (5%w/w) as the standard. All the formulations showed Predominant activity against
selected species. Formulations were also evaluated for anti-oxidant activity through reducing power assay, nitric oxide and
hydrogen peroxide scavenging method. The results showed that the scavenging activity of the formulations increased with
increase in concentration and this is due to the presence of flavanoids and tannins. The presence of both antibacterial and
antioxidant activity reveals that the prepared ointment can also be used for wound healing. Hence an attempt was made to
formulate a Polyherbal ointment, and to evaluate for its physical parameter, in-vitro anti-oxidant activity and to compare its
antibacterial activity with a marketed formulation (5% w/w Betadine).Overall result of this study reveals that this is an
effective Polyherbal antiseptic ointment.
Keywords: Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica, Achyranthes aspera Formulations, Spread ability,
Extrudability
Effect of Carom Seed Oil on the Antimicrobial, Physicochemical and Mechanical...IJEABJ
Packaging material is necessary in the preservation process. Edible films containing essential oils can be incorporated into the conventional food packaging systems with a dual purpose, edible and natural preservative, that can maintain quality, extend the shelf life and reduce the risk of pathogen growth specifically in unprocessed or minimally processed foods like fruits and vegetables. In present study, pumpkin-arrowroot starch based edible film incorporated with carom seed oil at 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% were prepared and studied for the antimicrobial properties. Film with 1.5% Carom seed oil showed exceedingly good antimicrobial activities against E. coli, Staphylococcus and Aspergillus. The films were further studied for physical, mechanical and water vapour transmission properties. The results indicated that the film with 1.5% carom seed oil did not alter the mechanical properties of the film significantly, compared to control film and is ideal for coating to extend the shelf life of food products.
Assessment of Bioactive Activity of Blackberry Seed Extractijtsrd
The aim of this study was to determine the bioactive activity of the blackberry (Rubus laciniatus) seed extracts. Total phenolic and total antioxidant activity of blackberry seed extracts were assessed with respect to two extracting solvents (absolute ethanol and absolute acetone) and two extracting techniques (hot extraction at 40°C and cold extraction at 26°C). Proximate analysis showed that blackberry seeds contained 12.12% moisture, 8.00% protein, 0.74% fat, 2.15% ash and 76.99% total carbohydrate. The antioxidant activities of blackberry seeds were determined by evaluating total phenolic activity by gallic acid equivalent (GAE), total antioxidant capacity by ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE) content and ferric reducing powder assay. The tested sample showed variable amount of total phenolic content (33.21-56.56 mg GAEg of dry extract), total antioxidant capacity (75.46-82.42 AAEg) and reducing power (0.23-0.26) depending on different extraction techniques and solvents used. Higher amount of extract, total antioxidant capacity and reducing power were obtained for hot extraction technique. As compared to cold extraction technique, higher extract yields (7.48% vs 7.19% for ethanol and 4.35% vs 4.28% for acetone) and other properties were obtained by hot extraction for a given solvent. Ethanol extract with hot extraction technique gave total phenolic content as 56.56 mg GAEg of dry extract, total antioxidant capacity as 82.42 AAEg and reducing power as 0.26 at extract concentration of 250 µgml. The overall observations of the present experiment indicated that hot ethanol extract of blackberry seeds have strong antioxidant property and bioactive activity. Sajeda Begum | Pabitra Chandra Das | Md. Nur Hossain | Abdullah Iqbal"Assessment of Bioactive Activity of Blackberry Seed Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15947.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/food-engineering/15947/assessment-of-bioactive-activity-of-blackberry-seed-extract/sajeda-begum
The word “banana” is a general term comprising a number of species or hybrids in the genus Musa of family Musaceae. Many studies reported that banana is a good source of phenolic compounds, which are having potential health benefits in human beings. The phytochemical composition of eight banana varieties was investigated. Quantitative estimation of phytochemicals revealed that highest alkaloid and tannin content was noticed in variety Nendran (3.76% and 4.40 mg/100g respectively). Whereas, variety Rasakadali exhibited highest flavonoid content (9.49 mg/100). Total phenol and saponin content was found higher in variety Kadali (0.82% and 11.6 mg/100g respectively).
EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTING MIXTURE OF BENZENE AMINO PURINE (BAP) AND KINETIN (KN...Journal For Research
Naveen Gaurav , Assistant Professor Department of Biotechnology, S G R R P G College Dehradun, U.K.; A. P. Singh, Assistant Professor Department of Biotechnology, S G R R P G College Dehradun, U.K.; Arun Kumar, Professor, Department of Botany Govt. P.G. Science College, Rewa, M.P.; Aviral Maithani , M.Sc Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology , SGRRPG College Dehradun, U.K.; Aditi Grover, M.Sc Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology , SGRRPG College Dehradun, U.K.
Antibacterial activity of aerial parts of thymus serphyllum linn against clin...IJSIT Editor
In the present research work in vitro antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of aerial parts of
Thymus serphyllum L. growing wild in Kashmir Himalaya was evaluated by agar well diffusion method and
broth dilution assay against nine human pathogenic bacterial strains, known to cause serious infections. The
extract was also screened for the presence of various bioactive phytoconstituents present in the plant. The
extract in the present study possess appreciable potential of inhibiting the growth of all the bacterial strains
at all tested concentrations (30, 60 and 90 mg/ml). The highest sensitivity was exhibited against
Staphylococcus epidermidis MTCC- 435 and Staphylococcus aureus with mean zones of inhibition 20.66 and 20
mm respectively at the concentration of 90 mg/ml. Salmonella typhi showed the least activity with mean zone
of inhibition of 10.00 mm at the concentration of 30 mg/ml. The MIC value ranged between 1.56 to 12.56
mg/ml. The phytochemical analysis of the crude extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids,
phenolics, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, terpenes, steroids and carbohydrates. Anthraquinone
glycosides were absent. The present study clearly indicate that the crude methanolic extract of Thymus
serphyllum from high altitude of Kashmir Himalaya (2350 m) shows significant antibacterial activity in
concentration dependent manner.
Assessment of microwave assisted and hydrodistllation extraction on Echinops ...LucyPi1
Abstract Background: E. persicus which is well-known as Shakarook in local Persian botany and is extensively utilized in different parts of in Iran. Materials and methods: Essential oils from the aerial parts of Echinops persicus were isolated using hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) methods and the respective chemical profiles were analyzed by means of GC-MS technique. The in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts of E. persicus were investigated via using 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay as well as agar well-diffusion methods. The minimun inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the methanol extracts of E. persicus against the test microorganisms were determined by the broth microdilution method. Results: GC-MS essential oils analysis shows 29 and 36 compounds constituting 91.9% and 98.2% of the total oils using HD and MAHD methods, respectively. Furthermore, the methanol extracts of E. persicus exhibited higher DPPH radical scavenging activity than vitamin C with an IC50 value of 0.42 ± 0.16 µg/mL. Moreover, the prepared methanol extracts preliminarily showed promising antimicrobial activities against S. aureus with the MIC value of 6.2 mg/mL. Conclusion: This study confirms that the methanol extract of E. persicus plant exhibits considerable antioxidant and antimicrobial properties in vitro.
Chemical composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial activity of Thuja orientalisJing Zang
Essential oils derived from many aromatic plants are well known to possess cytotoxic, antioxidant, antifungal, insecticidal and antimicrobial activities. Thuja orientalis (family: Cupressaceae) is widely cultivated as a common ornamental plant. It possesses anti-plasmodial, antioxidant and elastase inhibitory activities. Chemical composition and pharmacological potential of hydro distillate from Thuja orientalis are reported in this study. Fresh fruits were subjected to conventional hydrodistillation. Antioxidant activity was assessed as free radical scavenging capacity (RSC) towards 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radicals and antibacterial activity was evaluated against six test bacteria by agar well diffusion method. Qualitative and Quantitative analysis of Thuja orientalis hydrodistillate by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry revealed the presence of nineteen constituents, representing 94.6% of the total oil. The major constituents of oil were alpha-pinene (83%), sabinene (2.6%), delta-3-carene (2.5%). The oil showed appreciable antibacterial effect against all Gram-positive and Gram negative bacteria tested with MIC values between 12.8-25.6 mg/ml. Therefore this oil could be used in the formulation of antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.
10 very important reasons you should not use sex toys made from jelly. Please consider your body when purchasing a sex toy or vibrator. Always choose one that states it is body safe and preferably made from 100% silicone. This presentation has been brought to you by Vibrator Kingdom and is in conjunction with the "Everyone Deserves A Safe Vibrator" campaign. #SoNotJell
Plant Covering Materials & Techniques; Gardening Guidebook for Taiwan ~ National Taiwan University~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
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Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of Thymus capitatus Essential Oil (EO)...IIJSRJournal
Pathogenic bacteria recently turned to be increasingly resistant to the most commonly used antibiotics, thus it becomes an essential need to find another active component that participates in controlling pathogens harms. Thymus capitatus is an endemic aromatic medical plant wildly distributed in the Libyan Green Mountain; therefore, T. capitatus extracted essential oil was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity. T. capitatus was chemically analyzed to determine the antimicrobial active components using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric techniques (GC/MS). The plant represented twenty-one chemical compounds including Alpha-thujenes, Gamma-terpinen, Carvacrol, Thymol, Trans-caryophyllene, Aroma dendrene, Alpha-humulene, Ledene, Gamma cadinene, Delta-cadinene, (-)-spathulenol, Caryophullene oxid, Alpha cadinol, Iso aromadrene epoxide, Cis-alpha bisabolene, Vulgarol B, 2-ethyl-4-methyl anisole, Hexanoic acid, oct-3-en-zylester, Phenol l, 2, 3, 5, 6 tetramethyl and Anisole. The antimicrobial activity of T. capitatus aromatic essential oil (EO) was analyzed on several types of pathogens using serial aromatic oil dilutions including (50%, 25%, 13%, 6% and 3%). The results showed 50% oil dilution is the most effective concentration for all tested pathogens including Escherichia coli 7839 ATCC; Klebsiella pneumoniae 700603 ATCC; Staphylococcus aureus 12973 ATCC and Enterococcus faecalis 12697 ATCC with an average diameter of inhibition zone was 28 mm. The same oil concentration (50%) showed antimicrobial effect against pathogenic bacteria isolated from urinary tract infection including S. saprophyticus, E. faecalis, E. coli; and K pneumonia with an average diameter of inhibition zone was 26 mm. Our study may contribute to initial knowledge and would help to discover substances with potential therapeutic uses.
RESEARCH IN ESSENTIAL OILS: THE CASE OF OREGANONora Mahfouf
The plant of oregano can be used as a natural source of antioxidants to prevent oxidative degradation of foods and to minimize oxidative damage to living cells.
Study of Bioactive Components Present in Oil Extracted from Fenugreek Seed: R...AI Publications
A fenugreek seed (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a native of India, and also found in Mediterranean region, southern Europe, Africa and western Asia. These seeds have their importance due to the medicinal properties as well as nutraceutical value present in their chemical composition. This fenugreek seeds were used for treating diabetes, menstrual cramps, cancer, heart related disease, skin and hair fall treatments, high per tension, weight loss, to increase milk supply in women who were breastfeeding. This seeds is found to be abundant in N-Dimethylaminomethyl, 1-ptoprnol, 2, 2-dimethyl-aceto, Aziridine,1,2,3-trimethyl-trans, 2-pentanone,4-hydroxy-4 meth, 2-trimethylsily-1,3-dithiane, 3-0-methyl-d-glucose, d-mannopyranoiside,uronate,Diazidine1,3,3-trimethyl,Methyl 4,8dimethylnonanoate There are numerous methods available on extraction of these compounds right from conventional (Maceration, Percolation, Reflux extraction, Soxhlet extraction, microwave assist extraction, pressurised liquid extraction, super critical fluid extraction, Pulsed electric field extraction, Enzyme assisted extraction, Ultrasound assisted extraction) apart from this some water based extraction technique may also use to extract bioactive compounds from fenugreek seeds. In present article a focus has been given to highlight importance of fenugreek seeds extract in terms of extraction of bioactive compounds and their probable application in the area of food and pharmaceuticals.
The present investigation was conducted with the aim to determine effective application of natural antimicrobial compounds mungbean sprouts and to assess the microbial quality of treated sprouts in terms of total plate count (TPC). Mungbeans were treated right from the time of germination (pre-germination mode) or its sprouts were treated for 15 min (post-germination mode) with 0.1% sodium benzoate as chemical preservative (Control II) and with various bio-preservatives viz., 7.7% clove, 9.5% cinnamon, 7.9% garlic 7.9% ginger crude extracts. The un-treated mungbean served as control (Control-I). The sprouts were packed in plastic disposable cups and stored in dark at room temperature (20±3C) conditions and low temperature (7±1C) conditions. A significant decreased rate of growth in TPC of sprouts during storage was observed under various treatments, however, the effect was lesser in post-germination mode. In pre-germination mode, at both temperature regimes, the minimum total plate count was observed in clove, while all other treatments were showing equal effectiveness. In post-germination mode all the treatments were equally effective in reducing total plate count. In conclusion, 7.7% clove crude extract showed highest effectiveness in pre-germination mode while in post-germination all crude extracts of bio-preservatives showed equal effectiveness at both storage temperatures.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
A Comparative study of the Antimicrobial activities of five varieties of esse...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ANTIFUNGAL EFFECT OF OILS AND THEIR UNSAPONIFIABLE F...EDITOR IJCRCPS
The main objective of the study was to assess the in vitro antifungal potency of the unsaponifiable fraction extracted
from coat and bark seeds oils of Citrullus colocynthis L against pathogenic fungal strains namely Aspergillus flavus,
Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium expansum and Fusarium oxysporum. In terms of the physico-chemical
characterization, oils under study showed evidence of quality standards relating to vegetable oils. Unsaponifiable
matter yield recorded was approximately 0.93% and 1.03%, for the seed coat oil and bark seed oil respectively.
Antifungal activity carried out by radial growth on solid medium (Potatoes Dextrose Agar acidified) revealed that the
oils and the corresponding unsaponifiable fractions exhibited complete inhibition of fungal growth. Maximal antifungal
index inhibition (IAF=100%) were recorded at 5% and 2.5% dilutions of each fraction tested. The results provided
evidence that the unsaponifiable oils fractions might indeed be potential sources of natural antifungal agents and
deserve further studies to characterize the biological compounds included in these fractions.
Keywords: Citrullus colocynthis seeds, seed coat, bark, oils, unsaponifiable fraction, antifungal activity.
Comparative Testing of Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous Extract of Bergenia ...IOSRJPBS
The aim of this research was to formulate a gel comprising of the both extracts of Bergenia ligulata rhizomes and Butea monosperma flowers that would aid in wound healing by exhibiting antibacterial activity at the site of wound infection if any. As per the literature survey conducted it was found that aqueous extract of Bergenia ligulata rhizomes and ethanolic extract of Butea monosperma flowers have good potential of antibacterial activity. Hence this antibacterial activity was studied with the help of agar well-diffusion assay method, against the micro-organisms-S. aureus, MRSA, Pr. vulgaris, and E.coli . Both these extracts were obtained through Soxhlet extraction process and this process was optimized to get maximum yield of extraction. By agar gel well- diffusion assay at the concentration of about 100µg/mL both the extracts exhibited maximum zone of inhibition. This concentration was helpful in deciding the dose for topical gel formulation.
Over the past decades, the use of natural additives has increased as an alternative to artificial ingredients in the food industry. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of pomegranate peel (PP) as a natural food additive. Many factors, including genotype, could affect the quality of PP as a by-product of juice production with many nutritional, functional and anti-infective properties. In this study, the most significant phytochemical characters of thirty Iranian pomegranate peels (IPP) from different genotypes, including total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC), and nine phenolic compounds were determined. The HPLC-DAD-MS results of PPEs revealed nine phenolic compounds in the IPP extracts. Punicalagin β, punicalagin α, and ellagic acid were the main components constituting 20.8–48.7, 13.9–30.1, and 1.6–13.4 μg/mg DW, respectively. The peel of IPP23 (Kabdar-Shirin-e- Behshahr) contained the highest quantity of polyphenolic compounds. Also, TPC and TFC of the peel extracts ranged between 66.38 and 181.41 mg GAE/ g DW and 38.5 to 144.13 mg RE/ g DW, respectively. Eventually, antioxidant potential estimated by the DPPH assay ranged between 4.1 and 14.4 μg/ml. The results showed that the antioxidant property of pomegranate peel extracts is significantly higher than the standard of gallic acid. Also, the peel of the genotypes that had high phenolic compounds were introduced as superior genotypes. The results of HCA showed that, among the studied genotypes, the peel of IPP23 can be introduced as a potential source of natural preservatives in the food industry.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
research papers Life Sciences Biotechnology and Pharma Sciencesnagarajukarnatik4hit
our International Journal of Life Sciences Biotechnology and Pharma Sciences (IJLBPS) stands as a beacon of scientific excellence in the realm of life sciences, biotechnology, and pharmaceutical sciences. Published quarterly, this esteemed journal serves as a platform for disseminating high-quality original research, reviews, and short communications that push the boundaries of knowledge and innovation in these dynamic fields.
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1. Journal of Food Biosciences and Technology,
Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Vol. 5, No. 2, 31-40, 2015
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Mentha pulegium L. and
its Antimicrobial Activity on Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus subtilis and
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii
M. A. Khosravi Zanjani a*
, N. Mohammadi a
, M. Zojaji b
, H. Bakhoda c
a
Ph. D. Research Student of the Department of Food Science and Technology, Tehran Science and Research
Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
b
Research Laboratory Expert, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
c
Assistant professor of the Department of Agricultural Mechanization, Faculty of Agriculture, Tehran Science
and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Received: 11 April 2015 Accepted: 5 May 2015
ABSTRACT: There is a growing interest in food industry to replace the synthetic chemicals by the natural
products with bioactive properties from plant origin. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical
composition of Mentha pulegium essential oil and to characterize the antimicrobial activities of the essential oil.
The essential oil of Mentha pulegium was analyzed by GC-MS. The evaluation of the antimicrobial activity on
Proteus mirabilis ATCC 15146, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 12711 and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii ATCC 14679
was determined by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration procedure. The sensitivity of microorganisms was also
measured by disc diffusion and cup plate methods. The essential oil of Mentha pulegium revealed pulegone,
cineole and piperitenone were the main constituents, comprising 19.89%, 19.38%% and 15.14% of the essential
oil, respectively. The results showed a significant antimicrobial activity against microorganisms especially
Bacillus subtilis, while the least susceptible microorganism was Zygosaccharomyces rouxii (P<0.05). The
minimum inhibitory concentration of the essential oil of Mentha pulegium was 0.5%, 1.25% and 1.5% for
Bacillus subtilis, Proteus mirabilis and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii respectively. In this research work, Bacillus
subtilis bacteria was more sensitive to the essential oil than Proteus mirabilis. In general, this study indicated
that the essential oil of Mentha pulegium has remarkable antimicrobial activity on microorganism especially
gram positive bacteria. Related researches are required to assess the efficacy of this essential oil in therapeutic
applications.
Keywords:Bacillus subtilis, Mentha pulegium Essential Oil, Proteus mirabilis, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii.
Introduction1
Synthetic chemical compounds are used
as antimicrobial agents in food products to
prevent microbial spoilage. However, the
use of chemical preservatives might cause
many environmental, medical and economic
problems. Thus, it is necessary to provide an
accessible and easy method without any
toxicity to humans and plants (Nobakht et
*
Corresponding Author:
mohammadali_khosravi66@yahoo.com
al., 2011; Teixeira et al., 2012). Since
consumers are less willing to use products
that contain synthetic preservatives or
additives, natural compounds can be good
alternatives for this purpose. These
compounds increase the shelf-life of foods
by preventing the growth of photogenic
microorganisms and protecting food
products against oxidizing agents (Diaz-
Maroto et al., 2007; Shirazi et al., 2004).
Many researchers have used essential oils
of aromatic plants to enhance the shelf-life
2. M. A. Khosravi Zanjani et al.
32
of foods (Nobakht et al., 2011; Erhan et al.,
2012; Ghalamkari et al., 2012) while others
have investigated the antioxidant and
antimicrobial properties of extracts and
essential oils (Kamkar et al., 2010; El-
ghorab, 2006; Mahboubi and Haghi, 2008).
Essential oils are a mixture of volatile
organic compounds extracted from non-
woody parts of plants through steam or
hydrodistillation (Teixeira et al., 2012; Riahi
et al., 2013). Therefore, more than 3000
essential oils have been identified. About,
300 commercially essential oils are used in
pharmaceutical, agricultural, food, health,
cosmetics and perfumery industries (Kamkar
et al., 2010; El-ghorab, 2006; Mahboubi and
Haghi, 2008). The antimicrobial activity of
the essential oils is related to their chemical
structure. Essential oils are characterized by
two or three original constituents with
highest concentrations (greater than 80%) as
compared to those found in lower
concentrations (Mahboubi and Haghi, 2008;
Ait-Ouazzou et al., 2012). Menta Pulegium
L. is a plant of Lamiaceae or Labiatae
family which can be found throughout the
world. Mentha Pulegium is one of Menta
species which is typically called Pennyroyal.
Mentha pulegium is a herb native to
europe, north africa, minor asia and the
middle east (Teixeira et al., 2012). Mentha
pulegium is traditionally used in the
treatment of colds, sinusitis, cholera, food
poisoning, bronchitis and tuberculosis (Diaz-
Maroto et al., 2007; Shirazi et al., 2004).
According to the literature, the essential
oil of Mentha pulegium can be regarded as a
good alternative to the synthetic antioxidants
due to the prevention of polyunsaturated
fatty acids oxidation (Ait-Ouazzou et al.,
2012; Kamkar et al., 2010). Typically, the
leaves, flowers, and branches of Mentha
pulegium are used due to the antimicrobial
properties (Hassanpour et al., 2012; Kanakis
et al., 2012).
It is also used as an additive in tea,
commercial spices or is mixed with other
foods to create a flavor (Teixeira et al.,
2012; Nickavar et al., 2008). Many studies
have been carried out on the chemical
composition of Mentha pulegium essential
oil (Ozgen et al., 2006; Padmashree et al.,
2007). It has been proven that the essential
oil of Mentha pulegium has antimicrobial
activity (Riahi et al., 2013; Mahboubi and
Haghi, 2008). Nowadays, synthetic
preservatives are mainly used to maintain
and increase the shelf-life of food products.
However, the over use of synthetic
preservatives in food products might cause
side effects in consumers. Therefore,
replacement of synthetic compounds with
natural preservatives such as Mentha
pulegium essential oil can play a significant
role in public health promotion. Therefore,
research concerned with the antimicrobial
effects of Mentha pulegium essential oil on
Proteus mirabilis and Bacillus subtilis as
spoiling agents of food products has not
been carried out. Bacillus subtilis causes
bacterial spoilage of food products in bakery
and cereal industries. Various species of
Proteus, especially mirabilis and Proteus
vulgaris cause food poisoning of poultry
meat (Wang et al., 2010; Zhao et al., 2014).
Proteus species have been identified as
opportunistic etiologic agents in infections
of respiratory system, ulcers, wounds, burns,
skin, eyes, ears, throat, and gastroenteritis
caused by consumption of contaminated
foods. Some Proteus subspecies cause the
same reaction as that occurred by typhus
agent in the human immune system (Wang
et al., 2010; Gul et al., 2013; Vinogradov et
al., 1991). There has not been a research
study on the antimicrobial effect of Mentha
pulegium essential oil on
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii. The yeast can
tolerate high osmotic pressures and cause
spoilage of foods including soft drinks and
juices (Martorrell et al., 2007; Rojo et al.,
2014). The aim of the present study is to
determine the chemical composition of
Mentha pulegium essential oil using GC-MS
3. J. FBT, IAU, Vol. 5, No. 2, 31-40, 2015
33
apparatus and evaluate its antimicrobial
activity on the spoiling agents including
Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus subtilis and
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii.
Materials and Methods
- Preparation of the plant
The required amount of Mentha pulegium
was collected from certain areas of Tehran
and its scientific name was approved. The
collected plant was dried at ambient
conditions for 10 days. The dried plant was
used to extract the tessential oil.
- Preparation of cell suspension
Proteus mirabilis ATCC 15146, Bacillus
subtilis ATCC 12711 and
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii ATCC 14679
were purchased from Scientific and
Industrial Organization Iran. The microbial
suspensions were prepared and lyophilized
cells were inoculated in nutrient agar for 24
h at 37°C according to McFarland method.
To achieve the appropriate microbial load
for inoculation, a relationship between the
microbial suspension absorption and the
number of microbes was calculated using a
spectrophotometer (VARIAN, USA). For
each suspension with known absorption
value, microbial count was performed using
nutrient agar medium at 37°C for 48 h
(Mahboubi and Haghi, 2008; Zanjani et al.,
2012). To prepare yeast microbial
suspension, yeast lyophilized powder was
dissolved in 20 ml of YPD broth culture
medium and then was incubated at 24°
C for
48 h. The chemical composition of the
culture medium per liter consist of 40 g
glucose, 5 g peptone, 5 g yeast extract and
20 g agar. Pour plate method was used to
dilute suspensions. The prepared suspension
(106
CFU/ml) was stored at 4°
C.
- Essential oil preparation
Dried Mentha pulegium was milled using
a crusher. The essential oil of Mentha
pulegium was extracted by hydrodistillation
in Clevenger apparatus for 4 h. The essential
oil to dry weight ratio was 0.67% w/w. The
extracted essential oil was stored in colored
glass at 4°
C.
- The minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC)
The minimum inhibitory concentration of
each species was determined by blotting
method using 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 0.8, 1, 1.25
and 1.5% concentrations of the essential oil.
For bacteria in each plate, 15 mL of Mueller
Hinton agar culture medium with the desired
concentration of the essential oil and DMSO
(Dimethyl sulfoxide) were used. It is
important to note that DMSO was used for
uniform dispersion of the essential oil over
the surface of culture medium. The blot
diameter was about 3 mm equivalent to 0.5
McFarland of the desired microorganism. A
control plate (with a blot lacking the
essential oil) and a plate (with a blot lacking
the essential oil with 8% DMSO) were used
to examine the possible effect of DMSO.
The plates were transferred to an oven at 37
°
C. After 48 h of incubation, the plates were
examined for microbial growth. The same
procedure was used for Zygosaccharomyces
rouxii using YPD agar culture medium. The
blot diameter was about 2 micrometers
containing 106
CFU/ml of the yeast. To
study the microbial growth, the plates
containing the yeast was incubated at 24 °
C
for 48 h. The minimum concentration of
essential oil that inhibits the growth of
Bacillus subtilis, Proteus mirabilis and
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii was reported as
minimum inhibitory concentration
(Mahboubi and Haghi, 2008; Zanjani et al.,
2012). The experiments were performed in
three replications.
- Sensitivity of microorganisms to Mentha
pulegium essential oil
Disk diffusion and cup plate methods
were used for more detailed comparison of
the sensitivity of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii,
4. M. A. Khosravi Zanjani et al.
34
Proteus mirabilis and Bacillus subtilis to
Mentha pulegium essential oil.
- Disk diffusion method
In this method, the sterile control discs
were placed in the essential oil for 5 min to
absorb the essential oil completely. A
suspension equivalent to 0.5 McFarland was
prepared from 24-h cultures of bacteria and
a uniform culture was prepared by swab
over the Mueller-Hinton agar medium. Discs
containing essential oils were placed on the
surface of the culture medium. The plates
were incubated at 37 °
C for 48 h. The same
procedure was used for Zygosaccharomyces
rouxii using YPD agar culture medium. The
plate containing the yeast was incubated at
24 °
C for 48 h to study the inhibition zone.
Bacteria and yeast sensitivity or resistance
against the essential oil was determined by
measuring the inhibition zone diameter. If
the diameter of inhibition zone is less than
12 mm, the microorganism is resistant, a
diameter between 12 and 16 mm shows a
relatively sensitive microorganism and a
diameter greater than 16 mm was considered
to be quite sensitive (Prasannabalaji et al.,
2012; Mahboubi and Haghi, 2008; Indu and
Hatha, 2006; Srinivasan et al., 2001). The
experiments were performed in three
replications.
- Cup plate method
In this method, a bacterial suspension
equivalent to 0.5 McFarland was uniformly
cultured on the surface of Mueller Hinton
agar medium. Then, the cup plates with a
diameter of 6 mm was created using a cork
borer. About 100 ml of the essential oil was
added to the cup plate using a sampler. The
cup plate was incubated at 37 °C for 48 h.
The same procedure was used for
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii using YPD agar
culture medium. The plate containing the
yeast was incubated at 24°
C for 48 h to study
the inhibition zone. Bacteria and yeast
sensitivity or resistance against the essential
oil was determined by measuring the
inhibition zone diameter (Prasannabalaji et
al., 2012; Indu and Hatha, 2006; Srinivasan
et al., 2001). The experiments were
performed in three replications.
- The chemical composition of essential oil
The constituents of the Mentha pulegium
essential oil was identified by the GC
apparatus equipped with a mass
spectrometer (GC-MS, HP-6840/5973).
- Statistical analysis
A complete randomized factorial design
was used for analysis of the results that were
means of three replications. Data analysis
was carried out using Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (SPSS) Inc. software (20:
SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). The mean
differences were analyzed by Duncan’s
multiple range test.
Results and Discussion
- Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
The results obtained from the plates
cultured by three microorganisms at various
concentrations of the essential oil showed
that Bacillus subtilis was grown only in the
plate containing 0.25% Mentha pulegium
essential oil, while it was grown in the
control sample and the sample containing
DMSO. Accordingly, a minimum inhibitory
concentration of 0.5% Mentha pulegium
essential oil was reported for Bacillus
subtilis. The minimum inhibitory
concentrations of Mentha pulegium essential
oil for Proteus mirabilis and
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii were 1.25 and
1.5%, respectively.
- Sensitivity of microorganisms
Disk diffusion and cup plate methods
were used to study the sensitivity and
resistance of bacteria and yeast against
Mentha pulegium essential oil. According to
the results, Mentha pulegium essential oil
has been able to affect all microorganisms
5. J. FBT, IAU, Vol. 5, No. 2, 31-40, 2015
35
therefore the diameter of inhibition zone for
all 3 types of microorganisms was larger
than 12 ml in disk diffusion method. Table 1
shows the diameter of inhibition zone
measured by cup plate and disk diffusion
methods. As can be observed, all the
bacteria were sensitive to Mentha pulegium
essential oil, but Proteus mirabilis showed a
greater resistance as compared to Bacillus
subtilis (P<0.05). Bacillus subtilis with an
inhibition zone diameters of 17.2 mm (cup
plate method) and 17.45 mm (disk diffusion
method) was the most sensitive bacteria.
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii showed the least
sensitivity with an inhibition zone diameter
of 12.2 mm.
- The chemical composition of Mentha
pulegium essential oil
The chemical composition of Mentha
pulegium essential oil is shown in Table 2
and the chromatogram obtained from GC-
MS is presented in Figure 1.
Comparing the GC results (Table 2 and
Figure 1) with those reported by others there
are differences in the percentage of phenolic
compounds despite the similarity of
compounds. This might be due to different
geographical conditions of the plants. In the
present study, pulegone (19.89%), cineole
(19.38%) and piperitenone (15.14%) were
the predominant compounds present.
Identification of new compounds for
inhibition of pathogenic or spoiling
microorganisms is of great importance.
Natural compounds found in the plants
might be important and potential source of
new types of food preservatives. Despite
increasing research in this field, further
studies on antimicrobial activity and
chemical composition of these compounds
are required. The Mentha pulegium essential
oil evaluated in this study showed different
antimicrobial activity against three
microorganisms. The chemical profile of the
essential oil was different with that observed
by other researchers. According to the
literature, some of the compounds are found
in all species but at different concentrations
presumably due to differences caused by
environmental factors (Ait-Ouazzou et al.,
2012; Reis-Vasco et al., 1999; Kanakis et
al., 2012). In general, different species of
Mentha pulegium contain high contents of
piperitone, piperitenone or pulegone. Given
the chemical composition of Mentha
pulegium, the samples were similar to the
species found in Portugal (Teixeira et al.,
2012), Kazeroon in Iran (Mahboubi and
Haghi, 2008) and Morocco (Ait-Ouazzou et
al., 2012). The antibacterial activity of
Mentha pulegium essential oil has been
attributed to the major constituents including
pulegone, isomenthon, menthone and
piperitenone (Hajlaoui et al., 2009) or
increased concentration of piperitone and the
synergistic effects of other constituents
(Mahboubi and Haghi, 2008). High content
Table 1. Minimum inhibitory concentration and diameter of inhibition zone measured by cup plate and disk
diffusion methods for three microorganisms
Microorganisms
Minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC)
Cup plate method
(mm)
Disk diffusion
(mm)
Proteus mirabilis 1.25 % 0.23 a*
±14.3 0.37 a
±15.24
Bacillus subtilis 0.5 % 0.32 b
±17.2 0.26 b
±17.45
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii 1.5% 0.12 c
±12.2 0.33 c
±12.51
*Means with different letter in a column are significantly different (P<0.05).
6. M. A. Khosravi Zanjani et al.
36
Table 2. The main constituents of the essential oil of Mentha pulegium
(%)RTCompounds(%)RT a
Compounds
1.81938Alpha-pinene4.9912172-Methtlene-1-cyclohexanol
0.91976Sabinene19.891239Pulegone
3.00979Beta-Pinene0.7312511,2,3-Trimethyl Cyclohexane
19.3810351,8-Cineole3.081275Piperitone
1.6710782-Methylpropylidene0.7412812-cyclohexen-2-one
4.421140Menthone0.571290Thymol
3.791160Delta-Terpineol15.141350Piperitenone
3.541178Endo-Borneol0.7013753-Ethoxy-4-Methoxyphenol
1.151184Cis-Iso Pulegone4.291389Cis-Salvene
1.401190Terpinene-4-ol0.7514022-Cylopenten-1-One
6.681205Alpha-Terpineol1.191580Minit Furanone
a: Retention time
of cineole might justify the antimicrobial
activity of Mentha pulegium essential oil
(Teixeira et al., 2012; Ait-Ouazzou et al.,
2012). Oxygenated monoterpene (which are
significantly more active than hydrocarbon
monoterpene) are largely found in Mentha
pulegium essential oil (Ait-Ouazzou et al.,
2012). The results also showed that Mentha
pulegium essential oil can be an effective
inhibitor for most microbial and yeast strains
examined in this study. The previous results
of disk diffusion and cup plate methods
(Mahboubi and Haghi, 2008; Hajlaoui et al.,
2009) suggested that Mentha pulegium
essential oil shows a strong antimicrobial
activity against microorganisms, especially
gram-positive bacteria with an inhibition
zone of 10-31 mm (Hajlaoui et al., 2009).
In addition, Mentha pulegium essential oil
shows a strong bacteriostatic activity against
all strains (Ait-Ouazzou et al., 2012). The
use of Mentha pulegium essential oil can
increase the shelf-life of most food products
such as fresh meat and fish (Erhan et al.,
2012). According to the Table 1, the gram-
positive bacteria were more sensitive than
gram-negative bacteria due to the protective
effect of lipopolysaccharide layer on the
outer wall of the gram-negative bacteria.
Gram-positive bacteria like
Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus
are more sensitive to Mentha pulegium
essential oil than gram-negative E. coli
bacteria (Oueslati et al., 2010; Mahboubi
and Haghi, 2008).
Pulegone as a monoterpene phenolic
compound penetrates the lipid wall of
bacteria leading to the breakdown of the cell
wall and bacterial cell death due to leakage
of cell contents. The phenolic compounds
cause the destruction of bacterial cell by
affecting the transport of electrons in the
cytoplasm, protein synthesis and cell
enzymes (Hajlaoui et al., 2009; Erhan et al.,
2012; Ait-Ouazzou et al., 2012). The results
indicated that Mentha pulegium essential oil
has a significant antimicrobial activity on
Proteus mirabilis as a gram-negative
bacteria. Proteus species cause infection,
especially in people with immune problems.
In this process, membrane polysaccharides
of Proteus bacteria play an important role
(Wang et al., 2010). Proteus mirabilis is
known as an opportunistic etiologic factor
7. J. FBT, IAU, Vol. 5, No. 2, 31-40, 2015
37
Fig. 1. Chromatogram of the essential oil of Mentha pulegium
causing infections in respiratory systems,
ulcers and gastroenteritis resulting from the
consumption of contaminated foods (Gul et
al., 2013; Vinogradov et al., 1991). Proteus
mirabilis causes food poisoning in many
products such as chicken and is usually
resistant to existing antibiotics (Zhao et al.,
2014; Wang et al., 2010). Mentha pulegium
essential oil with concentration of 1.5% had
an inhibitory effect on Saccharomyces
rouxii. Although several studies have been
conducted on antifungal and antimicrobial
8. M. A. Khosravi Zanjani et al.
38
properties of Mentha pulegium, there is no
study on Zygosaccharomyces rouxii. The
results of disk diffusion and cup plate
methods showed that Saccharomyces rouxii
is less sensitive to Mentha pulegium
essential oil, because it can tolerate high
osmotic pressures in unfavorable
environmental conditions and cause spoilage
of foods including soft drinks and juices.
Most routine preservatives are not able to
reduce the yeast in carbonated drinks
(Martorell et al., 2007; Rojo et al., 2014). In
addition, the spoiling yeasts such as
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii are able to grow
in an acidic environment with low water
activity containing 18% alcohol (Rojo et al.,
2014).
Conclusion
The use of chemical preservatives cause
many environmental, medical and
economical problems. Therefore, methods
should be provided without any toxicity and
side effects to human and plants. The
synthetic preservatives are mainly used to
maintain and increase the shelf-life of food
products. The overuse of such preservatives
in food products is associated with
dangerous side effects for consumers.
Understanding the significant effect of
Mentha pulegium essential oil on the
microorganisms that contribute to food
spoilage, the use of this essential oil in food
and pharmaceutical industries might play
important roles in improving the public
standard of health.
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