The document provides an overview of grammar, detailing its components and rules for various parts of speech such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. It explains how different languages exhibit unique grammatical structures while also discussing the evolution of language and grammar over time. Additionally, it covers sentence construction, including the roles of clauses and conjunctions, as well as emphasizing the importance of syntax in creating meaningful communication.

1. Jazera
Presentation
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2. Grammar Definition
Grammar means the rulesabout how to speak and write in a
language. The AncientGreeks used to call itgrammatikē tékhnē,
the craftof letters.
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3. All languageshave their own grammar.
Most European languages are rather
similar,but some, such as Chinese
and Japanese, are very differentfrom
all European languages
Different Languages
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4. Changing Language
Written grammar changesslowlybut spoken
grammar is more fluid.Sentences which English
speakers find normal today, might have seemed
strange 100 years ago.

5. Grammar studies syntax as well asthe different parts of
language. These are called "partsof speech". They fit
together according to rulesand create sentences.
Sentences fit together and create paragraphs
Syntax
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6. Grammar Studies :
Parts Of Speech
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Adjectives
Pronouns
Verbs
Nouns01
02
03
04
Adverbs05
Prepositions06
Conjuctions07
Sentences08
Phrases09
Clauses10
Interjections11

7. Nounsare 'thing'wordslike
'table and 'chair'.They are
objects,things you see in
everyday life.Proper nouns
are places,people's names,
or other thingslikedays of
the week.
Nouns
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8. Pronouns
A pronoun is traditionally a part of speech ingrammar, though many
modern linguists call it a type of noun. In English, pronouns are
words such as me, she, his, them, herself, each other, it, what
Pronouns are often used totake the place of a noun, whenthat noun
is understood (has already been named), toavoid repeating it. For
example, instead of saying
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9. Verbs
Verbs describe actions andstates. Action:"Johnthrew the
ball". State: "I am worried". The basic verb form is called
the infinitive. The infinitive for existence is "to be".
Variations of the infinitive
create verbtenses.
Past Tense
PresentTense
Future Tense

10. Pasttense is averb formwhich ismarked by time (tense).
The past tense isused for actionsin a time which has
already happened.
Past Tense
SimplePastTense
Perfect tense
The two that are used the most :

11. The simple past tense isused when tellinga story. Differentverbschange in differentways to make the
past tense. The most common wayis byending.
Simple Past Tense

12. PerfectTense
The Perfectis aboutcompletion:
actionswhich arecompleted. The
tense refersto a period in the
past. In English the Perfectis
made byhave + -ed or variations
of that form.
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13. Thepresent tense is used for actions in a time which
is happening now. In order to explain and
understand present tense, it is useful to imagine
time as a line on which thepast tense, thepresent
and the futuretense are positioned.
Present Tense
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14. Futuretense isa verb formwhich is
marked by time (tense). The future tense
is used for actionsin a time which hasnot
yet happened.
Future Tense
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15. Futuretense isa verb formwhich is
marked by time (tense). The future
tense isused for actionsin a time
which hasnotyet happened.
Adjectives
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16. Adverb
An adverb isa word used to tell more abouta verb, and it almost always answers
the questions how?,when?,where?,how often?,and in what way?.Words
likeslowly,loudly,carefully,quickly,quietlyor sadlyare all adverbs. Adverbs
usually,but notalways,end in -ly.
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17. It’s Time
to Break
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18. Preposition
Prepositionsare words which linknouns,
pronounsand phrasesto other wordsin a
sentence.Prepositions usually describethe
position of something, the time when
something happensand the way in which
something is done, although theprepositions
"of," "to," and "for" havesomeseparate
functions.

19. A sentenceis a group of wordsthatare put
together to mean something. A sentence is
the basic unitof language which expressesa
completethought. Itdoes thisby following
the grammatical rules of syntax.
Sentence
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20. Form
Single Word
Compound
Correlative
Word
And, but, because,
although, or,etc.
Provides that, as long as,
in order that/ to, etc.
Both/and, either/or,
neither/nor,not/but, not
only/but also
Sentences
Do you want chipsor
cake
You need to exercisein
order to lose weight.
Either Monday or Tuesday is
fine.Not only should you eat
fruit, but also vegetables.
Conjunctions have three basic formswhichare shown inthe table below.
Conjunctions
Conjunctions are words whichjoin
phrases, clauses and sentences

21. A phrase is a small group of words that adds meaning to
a sentence. A phrase is not a sentence because itis not a
complete idea witha subject, verb and a predicate.
Phrase
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Branches of Phrase
Prepositional Phrase
Adverb Phrase
Verb Phrase
Adjective Phrase
Noun Phrase

22. In a noun phrase, oneor morewordswork
together to givemoreinformation abouta noun.
Noun Phrase
Example :
All my dear children
Theinformation age
Seventeen hungry lions in therocks
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23. In an adjective phrase, oneor morewords work
together to givemoreinformation about
an adjective.
Adjective Phrase
Example :
Very happy with his work
Earnest in her desire
So very sweet
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24. In a verb phrase, one or more words
worktogether to give more meaning
to a verb.In English,the verb phraseis
very complex,
Verb Phrase
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25. In a prepositional phrase, one or more words work
together to give informationabout time, location, or
possession, or condition. The prepositionalways
appears at the front of the phrase (preposition= pre-
position)
Prepositional
Phrase
Example :
In case it should happen again
for all the hungry children
after a very long walk
behind theold building

26. A clause isa partof a sentence. Each clausehas only
one main verb.
Clause
Dependent and Independent Clauses
In Use

27. Two clausescan be joined with a pronoun.A sentencecan
contain many clauses.But sentences with fewer clausesare
easier to understand.
In use for Clause
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28. Dependent and
Independent Clauses
A simplesentence may also becalled an independentclause. Itmay bea partof a compound or complex sentence, butit
can also stand on its own asa simple sentence(or independentclause). A subordinateclause also called a dependent
clause is onewhich cannotstand by itself.

29. An interjection isa spoken or written expression
of emotion like"Wow!" for surprise,"Ouch!" for pain,
or "Argh!" for frustration.Thesephrasescan stand
alone,and are usuallycapitalized and punctuated.
Interjection
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30. Thanks
For
Watching