Here i share Geology related material of clay deposit

1. Name :- Darji Darshan. R
Geology paper no: GEL 409
Roll No: 03
Supervision: Dr . PARAS .M. SOLANKI SIR
M. G. Scienceinstitute
( Geology department)
Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009
darshandaiya234@gmail.com
Clay Deposits

2. CONTENT
• Introduction
• How and Where Clays and Clay Deposits Form
• Type of clay deposits
• Clay mineral group
• In Gujarat clay Deposits
• Clay deposits in India
• uses
• Reference

3. • Clay is a type of fine-grained
natural soil material containing clay
minerals.
• Clays develop plasticity when wet, due to
a molecular film of water surrounding the
clay particles, but become hard, brittle and
non–plastic upon drying or firing.
• Most pure clay minerals are white or light-
colored, but natural clays show a variety
of colours from impurities, such as a
reddish or brownish colour from small
amounts of iron oxide.
 INTRODUCTION
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay

4. CONTI….
• clay mineral, any of a group of important hydrous aluminum
silicates with a layer (sheetlike) structure and very small particle size.
They may contain significant amounts of iron, alkali metals, or alkaline
earths.
• Clay minerals were absent prior to planetesimal formation ~4.6 billion
years ago but today are abundant in all near-surface Earth
environments.
• Clay is used in many modern industrial processes, such
as paper making, cement production, and chemical filtering. Between
one-half and two-thirds of the world's population live or work in

5. CONTI….
• clays and clay minerals have been mined since the Stone Age; today
they are among the most important minerals used by manufacturing
and environmental industries.
• The term “clay” is applied both to materials having a particle size of
less than 2 micrometers (25,400 micrometers = 1 inch).

6.  HOW AND WHERE CLAYS AND CLAY
DEPOSITS FORM
• Clays and clay minerals occur under a fairly limited range of geologic
conditions. The environments of formation include soil horizons,
continental and marine sediments, geothermal fields, volcanic
deposits, and weathering rock formations.
• Most clay minerals form where rocks are in contact with water, air, or
steam. Examples of these situations include weathering boulders on a
hillside, sediments on sea or lake bottoms, deeply buried sediments
containing pore water, and rocks in contact with water heated by
magma (molten rock).

7. CONTI…
• All of these environments may cause the formation of clay minerals
from preexisting minerals. Extensive alteration of rocks to clay
minerals can produce relatively pure clay deposits that are of
economic interest (for example, bentonites—primarily
montmorillonite—used for drilling muds and clays used in ceramics).

8.  TYPE OF CLAY DEPOSITS
• There are two types of clay deposits: primary and secondary.
Primary clays form as residual deposits in soil and remain at the
site of formation. Secondary clays are clays that have been
transported from their original location by water erosion and
deposited in a new sedimentary deposit.
• The three most common types of clay are earthenware, stoneware,
and kaolin. Earthenware, or common clay, contains many minerals,
such as iron oxide (rust), and in its raw state may contain some
sand or small bits of rock

9.  CLAY MINERAL GROUP
• Clays consists mainly of a group of crystalline substances known as
the “ clay minerals”. They are all essentially hydrous aluminum
silicate.
• Kaolinite
Occurrence:
kaolinite is a secondary mineral formed by the alteration of alkali
felspars.it is the chief constituent of clay
Uses:
1) As a filter in pepper 2) In the manufacture of ceramics.

10. CONTI…
• Talc:
Occurrence:
Talc is a secondary mineral formed as a result of the alteration of olivine ,
pyroxene and amphibole. It is often derived from ultrabasic igneous rock. It is
also found in some schists in association with actinolite.
uses :
1)In talcum powder. 2)As filter in paint, paper and rubber.3) in ceramics and
electrical porcelain.

11. https://www.britannica.com/science/talc https://www.minerals.net/mineral/kaolinite.aspx

12.  IN GUJARAT CLAY DEPOSITS
• China clay is found associated with Idar granites rocks of
Himatnagar. The deposits occur below the Himatnagar series
of Cretaceo, age and in the upper most horizon of Idar granite.
They show much variatic in thickness from 1 mt. to 13 mts.
with overburden varying from 2 to 25 mt in Mehsana &
Sabarkantha districts.
• A rare mineral, Ball Clay is found in select places around the
world. In India, the richest deposits are found in Gujarat and
Rajasthan. GMDC's Ball Clay mines are located at Rajpardi,
Bharuch.

13.  CLAY DEPOSITS IN INDIA
• The reserves/resources are spread over in a number of States
of which Kerala holds about 23%, followed by Rajasthan
(19%),West Bengal (14%), Odisha (10%) and Karnataka (9%).
• Mainly found in the industry in West Bengal is concentrated in
the Birbhum district, with Mohammad Bazar community
development block at the center. The village Khoria (or
Kharia), which sits at the heart of it, got its name from Khori,
which is what the local people call China clay.

14.  USES
• Modelling clay is used in art and handicraft for sculpting. Clays are
used for making pottery, both utilitarian and decorative, and
construction products, such as bricks, walls, and floor tiles. Different
types of clay, when used with different minerals and firing conditions,
are used to produce earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain.
• Clay is used in many industrial processes, such as paper making,
cement production, and chemical filtering. Bentonite clay is widely
used as a mold binder in the manufacture of sand castings.

15. CONTI…
• Traditional uses of clay as medicine goes back to prehistoric times. An
example is Armenian bole, which is used to soothe an upset stomach.
Some animals such as parrots and pigs ingest clay for similar
reasons. Kaolin clay and attapulgite have been used as anti-diarrheal
medicines.
• This property is exploited by potters and the ceramics industry to
produce plates, cups, bowls, pipes. Environmental industries use both
these properties to produce homogeneous liners for containment of
waste. in water

16. CONTI…
• Also a primary ingredient in many natural building techniques, clay is used to
create adobe, cob, cordwood, and rammed earth structures and building
elements such as wattle and daub, clay plaster, clay render case, clay floors and
clay paints and ceramic building material.
• The main uses of bentonite are in drilling mud and as a binder, purifier,
absorbent, and carrier for fertilizers or pesticides. As of around 1990, almost half
of the US production of bentonite was used as drilling mud. Minor uses include
filler, sealant, and catalyst in petroleum refining.
• Bentonite clay works like a sponge on your skin. It absorbs dirt and oil, like
sebum. Too much sebum can lead to acne. The antibacterial and anti-
inflammatory properties may help your skin heal.

18. REFFRENCE
• http://minerals.er.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay
• https://www.britannica.com/
• WWW.GOOGLE.COM (photos)