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Chapter 3 India and China.pptx Global History

This is a PowerPoint that details the history of Ancient India and China. It includes the history of those ancient cultures and peoples. Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism are all included within this presentation as well.

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Chapter 3 India and China 3000 B.C. – 500 A.D.
Early Civilizations in India Section 1
Indus River valley Was the largest river valley civilization prior to empires developing. Extensive river system supported agriculture, cities, and widespread trade. Climate also played an important role to the development of the Indus peoples.
Main Idea India’s mountains and location have played an important part in the development of the Indian subcontinent. Monsoons coming from the North and the South bring moisture to farms.
Diversity • India is a land of diversity. • Today, over 110 languages and more than 1,000 dialects, varieties of languages, are spoken in India. • Diversity also shows up in India’s geography. • Mountain ranges, river valleys, dry interior plateau, and fertile coastal plains.
Mountains, Rivers, and Plains • Far North: Himalayas, highest mountains in the world. • Directly south of the Himalayas is the rich valley of the Ganges river. • Chief regions of Indian Culture. • To the West: Indus river valley, a dry plateau that forms the backbone of modern-day Pakistan. • Served as the cradle of Indian civilization in ancient times.
The South South of India’s 2 major river valleys, lies the Deccan plateau. • Extends from the Ganges river valley to the southern tip of India. • Interior is hilly and dry. Eastern and Western coasts are lush plains. • Very densely populated.
Monsoons Primary feature of India’s climate. Seasonal wind pattern in Southern Asia. June-September is monsoon season. Winds come from the South and South-West out of the Indian ocean. Causes very heavy rainfall across the subcontinent. Especially on the West coast near Mumbai.
Cooler season October- February, wind pattern reverses to blow from the North and North-East. Causes a cooler and drier air. Brings the monsoons to the East coast.
The Rains If the rains came too early, too late, too much, or too little, crops would be destroyed, and thousands would starve. Indian farmers depended on the heavy rains.
Indus valley civilization Main Idea: The cities of the Indus valley civilization were well planned and very advanced.
3000 – 1500 B.C. Indus river valley supported a flourishing civilization that extended from the Himalayas to the Arabian sea. More than 1,000 settlements remains have been found. Harappa and Mohenjo Daro: 2 largest cities about 400 miles apart. Held an advanced civilization for hundreds of years.
Harappa and Mohenjo Daro Each had about 35,000 people. Very carefully planned cities. Streets ran in a grid and faced cardinal directions. Divided into large walled neighborhoods, with narrow lanes separating the rows of houses. Houses varying in sizes, but all followed the same plan of a square open courtyard surrounded by rooms on all sides.
Harappa and Mohenjo Daro Most buildings were constructed of oven- baked mud bricks, and were square, forming a grid. Public wells provided a regular water supply. Bathrooms had an advanced drainage system that carried sewage into pits outside the walls. A system of chutes took household trash to bins at street level. Only a well- organized government could have maintained such cities.
Rulers and the Economy Based their power on a belief in divine assistance Religion and political power were closely linked. Royal palace and holy temples were the same large building. Center of the city in the citadel. (fortress) Prayed to fertility deities for a bountiful harvest.
Economy Based on farming. Indus river flooded yearly, allowing for very fertile soil. Traded with Mesopotamia. • By land and by sea.
Migration and Interaction Main Idea: 1500 B.C, India’s culture changes and the Indus valley cities were abandoned. How that happens is a mystery. Believed to be a gradual decay beginning around 1800 B.C. Climate change, severe flooding, earthquakes, and a change in the Indus river course also played a part.
A major shift All theories agree that around 1500 B.C, a major shift in India’s culture occurs. Many historians explain this shift as the result of a foreign migration.
Arrival of the Aryans Around 2000 B.C, a group of Indo-European- speaking nomadic peoples began to move out of the steppes of central Asia. Some went West to Europe. Others went South to Persia and then on to the Indus valley. One group, known as the Aryans, moved south across the Hindu Kush mountains into the plains of Northern India.
Aryans Lived in tribal groups and had a strong warrior tradition. Encountered Indus valley civilizations. 1500 – 1000 B.C, Aryans moved eastward across the Indus valley, across the Ganges, and South into the Deccan plateau. Eventually controlled all of India.
Interactions with Dravidians Dravidians: descendants of the Indus valley civilization. Aryans and Dravidians would mingle over the centuries and create a whole new unique culture.
A New Way of Life Aryans settle into farming. The introduction of iron played a part in this. Created an iron plow and irrigation systems to farm in the dense jungles along the Ganges river.
Agriculture North: Wheat, Barley, Millet, and Rice. South: Grain and vegetables supplemented cotton and spices such as pepper, ginger, and cinnamon.
Writing Indus valley people had writing, but it has not been translated. Aryans had no writing while nomadic, but around 1000 B.C, they begin using Sanskrit. Sanskrit: Indo-European language. Began recording the oral legends and religious chants and rituals. These early writings are the Vedas.
The Rajas (Princes) Between 1500 and 400 B.C, India was a place of many small kingdoms. These small states were known as Rajas. This was a waring states period. Around 400 B.C, smaller states are combined to make larger kingdoms.
Daily Life in Ancient India Centered around the family. Ideal family = 3 generations all living under the same roof. Patriarchal as the oldest male had legal authority over the entire family unit. Only males could inherit property, unless there were no sons. Women couldn’t be priests, and only males were educated. Upper class families: young men began education with a guru (teacher), then went to study in a major city.
Suttee In ancient India, the dead would be placed on funeral pyres and then burned. Suttee required a wife to throw herself on her dead husband’s funeral pyre. Women who refused were held in disgrace by society.
Social Classes in Ancient India • The social class of ancient India reflected Aryan ideas of the ideal society. • Believed society was divided into 4 Varnas, or social groups. 1. Brahmins: Priestly class 2. Kshatriyas: warrior class 3. Vaisyas: commoners, merchants, and farmers. 4. Sudras: peasants or servants. (Limited Rights)
Social class part 2 Over time, this system will become the Caste system that India has now. Caste System: Every Indian is born into a caste, or social group, defined by occupation and family lineage. This system creates a very rigid social order that is difficult to escape. Also tied to religious piety. Higher = “purer”.
The Untouchables At the very bottom of the caste system. Viewed as below the caste system itself. Given menial, degrading tasks. About 5% of ancient India’s population would have fallen into this caste.
Religions of India Main idea: Hinduism and Buddhism share some common beliefs.
Hinduism and Buddhism Two major religions that both began in India. Both were crucial in shaping civilization in India. Aryan beliefs blended into religious practices of the Dravidians to form Hinduism. 6th Century B.C, a new religion emerged, Buddhism, to rival Hinduism.
Hinduism Originates with the Aryan people. Early Hindus believed in a single force in the universe. • A form of ultimate reality or god, called Brahman. It was the duty of everyone to seek to know Brahman. By doing so, the spirit would merge with Brahman after death.
Quesiton? How does one achieve oneness with god?
Yoga A method of training designed to lead to a union with god. Yoga translates to union. Goal: to leave behind earthly life and join Brahman in a kind of dreamless sleep.
Shift to Polytheism Most ordinary Indians could not easily relate to this ideal and needed more concrete forms of heavenly salvation. Hinduism develops several gods and goddesses.
Three Main Gods Brahma the Creator Vishnu the Preserver Shiva the Destroyer
Religious feelings • Many Hindus regard these gods as different expressions of the one ultimate reality. • The various gods and goddesses gave the ordinary Indians a was to express their religious feelings. • Hinduism is still the religion practiced by the majority of Indians today.
Principles of Hinduism • Reincarnation: The belief that the individual soul is reborn in a different form after death. • Bhagavad Gita: Indias great religious poem. • A good life will mean you reincarnate to a higher life form. • A bad life, means you reincarnate to a lower life form. • What determines a good or a bad life?
Karma The force generated by a person’s actions. Determines how a person is reborn in the next life. Past lives affect present and future lives. Goal: a union with Brahman. What governs Karma?
Dharma Divine law that rules Karma. Requires all people to do their duty. People’s duties vary, depending on their stations in society. More is expected of those higher on the social scale.
Buddhism
A new doctrine Around the 6th century B.C, a new doctrine appears in Northern India. Siddhartha Gautama = Buddha, “enlightened one”. Came from a small kingdom in the foothills of the Himalayas. Modern day Nepal.
Siddhartha Born a prince in 563 B.C. At 16 he married a princess from a neighboring kingdom and began raising a family. In his 20’s, he began searching for the cure to human suffering. Gave up everything, shaved his head, abandoned his family, and set off to find the meaning of life.
The Journey Originally, Siddhartha followed the ascetics. Ascetics: people who practiced self- denial to achieve understanding of ultimate reality. Only lead to a close call with death. Abandons asceticism and turns instead to an intense period of meditation.
The discovery One evening, while sitting in meditation, he reached enlightenment as to the meaning of life. Spent the rest of his life preaching what he had discovered. His teachings became the basic principles of Buddhism.
A new religion? It is uncertain if Siddhartha Gautama ever intended to create a new religion or doctrine. Could be seen as a way to reform Hinduism. Counseled people to know themselves to know if your teachings are good or not.
The life of Buddha In his life, the Buddha gained thousands of devoted followers. Never claimed to be divine in any way. Only ever claimed to be “awake”.
Principles of Buddhism • Denied the reality of the material world. • The pain, poverty, and sorrow that afflict human beings are caused by their attachment to things of this world. • Once people let go of their worldly cares, pain and sorrow can be forgotten. • Then come wisdom. • Achieving wisdom is the key step to achieving Nirvana, or ultimate reality.
4 Noble Truths Ordinary life is full of suffering. This suffering is caused by our desire to satisfy ourselves. The way to end suffering is to end desire for selfish goals and to see others as extensions of ourselves. The way to end desire is to follow the middle path.
The Middle Path Also known as the eightfold path because it consists of 8 steps.
The Eightfold Path Right View, know the 4 noble truths. 01 Right intention, we need to decide what we really want. 02 Right speech, we must seek to speak truth and to speak well of others. 03 Right action, The Buddha gave 5 precepts; Do not kill, Do not steal, Do not lie, Do not be unchaste, Do not take drugs or drink alcohol. 04
The Eightfold Path 5. Right livelihood, we must do work that uplifts our being. 6. Right effort, the Buddha said, “ Those who follow the way should keep going until the work is done.” 7. Right mindfulness, we must keep our minds in control of our senses. 8. Right concentration, we must meditate to see the world in a new way.
Additional Principles Reincarnation is acceptable. No caste system in Buddhism. All humans can reach nirvana based on their behavior in life. No multitude of gods in Buddhism. Forbade his followers from worshiping his person or his image after his death. Many Buddhists see Buddhism as a philosophy rather than a religion.
Siddhartha Gautama’s Death 480 B.C, at age 80 in modern day Nepal. After his death, his followers travelled throughout India, spreading his message. Temples sprang up throughout the countryside. Buddhist monasteries were established to promote his teachings and provide housing and training for monks dedicated to the simple life and the pursuit of wisdom.
Section 2 New Empires in India
Main Idea While two religions spread through India, there was little political unity. 1500 – 400 B.C. is a warring states period in India.
3 New Empires Warring kingdoms united to force out invaders.
Outside threats After 400 B.C, India would face invasion from outside powers. First was Persia, which expanded its empire into western India. Next were the Greeks and Macedonians. Alexander the Great learned of the riches of India and attacked in 327 B.C. His army would be successful but would refuse to march beyond the Indus valley as they desired to return home.
The Mauryan Empire • Founded by Chadragupta Maurya who ruled from 324-301 B.C. • Drove out foreign forces and established the capital of his empire at Palaliputra in northern India.
The Mauryan Empire Highly centralized, the empire was divided into provinces ruled by governors responsible to the king. Flourished under the rule of Asoka. • Grandson of the founder.
Asoka Considered to be the greatest ruler in all Indian history. Converted to Buddhism and used Buddhist principles to guide his rule. Set up hospitals for both people and animals. Had shelters placed along roads for travelers. Very prosperous through an expansion in regional commerce. Dies in 232 B.C.
Discussion Question • What made Asoka a great ruler?
The Kushan Empire • After the collapse of the Mauryan Empire in 183 B.C, several new kingdoms arose in Bactria. • Modern day Afghanistan • First century A.D, nomadic warriors seized power and established a new Kushan kingdom. • For the next 2 centuries, the Kushans spread over northern India as far as the central Ganges valley.
The Kushans Prosper Trade passing through their empire allowed the empire to flourish. Silk Road: route of trade from China to Europe. Named after China’s most valuable trade export, silk.
Silk Road • Began around 200 B.C, in Changan, China and went across central Asia to Mesopotamia. • Route was about 4,000 miles plus, wound through mountains and desserts. • Ended at Antioch, Syria, a port city on the Mediterranean Sea. • Western goods were traded for eastern goods here. • Only luxury goods would be carried on the silk road for trade.
Goods traded • China: silk, spices, tea, and porcelain. • India: ivory, textiles, precious stones and pepper. • Roman: Wollen and linen clothes, glass, and precious stones.
The empire of the Guptas 320 A.D, created in the central Ganges valley by a local prince named Cadra Gupta. Capital at Pataliputra. Samadra Gupta (son) expanded the state to surrounding areas. Became dominant political force in northern India.
Candra Gupta II Reigned from 375 to 415 A.D, created a new age of Indian civilization. Actively traded with the known world. Encouraged local trade in cloth, salt, and iron. Cities along trade routes prosper.
Pilgrims Pilgrims: people who travel to religious places. Faxian: Chinese Buddhist monk who sought to bring Buddhist teachings back to China.
The end of the Guptas • 5th century A.D, Hunic invasions from the NW reduce the power of the empire. • Fully collapsed in the 7th century A.D.
Discussion Question What made the Gupta Empire great?
Indian Accomplishments • Main Idea: India produced great works in almost all cultural fields, including literature, architecture, and science.
Literature Vedas: religious chants and stories. Great epic poems that tell of great deeds by great warriors. • The Mahabharata and the Ramayana. Kalidasa: Famous Indian author of the “Cloud Messenger” • Sanskrit Poem
Architecture • Stone pillars put up to mark the life of Buddha. • 50 tons, 50 feet high. • The stupa: religious building meant to house a Buddhist relic. • Eventually made into buildings of devotion. • About 84,000 built in India. • Rock chamber: carved out of rock cliffs to be a room for monks and a place for religious ceremonies.
Science and Mathematic s Charted the movement of stars. Recognized the earth was a sphere that rotated on its axis and revolved around the sun. Aryabhata: most famous mathematician in Gupta Empire. • Early user of algebra. Introduced the concept of zero and created the symbol 0 for it.
Early Chinese Civilization Section 3
Main Idea China’s physical geography influenced the location of its early civilizations.
China’s age/stats • Chinese culture dates back approximately 6000 years. • Largest population on earth. • About 50 ethnic groups, speaking several languages and many dialects. • Very diverse geography and climate.
Rivers • Huang He: Yellow river. 2,900 miles long. • Carries yellow silt from Mongolia to the Pacific ocean. • Yangtze River: 3,400 miles long, across central China. • Empties into the yellow sea. • These river valleys emerged as a cradle of civilization in the ancient world.
Mountains and Ice Cream Isolated the early Chinese people from other peoples of Asia.
Climate In winter, Monsoons from the mountainous regions to the north are cold and dry. In summer, monsoons from the south bring rain from the sea.
North vs. South North: winters are long and cold, while summers are short and hot. Central China has 4 seasons. South: subtropical with very hot summers and mild winters.
Discussion How might China’s climate and environment influence the development of their civilization?
The Dynasties • Chinese civilization was governed by a series of dynasties. • Dynasty: a ruling family that passes control of a monarchy from one family member to another.
The Xia Dynasty Chinese historians claim the Xia to be the first dynasty of China. Very little is known about this dynasty and is believed to be fictional for propaganda purposes.
The Shang Dynasty Main Idea: excavations tell us about the life of the Shang dynasty.
The Shang Dynasty 1750 – 1045 B.C. Primarily a farming society ruled by an aristocracy whose major concern was war.
Aristocracy • An upper class whose wealth is based on land, and whose power is passed from one generation to another.
Anyang The Shang capital city in the northern central region of China. Huge city walls, royal palaces, and large royal tombs. Was one of 5 capital cities in the region. Ruled by a king.
Political and Social structures Shang king ruled from Anyang. Realm was divided into territories, each governed by aristocratic military leaders called warlords. Warlords reported to the king and could be removed by the king.
The King Main responsibility was to defend the realm. Controlled large armies and often fought on the frontiers.
The social order The royal family was at the top. The aristocracy was next. Small merchant class. The Peasantry. Slaves.
Religion and culture • Oracle bones were used to communicate with the spirit world. • Practiced human sacrifice to win the favor of the gods. • Developed “Ancestor Worship”. • Ancestor spirits could bring good or bad fortune to their descendants. • Mastered the casting of bronze. • Bronze items used in very aspect of life.
The Zhou Dynasty The Mandate of Heaven begins.
The Zhou Dynasty Ruled from 1045 – 256 B.C. China’s longest dynasty.
Political structure Similar to the Shang. Headed by a king or emperor. • Served by a large and complex bureaucracy. Divided the kingdom into territories ruled by aristocrats. The emperor commanded the army and defense of the kingdom. Claimed to rule China because they possessed the mandate of heaven.
The Mandate of Heaven It was believed that heaven, an impersonal law of nature, kept order through the Zhou emperor. Heaven has chosen this person to rule China. Does this mean that the emperor could do whatever they wanted?
Expectations of heaven The emperor was meant to rule with “goodness and efficiency” Expected to rule according to the proper “way”, called the Dao. If the emperor failed to rule correctly, he could loose the Mandate of Heaven and be deposed.
Political side effects Set forth a “right of revolution” to overthrow a corrupt ruler. Emperor is not a divine being. Mandate of heaven is closely tied to the dynastic cycle of China. This cycle would last until 1912 A.D.
Dynastic Cycles New dynasty: claims the Mandate of heaven and establishes power. Aging dynasty: stops providing good government. Old dynasty: loses the Mandate of heaven. Revolution.
The Fall of the Zhou Ruled for nearly 800 years. Collapsed after rule declined intellectually and morally. Empire was divided and allowed for different territories to become too strong. 403 B.C, civil war breaks out. The “warring states” period begins.
Zhou Accomplishments 6th to the 3rd centuries B.C is a period of economic growth. Irrigation used on a large scale. Iron tools and weapons. Allows for more food production and a higher population. • Around 50 million in the late Zhou period. Increased trade and manufacturing. Started the Silk Road to Europe and Africa.
Zhou accomplishment s Further developed Chinese written language. Pictographs: picture symbols, or characters, which represent an object. Ideographs: Characters that combine two or more pictographs to represent an idea.
The Warring States Iron weapons came into use. Cavalry armed with crossbows were common as well. The Qin took control and create a new dynasty in 221 B.C.
The Qin Social structure Basic feudal structure. Class system Emperor Aristocrats Artisans and merchants (not free to move around) Peasantry Slaves
Trade Developed slowly at first. Would eventually expand internationally.
The Chinese Family Basic economic and social unit. Had an almost sacred role in society.
Filial Piety Duty of the members of the family to subordinate their needs to the male head of the house. This means your needs/wants are less important. This is because the male head of the family is seen as the leader of the family, both socially and economically. His job is to do what is best for the entire family.
Chinese Philosophy
Main idea Chinese philosophers emphasized stability and order in society.
3 Major Schools of Thought Confucianis m Daoism Legalism
The focus All three schools of thought focused on the material world rather than the spiritual world. Goal: a stable society.
Confucianism • The system of Confucian ideas, an important part of Chinese culture. • Confucius: the “first teacher” • Born in 551 B.C • Focused his ideals on politics and ethics. • Believed it was better to assume that there was order in the universe.
Daoism • A system of ideas based on the teachings of Laozi. • Laozi, or old master, lived around the same time as Confucious. • Tao Te Ching, or The Way of the Dao, set forth proper forms of human behavior. • Humans have a duty to work to improve life on earth. • Don’t interfere with the natural order. • Not concerned with the meaning of the universe.
Legalism • Proposed humans were evil by nature. • “School of Law” • Argued for a system of impersonal laws. • Only a strong ruler could create an orderly society. • Only harsh laws and stiff punishments would cause the common people to serve the interests of the ruler. • The ruler did not have to show compassion.
The Rise and Fall of Chinese Empires Section 4
The Qin Dynasty • Main Idea: Qin Shi Huangdi unified the Chinese world using force against invaders and harsh treatment of his subjects.
Qin Shi Huangdi 221 B.C, Qin dynasty is established. First to unite all of China under one dynasty. Created a single monetary system, and a nationwide road system.
Qin capital • Xianyang • North of modern Xian.
The Emperor’s Army • 1974, farmers digging a well about 35 miles east of Xi’an discovered an underground pit that held the terracotta warriors. • Terracotta: hardened clay • Believed to be the emperor’s private/imperial guard. • About 6,000 figures. • Infantry, cavalry, wooden chariots, and about 7,000 bronze weapons. • 3 of these pits found so far. • Originally painted in vibrant colors.
The Great Wall
The Great Wall • Major foreign concern was in the North. • Around the Gobi deserts lived a nomadic peoples known as the Xiangnu. • Mounted herders that ranged very far in search of fresh pasture. • Masters of fighting on horse back. • Challenged Chinese communities near the northern frontier.
The evolution of the Great Wall Started by the Qin and added to by each dynasty after for the next 1,500 years.
Political Changes Legalism was adopted as the regime's official ideology. Regime: the government in power. Books against legalism were burned. People who opposed the regime were punished or executed. Ruled a highly centralized state.
The Central Bureaucracy Divided into 3 parts: •The Civil Division •The Military Division •The Censorate
The Censorate Had inspectors who checked on government officials to make sure they were doing their jobs. Became standard for all future dynasties.
Below the central government Two levels of administration. •Provinces •Counties
Officials and Aristocrats Officials were appointed and removed by the Emperor and the censors. Those found guilty or wrongdoing were executed. Power of landed aristocrats was reduced by dividing their land and passing their land over to the peasantry. Peasants taxed directly by the government.
The Fall of the Qin Dynasty Qin Shi Huangdi would be his dynasty’s only ruler. Censorship, harsh taxes, and forced labor projects made Qin very unpopular. Qin died in 210 B.C. Dynasty overthrown 4 years later. Led to a warring states period.
The Han Dynasty Main Idea: The Han dynasty refined the political structures of the Qin.
The Han • Seen as one of the greatest dynasties in Chinese history. • Began in 202 B.C by Liu Pang.
Political and social structures No more Legalism Confucian principles became the new state philosophy Kept the 3 government divisions of the Qin. Kept the empire divided into provinces. Kept the Qin merit system for government officials Created a civil service exam and a school to train these new people.
Han Wudi The Martial Emperor. Expanded the empire south into modern Vietnam. Pushed west into central Asia. Dies in 87 B.C. China would experience almost 150 years of peace.
Demands on the people Land taxes were light Up to one month of military service per year. Up to one month of forced labor per year. Population is expanding rapidly. Farm plots get smaller, around 1 acre per person. Many peasants were forced into tenant farming by aristocrats. Aristocrats owned thousands of acres of land.
Technology ad Culture New technology led to economic prosperity for the Han. Textile manufacturing, water mills, and iron casting. New ships and shipping technology allowed for more sea trade. The works of Confusious became required reading.
The Fall of the Han The power of the Han would weaken due to weaker rulers. Official corruption and concentration of land into hands of the wealthy lead to widespread uprisings. Nomadic raids continued in the north. 170 A.D, wars and internal strife, would bring the collapse of the Han dynasty. 190 A.D, rebel armies sack the Han capital at Luoyang. China enters another warring states period. (400 years long)
Chapter 3 Assessment India 1. How does the monsoon affect Indian farmers? 2. How does Buddhism differ from Hinduism? 3. Why was Asoka considered a great ruler? 4. List the Varnas of Aryan society and their function. 5. What characteristics made the Gupta empire great?
Chapter 3 Assessment China 1. What isolated the Chinese people from peoples in other parts of Asia? 2. What was the major contribution of the Shang dynasty? 3. Explain the Mandate of Heaven. 4. Draw the dynastic cycle of ancient China. Include all steps discussed in class. 5. How do Chinese philosophies differ from Hinduism or Buddhism?

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Chapter 3 India and China.pptx Global History

  • 1.
    Chapter 3 Indiaand China 3000 B.C. – 500 A.D.
  • 2.
  • 3.
    Indus River valley Wasthe largest river valley civilization prior to empires developing. Extensive river system supported agriculture, cities, and widespread trade. Climate also played an important role to the development of the Indus peoples.
  • 4.
    Main Idea India’s mountainsand location have played an important part in the development of the Indian subcontinent. Monsoons coming from the North and the South bring moisture to farms.
  • 5.
    Diversity • India isa land of diversity. • Today, over 110 languages and more than 1,000 dialects, varieties of languages, are spoken in India. • Diversity also shows up in India’s geography. • Mountain ranges, river valleys, dry interior plateau, and fertile coastal plains.
  • 6.
    Mountains, Rivers, and Plains •Far North: Himalayas, highest mountains in the world. • Directly south of the Himalayas is the rich valley of the Ganges river. • Chief regions of Indian Culture. • To the West: Indus river valley, a dry plateau that forms the backbone of modern-day Pakistan. • Served as the cradle of Indian civilization in ancient times.
  • 7.
    The South South ofIndia’s 2 major river valleys, lies the Deccan plateau. • Extends from the Ganges river valley to the southern tip of India. • Interior is hilly and dry. Eastern and Western coasts are lush plains. • Very densely populated.
  • 8.
    Monsoons Primary feature of India’sclimate. Seasonal wind pattern in Southern Asia. June-September is monsoon season. Winds come from the South and South-West out of the Indian ocean. Causes very heavy rainfall across the subcontinent. Especially on the West coast near Mumbai.
  • 9.
    Cooler season October- February, wind patternreverses to blow from the North and North-East. Causes a cooler and drier air. Brings the monsoons to the East coast.
  • 10.
    The Rains If therains came too early, too late, too much, or too little, crops would be destroyed, and thousands would starve. Indian farmers depended on the heavy rains.
  • 11.
    Indus valley civilization Main Idea:The cities of the Indus valley civilization were well planned and very advanced.
  • 12.
    3000 – 1500 B.C. Indusriver valley supported a flourishing civilization that extended from the Himalayas to the Arabian sea. More than 1,000 settlements remains have been found. Harappa and Mohenjo Daro: 2 largest cities about 400 miles apart. Held an advanced civilization for hundreds of years.
  • 13.
    Harappa and MohenjoDaro Each had about 35,000 people. Very carefully planned cities. Streets ran in a grid and faced cardinal directions. Divided into large walled neighborhoods, with narrow lanes separating the rows of houses. Houses varying in sizes, but all followed the same plan of a square open courtyard surrounded by rooms on all sides.
  • 14.
    Harappa and MohenjoDaro Most buildings were constructed of oven- baked mud bricks, and were square, forming a grid. Public wells provided a regular water supply. Bathrooms had an advanced drainage system that carried sewage into pits outside the walls. A system of chutes took household trash to bins at street level. Only a well- organized government could have maintained such cities.
  • 15.
    Rulers and theEconomy Based their power on a belief in divine assistance Religion and political power were closely linked. Royal palace and holy temples were the same large building. Center of the city in the citadel. (fortress) Prayed to fertility deities for a bountiful harvest.
  • 16.
    Economy Based on farming. Indusriver flooded yearly, allowing for very fertile soil. Traded with Mesopotamia. • By land and by sea.
  • 17.
    Migration and Interaction Main Idea: 1500B.C, India’s culture changes and the Indus valley cities were abandoned. How that happens is a mystery. Believed to be a gradual decay beginning around 1800 B.C. Climate change, severe flooding, earthquakes, and a change in the Indus river course also played a part.
  • 18.
    A major shift All theoriesagree that around 1500 B.C, a major shift in India’s culture occurs. Many historians explain this shift as the result of a foreign migration.
  • 19.
    Arrival of the Aryans Around2000 B.C, a group of Indo-European- speaking nomadic peoples began to move out of the steppes of central Asia. Some went West to Europe. Others went South to Persia and then on to the Indus valley. One group, known as the Aryans, moved south across the Hindu Kush mountains into the plains of Northern India.
  • 20.
    Aryans Lived in tribalgroups and had a strong warrior tradition. Encountered Indus valley civilizations. 1500 – 1000 B.C, Aryans moved eastward across the Indus valley, across the Ganges, and South into the Deccan plateau. Eventually controlled all of India.
  • 21.
    Interactions with Dravidians Dravidians: descendants of theIndus valley civilization. Aryans and Dravidians would mingle over the centuries and create a whole new unique culture.
  • 22.
    A New Way ofLife Aryans settle into farming. The introduction of iron played a part in this. Created an iron plow and irrigation systems to farm in the dense jungles along the Ganges river.
  • 23.
    Agriculture North: Wheat, Barley, Millet,and Rice. South: Grain and vegetables supplemented cotton and spices such as pepper, ginger, and cinnamon.
  • 24.
    Writing Indus valley peoplehad writing, but it has not been translated. Aryans had no writing while nomadic, but around 1000 B.C, they begin using Sanskrit. Sanskrit: Indo-European language. Began recording the oral legends and religious chants and rituals. These early writings are the Vedas.
  • 25.
    The Rajas (Princes) Between 1500and 400 B.C, India was a place of many small kingdoms. These small states were known as Rajas. This was a waring states period. Around 400 B.C, smaller states are combined to make larger kingdoms.
  • 26.
    Daily Life inAncient India Centered around the family. Ideal family = 3 generations all living under the same roof. Patriarchal as the oldest male had legal authority over the entire family unit. Only males could inherit property, unless there were no sons. Women couldn’t be priests, and only males were educated. Upper class families: young men began education with a guru (teacher), then went to study in a major city.
  • 27.
    Suttee In ancient India,the dead would be placed on funeral pyres and then burned. Suttee required a wife to throw herself on her dead husband’s funeral pyre. Women who refused were held in disgrace by society.
  • 28.
    Social Classes inAncient India • The social class of ancient India reflected Aryan ideas of the ideal society. • Believed society was divided into 4 Varnas, or social groups. 1. Brahmins: Priestly class 2. Kshatriyas: warrior class 3. Vaisyas: commoners, merchants, and farmers. 4. Sudras: peasants or servants. (Limited Rights)
  • 29.
    Social class part 2 Overtime, this system will become the Caste system that India has now. Caste System: Every Indian is born into a caste, or social group, defined by occupation and family lineage. This system creates a very rigid social order that is difficult to escape. Also tied to religious piety. Higher = “purer”.
  • 30.
    The Untouchables At thevery bottom of the caste system. Viewed as below the caste system itself. Given menial, degrading tasks. About 5% of ancient India’s population would have fallen into this caste.
  • 31.
    Religions of India Main idea:Hinduism and Buddhism share some common beliefs.
  • 32.
    Hinduism and Buddhism Twomajor religions that both began in India. Both were crucial in shaping civilization in India. Aryan beliefs blended into religious practices of the Dravidians to form Hinduism. 6th Century B.C, a new religion emerged, Buddhism, to rival Hinduism.
  • 33.
    Hinduism Originates with theAryan people. Early Hindus believed in a single force in the universe. • A form of ultimate reality or god, called Brahman. It was the duty of everyone to seek to know Brahman. By doing so, the spirit would merge with Brahman after death.
  • 34.
    Quesiton? How does oneachieve oneness with god?
  • 35.
    Yoga A method oftraining designed to lead to a union with god. Yoga translates to union. Goal: to leave behind earthly life and join Brahman in a kind of dreamless sleep.
  • 36.
    Shift to Polytheism Most ordinaryIndians could not easily relate to this ideal and needed more concrete forms of heavenly salvation. Hinduism develops several gods and goddesses.
  • 37.
    Three Main Gods Brahma theCreator Vishnu the Preserver Shiva the Destroyer
  • 38.
    Religious feelings • ManyHindus regard these gods as different expressions of the one ultimate reality. • The various gods and goddesses gave the ordinary Indians a was to express their religious feelings. • Hinduism is still the religion practiced by the majority of Indians today.
  • 39.
    Principles of Hinduism • Reincarnation:The belief that the individual soul is reborn in a different form after death. • Bhagavad Gita: Indias great religious poem. • A good life will mean you reincarnate to a higher life form. • A bad life, means you reincarnate to a lower life form. • What determines a good or a bad life?
  • 40.
    Karma The force generatedby a person’s actions. Determines how a person is reborn in the next life. Past lives affect present and future lives. Goal: a union with Brahman. What governs Karma?
  • 41.
    Dharma Divine law thatrules Karma. Requires all people to do their duty. People’s duties vary, depending on their stations in society. More is expected of those higher on the social scale.
  • 42.
  • 43.
    A new doctrine Aroundthe 6th century B.C, a new doctrine appears in Northern India. Siddhartha Gautama = Buddha, “enlightened one”. Came from a small kingdom in the foothills of the Himalayas. Modern day Nepal.
  • 44.
    Siddhartha Born a princein 563 B.C. At 16 he married a princess from a neighboring kingdom and began raising a family. In his 20’s, he began searching for the cure to human suffering. Gave up everything, shaved his head, abandoned his family, and set off to find the meaning of life.
  • 45.
    The Journey Originally, Siddharthafollowed the ascetics. Ascetics: people who practiced self- denial to achieve understanding of ultimate reality. Only lead to a close call with death. Abandons asceticism and turns instead to an intense period of meditation.
  • 46.
    The discovery One evening, whilesitting in meditation, he reached enlightenment as to the meaning of life. Spent the rest of his life preaching what he had discovered. His teachings became the basic principles of Buddhism.
  • 47.
    A new religion? It isuncertain if Siddhartha Gautama ever intended to create a new religion or doctrine. Could be seen as a way to reform Hinduism. Counseled people to know themselves to know if your teachings are good or not.
  • 48.
    The life of Buddha Inhis life, the Buddha gained thousands of devoted followers. Never claimed to be divine in any way. Only ever claimed to be “awake”.
  • 49.
    Principles of Buddhism • Deniedthe reality of the material world. • The pain, poverty, and sorrow that afflict human beings are caused by their attachment to things of this world. • Once people let go of their worldly cares, pain and sorrow can be forgotten. • Then come wisdom. • Achieving wisdom is the key step to achieving Nirvana, or ultimate reality.
  • 50.
    4 Noble Truths Ordinary lifeis full of suffering. This suffering is caused by our desire to satisfy ourselves. The way to end suffering is to end desire for selfish goals and to see others as extensions of ourselves. The way to end desire is to follow the middle path.
  • 51.
    The Middle Path Also knownas the eightfold path because it consists of 8 steps.
  • 52.
    The Eightfold Path RightView, know the 4 noble truths. 01 Right intention, we need to decide what we really want. 02 Right speech, we must seek to speak truth and to speak well of others. 03 Right action, The Buddha gave 5 precepts; Do not kill, Do not steal, Do not lie, Do not be unchaste, Do not take drugs or drink alcohol. 04
  • 53.
    The Eightfold Path 5.Right livelihood, we must do work that uplifts our being. 6. Right effort, the Buddha said, “ Those who follow the way should keep going until the work is done.” 7. Right mindfulness, we must keep our minds in control of our senses. 8. Right concentration, we must meditate to see the world in a new way.
  • 54.
    Additional Principles Reincarnation is acceptable. Nocaste system in Buddhism. All humans can reach nirvana based on their behavior in life. No multitude of gods in Buddhism. Forbade his followers from worshiping his person or his image after his death. Many Buddhists see Buddhism as a philosophy rather than a religion.
  • 55.
    Siddhartha Gautama’s Death 480 B.C, atage 80 in modern day Nepal. After his death, his followers travelled throughout India, spreading his message. Temples sprang up throughout the countryside. Buddhist monasteries were established to promote his teachings and provide housing and training for monks dedicated to the simple life and the pursuit of wisdom.
  • 56.
  • 57.
    Main Idea While tworeligions spread through India, there was little political unity. 1500 – 400 B.C. is a warring states period in India.
  • 58.
    3 New Empires Warring kingdomsunited to force out invaders.
  • 59.
    Outside threats After 400 B.C,India would face invasion from outside powers. First was Persia, which expanded its empire into western India. Next were the Greeks and Macedonians. Alexander the Great learned of the riches of India and attacked in 327 B.C. His army would be successful but would refuse to march beyond the Indus valley as they desired to return home.
  • 60.
    The Mauryan Empire •Founded by Chadragupta Maurya who ruled from 324-301 B.C. • Drove out foreign forces and established the capital of his empire at Palaliputra in northern India.
  • 61.
    The Mauryan Empire Highly centralized, theempire was divided into provinces ruled by governors responsible to the king. Flourished under the rule of Asoka. • Grandson of the founder.
  • 62.
    Asoka Considered to bethe greatest ruler in all Indian history. Converted to Buddhism and used Buddhist principles to guide his rule. Set up hospitals for both people and animals. Had shelters placed along roads for travelers. Very prosperous through an expansion in regional commerce. Dies in 232 B.C.
  • 63.
  • 64.
    The Kushan Empire •After the collapse of the Mauryan Empire in 183 B.C, several new kingdoms arose in Bactria. • Modern day Afghanistan • First century A.D, nomadic warriors seized power and established a new Kushan kingdom. • For the next 2 centuries, the Kushans spread over northern India as far as the central Ganges valley.
  • 65.
    The Kushans Prosper Trade passingthrough their empire allowed the empire to flourish. Silk Road: route of trade from China to Europe. Named after China’s most valuable trade export, silk.
  • 66.
    Silk Road • Beganaround 200 B.C, in Changan, China and went across central Asia to Mesopotamia. • Route was about 4,000 miles plus, wound through mountains and desserts. • Ended at Antioch, Syria, a port city on the Mediterranean Sea. • Western goods were traded for eastern goods here. • Only luxury goods would be carried on the silk road for trade.
  • 67.
    Goods traded • China:silk, spices, tea, and porcelain. • India: ivory, textiles, precious stones and pepper. • Roman: Wollen and linen clothes, glass, and precious stones.
  • 68.
    The empire of the Guptas 320A.D, created in the central Ganges valley by a local prince named Cadra Gupta. Capital at Pataliputra. Samadra Gupta (son) expanded the state to surrounding areas. Became dominant political force in northern India.
  • 69.
    Candra Gupta II Reigned from375 to 415 A.D, created a new age of Indian civilization. Actively traded with the known world. Encouraged local trade in cloth, salt, and iron. Cities along trade routes prosper.
  • 70.
    Pilgrims Pilgrims: people who travelto religious places. Faxian: Chinese Buddhist monk who sought to bring Buddhist teachings back to China.
  • 71.
    The end ofthe Guptas • 5th century A.D, Hunic invasions from the NW reduce the power of the empire. • Fully collapsed in the 7th century A.D.
  • 72.
  • 73.
    Indian Accomplishments • Main Idea:India produced great works in almost all cultural fields, including literature, architecture, and science.
  • 74.
    Literature Vedas: religious chants andstories. Great epic poems that tell of great deeds by great warriors. • The Mahabharata and the Ramayana. Kalidasa: Famous Indian author of the “Cloud Messenger” • Sanskrit Poem
  • 75.
    Architecture • Stone pillarsput up to mark the life of Buddha. • 50 tons, 50 feet high. • The stupa: religious building meant to house a Buddhist relic. • Eventually made into buildings of devotion. • About 84,000 built in India. • Rock chamber: carved out of rock cliffs to be a room for monks and a place for religious ceremonies.
  • 76.
    Science and Mathematic s Charted themovement of stars. Recognized the earth was a sphere that rotated on its axis and revolved around the sun. Aryabhata: most famous mathematician in Gupta Empire. • Early user of algebra. Introduced the concept of zero and created the symbol 0 for it.
  • 77.
  • 78.
    Main Idea China’s physicalgeography influenced the location of its early civilizations.
  • 79.
    China’s age/stats • Chineseculture dates back approximately 6000 years. • Largest population on earth. • About 50 ethnic groups, speaking several languages and many dialects. • Very diverse geography and climate.
  • 80.
    Rivers • Huang He:Yellow river. 2,900 miles long. • Carries yellow silt from Mongolia to the Pacific ocean. • Yangtze River: 3,400 miles long, across central China. • Empties into the yellow sea. • These river valleys emerged as a cradle of civilization in the ancient world.
  • 81.
    Mountains and Ice Cream Isolated theearly Chinese people from other peoples of Asia.
  • 82.
    Climate In winter, Monsoonsfrom the mountainous regions to the north are cold and dry. In summer, monsoons from the south bring rain from the sea.
  • 83.
    North vs. South North: wintersare long and cold, while summers are short and hot. Central China has 4 seasons. South: subtropical with very hot summers and mild winters.
  • 84.
    Discussion How might China’sclimate and environment influence the development of their civilization?
  • 85.
    The Dynasties • Chinesecivilization was governed by a series of dynasties. • Dynasty: a ruling family that passes control of a monarchy from one family member to another.
  • 86.
    The Xia Dynasty Chinese historiansclaim the Xia to be the first dynasty of China. Very little is known about this dynasty and is believed to be fictional for propaganda purposes.
  • 87.
    The Shang Dynasty Main Idea:excavations tell us about the life of the Shang dynasty.
  • 88.
    The Shang Dynasty 1750– 1045 B.C. Primarily a farming society ruled by an aristocracy whose major concern was war.
  • 89.
    Aristocracy • An upperclass whose wealth is based on land, and whose power is passed from one generation to another.
  • 90.
    Anyang The Shang capitalcity in the northern central region of China. Huge city walls, royal palaces, and large royal tombs. Was one of 5 capital cities in the region. Ruled by a king.
  • 91.
    Political and Social structures Shang kingruled from Anyang. Realm was divided into territories, each governed by aristocratic military leaders called warlords. Warlords reported to the king and could be removed by the king.
  • 92.
    The King Main responsibility wasto defend the realm. Controlled large armies and often fought on the frontiers.
  • 93.
    The social order The royalfamily was at the top. The aristocracy was next. Small merchant class. The Peasantry. Slaves.
  • 94.
    Religion and culture • Oraclebones were used to communicate with the spirit world. • Practiced human sacrifice to win the favor of the gods. • Developed “Ancestor Worship”. • Ancestor spirits could bring good or bad fortune to their descendants. • Mastered the casting of bronze. • Bronze items used in very aspect of life.
  • 95.
  • 96.
    The Zhou Dynasty Ruled from 1045– 256 B.C. China’s longest dynasty.
  • 97.
    Political structure Similar to theShang. Headed by a king or emperor. • Served by a large and complex bureaucracy. Divided the kingdom into territories ruled by aristocrats. The emperor commanded the army and defense of the kingdom. Claimed to rule China because they possessed the mandate of heaven.
  • 98.
    The Mandate of Heaven It wasbelieved that heaven, an impersonal law of nature, kept order through the Zhou emperor. Heaven has chosen this person to rule China. Does this mean that the emperor could do whatever they wanted?
  • 99.
    Expectations of heaven The emperorwas meant to rule with “goodness and efficiency” Expected to rule according to the proper “way”, called the Dao. If the emperor failed to rule correctly, he could loose the Mandate of Heaven and be deposed.
  • 100.
    Political side effects Set fortha “right of revolution” to overthrow a corrupt ruler. Emperor is not a divine being. Mandate of heaven is closely tied to the dynastic cycle of China. This cycle would last until 1912 A.D.
  • 101.
    Dynastic Cycles New dynasty: claimsthe Mandate of heaven and establishes power. Aging dynasty: stops providing good government. Old dynasty: loses the Mandate of heaven. Revolution.
  • 102.
    The Fall of theZhou Ruled for nearly 800 years. Collapsed after rule declined intellectually and morally. Empire was divided and allowed for different territories to become too strong. 403 B.C, civil war breaks out. The “warring states” period begins.
  • 103.
    Zhou Accomplishments 6th to the 3rd centuriesB.C is a period of economic growth. Irrigation used on a large scale. Iron tools and weapons. Allows for more food production and a higher population. • Around 50 million in the late Zhou period. Increased trade and manufacturing. Started the Silk Road to Europe and Africa.
  • 104.
    Zhou accomplishment s Further developed Chinese writtenlanguage. Pictographs: picture symbols, or characters, which represent an object. Ideographs: Characters that combine two or more pictographs to represent an idea.
  • 105.
    The Warring States Iron weaponscame into use. Cavalry armed with crossbows were common as well. The Qin took control and create a new dynasty in 221 B.C.
  • 106.
    The Qin Social structure Basic feudalstructure. Class system Emperor Aristocrats Artisans and merchants (not free to move around) Peasantry Slaves
  • 107.
    Trade Developed slowly at first. Wouldeventually expand internationally.
  • 108.
    The Chinese Family Basic economic andsocial unit. Had an almost sacred role in society.
  • 109.
    Filial Piety Duty ofthe members of the family to subordinate their needs to the male head of the house. This means your needs/wants are less important. This is because the male head of the family is seen as the leader of the family, both socially and economically. His job is to do what is best for the entire family.
  • 110.
  • 111.
    Main idea Chinese philosophers emphasizedstability and order in society.
  • 112.
    3 Major Schoolsof Thought Confucianis m Daoism Legalism
  • 113.
    The focus All threeschools of thought focused on the material world rather than the spiritual world. Goal: a stable society.
  • 114.
    Confucianism • The systemof Confucian ideas, an important part of Chinese culture. • Confucius: the “first teacher” • Born in 551 B.C • Focused his ideals on politics and ethics. • Believed it was better to assume that there was order in the universe.
  • 115.
    Daoism • A systemof ideas based on the teachings of Laozi. • Laozi, or old master, lived around the same time as Confucious. • Tao Te Ching, or The Way of the Dao, set forth proper forms of human behavior. • Humans have a duty to work to improve life on earth. • Don’t interfere with the natural order. • Not concerned with the meaning of the universe.
  • 116.
    Legalism • Proposed humanswere evil by nature. • “School of Law” • Argued for a system of impersonal laws. • Only a strong ruler could create an orderly society. • Only harsh laws and stiff punishments would cause the common people to serve the interests of the ruler. • The ruler did not have to show compassion.
  • 117.
    The Rise andFall of Chinese Empires Section 4
  • 118.
    The Qin Dynasty •Main Idea: Qin Shi Huangdi unified the Chinese world using force against invaders and harsh treatment of his subjects.
  • 119.
    Qin Shi Huangdi 221B.C, Qin dynasty is established. First to unite all of China under one dynasty. Created a single monetary system, and a nationwide road system.
  • 120.
    Qin capital • Xianyang •North of modern Xian.
  • 121.
    The Emperor’s Army • 1974,farmers digging a well about 35 miles east of Xi’an discovered an underground pit that held the terracotta warriors. • Terracotta: hardened clay • Believed to be the emperor’s private/imperial guard. • About 6,000 figures. • Infantry, cavalry, wooden chariots, and about 7,000 bronze weapons. • 3 of these pits found so far. • Originally painted in vibrant colors.
  • 122.
  • 123.
    The Great Wall •Major foreign concern was in the North. • Around the Gobi deserts lived a nomadic peoples known as the Xiangnu. • Mounted herders that ranged very far in search of fresh pasture. • Masters of fighting on horse back. • Challenged Chinese communities near the northern frontier.
  • 124.
    The evolution of the Great Wall Startedby the Qin and added to by each dynasty after for the next 1,500 years.
  • 125.
    Political Changes Legalism was adoptedas the regime's official ideology. Regime: the government in power. Books against legalism were burned. People who opposed the regime were punished or executed. Ruled a highly centralized state.
  • 126.
    The Central Bureaucracy Divided into3 parts: •The Civil Division •The Military Division •The Censorate
  • 127.
    The Censorate Had inspectors who checkedon government officials to make sure they were doing their jobs. Became standard for all future dynasties.
  • 128.
    Below the central government Two levelsof administration. •Provinces •Counties
  • 129.
    Officials and Aristocrats Officials wereappointed and removed by the Emperor and the censors. Those found guilty or wrongdoing were executed. Power of landed aristocrats was reduced by dividing their land and passing their land over to the peasantry. Peasants taxed directly by the government.
  • 130.
    The Fall of theQin Dynasty Qin Shi Huangdi would be his dynasty’s only ruler. Censorship, harsh taxes, and forced labor projects made Qin very unpopular. Qin died in 210 B.C. Dynasty overthrown 4 years later. Led to a warring states period.
  • 131.
    The Han Dynasty Main Idea:The Han dynasty refined the political structures of the Qin.
  • 132.
    The Han • Seenas one of the greatest dynasties in Chinese history. • Began in 202 B.C by Liu Pang.
  • 133.
    Political and social structures No moreLegalism Confucian principles became the new state philosophy Kept the 3 government divisions of the Qin. Kept the empire divided into provinces. Kept the Qin merit system for government officials Created a civil service exam and a school to train these new people.
  • 134.
    Han Wudi The MartialEmperor. Expanded the empire south into modern Vietnam. Pushed west into central Asia. Dies in 87 B.C. China would experience almost 150 years of peace.
  • 135.
    Demands on thepeople Land taxes were light Up to one month of military service per year. Up to one month of forced labor per year. Population is expanding rapidly. Farm plots get smaller, around 1 acre per person. Many peasants were forced into tenant farming by aristocrats. Aristocrats owned thousands of acres of land.
  • 136.
    Technology ad Culture Newtechnology led to economic prosperity for the Han. Textile manufacturing, water mills, and iron casting. New ships and shipping technology allowed for more sea trade. The works of Confusious became required reading.
  • 137.
    The Fall ofthe Han The power of the Han would weaken due to weaker rulers. Official corruption and concentration of land into hands of the wealthy lead to widespread uprisings. Nomadic raids continued in the north. 170 A.D, wars and internal strife, would bring the collapse of the Han dynasty. 190 A.D, rebel armies sack the Han capital at Luoyang. China enters another warring states period. (400 years long)
  • 138.
    Chapter 3 AssessmentIndia 1. How does the monsoon affect Indian farmers? 2. How does Buddhism differ from Hinduism? 3. Why was Asoka considered a great ruler? 4. List the Varnas of Aryan society and their function. 5. What characteristics made the Gupta empire great?
  • 139.
    Chapter 3 AssessmentChina 1. What isolated the Chinese people from peoples in other parts of Asia? 2. What was the major contribution of the Shang dynasty? 3. Explain the Mandate of Heaven. 4. Draw the dynastic cycle of ancient China. Include all steps discussed in class. 5. How do Chinese philosophies differ from Hinduism or Buddhism?