The document discusses regionalism and security in the Black Sea region. It outlines several regional organizations around the Black Sea, including the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC). It analyzes security issues that hinder regional integration and looks at factors like political and economic cooperation that foster regionalization. Specifically, it examines whether the Black Sea region resembles more of a security community or a security complex, and the role of the EU in regional development around the Black Sea.

1. S E C U R IT Y A N D N E W
R E G IO N A L IS M
IN T H E E U R O P E A N
E A S TE R N
N E IG H B O U R H O O D
Mukhtar HAJIZADA
PhD Student
Politics and International Relations Dept

2. T h e B S E C Is t a n b u l S u m m it
D e c l a r a t i o n ( 19 9 2 ) b y :
Albania
Armenia,
Azerbaijan,
Bulgaria,
Georgia,
Greece,
Moldova,
Romania,
Russia,
Turkey,
Ukraine,

3. B S E C c o o p e r a t io n s p h e r e s :
 In t r a -R e g io n a l R e g i o n a l S t r a t e g y
Tra d e & a n d A g r ic u lt u r a l
In v e s t m e n t s D e v e lo p m e n t a n d
 E n e r g y : O il a n d F o o d S e c u r it y
G a s P r o je c t s , T o u r i s m
In t e r c o n n e c t io n S t r e n g t h e n i n g t h e
o f E le c t r ic it y B S E C b u s in e s s
N e tw o rk s d im e n s io n -S M E s
 Tra ns p o rt C o o p e r a t i o n i n t h e
f ie ld o f
 In f o r m a t io n a n d
In s t it u t io n a l
C o m m u n ic a t io n R e ne w a l a nd
T e c h n o lo g ie s G ove rna nc e
 E n v ir o n m e n t a l C o o p e r a t i o n o n

4. O r g a n is a t io n s in ( a n d
a r o u n d ) t h e B la c k S e a
a re a :
Plurilateral level:
-1992 Organisation of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
(BSEC)
Its ‘related-bodies’:
-Parliamentary Assembly of BSEC
-Black Sea Trade and Development Bank
-BSEC Business Council
-International Center for Black Sea Studies

5. W h a t is R e g io n a lis a t io n ?
Regionalisation is a ‘phenomenon denot[ing some] formal
projects as well as the processes in the broadest sense’
and implies ‘the (empirical) process which can be defined
as a process of change from relative heterogeneity and lack
of cooperation towards increased cooperation,
in t e g r a t io n , c o n v e r g e n c e , c o h e r e n c e
and identity in a variety of fields such as culture,
s e c u r it y , e c o n o m ic d e v e lo p m e n t a n d
p o l i t i c s , within a given geographical space’ (Schulz,
Söderbaum and Öjendal 2001:5).
The process that ‘make[s] that part of the globe more
cohesive, and less unstable’ (Gordon 1968:107).

6. ‘ T h e r e g io n s a r e w h a t
p o lit ic ia n s a n d p e o p le w a n t
the m to b e ’
‘[A]n international region can be defined broadly as a limited
number states linked by a geographical relationship and by
a degree of mutual interdependence’ and ‘International
regionalism in the descriptive sense is the formation of
interstate associations or groupings on the basis of regions;
and in the doctrinal sense, the advocacy of such formations’
(Nye 1968:vii).

7. C o m p le x R e g io n a lis a t io n
a r o u n d t h e B la c k S e a a n d
t h e r o le o f t h e E U
T h e t h e s is d e a ls w it h :
 The Security Issues (hindering the regionalisation)
 Political mechanisms and institutionalisation
(fostering factors)
 Trade Relationships and Economic Convergence
(GDP per capita correlation)
 EU’s role in this case of regionalisation around the
Black Sea (what is the extent of its prominence in
the wider area)

8. S e c u r it y Im p e r a t iv e in t h e
w id e r B la c k S e a r e g io n :
How a New European Security Order is characterised
around the Black Sea?
Does the Black Sea region resemble more a Peace
or a Security Order? To what extent the regional
security complex has matured into a Security
C ommunity?

9. S e c u r it y C o m m u n it y :
 Security Community as “a group of people” believing that
they have come to agreement on at least this one point:
that common social problems must and can be resolved
by processes of ‘peaceful change’ (Deutsch, Karl 1957).
 People in a security community are also bound by the
“sense of community”, the mutual sympathy, trust, and
common interests.

10. E r a O r g a n is a t io n s in ( a n d
a r o u n d ) t h e w id e r B la c k
S e a r e g io n :
- NATO and Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO)
-GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic
Development
-The Black Sea Littoral States Coast Guard Coop. Forum
-BLACKSEAFOR
-The Community of Democratic Choice (CDC)
-Black Sea Forum

11. W a r s in t h e r e g io n :
A b k h a z ia a n d S o u t h O s s e t ia
Less internal more international conflict between
Georgia and Russia
N a g o r n y -K a r a b a g h
More international war between Armenia and
Azerbaijan
T r a n s n is t r ia
More internal dispute of Moldova

12. P r o b le m s a n d
c o n f r o n t a t io n s in t h e
r e g io n :
G r e e c e -T u r k e y : In Cyprus and over
Aegean Islands
B u lg a r ia -T u r k e y : Bulgarian Turkish
minority
A r m e n i a - G e o r g i a : Armenian territorial
claims against Georgia’s Javakhetia
A r m e n ia -T u r k e y : Alleged genocide and
territorial claims against Turkey
R u s s i a - A z e r b a i j a n : Russia’s opposition to
Azerbaijan’s backing of EU’s Nabucco

13. P e a c e f u lly r e s o lv e d
t e r r it o r ia l c o n f lic t o f
t h e r e g io n :
Serpent’s Island
ICJ 2009: Case
concerning Maritime
Delimitation in the
black sea
(Romania v. U kraine)

14. C o n c l u s i o n ( 1) :
-Through regional cooperations (see below), including
BSEC, the region has not yet been transformed into
Security Community from security complex. Though it is a
challenging task to draw the lines of the frames in this
transition the region, it currently constitutes two opposing
subsystems in terms of their politico-security orientations.
-This very factor indeed challenges the very basis for
further integration and undermines the potential sense of
community.
- Observably, the chapter concludes that in the
Westernmost of the Area threats to security have been
overcome in a way which it possible to proceed to genuine

15. C o n c lu s io n ( 2 ) :
The argument I have argued is that the process of
regionalization has been hindered by the security
imperative.
For the successful accomplishment of the regionalisation
more independence should be granted to the regionalist
organisational structures.

16. Thank you all for:
o your destructive bombardment of criticism and
o your feedback in relation to what I
researching...
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