The Coming of Mass
Politics: Industrialization,
Ennancipation, and
Instability, 1870-1914
B E c o n o m i c T r a n s f o r m a t i o n • D e f i n i n g t h e P o l i t i c a l N a t i o n
0 B r o a d e n i n g t h e P o l i t i c a l N a t i o n
• O u t s i d e t h e P o l i t i c a l N a t i o n ? T h e E x p e r i e n c e o f W o m e n
IN THE SPRING OF 1881, A HARROWING SCENE TOOK PLACE IN
ST. PETERSBURG, capital of the Russian Empire. A 28-year-
old woman, Sofiia Perovskaia, was scheduled to be
executed for her part in the assassination of Tsar
Alexander II. Although born into wealth and privilege,
Perovskaia had joined the revolutionary socialist
movement. She became a leader of the People's Will, a
small revolutionary group that sought to undermine
the tsarist regime through sabotage and assassination.
On March 1, 1881, led by Perovskaia, six People's Will
members (all under age 30) stationed themselves
along the streets of St. Petersburg. At Perovskaia's
signal, they released their bombs and assassinated one
of the most powerful men in Europe.
Yet the death of the tsar did not destroy the
tsarist regime. The assassins were arrested and sen-
tenced to hang. On the day of Perovskaia's execu-
tion, she mounted the scaffold calmly, but when the
noose was placed around her neck, she grabbed
hold of the platform below with her feet. It took the
strength of two men to pry her feet loose so that she
could hang.
The image of Sofiia Perovskaia clinging to the
platform with her bare feet while her executioners
strained to push her to her death captures
the ferocity of political struggle in Europe at the
end of the nineteenth century. As we discussed
in Chapter 22, the ideological conflict among
liberals, conservatives, socialists, and nationalists
shaped the political culture of the West in the
nineteenth century. After 1870, industrial expan-
sion intensified and widened these conflicts.
Individuals and groups that had traditionally
been excluded from power demanded a voice in
political affairs. Neither economic modernization
nor the coming of mass politics ensured the victory
of democracy, however. Like Sofiia Perovskaia's
executioners, the governing classes often
struggled to pry newcomers off the platform of
political power—and they often succeeded.
Examination of these encounters answers a key
question: How did the new mass politics reshape
definitions of the West by the beginning of the
century?
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M A S S S O C I E T Y A T P L A Y
Pierre Auguste Renoir, Le Moulin de la Colette (1876). On Sunday afternoons in Paris, young working-class
men and women dance at a popular cafe. Urbanization offered ordinary people new opportunities for l ...
The West in the Contemporary Era New Encounters and T.docxssusera34210
The West in the
Contemporary Era:
New Encounters and
Transformations
• Economic Stagnation and Political Change: The 1970s and 1980s
a R e v o l u t i o n i n the East H I n the Wske of R e v o l u t i o n H R e t h i n k i n g the West
O N THE EVENING OF NOVEMBER 9 , 1 9 8 9 , EAST GERMAN
BORDER g u a r d s at t h e Berlin W a l l w a t c h e d n e r v o u s l y
as t h o u s a n d s of East Berliners c r o w d e d i n f r o n t of
t h e m a n d d e m a n d e d t o b e a l l o w e d i n t o W e s t B e r l i n .
T h i s d e m a n d w a s e x t r a o r d i n a r y : In t h e 2 8 years t h a t
t h e Berlin W a l l h a d s t o o d , s o m e 2 0 0 p e o p l e h a d
b e e n s h o t t r y i n g t o cross f r o m east t o w e s t . B u t t h e
a u t u m n of 1 9 8 9 w a s n o o r d i n a r y t i m e . A r e f o r m i s t
r e g i m e h a d e m e r g e d i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d p r o -
c l a i m e d t h a t e a s t e r n E u r o p e a n g o v e r n m e n t s c o u l d
n o l o n g e r rely o n t h e Red A r m y t o c r u s h d o m e s t i c
d i s s e n t . P o l a n d a n d H u n g a r y w e r e i n t h e p r o c e s s o f
r e p l a c i n g c o m m u n i s t g o v e r n m e n t s w i t h p l u r a l i s t
p a r l i a m e n t a r y s y s t e m s . A n d i n East G e r m a n y , o v e r
o n e m i l l i o n d i s a f f e c t e d c i t i z e n s h a d j o i n e d i l l e g a l
p r o t e s t d e m o n s t r a t i o n s .
In r e s p o n s e t o t h i s o v e r w h e l m i n g p u b l i c p r e s -
s u r e , t h e East G e r m a n g o v e r n m e n t h a d d e c i d e d t o
relax t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r o b t a i n i n g a n e x i t visa t o
v i s i t W e s t G e r m a n y . B u t a t a press c o n f e r e n c e o n
t h e m o r n i n g o f N o v e m b e r 9 , t h e East B e r l i n C o m -
m u n i s t Party b o s s G u n t e r S c h a b o w s k i s t a t e d ,
w r o n g l y , t h a t a n y o n e w h o w a n t e d t o h e a d t o t h e
W e s t c o u l d o b t a i n a n a u t o m a t i c e x i t visa at t h e b o r -
der. As h u g e c r o w d s g a t h e r e d a t t h e c h e c k p o i n t s
t h a t d o t t e d t h e B e r l i n W a l l , t h e b o r d e r g u a r d s h a d
n o i d e a w h a t t o d o . P a n i c k e d , t h e y o p e n e d t h e
g a t e s . W h i l e t e l e v i s i o n c a m e r a s b r o a d c a s t t h e scene
t o a n a s t o n i s h e d w o r l d , t e n s o f t h o u s a n d s o f East
B e r l i n e r s w a l k e d , r a n , a n d d a n c e d across t h e b o r d e r
t h a t h a d f o r so l o n g l i t e r a l l y a n d s y m b o l i c a l l y
d i v i d e d W e s t f r o m East. E l a t e d w i t h t h e i r n e w f r e e -
d o m a n d e n e r g i z e d w i t h a sense o f p o w e r a n d p o s -
s i b i l i t y , t h e y j u m p e d u p o n t h e W a l l . A n i n s t r u m e n t
o f c o e r c i o n a n d d i v i s i o n b e c a m e a p l a t f o r m f o r p a r -
t y i n ...
The War Against the lews 8 7 7 c o n f u s i o n . T h e y.docxssusera34210
The War Against the lews 8 7 7
c o n f u s i o n . T h e y d i d n o t k n o w w h a t h a d h i t
t h e m . W i t h i n t h e h i g h levels o f t h e Japanese
g o v e r n m e n t , g r a d u a l r e a l i z a t i o n o f the a t o m i c
b o m b ' s p o w e r s t r e n g t h e n e d t h e p o s i t i o n o f
t h o s e o f f i c i a l s w h o r e c o g n i z e d t h a t J a p a n m u s t
n o w g i v e u p . A h a r d - l i n e f a c t i o n o f t h e m i l i -
t a r y , h o w e v e r , w i s h e d t o f i g h t o n .
T h e n , o n A u g u s t 8, the S o v i e t U n i o n
d e c l a r e d w a r o n J a p a n . T h e n e x t d a y A m e r i c a n
force s d r o p p e d a n a t o m b o m b o n t h e c i t y o f
N a g a s a k i a n d k i l l e d 7 0 , 0 0 0 o u t r i g h t
( w i t h a n o t h e r 7 0 , 0 0 0 d y i n g o v e r t h e n e x t f i v e
y e a r s ) . O n A u g u s t 1 0 , E m p e r o r H i r o h i t o
( 1 9 0 1 - 1 9 8 9 ) t o l d his m i h t a r y leaders t o s u r r e n -
der. V i e w e d i n t h e W e s t as a n i m p l a c a b l e w a r -
l o r d , H i r o h i t o a c t u a l l y possessed f a i r l y l i m i t e d
p o l i t i c a l p o w e r a n d h a d been p r e s s i n g f o r peace
since J u n e . N e g o t i a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e A l l i e s a n d
t h e Japanese c o n t i n u e d u n t i l A u g u s t 1 5 , w h e n
t h e w a r e n d e d .
I n H i r o s h i m a a n d N a g a s a k i , h o w e v e r ,
a n o t h e r w a r w a s r a g i n g , t h i s t i m e a g a i n s t a n
unseen a n d at f i r s t u n r e c o g n i z e d e n e m y —
r a d i a t i o n . T h e l i n g e r i n g h o r r o r o f r a d i a t i o n
sickness, w h i c h m a n y A m e r i c a n s a n d B r i t i s h
f i r s t d i s m i s s e d as Japanese p r o p a g a n d a , s i g -
n a l e d t h a t t h e a t o m b o m b w a s n o t j u s t a b i g g e r
w e a p o n . I n t h e m o n t h s a f t e r t h e w a r ' s e n d ,
b o t h p o l i c y m a k e r s a n d o r d i n a r y p e o p l e c a m e
t o r e c o g n i z e t h a t t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y n e w f o r c e
o f a t o m i c p o w e r h a d i n t r o d u c e d t h e w o r l d t o
n e w p o s s i b i l i t i e s — a n d n e w h o r r o r s .
THE WAR AGAINST THE JEWS
• H o w a n d w h y d i d t h e w a r a g a i n s t
t h e J e w s t a k e p l a c e , a n d w h a t w e r e
i t s consequences?
I n t h e m o n t h s f o l l o w i n g t h e w a r ' s e n d , t h e
w o r l d also c o n f r o n t e d a v e r y d i f f e r e n t s o r t o f
h o r r o r , as p e o p l e b e g a n t o piece t o g e t h e r t h e
s t o r y o f t h e H o l o c a u s t o r t h e S h o a h , H i t l e r ' s
w a r a g a i n s t t h e J e w s . F o r E u r o p e a n J e w s ,
W o r l d W a r I I b r o u g h t u n p r e c e d e n t e d t e r r o r
a n d , f o r m i l l i o n s , d e a t h . I n t o t a l , t h e H o l o c a u s t
c l a i m e d t h e lives o f a p p r o x i m a t e ...
The Breakup of the Roman Empire 2 2 3 f o r f e r o c i t .docxmattinsonjanel
The Breakup of the Roman Empire 2 2 3
f o r f e r o c i t y . L i v i n g u n d e r the specter o f s t a r v a -
t i o n , they l usted after the great riches a n d easy
lifestyles they observed i n the u r b a n i z e d e m p i r e s
o f R o m e a n d Persia.
I n 3 7 6 , i n w h a t is n o w s o u t h R u s s i a , a n
a r m y o f H u n s d r o v e a g r o u p o f V i s i g o t h s f r o m
t h e i r f a r m l a n d s . T h e V i s i g o t h refugees g a i n e d
p e r m i s s i o n f r o m t h e R o m a n E m p e r o r V a l e n s t o
cross t h e D a n u b e a n d settle i n t h e B a l k a n s i n
r e t u r n f o r s u p p l y i n g t r o o p s t o t h e R o m a n
a r m y . I n t h e p a s t , R o m a n r u l e r s h a d f r e q u e n t l y
m a d e t h i s s o r t o f a r r a n g e m e n t . T h e R o m a n
o f f i c i a l s i n c h a r g e o f t h i s r e s e t t l e m e n t , h o w e v e r ,
e x p l o i t e d the refugees b y c h a r g i n g them, e x o r b i -
t a n t fees f o r f o o d a n d s u p p l i e s . I n 3 7 8 t h e
V i s i g o t h s r e v o l t e d . A t t h e B a t t l e o f A d r i a n o p l e
i n T h r a c e t h e y k i l l e d Val ens a n d d e s t r o y e d a n
e n t i r e R o m a n a r m y .
T h e V i s i g o t h s ' successful rebeUion w o u n d e d
the e m p i r e , b u t n o t f a r a l l y . Rome's response t o the
disaster, h o w e v e r , s o w e d the seeds f o r a loss o f
i m p e r i a l p o w e r i n d i e west. Necessity f o r c e d the
n e w emperor, T h e o d o s i u s the G r e a t , t o p e r m i t
V i s i g o t h i c soldiers t o serve i n the R o m a n a r m y
u n d e r t h e i r o w n V i s i g o t h i c c o m m a n d e r s . B u t
a l l o w i n g i n d e p e n d e n t m i l i t a r y forces o f d u b i o u s
l o y a l t y t o operate freely w i t h i n the e m p i r e was a
t e r r i b l e m i s t a k e . T h e consequences o f T h e o d o -
sius's d e c i s i o n became a l l t o o clear i n the m i d -
390s w h e n A l a r i c , the n e w V i s i g o t h i c k i n g , began
t o p l u n d e r R o m a n cities i n the Balkans a n d
Greece. A s discussed at the b e g i n n i n g o f this chap-
ter, i n 4 0 1 A l a r i c a n d his t r o o p s sacked R o m e f o r
rhree days. Senators a n d citizens c o u l d o n l y w a t c h
as the V i s i g o t h s r a m p a g e d t h r o u g h their streets.
T h e V i s i g o t h s ' sack o f R o m e n o t o n l y d e a l t
a p s y c h o l o g i c a l b l o w t o the e m p i r e ' s i n h a b i -
t a n t s , i t also l e d i n d i r e c t l y t o t h e loss o f m a n y o f
R o m e ' s w e s t e r n p r o v i n c e s . T o f i g h t A l a r i c ,
R o m e ' s a r m i e s w i t h d r e w f r o m the e m p i r e ' s
n o r t h w e s t e r n defenses, l e a v i n g t h e f r o n t i e r i n
B r i t a i n a n d a l o n g the R h i n e v u l n e r a b l e . I n
B r i t a i n , R o m e a b a n d o n e d its c o n t r o l e n t i r e l y ...
TMK.edu Traditional Media Buying Presentation: August 2015The Media Kitchen
Presented by Ludmila Palasin: August 12, 2015
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The West in the Contemporary Era New Encounters and T.docxssusera34210
The West in the
Contemporary Era:
New Encounters and
Transformations
• Economic Stagnation and Political Change: The 1970s and 1980s
a R e v o l u t i o n i n the East H I n the Wske of R e v o l u t i o n H R e t h i n k i n g the West
O N THE EVENING OF NOVEMBER 9 , 1 9 8 9 , EAST GERMAN
BORDER g u a r d s at t h e Berlin W a l l w a t c h e d n e r v o u s l y
as t h o u s a n d s of East Berliners c r o w d e d i n f r o n t of
t h e m a n d d e m a n d e d t o b e a l l o w e d i n t o W e s t B e r l i n .
T h i s d e m a n d w a s e x t r a o r d i n a r y : In t h e 2 8 years t h a t
t h e Berlin W a l l h a d s t o o d , s o m e 2 0 0 p e o p l e h a d
b e e n s h o t t r y i n g t o cross f r o m east t o w e s t . B u t t h e
a u t u m n of 1 9 8 9 w a s n o o r d i n a r y t i m e . A r e f o r m i s t
r e g i m e h a d e m e r g e d i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d p r o -
c l a i m e d t h a t e a s t e r n E u r o p e a n g o v e r n m e n t s c o u l d
n o l o n g e r rely o n t h e Red A r m y t o c r u s h d o m e s t i c
d i s s e n t . P o l a n d a n d H u n g a r y w e r e i n t h e p r o c e s s o f
r e p l a c i n g c o m m u n i s t g o v e r n m e n t s w i t h p l u r a l i s t
p a r l i a m e n t a r y s y s t e m s . A n d i n East G e r m a n y , o v e r
o n e m i l l i o n d i s a f f e c t e d c i t i z e n s h a d j o i n e d i l l e g a l
p r o t e s t d e m o n s t r a t i o n s .
In r e s p o n s e t o t h i s o v e r w h e l m i n g p u b l i c p r e s -
s u r e , t h e East G e r m a n g o v e r n m e n t h a d d e c i d e d t o
relax t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r o b t a i n i n g a n e x i t visa t o
v i s i t W e s t G e r m a n y . B u t a t a press c o n f e r e n c e o n
t h e m o r n i n g o f N o v e m b e r 9 , t h e East B e r l i n C o m -
m u n i s t Party b o s s G u n t e r S c h a b o w s k i s t a t e d ,
w r o n g l y , t h a t a n y o n e w h o w a n t e d t o h e a d t o t h e
W e s t c o u l d o b t a i n a n a u t o m a t i c e x i t visa at t h e b o r -
der. As h u g e c r o w d s g a t h e r e d a t t h e c h e c k p o i n t s
t h a t d o t t e d t h e B e r l i n W a l l , t h e b o r d e r g u a r d s h a d
n o i d e a w h a t t o d o . P a n i c k e d , t h e y o p e n e d t h e
g a t e s . W h i l e t e l e v i s i o n c a m e r a s b r o a d c a s t t h e scene
t o a n a s t o n i s h e d w o r l d , t e n s o f t h o u s a n d s o f East
B e r l i n e r s w a l k e d , r a n , a n d d a n c e d across t h e b o r d e r
t h a t h a d f o r so l o n g l i t e r a l l y a n d s y m b o l i c a l l y
d i v i d e d W e s t f r o m East. E l a t e d w i t h t h e i r n e w f r e e -
d o m a n d e n e r g i z e d w i t h a sense o f p o w e r a n d p o s -
s i b i l i t y , t h e y j u m p e d u p o n t h e W a l l . A n i n s t r u m e n t
o f c o e r c i o n a n d d i v i s i o n b e c a m e a p l a t f o r m f o r p a r -
t y i n ...
The War Against the lews 8 7 7 c o n f u s i o n . T h e y.docxssusera34210
The War Against the lews 8 7 7
c o n f u s i o n . T h e y d i d n o t k n o w w h a t h a d h i t
t h e m . W i t h i n t h e h i g h levels o f t h e Japanese
g o v e r n m e n t , g r a d u a l r e a l i z a t i o n o f the a t o m i c
b o m b ' s p o w e r s t r e n g t h e n e d t h e p o s i t i o n o f
t h o s e o f f i c i a l s w h o r e c o g n i z e d t h a t J a p a n m u s t
n o w g i v e u p . A h a r d - l i n e f a c t i o n o f t h e m i l i -
t a r y , h o w e v e r , w i s h e d t o f i g h t o n .
T h e n , o n A u g u s t 8, the S o v i e t U n i o n
d e c l a r e d w a r o n J a p a n . T h e n e x t d a y A m e r i c a n
force s d r o p p e d a n a t o m b o m b o n t h e c i t y o f
N a g a s a k i a n d k i l l e d 7 0 , 0 0 0 o u t r i g h t
( w i t h a n o t h e r 7 0 , 0 0 0 d y i n g o v e r t h e n e x t f i v e
y e a r s ) . O n A u g u s t 1 0 , E m p e r o r H i r o h i t o
( 1 9 0 1 - 1 9 8 9 ) t o l d his m i h t a r y leaders t o s u r r e n -
der. V i e w e d i n t h e W e s t as a n i m p l a c a b l e w a r -
l o r d , H i r o h i t o a c t u a l l y possessed f a i r l y l i m i t e d
p o l i t i c a l p o w e r a n d h a d been p r e s s i n g f o r peace
since J u n e . N e g o t i a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e A l l i e s a n d
t h e Japanese c o n t i n u e d u n t i l A u g u s t 1 5 , w h e n
t h e w a r e n d e d .
I n H i r o s h i m a a n d N a g a s a k i , h o w e v e r ,
a n o t h e r w a r w a s r a g i n g , t h i s t i m e a g a i n s t a n
unseen a n d at f i r s t u n r e c o g n i z e d e n e m y —
r a d i a t i o n . T h e l i n g e r i n g h o r r o r o f r a d i a t i o n
sickness, w h i c h m a n y A m e r i c a n s a n d B r i t i s h
f i r s t d i s m i s s e d as Japanese p r o p a g a n d a , s i g -
n a l e d t h a t t h e a t o m b o m b w a s n o t j u s t a b i g g e r
w e a p o n . I n t h e m o n t h s a f t e r t h e w a r ' s e n d ,
b o t h p o l i c y m a k e r s a n d o r d i n a r y p e o p l e c a m e
t o r e c o g n i z e t h a t t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y n e w f o r c e
o f a t o m i c p o w e r h a d i n t r o d u c e d t h e w o r l d t o
n e w p o s s i b i l i t i e s — a n d n e w h o r r o r s .
THE WAR AGAINST THE JEWS
• H o w a n d w h y d i d t h e w a r a g a i n s t
t h e J e w s t a k e p l a c e , a n d w h a t w e r e
i t s consequences?
I n t h e m o n t h s f o l l o w i n g t h e w a r ' s e n d , t h e
w o r l d also c o n f r o n t e d a v e r y d i f f e r e n t s o r t o f
h o r r o r , as p e o p l e b e g a n t o piece t o g e t h e r t h e
s t o r y o f t h e H o l o c a u s t o r t h e S h o a h , H i t l e r ' s
w a r a g a i n s t t h e J e w s . F o r E u r o p e a n J e w s ,
W o r l d W a r I I b r o u g h t u n p r e c e d e n t e d t e r r o r
a n d , f o r m i l l i o n s , d e a t h . I n t o t a l , t h e H o l o c a u s t
c l a i m e d t h e lives o f a p p r o x i m a t e ...
The Breakup of the Roman Empire 2 2 3 f o r f e r o c i t .docxmattinsonjanel
The Breakup of the Roman Empire 2 2 3
f o r f e r o c i t y . L i v i n g u n d e r the specter o f s t a r v a -
t i o n , they l usted after the great riches a n d easy
lifestyles they observed i n the u r b a n i z e d e m p i r e s
o f R o m e a n d Persia.
I n 3 7 6 , i n w h a t is n o w s o u t h R u s s i a , a n
a r m y o f H u n s d r o v e a g r o u p o f V i s i g o t h s f r o m
t h e i r f a r m l a n d s . T h e V i s i g o t h refugees g a i n e d
p e r m i s s i o n f r o m t h e R o m a n E m p e r o r V a l e n s t o
cross t h e D a n u b e a n d settle i n t h e B a l k a n s i n
r e t u r n f o r s u p p l y i n g t r o o p s t o t h e R o m a n
a r m y . I n t h e p a s t , R o m a n r u l e r s h a d f r e q u e n t l y
m a d e t h i s s o r t o f a r r a n g e m e n t . T h e R o m a n
o f f i c i a l s i n c h a r g e o f t h i s r e s e t t l e m e n t , h o w e v e r ,
e x p l o i t e d the refugees b y c h a r g i n g them, e x o r b i -
t a n t fees f o r f o o d a n d s u p p l i e s . I n 3 7 8 t h e
V i s i g o t h s r e v o l t e d . A t t h e B a t t l e o f A d r i a n o p l e
i n T h r a c e t h e y k i l l e d Val ens a n d d e s t r o y e d a n
e n t i r e R o m a n a r m y .
T h e V i s i g o t h s ' successful rebeUion w o u n d e d
the e m p i r e , b u t n o t f a r a l l y . Rome's response t o the
disaster, h o w e v e r , s o w e d the seeds f o r a loss o f
i m p e r i a l p o w e r i n d i e west. Necessity f o r c e d the
n e w emperor, T h e o d o s i u s the G r e a t , t o p e r m i t
V i s i g o t h i c soldiers t o serve i n the R o m a n a r m y
u n d e r t h e i r o w n V i s i g o t h i c c o m m a n d e r s . B u t
a l l o w i n g i n d e p e n d e n t m i l i t a r y forces o f d u b i o u s
l o y a l t y t o operate freely w i t h i n the e m p i r e was a
t e r r i b l e m i s t a k e . T h e consequences o f T h e o d o -
sius's d e c i s i o n became a l l t o o clear i n the m i d -
390s w h e n A l a r i c , the n e w V i s i g o t h i c k i n g , began
t o p l u n d e r R o m a n cities i n the Balkans a n d
Greece. A s discussed at the b e g i n n i n g o f this chap-
ter, i n 4 0 1 A l a r i c a n d his t r o o p s sacked R o m e f o r
rhree days. Senators a n d citizens c o u l d o n l y w a t c h
as the V i s i g o t h s r a m p a g e d t h r o u g h their streets.
T h e V i s i g o t h s ' sack o f R o m e n o t o n l y d e a l t
a p s y c h o l o g i c a l b l o w t o the e m p i r e ' s i n h a b i -
t a n t s , i t also l e d i n d i r e c t l y t o t h e loss o f m a n y o f
R o m e ' s w e s t e r n p r o v i n c e s . T o f i g h t A l a r i c ,
R o m e ' s a r m i e s w i t h d r e w f r o m the e m p i r e ' s
n o r t h w e s t e r n defenses, l e a v i n g t h e f r o n t i e r i n
B r i t a i n a n d a l o n g the R h i n e v u l n e r a b l e . I n
B r i t a i n , R o m e a b a n d o n e d its c o n t r o l e n t i r e l y ...
TMK.edu Traditional Media Buying Presentation: August 2015The Media Kitchen
Presented by Ludmila Palasin: August 12, 2015
This presentation provides a recap of our suite of research tools to be sure that everyone knows what is available. But there is a lot more out there – a lot of it for free. This presentation will go into depth on what these are and how to access and use them.
250 I RELIGIOUS OPPRESSION belongs n o t i n B u t t e . .docxtamicawaysmith
250 I RELIGIOUS OPPRESSION
belongs n o t i n B u t t e . " T h e I m m i g r a t i o n A c t o f 1 9 1 7 f u r t h e r p r o h i b i t e d i m m i g r a t i o n f r o m
A s i a n c o u n t r i e s f r o m the " b a r r e d z o n e , " i n c l u d i n g p a r t s of C h i n a , I n d i a , S i a m , B u r m a ,
A s i a t i c R u s s i a n , P o l y n e s i a n I s l a n d s , a n d p a r t s o f A f g h a n i s t a n .
T h i s " n a t i v i s t " a n t i - i m m i g r a t i o n f e v e r c u l m i n a t e d i n 1 9 2 4 w i t h the N a t i o n a l O r i g i n s
A c t , w h i c h set r e s t r i c t i v e quotas o f i m m i g r a n t s f r o m Eastern a n d Southern E u r o p e , t h a t i s ,
m a i n l y o n C a t h o l i c s a n d J e w s (the latter r e f e r r e d to as m e m b e r s o f the s o - c a l l e d " H e b r e w
r a c e " ) . T h e l a w , h o w e v e r , p e r m i t t e d large a l l o c a t i o n s o f i m m i g r a n t s f r o m G r e a t B r i t a i n
a n d G e r m a n y i n o r d e r to " p r o t e c t o u r v a l u e s . . . [as] a W e s t e r n C h r i s t i a n c i v i l i z a t i o n . "
J e w s w e r e c o n s i d e r e d r a c i a l as w e l l as r e l i g i o u s u n d e s i r a b l e s by the 19''' c e n t u r y s c i e n t i f i c
c o m m u n i t y as a l o w e r " r a c i a l " type, w i t h essential i m m u t a b l e b i o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s —
a t r e n d that i n c r e a s e d m a r k e d l y i n t o the e a r l y 2 0 * c e n t u r y C . E . O n c e seen as l a r g e l y a
r e h g i o u s , e t h n i c , or p o l i t i c a l g r o u p , J e w s w e r e v i e w e d by " n a t i v i s t s , " w h o v a l u e d A m e r i c a n
r a c i a l a n d r e l i g i o u s " p u r i t y , " as a " m i x e d r a c e " (a s o - c a l l e d " m o n g r e l " or " b a s t a r d r a c e " ) ,
a people w h o h a d c r o s s e d r a c i a l b a r r i e r s by i n t e r b r e e d i n g w i t h b l a c k A f r i c a n s d u r i n g the
J e w i s h D i a s p o r a .
T h e s e restrictions o n i m m i g r a t i o n based on " n a t i o n a l o r i g i n s " w e r e not l i f t e d u n t i l T h e
I m m i g r a t i o n a n d N a t i o n a l i t } ' A c t o f 1 9 6 5 . T h i s legislation resulted i n d r a m a t i c increases i n
i m m i g r a t i o n f r o m both A s i a n a n d L a t i n A m e r i c a n countries of m a n y religious b a c k g r o u n d s
i n c l u d i n g I s l a m i c , H i n d u , B u d d h i s t , J a i n , S i k h , Z o r o a s t r i a n , v a r y i n g f o r m s of C a t h o l i c i s m , a n d
A f r i c a n , a n d A f r o - C a r i b b e a n rehgious traditions. T h e 1 9 6 5 l a w a l l o w e d f o r 1 7 0 , 0 0 0 i m m i -
grants f r o m the E a s t e r n H e m i s p h e r e a n d 1 2 0 , 0 0 0 f r o m the Western H e m i s p h e r e w i t h 2 0 , 0 0 0
i m m i g r a n t s per E a s t e r n H e m i s p h e r e country. P a r t l y as a result of the r e m o v a ...
Presented by Bruce Harwood: July 2016
Have you heard about traditional media but aren't quite sure what it is?
This session on how to plan and buy traditional media will give you some context on why advertisers use it and how you should think about it.
As each medium is different in its own way and we will explore the nuances of each and how they are adapting in today's digital landscape.
Anatoly Vanetik is an art lover who wants to share the fascinating history with his audience. This era he shares, Realism, is considered to be a major change in the future of art and it's direction.
We are engaged in an exponentially growing cyber war that we are visibly losing. Within the next 3 years it has been estimated that the global cost will equal, or overtake, the UK GDP, and it is clear that our defences are inadequate and often ineffective. Malware and ransomer-ware continue to extort more money, and cause damage and inconvenience to individuals, organisations and society, whilst hacker groups, criminals and rogue states continue to innovate and maintain their advantage. At the same time, our defences are subverted and rendered ineffective as we operate in a reactive and prescriptive, after the fact, mode with no foresight or anticipation.
In any war it is essential to know and understand as much about the enemy as possible, it is also necessary to establish the truth and validity of any situation or development. Doing this in the cyber domain is orders of magnitude more difficult than the real world, but some of the relevant tools are now available or at an advanced stage of development. For example; fully automated fact checkers and truth engines have been demonstrated, whilst situational awareness technologies are commercially available. However, what is missing is some level of context assessment on a continual basis. Without this we will continue to be ‘blind-sided’ by the actions and developments of the attackers as they maintain their element of surprise along every line of innovation.
What do we need? In short ; a Context Engine that continually monitors networks, servers, routers, machines, devices and people for anomalous behaviours that flag pending attacks as behavioural deviations that are generally easy to detect. In the case of attacker groups we have observed precursor events and trends in network activity days ahead of some big offensive. However, this requires a shift in the defenders thinking and operations away for the reactive and short term, to the long term continual monitoring, data collection and analysis in order to establish threat assessments on a real time.
The behavioural analysis of people, networks and ITC, is at the core of our ‘Context Engine’ solution which completes the triangle of: Truth; Situation; Context Awareness to provide defenders with a fuller and transformative picture. Most of the known precursor elements of this undertaken have been studied in some depth, with some behavioural elements identified on real networks and some physical situations. The unknown can only add more accuracy!
Leading innovation and change is against all odds. Designing the right innovation team is mission critical. Misfits are the best option to accomplish change. This framework will help build a team purpose, roles, accountabilities and identify the right profiles. Design the right innovation team: build a band of misfits.
Please provide answer, write program in Prolog for the following.docxcherry686017
Please provide answer, write program in Prolog for the following rules and facts.
RULES:
Use the rules on "When to Seek Medical Attention" from
carona virus
Watch for symptoms
People with COVID-19 have had a wide range of symptoms reported - ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness.
These symptoms may appear
2-14 days after exposure to the virus:
Fever
Cough
Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
Chills
Repeated shaking with chills
Muscle pain
Headache
Sore throat
New loss of taste or smell
When to Seek Medical Attention
If you develop any of these
emergency warning signs*
for COVID-19 get
medical attention immediately:
Trouble breathing
Persistent pain or pressure in the chest
New confusion or inability to arouse
Bluish lips or face
*This list is not all inclusive. Please consult your medical provider for any other symptoms that are severe or concerning to you.
FACTS
John has Fever, Cough and Trouble breathing
Amanda has Fever, Cough and Sore throat
.
Please provide references for your original postings in APA form.docxcherry686017
Please provide references for your original postings in APA format. 300 Words with proper references.
What do you think is the best combination of the types of authentication? Is that type of authentication appropriate for all types of access?
Some have made the argument that using WEP presents more security issues than if all traffic were in the clear. What do you think?
.
More Related Content
Similar to The Coming of Mass Politics Industrialization, Ennancip.docx
250 I RELIGIOUS OPPRESSION belongs n o t i n B u t t e . .docxtamicawaysmith
250 I RELIGIOUS OPPRESSION
belongs n o t i n B u t t e . " T h e I m m i g r a t i o n A c t o f 1 9 1 7 f u r t h e r p r o h i b i t e d i m m i g r a t i o n f r o m
A s i a n c o u n t r i e s f r o m the " b a r r e d z o n e , " i n c l u d i n g p a r t s of C h i n a , I n d i a , S i a m , B u r m a ,
A s i a t i c R u s s i a n , P o l y n e s i a n I s l a n d s , a n d p a r t s o f A f g h a n i s t a n .
T h i s " n a t i v i s t " a n t i - i m m i g r a t i o n f e v e r c u l m i n a t e d i n 1 9 2 4 w i t h the N a t i o n a l O r i g i n s
A c t , w h i c h set r e s t r i c t i v e quotas o f i m m i g r a n t s f r o m Eastern a n d Southern E u r o p e , t h a t i s ,
m a i n l y o n C a t h o l i c s a n d J e w s (the latter r e f e r r e d to as m e m b e r s o f the s o - c a l l e d " H e b r e w
r a c e " ) . T h e l a w , h o w e v e r , p e r m i t t e d large a l l o c a t i o n s o f i m m i g r a n t s f r o m G r e a t B r i t a i n
a n d G e r m a n y i n o r d e r to " p r o t e c t o u r v a l u e s . . . [as] a W e s t e r n C h r i s t i a n c i v i l i z a t i o n . "
J e w s w e r e c o n s i d e r e d r a c i a l as w e l l as r e l i g i o u s u n d e s i r a b l e s by the 19''' c e n t u r y s c i e n t i f i c
c o m m u n i t y as a l o w e r " r a c i a l " type, w i t h essential i m m u t a b l e b i o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s —
a t r e n d that i n c r e a s e d m a r k e d l y i n t o the e a r l y 2 0 * c e n t u r y C . E . O n c e seen as l a r g e l y a
r e h g i o u s , e t h n i c , or p o l i t i c a l g r o u p , J e w s w e r e v i e w e d by " n a t i v i s t s , " w h o v a l u e d A m e r i c a n
r a c i a l a n d r e l i g i o u s " p u r i t y , " as a " m i x e d r a c e " (a s o - c a l l e d " m o n g r e l " or " b a s t a r d r a c e " ) ,
a people w h o h a d c r o s s e d r a c i a l b a r r i e r s by i n t e r b r e e d i n g w i t h b l a c k A f r i c a n s d u r i n g the
J e w i s h D i a s p o r a .
T h e s e restrictions o n i m m i g r a t i o n based on " n a t i o n a l o r i g i n s " w e r e not l i f t e d u n t i l T h e
I m m i g r a t i o n a n d N a t i o n a l i t } ' A c t o f 1 9 6 5 . T h i s legislation resulted i n d r a m a t i c increases i n
i m m i g r a t i o n f r o m both A s i a n a n d L a t i n A m e r i c a n countries of m a n y religious b a c k g r o u n d s
i n c l u d i n g I s l a m i c , H i n d u , B u d d h i s t , J a i n , S i k h , Z o r o a s t r i a n , v a r y i n g f o r m s of C a t h o l i c i s m , a n d
A f r i c a n , a n d A f r o - C a r i b b e a n rehgious traditions. T h e 1 9 6 5 l a w a l l o w e d f o r 1 7 0 , 0 0 0 i m m i -
grants f r o m the E a s t e r n H e m i s p h e r e a n d 1 2 0 , 0 0 0 f r o m the Western H e m i s p h e r e w i t h 2 0 , 0 0 0
i m m i g r a n t s per E a s t e r n H e m i s p h e r e country. P a r t l y as a result of the r e m o v a ...
Presented by Bruce Harwood: July 2016
Have you heard about traditional media but aren't quite sure what it is?
This session on how to plan and buy traditional media will give you some context on why advertisers use it and how you should think about it.
As each medium is different in its own way and we will explore the nuances of each and how they are adapting in today's digital landscape.
Anatoly Vanetik is an art lover who wants to share the fascinating history with his audience. This era he shares, Realism, is considered to be a major change in the future of art and it's direction.
We are engaged in an exponentially growing cyber war that we are visibly losing. Within the next 3 years it has been estimated that the global cost will equal, or overtake, the UK GDP, and it is clear that our defences are inadequate and often ineffective. Malware and ransomer-ware continue to extort more money, and cause damage and inconvenience to individuals, organisations and society, whilst hacker groups, criminals and rogue states continue to innovate and maintain their advantage. At the same time, our defences are subverted and rendered ineffective as we operate in a reactive and prescriptive, after the fact, mode with no foresight or anticipation.
In any war it is essential to know and understand as much about the enemy as possible, it is also necessary to establish the truth and validity of any situation or development. Doing this in the cyber domain is orders of magnitude more difficult than the real world, but some of the relevant tools are now available or at an advanced stage of development. For example; fully automated fact checkers and truth engines have been demonstrated, whilst situational awareness technologies are commercially available. However, what is missing is some level of context assessment on a continual basis. Without this we will continue to be ‘blind-sided’ by the actions and developments of the attackers as they maintain their element of surprise along every line of innovation.
What do we need? In short ; a Context Engine that continually monitors networks, servers, routers, machines, devices and people for anomalous behaviours that flag pending attacks as behavioural deviations that are generally easy to detect. In the case of attacker groups we have observed precursor events and trends in network activity days ahead of some big offensive. However, this requires a shift in the defenders thinking and operations away for the reactive and short term, to the long term continual monitoring, data collection and analysis in order to establish threat assessments on a real time.
The behavioural analysis of people, networks and ITC, is at the core of our ‘Context Engine’ solution which completes the triangle of: Truth; Situation; Context Awareness to provide defenders with a fuller and transformative picture. Most of the known precursor elements of this undertaken have been studied in some depth, with some behavioural elements identified on real networks and some physical situations. The unknown can only add more accuracy!
Leading innovation and change is against all odds. Designing the right innovation team is mission critical. Misfits are the best option to accomplish change. This framework will help build a team purpose, roles, accountabilities and identify the right profiles. Design the right innovation team: build a band of misfits.
Similar to The Coming of Mass Politics Industrialization, Ennancip.docx (20)
Please provide answer, write program in Prolog for the following.docxcherry686017
Please provide answer, write program in Prolog for the following rules and facts.
RULES:
Use the rules on "When to Seek Medical Attention" from
carona virus
Watch for symptoms
People with COVID-19 have had a wide range of symptoms reported - ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness.
These symptoms may appear
2-14 days after exposure to the virus:
Fever
Cough
Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
Chills
Repeated shaking with chills
Muscle pain
Headache
Sore throat
New loss of taste or smell
When to Seek Medical Attention
If you develop any of these
emergency warning signs*
for COVID-19 get
medical attention immediately:
Trouble breathing
Persistent pain or pressure in the chest
New confusion or inability to arouse
Bluish lips or face
*This list is not all inclusive. Please consult your medical provider for any other symptoms that are severe or concerning to you.
FACTS
John has Fever, Cough and Trouble breathing
Amanda has Fever, Cough and Sore throat
.
Please provide references for your original postings in APA form.docxcherry686017
Please provide references for your original postings in APA format. 300 Words with proper references.
What do you think is the best combination of the types of authentication? Is that type of authentication appropriate for all types of access?
Some have made the argument that using WEP presents more security issues than if all traffic were in the clear. What do you think?
.
Please provide reference in APARequired FormatTitle Page AP.docxcherry686017
Please provide reference in APA
Required Format:
Title Page APA Format
Introduction
Concept of Systems Thinking (
Level 1 APA Heading
)
Difference Between Systems Thinking and Silo Thinking
(Level 1 APA Heading)
Applying Systems Thinking in My Work Environment
(Level 1 APA Heading)
Conclusion
1. Explain and discuss the concept of systems thinking.
2. Explain and give an example of the difference between silo thinking and systems thinking
3. Provide one example of where you could apply systems thinking that would positively affect your current work environment.
.
Please post here your chosen topic and information about why y.docxcherry686017
Please post here your chosen topic and information about why you chose it. Note: it must be a NON-INFECTIOUS agent (with few exceptions and it cannot be what you chose for discussion 2), so it cannot be caused by an organism. Please review the syllabus for more details.
A reminder from the syllabus:
The disease or disorder should not be a common disease that has already addressed in our course. With rare exception, it should not be an infectious disease (caused by an infectious organism).
Common diseases should be AVOIDED, including coronary artery disease, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, diabetes, AIDS, hypo- and hyper-thyroidism, hypertension, psoriasis, sleep apnea, Lyme’s Disease, sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, mononucleosis, asthma, urinary tract infections, many STDs (check with your instructor), irritable bowel disease, strep throat, MRSA, polio, tuberculosis, Lockjaw, anorexia nervosa, autism, Down syndrome, and many cancers (check with your instructor).
The information you present should include sufficient detail to demonstrate that you have completed some preliminary research and should present a clear rationale for your choice.
If you're struggling with ideas, think of something you or someone you know may be dealing with. Or perhaps take a look at webMD and see if you find something interesting. Or watch a medical show, like The Good Doctor.
Please change your Title of your discussion post to the name of the disease.
.
Please pick your favorite article from Ms Magazine and do a one.docxcherry686017
Please pick your favorite article from
Ms Magazine
and do a one page (double spaced) write up of how it relates to what you have learned so far in this class
( something under one of these topics: what women's studies \ What is sex ? what is Gender \ secrets of masculinity and Femininity \ theories about the construction of gender \ intersectionality)
.
Please provide discussion of the following1. Weyerhaeuser made .docxcherry686017
Please provide discussion of the following:
1. Weyerhaeuser made a one-year commitment to help their employees living in New Orleans who were victims of Katrina. What types of assistance was provided under this commitment and what impact did it have on the lives of those most affected?
2. Please research and provide an overview of a company that provided assistance to the one of our more recent, natural events.
.
Please provide a summary of the key learning from the chapter. The .docxcherry686017
Please provide a summary of the key learning from the chapter. The summary is expected to be a simple write up, can be free form, and should include:
Brief
description in written form of the concepts that you have learned form reading the chapter.
If you wish (but not mandatory) and
if applicable
, you can cite examples that may illustrate some of the concepts. Examples can be from your our work, academia, experience, other organizations, etc.
There is
No Need
to summarize any of the formulas, graphs, tables, workflows, etc.
Summary should be
concise
and should fit on
No More Than One Page
.
Summary can entered in Canvas, posted or emailed as a document file typed in Microsoft Word, Powerpoint, or any other media that you choose.
.
Please pay close attention to the highlighted areas Please answe.docxcherry686017
Please pay close attention to the highlighted areas
Please answer all questions that are highlighted in red
Please write two full and complete pages
Cite your sources
Please use more of your own words than other authors
The job of the Supreme Court is to apply the Constitution, not to make public policy. That means that if they're doing their job, the specific outcomes of the decision shouldn't be a factor in their decision. That's why, sometimes, bad guys go free because the police violated a rule that protects all of us in we're accused of wrongdoing. Free speech can also be troublesome. It sounds a lot better in theory than it sometimes turns out in practice.
Find a Supreme Court case called Elonis v. United States (Links to an external site.).
What can you say and not say on social media? Where does your freedom of speech end and become a specific threat to another person?
Read about the case and write a 2 - 5 page essay telling your reader what the case was about, what the court majority decided and why. If you were a Supreme Court Justice, what would your decision have been and why?
Submit in Word. Cite your sources.
Resources
The SCOTUS blog is always a great place to start: http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/elonis-v-united-states/ (Links to an external site.)
The Cornell Law School also: https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/cert/13-983 (Links to an external site.)
As always, the New York Times is a great resource for Supreme Court cases: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/02/us/supreme-court-rules-in-anthony-elonis-online-threats-case.html (Links to an external site.)
.
Please pay attention to the topicZero Plagiarisfive referenc.docxcherry686017
Please pay attention to the topic
Zero Plagiaris
five references
Post
an explanation of whether psychotherapy has a biological basis. Explain how culture, religion, and socioeconomics might influence one’s perspective of the value of psychotherapy treatments. Support your rationale with evidence-based literature.
Wheeler, K. (Eds.). (2014).
Psychotherapy for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse: A how-to guide for evidence-based practice
(2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company
.
PLEASE OPEN THE ATTACH MENTWhen a dietary supplement is consid.docxcherry686017
PLEASE OPEN THE ATTACH MENT
When a dietary supplement is considered food and when is it considered a drug? Describe in detail why and when someone would need to take a dietary supplement. Is monitoring your nutritional intake important? Why or Why not? Please provide examples in paragraph form. What is your perception of a healthy diet, why and what does it consist of?
.
Please make sure that it is your own work and not copy and paste. Wa.docxcherry686017
Please make sure that it is your own work and not copy and paste. Watch out for grammar errors and spelling errors. Use the APA format.
Book Refernce: Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2019).
Organizational behavior
(18th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.
How do you distinguish between attitudes and moods? What is one example that supports your position? As you address the question, you are to consider how outside sources might be used to support your position.
.
please no plagiarism, 5 pages and fallow the rubic Quantitat.docxcherry686017
please no plagiarism, 5 pages and fallow the rubic
Quantitative Research Design. Rigor and Validity in Quantitative Research.
Title Page: Title of article, journal information and your name and date
1 point
Your score
Abstract: Brief summary of article (1-2 paragraphs)
1 points
The Problem: (2 or 3 paragraphs)
Is the problem clearly stated?
Is the problem practically important?
What is the purpose of the study?
What is the hypothesis?
Are the key terms defined?
3 points
Review of Literature: (1 -2 paragraphs)
Are the cited sources pertinent to the study?
Is the review too broad or too narrow?
Are the references recent?
Is there any evidence of bias?
2 points
Design and Procedures: (3-4 paragraphs)
What research methodology was used?
Was it a replica study or an original study?
What measurement tools were used?
How were the procedures structures?
Was a pilot study conducted?
What are the variables?
How was sampling performed?
3 points
Data analysis and Presentation: (1 - 2 paragraphs)
2 points
How was data analyzed?
Did findings support the hypothesis and purpose?
Were weaknesses and problems discussed?
Conclusions and Implications: (2-3 paragraphs)
3 points
Are the conclusions of the study related to the original purpose?
Were the implications discussed?
Whom the results and conclusions will affect?
What recommendations were made at the conclusion?
What is your overall assessment of the study and the article?
Total
15 points
(100%)
Grade
.
Please make sure to follow the below.Please note that this is .docxcherry686017
Please make sure to follow the below.
Please note that this is a formal writing, all references (peer-reviewed) mostly must be cited appropriately within the text.
Clearly avoid plagiarism.
The paper should have a minimum of 10 pages, 1.5 spacing and Times New Roman font.
A minimum of 5 peer review references must be provided.
Reference style is APA.
.
Please make revision in the prospectus checklist assignment base.docxcherry686017
Please make revision in the prospectus checklist assignment based on my professor feedback. For now, she wants to only focus on (1) the problem statement, (2) the practice focus question, (3) the social change.
I’m also attaching a copy of the previous prospectus draft which the professor returned to me with her feedback. Also, I included an outline of the project in the file section (see attached file).
Include as many scholarly references (at least 10) as needed and cite often.
APA format required.
Due on Sunday 10/06/19 by 12pm America/New York time.
.
Please note research can NOT be on organization related to minors, i.docxcherry686017
Please note research can NOT be on organization related to minors, incarcerated individuals or mental health co morbidities. Research a selected local, national, or global nonprofit organization or government agency to determine how it contributes to public health and safety improvements, promotes equal opportunity, and improves the quality of life within the community. Submit your findings in a 3-5 page report.
As you begin to prepare this assessment, it would be an excellent choice to complete the Nonprofit Organizations and Community Health activity. Complete this activity to gain insight into promoting equal opportunity and improving the quality of life in a community. The information gained from completing this activity will help you succeed with the assessment.
Professional Context
Many organizations work to better local and global communities' quality of life and promote health and safety in times of crisis. As public health and safety advocates, nurses must be cognizant of how such organizations help certain populations. As change agents, nurses must be aware of factors that impact the organization and the services that it offers. Familiarity with these organizations enables the nurse to offer assistance as a volunteer and source of referral.
This assessment provides an opportunity for you gain insight into the mission, vision, and operations of a community services organization of interest.
Demonstration of Proficiency
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:
Competency 1: Analyze health risks and health care needs among distinct populations.
Explain how an organization’s work impacts the health and/or safety needs of a local community.
Competency 2: Propose health promotion strategies to improve the health of populations.
Explain how an organization’s mission and vision enable it to contribute to public health and safety improvements.
Competency 3: Evaluate health policies, based on their ability to achieve desired outcomes.
Assess the impact of funding sources, policy, and legislation on an organization’s provision of services.
Competency 4: Integrate principles of social justice in community health interventions.
Evaluate an organization’s ability to promote equal opportunity and improve the quality of life within a community.
Competency 5: Apply professional, scholarly communication strategies to lead health promotion and improve population health.
Write clearly and concisely in a logically coherent and appropriate form and style.
Note:
Complete the assessments in this course in the order in which they are presented.
Preparation
Assume you are interested in expanding your role as a nurse and are considering working in an area where you can help to promote equal opportunity and improve the quality of life within the local or global community. You are aware of the work .
please no plagiarism our class uses Turnitin You are expected to pr.docxcherry686017
please no plagiarism our class uses Turnitin You are expected to provide supporting details for your responses; that support may come from the points covered in the readings and additional external research all source must be cited and listed (
appropriately cited
) in APA
.
Please know that the score is just a ball-park and d.docxcherry686017
Please know that the score is just a ball-park and doesn't represent a grade that would be equivalent to a final paper. I suggest reviewing this as well as the prompt / student samples again.
Hi, this has potential -- the evidence is apparent. Remember this is
Summary, not….lists, and it must be clear where the evidence is from via source attribution.
company name / job -- title?
source?
I have not idea where this evidence is from
oh, boy - -this is way off. making a list is not part of the assignment / summary is with source attribution
I don't mind a table or chart but where is it from and what is the purpose of it.
I'm not seeing a government source
Field Research Project
ORIGINALITY REPORT
12%
SIMILARITY INDEX
5%
INTERNET SOURCES
0%
PUBLICATIONS
9%
STUDENT PAPERS
PRIMARY SOURCES
(
1
) (
3
)Submitted to Florida International University
Student Paper %
www.l3harris.com
(
2
) (
3
) (
3
) (
2
%
)Internet Source %
Submitted to Embry Riddle Aeronautical University
(
1
)Student Paper
Submitted to Florida Institute of Technology
(
4
)Student Paper %
www.electricalengineer.com
(
5
) (
1
)Internet Source %
www.wsj.com
(
6
) (
7
) (
1
) (
1
%
)Internet Source %
Submitted to Southern State Community College
Student Paper
Exclude quotes On Exclude bibliography On
Exclude matches < 5 words
Field Research Project
GRADEMARK REPORT
FINAL GRADE
8/10
GENERAL COMMENTS
Instructor
PAGE 1
Text Comment. Please know that the score is just a ball-park and doesn't represent a grade that would be equivalent to a final paper. I suggest reviewing this as well as the prompt / student examples again.
Text Comment. Eisa, this has potential -- the evidence is apparent. Remember this is summary, not...lists, and it must be clear where the evidence is from via source attribution.
PAGE 2
Text Comment. company name / job -- title?
Text Comment. source?
Text Comment. I have not idea where this evidence is from
Text Comment. oh, boy - -this is way off. making a list is not part of the assignment / summary is with source attribution
PAGE 3
Text Comment. I don't mind a table or chart but where is it from and what is the purpose of it.
PAGE 4
PAGE 5
PAGE 6
Text Comment. I'm not seeing a government source
PAGE 7
RUBRIC: 305 REVISED RESEARCH
RESEARCH (30%)
0 / 100
0 / 100
Level of sources' quality, relevance & usefulness in helping to target future resume, and cover letter or graduate school statement.
AMAZING (100)
EXCELLENT (95)
PRETTY GOOD (90)
GOOD (85)
BETTER THAN ADEQUATE (80)
ADEQUATE (75)
MUCH REVISION NEEDED
(70)
INADEQUATE (65)
NO PASSION (60)
DOCUMENTATION (30%) 0 / 100
Level of proficiency in providing accurate & consistent quote and reference attribution, both within written text and in source listing at end.
AMAZING (100)
EXCELLENT (95)
PRETTY GOOD (90)
GOOD (85)
BETTER THAN ADEQUATE
(80)
ADEQUATE (75)
MUCH REV.
Please note that the Reflections must have 1. MLA format-.docxcherry686017
Please note that the Reflections must have:
1. MLA format-look up the link if you are not sure
2. Single spaced the entire assignment or page
3. One page only
4. Times New Roman, font 12
5. Quotations with page numbers
6. Point and Explanations do not have the author's name in it.
Be careful. I will deduct a point for each error. If you don't single space your writing, I will not read it.
.
Please make sure you talk about the following (IMO)internati.docxcherry686017
Please make sure you talk about the following
* (IMO)international maritime law institute
* historical background
* Concept of Maritime law
*The principle provision of modern law
* Territorial seas
* Contiguous zone
.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
The Coming of Mass Politics Industrialization, Ennancip.docx
1. The Coming of Mass
Politics: Industrialization,
Ennancipation, and
Instability, 1870-1914
B E c o n o m i c T r a n s f o r m a t i o n • D e f i n i n g t h e
P o l i t i c a l N a t i o n
0 B r o a d e n i n g t h e P o l i t i c a l N a t i o n
• O u t s i d e t h e P o l i t i c a l N a t i o n ? T h e E x p e r i e
n c e o f W o m e n
IN THE SPRING OF 1881, A HARROWING SCENE TOOK
PLACE IN
ST. PETERSBURG, capital of the Russian Empire. A 28-year-
old woman, Sofiia Perovskaia, was scheduled to be
executed for her part in the assassination of Tsar
Alexander II. Although born into wealth and privilege,
Perovskaia had joined the revolutionary socialist
movement. She became a leader of the People's Will, a
small revolutionary group that sought to undermine
the tsarist regime through sabotage and assassination.
On March 1, 1881, led by Perovskaia, six People's Will
members (all under age 30) stationed themselves
along the streets of St. Petersburg. At Perovskaia's
signal, they released their bombs and assassinated one
of the most powerful men in Europe.
Yet the death of the tsar did not destroy the
tsarist regime. The assassins were arrested and sen-
tenced to hang. On the day of Perovskaia's execu-
2. tion, she mounted the scaffold calmly, but when the
noose was placed around her neck, she grabbed
hold of the platform below with her feet. It took the
strength of two men to pry her feet loose so that she
could hang.
The image of Sofiia Perovskaia clinging to the
platform with her bare feet while her executioners
strained to push her to her death captures
the ferocity of political struggle in Europe at the
end of the nineteenth century. As we discussed
in Chapter 22, the ideological conflict among
liberals, conservatives, socialists, and nationalists
shaped the political culture of the West in the
nineteenth century. After 1870, industrial expan-
sion intensified and widened these conflicts.
Individuals and groups that had traditionally
been excluded from power demanded a voice in
political affairs. Neither economic modernization
nor the coming of mass politics ensured the victory
of democracy, however. Like Sofiia Perovskaia's
executioners, the governing classes often
struggled to pry newcomers off the platform of
political power—and they often succeeded.
Examination of these encounters answers a key
question: How did the new mass politics reshape
definitions of the West by the beginning of the
century?
720
ging to the
cecutioners
I captures
4. E C O N O M I C T R A N S F O R M A T I O N
O J t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f t h e
^hape t h e encounters
b e t w e e n established p o l i t i c a l elites a n d
n e w c o m e r s t o the p o l i t i c a l process?
T h r e e e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t s helped shape
W e s t e r n a c t i o n s a n d a t t i t u d e s b e r w e e n 1 8 7
0
a n d 1 9 1 4 : the e c o n o m i c d e p r e s s i o n t h a t began
i n 187.3, the e x p a n s i o n a n d t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f
the I n d u s t r i a l R e v o l u t i o n , a n d accelerated
u r b a n i z a t i o n a n d i m m i g r a t i o n . T h e v i o l e n t
social e n c o u n t e r s o f t e n p r o d u c e d by these
d e v e l o p m e n t s h e l p e d t r a n s f o r m t h e p o l i t i c
a l
s t r u c t u r e s a n d i d e o l o g i e s o f the W e s t .
Economic Depression
I n 1 8 7 3 , Europe's e c o n o m y t i l t e d d o w n w a r d — -
prices, interest rates, and p r o f i t s a l l fell
721
722 CHAPTER 2 J The Coming of Mass Politics:
Industrialization, Emancipation, and Instability, 1870-1914
a n d remained l o w i n m a n y regions u n t i l the m i d -
1890s. A g r i c u l t u r e was h i t hardest. By the 1890s,
the price o f w h e a t was o n l y one-tliii-d o f w h a t i t h a d
been i n the 1860s. Farmers across E u r o p e f o u n d i t
5. d i f f i c u l t t o m a k e a l i v i n g . I n d u s t r y and
commerce
fared better t h a n a g r i c u l t u r e b u t d e c l i n i n g prices
f o r m a n u f a c t u r e d g o o d s — o f t e n by as m u c h as
50 percent—squeezed business p r o f i t margins.
W h a t caused this depression? I r o n i c a l l y , the
v e r y success o f the I n d u s t r i a l R e v o l u t i o n
s p a w n e d i t . T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f the s t e a m s h i
p
a n d the e x p a n s i o n o f r a i l w a y lines across E u r o p e
a n d t h e U n i t e d States r e d u c e d the cost o f t r a n s -
p o r t i n g a g r i c u l t u r a l a n d i n d u s t r i a l g o o d s .
C h e a p
g r a i n a n d o t h e r a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t s f r o m
the
A m e r i c a n M i d w e s t a n d U k r a i n e f o r c e d E u r o
-
pean f a r m e r s t o accept l o w e r prices f o r t h e i r
p r o d u c t s . M o r e generally, as r e g i o n s a n d n a t i o n
s
i n d u s t r i a l i z e d , t h e y p r o d u c e d m o r e g o o d s .
Yet
m a n y i n d u s t r i a l w o r k e r s , a g r i c u l t u r a l l a b o
r e r s ,
a n d l a n d o w n i n g peasants h a d l i t t l e m o n e y t o
spend o n i n d u s t r i a l p r o d u c t s . I n o t h e r w o r d s ,
b y
the 1870s, a mass c o n s u m e r society h a d n o t yet
e m e r g e d . T h u s , i n m a n y p a r t s o f E u r o p e p r o d
u c -
t i o n exceeded c o n s u m p t i o n , a n d the result w a s
l o n g - t e r m a g r i c u l t u r a l a n d i n d u s t r i a l d e p r
e s s i o n .
6. T h e e c o n o m i c depression w a s , t h e n , closely
l i n k e d t o the second i m p o r t a n t e c o n o m i c d e v e l
-
o p m e n t o f t h i s p e r i o d — t h e c o n t i n u e d e x p a n
s i o n
o f the I n d u s t r i a l R e v o l u t i o n . A s w e s a w i n
C h a p t e r 2 1 , b e t w e e n 1 7 6 0 a n d 1 8 6 0 e c o n o m i
c
p r o d u c t i o n c h a n g e d d r a m a t i c a l l y , f i r s t i n
B r i t a i n ,
t h e n i n p a r t s o f w e s t e r n E u r o p e . A f t e r 1 8 6 0 ,
the
I n d u s t r i a l R e v o l u t i o n spread across the E u r o -
pean c o n t i n e n t . R a i l w a y s i n c r e a s i n g l y l i n k
e d
E u r o p e ' s c
n e t w o r k . .
n e t w o r k g
Russis
e x p a n s i o n
1 8 9 0 s , R u
t i o n u n d (
( 1 8 4 9 - 1 9 1
t e r Before
W i r t e h a d
i n d u s t r y . I
p r o g r a m o
s t a t e - o w n e
T h i s i m p r t
i n c l u d e d t
acceleratec
across the
W i t t e also
T h i s m o v e
7. v e r t i b l e i n
i n t e r n a t i o t i
Ru s s i a. B y
U n i t e d Stai
a n d Russia
ized w o r k
d o t t e d U k
d o m i n a t e d
T h e ex
across E u r
w i t h a n e w
gies o f proc
h i s t o r i a n s t
T h e develo
niques f o r :
i n d u s t r y i i
w h i l e b y t h
i n n o v a t i o n ;
steel cheap]
e x p a n d e d j
a n d c o n s t r i
T h e CO
f o r m e d . A i
i r o n , ceme
the i n v e n t !
s t o n e c u t t e r
skies. C i t y
s t r u c t i o n s t
Economic Transformation 723
E u r o p e ' s diverse r e g i o n s i n t o a single e c o n o m i c
8. n e t w o r k . F r o m 1 8 7 0 t o 1 9 1 4 , the w o r l d ' s r a i l
n e t w o r k g r e w b y 5 0 0 p e r c e n t .
Russia p r o v i d e s a t e l l i n g e x a m p l e o f t h e
e x p a n s i o n o f t h e I n d u s t r i a l R e v o l u t i o n . I n t
h e
1 8 9 0 s , Russia u n d e r w e n t d r a m a t i c i n d u s t r i a l
i z a -
t i o n u n d e r the l e a d e r s h i p o f Sergei W i t t e
( 1 8 4 9 - 1 9 1 5 ) , Tsar A l e x a n d e r I l l ' s f i n a n c e m
i n i s -
ter. Before e n t e r i n g the tsar's a d m i n i s t r a t i o n ,
W i t t e h a d a successful career i n the r a i l w a y
i n d u s t r y . H e used t h i s experience t o c a r r y o u t a
p r o g r a m o f p l a n n e d e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t
. T h e
s t a t e - o w n e d r a i l w a y n e t w o r k d o u b l e d i n
size.
T h i s i m p r e s s i v e e n g i n e e r i n g a c h i e v e m e n t ,
w h i c h
i n c l u d e d the 5 , 0 0 0 - m i l e t r a n s - S i b e r i a n r a i l
w a y ,
accelerated the m o v e m e n t o f g o o d s a n d l a b o r e r s
across the vast expanse o f R u s s i a n t e r r i t o r y .
W i t t e also p l a c e d Russia o n the g o l d s t a n d a r d .
T h i s m o v e m a d e t h e R u s s i a n r u b l e easily c o n -
v e r t i b l e i n t o o t h e r currencies a n d so f o s t e r e d
i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a d e . F o r e i g n c a p i t a l p o u r e
d i n t o
Russia. By 1 9 0 0 , o n l y B r i t a i n , G e r m a n y , a n d the
U n i t e d States p r o d u c e d m o r e steel t h a n R u s s i a
—
a n d Russia suppHed 5 0 p e r c e n t o f the i n d u s t r i a l -
ized w o r l d ' s o i l . C o a l m i n e s a n d steel m i l l s
d o t t e d U k r a i n e , a n d huge s t a t e - r u n f a c t o r i e s
d o m i n a t e d M o s c o w a n d St. P e t e r s b u r g .
9. T h e e x p a n s i o n o f the I n d u s t r i a l R e v o l u t i o n
across E u r o p e a n d the U n i t e d States c o i n c i d e d
w i t h a n e w phase i n the techniques a n d t e c h n o l o -
gies o f p r o d u c t i o n a n d c o n s u m p t i o n — w h a t
some
h i s t o r i a n s c a l l the Second I n d u s t r i a l R e v o l u t i
o n .
T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f s y n t h e t i c dyes a n d n e w
tech-
ni ques f o r r e f i n i n g p e t r o l e u m m a d e the c h e m i c
a l
i n d u s t r y i n t o a n i m p o r t a n t e c o n o m i c sector,
w h i l e by t h e late 1 8 7 0 s , a series o f t e c h n o l o g i c a
l
i n n o v a t i o n s enabl ed m a n u f a c t u r e r s t o p r o d u
c e
steel cheaply a n d i n huge q u a n t i t i e s . T h i s i n t u r n
e x p a n d e d p r o d u c t i o n i n r a i l r o a d s , s h i p b u i
l d i n g ,
a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n .
T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n i n d u s t r y i t s e l f w a s t r a n s -
f o r m e d . A d v a n c e s i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f steel,
i r o n , c e m e n t , a n d p l a t e glass, c o m b i n e d w i t h
t h e i n v e n t i o n s o f the m e c h a n i c a l crane a n d
s t o n e c u t t e r , a l l o w e d b u i l d e r s t o r e a c h t o t h
e
skies. C i t y s c a p e s c h a n g e d as these n e w c o n -
s t r u c t i o n s t h r u s t u p w a r d . T h e e n g i n e e r i n g
f i r m
o f G u s t a v e E i f f e l ( 1 8 3 2 - 1 9 2 . 3 ) b u l k a n i r o n
a n d
steel t o w e r t o c e l e b r a t e t h e Paris W o r l d ' s F a i r o
f
10. 1 8 8 9 . M o d e l e d o n t h e s t r u c t u r a l s u p p o r t s o f
r a i l w a y v i a d u c t s , t h e E i f f e l T o w e r w a s r i d i
c u l e d
b y c r i t i c s as a " t r u l y t r a g i c street l a m p " a n d a
" h a l f - b u i l t f a c t o r y p i p e , " b u t i t s o o n c a m e t
o
s y m b o l i z e b o t h Paris a n d t h e n e w age o f i n d u s -
t r i a l m o d e r n i t y .
T h i s same era saw the d e v e l o p m e n t o f electric
p o w e r . I n 1 8 6 6 the EngUsh scientist M i c h a e l F a r a -
d a y ( 1 7 9 1 - 1 8 6 7 ) designed the f i r s t e l e c t r o m a g
-
netic generator. I n 1 8 7 9 , the A m e r i c a n T h o m a s
E d i s o n ( 1 8 4 7 - 1 9 3 1 ) i n v e n t e d the l i g h t b u l b .
These
d e v e l o p m e n t s created a huge e n e r g y - p r o d u c i n
g
i n d u s t r y . T h e y also accelerated the p r o d u c t i o n
a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f o t h e r i n d u s t r i a l goods as
fac-
tories, shops, a n d the t r a i n a n d t r a m lines t h a t
serviced t h e m were l i n k e d t o c i t y p o w e r g r i d s .
I n d u s t r i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n c h a n g e d as w e l l .
Businesses became larger a n d m o r e c o m p l e x . T o
c o n t r o l p r o d u c t i o n costs i n a t i m e o f d e c l i n i n
g
p r o f i t s , busmess o w n e r s developed n e w o r g a n i z a -
t i o n a l f o r m s , i n c l u d i n g vertical integration—
b u y i n g the c o m p a n i e s t h a t s u p p l i e d t h e i r r a
w
m a t e r i a l s a n d those t h a t b o u g h t t h e i r f i n i s h e
d
p r o d u c t s — a n d horizontal integration, l i n k i n g
u p w i t h c o m p a n i e s i n the same i n d u s t r y t o f i x
11. prices, c o n t r o l c o m p e t i t i o n , a n d ensure a steady
p r o f i t ( o f t e n called trusts o r cartels). T h e S t a n d a r d
O i l C o m p a n y exempUfies b o t h t r e n d s . F o r m e d i
n
1 8 7 0 b y J o h n D . R o c k e f e l l e r ( 1 8 3 9 - 1 9 3 7 ) ,
S t a n d a r d O i l m o n o p o l i z e d 75 percent o f the
p e t r o l e u m business i n the U n i t e d States by the
1890s, a n d c o n t r o l l e d i r o n m i n e s , t i m b e r l a n d
, a n d
m a n u f a c t u r i n g a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n businesses.
W i t h i n these n e w , h u g e , o f t e n m u l t i n a t i o n a l
c o m p a n i e s , o r g a n i z a t i o n g r e w m o r e c o m p l e
x
a n d i m p e r s o n a l . T h e s m a l l f a m i l y f i r m r u n b
y the
o w n e r became r a r e r as layers o f m a n a g e r s a n d
c l e r i c a l s t a f f separated w o r k e r f r o m o w n e r . E v
e n
i d e n t i f y i n g " t h e o w n e r " g r e w d i f f i c u l t . T h
e need
f o r c a p i t a l t o f u e l these huge enterprises d r o v e
businesses t o incorporate—to sell " s h a r e s " i n the
business t o n u m e r o u s s t o c k h o l d e r s , each o f
w h o m n o w s h a r e d o w n e r s h i p i n t h e c o m p a n y .
T h e m a r k e t i n g o f g o o d s also c h a n g e d . D u r -
i n g these decades, a r e v o l u t i o n i n r e t a i l i n g
724 CHAPTER 23 The Coming of Mass Politics:
Industrialization, Emancipation, and Instability, 1870-1914
o c c u r r e d , one t h a t c u l m i n a t e d i n a n e w t y p e o
f
12. business a i m e d at m i d d l e - c l a s s c u s t o m e r s — t h
e
d e p a r t m e n t s tore. I n a t r a d i t i o n a l s h o p , the
retailer ( w h o w a s o f t e n also t h e p r o d u c e r )
o f f e r e d a s m a l l s el ecti on o f p r o d u c t s i n l i m i t e
d
q u a n t i t i e s at f a i r l y h i g h pri ces. I n c o n t r a s t , i
n the
n e w d e p a r t m e n t s t o r e s — B o n M a r c h e i n Paris,
M a c y ' s i n N e w Y o r k , W h i t e l e y ' s i n L o n d o n —
a
vast a r r a y o f p r o d u c t s i n h u g e q u a n t i t i e s c o n -
f r o n t e d t h e c o n s u m e r . These n e w enterprises
m a d e t h e i r p r o f i t s f r o m a q u i c k t u r n o v e r o f a
large v o l u m e o f l o w - p r i c e d g o o d s . T o s t i m u l a
t e
sales, t h e y s o u g h t t o m a k e s h o p p i n g a pleasant
experience b y p r o v i d i n g h u g e , w e l l - l i g h t e d
expanses f i l l e d w i t h a p p e a l i n g g o o d s s o l d by
c o u r t e o u s , w e l l - t r a i n e d c l e r k s . I n - s t o r e r
e a d i n g
r o o m s a n d r e s t a u r a n t s p a m p e r e d s h o p p e r s .
A n o t h e r i n n o v a t i o n , m a i l - o r d e r c a t a l o g s ,
o f f e r e d
t h e store's d e l i g h t s t o d i s t a n t c u s t o m e r s . A d v
e r -
t i s i n g became a c r u c i a l i n d u s t r y as business
s o u g h t t o persuade p o t e n t i a l c u s t o m e r s o f n e w
needs a n d desires.
O n the Move: Emigration
a n d U r b a n i z a t i o n
E c o n o m i c depression a n d the e x p a n s i o n a n d
t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f the I n d u s t r i a l R e v o l u t i o
n accel-
13. erated p a t t e r n s o f u r b a n i z a t i o n a n d i m m i g r a t
i o n .
T h e depression h i t a g r i c u l t u r a l regions p a r t i c u -
l a r l y h a r d , j u s t w h e n p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h
exerted
greater pressure o n l a n d a n d j o b s . I n a d d i t i o n ,
i n d u s t r i a l e x p a n s i o n u n d e r c u t r u r a l m a n u f
a c t u r -
i n g a n d h a n d i c r a f t p r o d u c t i o n . A s a resul t, m e
n
a n d w o m e n f r o m t r a d i t i o n a l villages s o u g h t n e
w
e c o n o m i c o p p o r t u n i t i e s i n the i n d u s t r i a h z i
n g
cities o f E u r o p e , the A m e r i c a s , a n d A u s t r a l i a .
E u r o p e a n cities g r e w d r a m a t i c a l l y after
1 8 7 0 . I n 1 8 0 0 , o n l y 23 E u r o p e a n cities h a d m o r
e
t h a n 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 i n h a b i t a n t s . By 1 9 0 0 , t h e r e w e
r e
1 3 5 cities o f such a size. T h e E u r o p e a n p o p u l a -
t i o n as a w h o l e c o n t i n u e d t o e x p a n d i n t h i s
p e r i o d , b u t the cities increased at a m u c h faster
pace. F o r e x a m p l e , i n 1 8 0 0 t h e c i t y o f Odessa i n
U k r a i n e h e l d 6 , 0 0 0 i n h a b i t a n t s . By 1 9 1 4 ,
Odessa c o n t a i n e d 4 8 0 , 0 0 0 p e o p l e .
Seeking o p p o r t u n i t i e s , i n h a b i t a n t s o f i n d u s -
t r i a l l y u n d e r d e v e l o p e d regions m i g r a t e d t o m
o r e
e c o n o m i c a l l y a d v a n c e d areas. I t a l i a n s headed t
o
France a n d S w i t z e r l a n d , w h i l e t h e I r i s h p o u r e
d
across the I r i s h Sea i n t o L i v e r p o o l a n d G l a s g o w
14. .
Some i m m i g r a n t s headed n o t f o r the nearest c i t y ,
b u t f o r a d i f f e r e n t c o n t i n e n t . B e t w e e n 1 8 6 0
a n d
1 9 1 4 , m o r e t h a n 5 2 m i l l i o n E u r o p e a n s crossed
the oceans i n quest o f a better l i f e . O v e r 7 0 per-
cent o f these transoceanic i m m i g r a n t s t r a v e l e d t o
N o r t h A m e r i c a , 2 1 percent t o S o u t h A m e r i c a ,
a n d the rest t o A u s t r a l i a , N e w Z e a l a n d , o r
c o l o n i e s i n A s i a a n d A f r i c a . ^ E m i g r a n t s f r o
m
eastern E u r o p e a c c o u n t e d f o r a n ever-larger share
o f those b o u n d f o r A m e r i c a . I n the 1880s
1 0 0 , 0 0 0 Poles m o v e d t o the U n i t e d States. By the
1900s, h o w e v e r , between 1 3 0 , 0 0 0 a n d 1 7 5 , 0 0 0
Poles w e r e h e a d i n g t o the U n i t e d States each year.
G r o w i n g Social U n r e s t
R a p i d e c o n o m i c change, c o m b i n e d w i t h acceler-
ated u r b a n i z a t i o n a n d i m m i g r a t i o n , h e i g h t e
n e d
s o c i a l tensions a n d d e s t a b i l i z e d p o h t i c a l s t r u
c -
t u r e s . T h e f r e e f a l l i n prices t h a t c h a r a c t e r i z e
d t h e
d e p r e s s i o n e r o d e d c a p i t a l i s t p r o f i t m a r g i n
s . I n
response, businessmen s o u g h t t o reduce t h e
n u m b e r o f t h e i r employees a n d t o increase l a b o r
p r o d u c t i v i t y . W o r k e r s reacted a n g r i l y . R e d u
c e d
prices d i d m e a n t h a t t h e l i v i n g s t a n d a r d s o f
employed w o r k e r s rose, b u t so, t o o , d i d u n e m -
p l o y m e n t a n d u n d e r e m p l o y m e n t . H e i g h t e n
e d
15. class h o s t i h t i e s t h u s c h a r a c t e r i z e d these
decades.
I n r u r a l r e g i o n s such as S p a i n a n d I r e l a n d ,
t h e collapse i n a g r i c u l t u r a l prices f o s t e r e d s o c i
a l
a n d e c o n o m i c crises. A g r i c u l t u r a l l a b o r e r s a n
d
peasants t u r n e d t o v i o l e n c e t o e n f o r c e t h e i r
calls
f o r a f a i r e r d i s t r i b u t i o n o f l a n d . T h e spread o f
i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n i n t o s o u t h e r n a n d eastern
E u r o p e also led t o u n r e s t as h a n d i c r a f t p r o d u c
e r s
a n d i n d e p e n d e n t artisans f o u g h t t o m a i n t a i n
t h e i r t r a d i t i o n a l l i v e l i h o o d s .
T h e f l o w o f i m m i g r a n t s i n t o E u r o p e ' s cities
raised s o c i a l tensions. Cities w e r e o f t e n u n a b l e t o
cope w i t h t h e i r d r a m a t i c increases i n p o p u l a t i o n
.
N e w c o m e r s b a t t l e d w i t h estabUshed residents
-•A
m
O h - , ,
THE Bl>
The bicy
wheels ii
had bee
made th
horse or
would g
16. No long
discover
also con
f o r jobs a
alities a n
l a r l y e x p l
DEFINI
NATIO
• H o w (
t o t h e
p o l i t i c
?14 Defining the Political Nation 725
3 o f i n d u s -
; d t o m o r e
headed t o
ish p o u r e d
i G l a s g o w ,
[earest c i t y ,
1 8 6 0 a n d
ns crossed
/ei 7 0 per-
t r a v e l e d t o
I A m e r i c a ,
; a l a n d , o r
ants f r o m
arger share
the 1880s
17. ites. By the
d 1 7 5 , 0 0 0
; each year.
t h acceler-
l e i g h t e n e d
i c a l s t r u c -
t e r i z e d the
l a r g i n s . I n
educe the
ease l a b o r
. R e d u c e d
n d a r d s o f
d i d u n e m -
l e i g h t e n e d
e decades,
id I r e l a n d ,
: r e d s o c i a l
lorers a n d
t h e i r calls
spread o f
i eastern
p r o d u c e r s
m a i n t a i n
)pe's cities
. u n a b l e t o
o p u l a t i o n .
residents
THE BICYCLE REVOLUTION
The bicycle revolutionized daily life for ordinary Europeans.
18. The introduction of equal-sized
wheels in 1886 and of pneumatic tires in 1890 allowed for a far
more comfortable ride than
had been the case with the bone-breaking cycles built earlier
Mass industrial production
made the bicycle affordable. For the first time, ordinary
individuals, far too poor to afford a
horse or automobile, could dare to purchase their own private
means of transportation that
would get them where they wanted to go in one-quarter of the
time that walking required.
No longer confined to their village for work opportunities or
social contacts, bicycle owners
discovered that their daily world had widened fourfold. As this
engraving shows, the bicycle
also contributed to the expansion of the woman's sphere.
f o r j o b s a n d a p a r t m e n t s . T h e m i x t u r e o f n a t i
o n -
alities a n d e t h n i c g r o u p s o f t e n p r o v e d p a r t i c u
-
l a r l y e x p l o s i v e .
DEFINING THE POLITICAL
NATION
• H o w d i d W e s t e r n r u l i n g classes r e s p o n d
t o t h e t h r e a t s a n d o p p o r t u n i t i e s o f mass
p o l i t i c a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n ?
E c o n o m i c a n d s o c i a l changes h e l p e d create mass
p o l i t i c s — a n e w p o l i t i c a l c u l t u r e c h a r a c t e r
i z e d b y
the p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f m e n ( b u t n o t yet w o m e n )
o u t s i d e the u p p e r a n d m i d d l e classes. M a s s p o l i
-
19. tics r e d e f i n e d the p o l i t i c a l n a t i o n : those w i t h a
v o i c e i n p o l i t i c a l a f f a i r s w h o p a r t i c i p a t e d
i n the
p o l i t i c a l process o r w h o v o i c e d p o l i t i c a l o p i n
-
i o n s . Because i n d u s t r i a l e x p a n s i o n b r o k e d o w
n
l o c a l a n d r e g i o n a l c u l t u r e s , l o y a l t i e s , a n d
m i n d -
sets, i t c l e a r e d the w a y f o r the d e v e l o p m e n t o f
n e w n a t i o n a l p o l i t i c a l i d e n t i t i e s a n d
interests.
T h e r a i l r o a d s , t e l e g r a p h , a n d t e l e p h o n e s h
a t t e r e d
i
The New Imperialism 765
g Story, a t
i c i p l e , t r i -
f r o m 1 9 0 5
f o r t i c k e t s
< a n d a r t i s -
.aiiiOiTii
^ p i c t i o n o f
1 a p o w e r -
i n B r i t a i n ,
a c e n t r a l
t h e s t i l l -
1 r e l i g i o u s
20. h a t w o r k -
d a m e n t a l s
e n t , m a n y
a n a r c h y
x u t e d t h e
i p t e r 2 2 ) .
t h u s c o n -
• C a t h o l i c
f t h e V i r -
L o u r d e s ,
i r a n c e i n
usands o f
ed t o t h e
E u r o p e ,
eant t h a t
- h i n g f o r
l e y o f t e n
o m e l a n d .
m i g r a n t s
l u r c h f o r
)cial c o n -
i o n a l i s m
i. H e n c e ,
)endence
n was a
. F i n a l l y ,
cpansion
'eared t o
u m p h o f
Y e t t h i s t r i u m p h a l i s m m e t g r o w i n g a n x i e t y
as C h r i s t i a n s f a c e d n e w challenges. A s w e s a w i n
21. o u r d i s c u s s i o n o f D a r w i n , d e v e l o p m e n t s i n
b i o l -
o g y u n d e r m i n e d the o r t h o d o x C h r i s t i a n v i e w
o f
n a t u r e as h a r m o n i o u s a n d d i v i n e l y d i r e c t e d
.
M e d i c a l advances also n a r r o w e d the a p p e a l o f
t r a d i t i o n a l r e l i g i o n . People h a d once accepted
diseases s u c h as c h o l e r a as " a c t s o f G o d , " b u t
n o w t h e y u n d e r s t o o d t h e i r n a t u r a l causes.
Scien-
t i s t s , i n o t h e r w o r d s , seemed able t o a n s w e r
q u e s t i o n s p r e v i o u s l y t h o u g h t t h e p r o v i n c e
o f
t h e o l o g i a n s . F i n a l l y , t h e emergence o f t h e s o c i
a l
sciences d i r e c t l y c h a l l e n g e d C h r i s t i a n i t y b y
d i s m i s s i n g t h e q u e s t i o n o f r e l i g i o u s t r u t h
a n d a s k i n g i n s t e a d , w h a t is the f u n c t i o n o f r e l
i -
g i o u s belief i n a society? E m i l e D u r k h e i m
( 1 8 5 8 - 1 9 1 7 ) , one o f t h e f o u n d e r s o f F r e n c h
s o c i o l o g y , d a r e d t o l u m p C h r i s t i a n i t y w i t h
" e v e n the m o s t b a r b a r o u s a n d t h e m o s t f a n t a s
t i c
rites a n d the strangest m y t h s . " D u r k h e i m
insisted t h a t n o r e l i g i o n w a s m o r e t r u e t h a n a n y
o t h e r — e a c h f i l l e d a s o c i a l need.^
T h e C h r i s t i a n response t o these challenges
v a r i e d . M a n y Protestants e m b r a c e d the s c i e n t i f i
c
m e t h o d as a g i f t f r o m G o d . T h e y a r g u e d t h a t
the
s t u d y o f the B i b l e as a h i s t o r i c a l a n d l i t e r a r y
d o c -
22. u m e n t — a s a c o l l e c t i o n o f d i v i n e l y i n s p i r e d
t e x t s
p r o d u c e d b y a l l - t o o - h u m a n w r i t e r s — p r o m i
s e d
t o free C h r i s t i a n s from a n t i q u a t e d beliefs i m p o s
-
sible t o s u s t a i n i n the n e w s c i e n t i f i c age a n d for a
m o r e r e l e v a n t , r e f o r m - o r i e n t e d r e l i g i o u s l
i f e .
P r o t e s t a n t f u n d a m e n t a l i s t s , h o w e v e r , i n s i
s t e d o n
r e t a i n i n g a behef i n t h e l i t e r a l , h i s t o r i c a l , a n
d sci-
e n t i f i c a c c u r a c y o f the C h r i s t i a n s c r i p t u r e s
, a
stance t h a t led t h e m t o o p p o s e science as the
e n e m y o f r e l i g i o n .
T h e R o m a n C a t h o l i c p a p a c y a l s o a d o p t e d
a d e f i a n t pose i n t h e face o f m o d e r n c h a l l e n g e s
.
I n 1 8 6 4 , P o p e P i u s I X (r. 1 8 4 6 - 1 8 7 8 ) issue d a
Syllabus of Errors, w h i c h c o n d e m n e d t h e
n o t i o n t h a t t h e p o p e s h o u l d " h a r m o n i z e h i m
-
self w i t h p r o g r e s s , w i t h l i b e r a l i s m , a n d w i t h
m o d e r n c i v i l i z a t i o n . " Six years late r, a c h u r c h
c o u n c i l — t h e f i r s t c a l l e d since t h e s i x t e e n t h
-
c e n t u r y C a t h o l i c R e f o r m a t i o n — p r o c l a i m e
d the
d o c t r i n e o f p a p a l i n f a l l i b i l i t y . A c c o r d i n g
t o t h i s
d o c t r i n e , w h e n t h e p o p e issues a decree t h a t
c o n c e r n s m a t t e r s o f f a i t h a n d m o r a l i t y , t h a t
23. decree is free f r o m e r r o r a n d v a l i d f o r a l l t i m e
a n d a l l places. T h e p r o c l a m a t i o n o f p a p a l i n f a l
-
l i b i l i t y r e b u k e d t h o s e C a t h o l i c t h e o l o g i a n
s w h o
a r g u e d t h a t C h r i s t i a n i t y h a d t o a d a p t t o t h e
m o d e r n w o r l d .
T h e R o m a n C a t h o l i c C h u r c h also faced
i m p o r t a n t p o l i t i c a l challenges i n these decades.
T h e spread o f s o c i a l i s m p r o v i d e d E u r o p e a n
w o r k e r s w i t h a belief system a n d source o f c o m -
m u n a l Hfe o u t s i d e o f , a n d o p p o s e d t o , t h e
C h u r c h . M o r e o v e r , i n c o u n t r i e s w i t h a large
C a t h o h c p o p u l a t i o n , the C h u r c h ' s alliance w i t h
c o n s e r v a t i s m p u s h e d a n t i c l e r i c a l i s m t o a d
o m i -
n a n t p o s i t i o n o n the l i b e r a l agenda. I n France,
C a t h o l i c s d o m i n a t e d the p o l i t i c a l parties t h a t
d e m a n d e d a r e t u r n t o m o n a r c h i c a l o r a u t h o r
i t a r -
i a n r u l e , a n d l i b e r a l F r e n c h m e n w h o w a n t e d
t h e
T h i r d R e p u b l i c t o s u r v i v e f o u g h t t o reduce t h e
C h u r c h ' s i n f l u e n c e .
T h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t challenge faced b y r e l i -
g i o u s i n s t i t u t i o n s a f t e r 1 8 7 0 , h o w e v e r , e m
e r g e d
n o t f r o m p a r l i a m e n t a r y assemblies, s o c i a l i s t r a
l -
lies, o r s c i e n t i f i c l a b o r a t o r i e s , b u t r a t h e r f r
o m the
d e p a r t m e n t stores a n d s p o r t s f i e l d s . I n t h e g r o
w -
i n g i n d u s t r i a l cities, w o r k i n g - a n d m i d d l e - c l
24. a s s
i n d i v i d u a l s e n j o y e d new, secular sources o f enter-
t a i n m e n t , i n s p i r a t i o n , a n d desire. Energies once
f o c u s e d o n r e l i g i o u s d e v o t i o n centered increas-
i n g l y o n the a c t i v i t i e s o f c o n s u m p t i o n a n d
recre-
a t i o n . W h e r e a s s h a r e d r e l i g i o u s w o r s h i p h a
d
once c e m e n t e d c o m m u n i t y l i f e , t h e r i t u a l s o f
s p e c t a t o r s p o r t s n o w f o r g e d n e w b o n d s o f
l o y a l t y a n d i d e n t i t y . T h e e v e r - c h a n g i n g a r
r a y o f
c o l o r f u l p r o d u c t s d i s p l a y e d i n s h o p w i n d o
w s
p r o m i s e d f u l f i l l m e n t a n d s a t i s f a c t i o n i n the
here
a n d n o w , a n e a r t h l y p a r a d i s e r a t h e r t h a n a
heav-
enly r e w a r d .
THE NEW IMPERIALISM
• W h a t w e r e t h e causes a n d c o n s e q u e n c e s
o f t h e n e w i m p e r i a l i s t i d e o l o g y f o r t h e
W e s t a n d n o n - W e s t e r n societies?
766 CHAPTER 24 The West and the World: Cultural Crisis and
the New Imperialism, 1870-1914
M a n y o f t h o s e i t e m s o n d i s p l a y b e h i n d t h e n e
w
p l a t e - g l a s s s h o p w i n d o w s w e r e t h e p r o d u c t
s o f
i m p e r i a l c o n q u e s t . N e w i m p e r i a l i s m i n t e r -
25. t w i n e d w i t h m a n y o f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t s w e h a
v e
a l r e a d y e x a m i n e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r a n d i n
C h a p t e r 2 3 . T e l e g r a p h s e n s u r e d r a p i d c o m m
u -
n i c a t i o n f r o m f a r - f l u n g e m p i r e s a n d mass
p r i n t i n g t e c h n o l o g i e s g u a r a n t e e d t h a t i l l u
s -
t r a t e d tales o f i m p e r i a l a c h i e v e m e n t m a d e
t h e i r w a y i n t o h o m e s a n d s c h o o l s . Social
D a r w i n i s m s u p p l i e d a s u p p o s e d l y s c i e n t i f i
c
j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r t h e c o n q u e s t o f p e o p l e s
d e e m e d b i o l o g i c a l l y i n f e r i o r , w h i l e s w i f t
m i l i -
t a r y v i c t o r i e s o v e r o t h e r societies h e l p e d q u e l
l
a n x i e t y a b o u t E u r o p e a n d e g e n e r a t i o n . F o r
m a n y E u r o p e a n s — p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e B r i t i s h
, w h o
p r e s i d e d o v e r t h e l a r g e s t e m p i r e i n t h e w o r l
d —
i m p e r i a l i s t d o m i n a t i o n served as r e a s s u r i n g e
v i -
dence o f t h e a p p a r e n t s u p e r i o r i t y o f W e s t e r n
c i v i h z a t i o n .
Understanding t h e New imperialism
I m p e r i a l i s m i t s e l f w a s n o t new. I n the f i f t e e n t
h
c e n t u r y , E u r o p e a n s h a d e m b a r k e d o n the f i r s
t
phase o f i m p e r i a l i s m , w i t h t h e e x t e n s i o n o f
E u r o p e a n c o n t r o l across c o a s t a l p o r t s o f A f r i
c a
a n d I n d i a , a n d i n t o t h e N e w W o r l d o f t h e A m e
26. r -
icas (see C h a p t e r 1 3 ) . I n the second phase, w h i c h
began i n the late seventeenth c e n t u r y , E u r o p e a n
c o l o n i a l e m p i r e s i n A s i a a n d t h e W e s t e r n H e
m i -
sphere e x p a n d e d as g o v e r n m e n t s s o u g h t t o
increase t h e i r p r o f i t s f r o m i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a d
e
(see C h a p t e r 1 8 ) .
As i n these earlier phases o f i m p e r i a l i s m , t r a d e
m o t i v a t e d m u c h o f the i m p e r i a l a c t i v i t y after 1
8 7 0
as w e l l . T h e need t o p r o t e c t e x i s t i n g i m p e r i a l
i n t e r -
ests also i m p e l l e d f u r t h e r conquests. T h e desire t o
p r o t e c t I n d i a — t h e "Jewel i n the C r o w n " o f the
B r i t i s h E m p i r e — e x p l a i n s m u c h o f B r i t i s h i
m p e r i a l
a c q u i s i t i o n t h r o u g h o u t the n i n e t e e n t h
century.
B r i t a i n ' s a i m e x a t i o n o f B u r m a a n d K a s h m i r
, its
establishment o f spheres o f influence i n the M i d d l e
East, a n d its interests a l o n g the coast o f A f r i c a
were a l l l i n k e d t o its e m p i r e i n I n d i a .
D e f e n s e o f e x i s t i n g e m p i r e s a n d c o m m e r -
c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , h o w e v e r , does n o t f u l l y
e x p l a i n n e w i m p e r i a l i s m . A f t e r 1 8 7 0 a n d
p a r t i c u l a r l y a f t e r 1 8 8 0 , t h e West's e x p a n s i o n
b e c a m e m u c h m o r e a g g r e s s i v e . I n j u s t
3 0 y e a r s , E u r o p e a n c o n t r o l o f t h e g l o b e ' s l a
n d
s u r f a c e s w e l l e d f r o m 65 t o 85 p e r c e n t . I n a d d i
-
27. t i o n , n e w p l a y e r s j o i n e d t h e e x p a n s i o n i s t
g a m e . R e c e n t l y f o r m e d n a t i o n - s t a t e s s u c h
as
G e r m a n y a n d I t a l y j o s t l e d f o r c o l o n i a l t e r r i
-
t o r y i n A f r i c a , t h e U n i t e d States b e g a n t o
e x t e n d i t s c o n t r o l o v e r t h e W e s t e r n H e m i -
s p h e r e , a n d J a p a n i n i t i a t e d i t s i m p e r i a l i s t
m a r c h i n t o C h i n a a n d K o r e a . W h a t f a c t o r s l a
y
b e h i n d t h i s n e w i m p e r i a l i s m ?
TECHNOLOGY, Ecos'-iOiviiCS, AND P o u x t c s P a r t o f
t h e a n s w e r lies i n t h e e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t
s
e x a m i n e d i n C h a p t e r 2 3 . Because o f t h e
S e c o n d I n d u s t r i a l R e v o l u t i o n , E u r o p e a n a
n d
A m e r i c a n e c o n o m i e s i n c r e a s i n g l y d e p e n d e
d o n
r a w m a t e r i a l s a v a i l a b l e o n l y i n r e g i o n s such
as
A s i a , A f r i c a , a n d S o u t h A m e r i c a . R u b b e r i n
s u -
l a t e d t h e e l e c t r i c a l a n d t e l e g r a p h w i r e s n o
w
e n c i r c l i n g t h e g l o b e . P a l m o i l f r o m A f r i c a
p r o v i d e d t h e l u b r i c a n t n e e d e d f o r i n d u s t r i a
l
m a c h i n e r y . T h e s l a u g h t e r o f A f r i c a ' s o n c e -
p l e n t i f u l e l e p h a n t h e r d s p r o v i d e d t h e i v o r y
f o r
m a n y o f t h e n e w c o n s u m e r g o o d s n o w d e c o -
r a t i n g m i d d l e - c l a s s p a r l o r s , s u c h as p i a n o k
e y s
a n d b i l l i a r d b a l l s . R e l y i n g o n these p r i m a r y
28. r e s o u r c e s . W e s t e r n states w e r e q u i c k t o
r e s p o n d t o p e r c e i v e d t h r e a t s t o t h e i r e c o n o
m i c
i n t e r e s t s . T h e G e r m a n s e v e n c o i n e d a w o r d t
o
d e s c r i b e t h i s f e a r o f l o s i n g access t o e s s e n t i a
l
r a w m a t e r i a l s : Torschlusspanik, o r " f e a r o f t h e
c l o s i n g d o o r . "
C o m p e t i t i o n f o r m a r k e t s also a c c e l e r a t e d
i m p e r i a l a c q u i s i t i o n . W i t h t h e onset o f eco-
n o m i c d e p r e s s i o n i n t h e 1 8 7 0 s (discussed i n
C h a p t e r 2 3 ) , i n d u s t r i a l i s t s f a c e d d e c l i n i n
g
d e m a n d f o r t h e i r p r o d u c t s i n E u r o p e . I m p e r i
a l
e x p a n s i o n seemed t o p r o v i d e a s o l u t i o n , w i t h
a n n e x e d t e r r i t o r i e s seen as c a p t i v e m a r k e t s .
A s
a F r e n c h n e w s p a p e r e d i t o r i a l e x p l a i n e d i n
0
The New Imperialism 767
c o m m e r -
n o t f u l l y
8 7 0 a n d
e x p a n s i o n
I n j u s t
ibe's l a n d
• I n a d d i -
29. a n s i o n i s t
s u c h as
i a I t e r r i -
' e g a n t o
1 H e m i -
i p e r i a l i s t
c t o r s l a y
P a r t o f
j p m e n t s
o f t h e
an a n d
i d e d o n
s u c h as
tr i n s u -
2s n o w
A f r i c a
l u s t r i a l
o n c e -
o r y f o r
d e c o -
o keys
r i m a r y
: k t o
n o m i c
o r d t o
i e n t i a l
o f t h e
crated
eco-
30. ed i n
l i n i n g
s e r i a l
w i t h
s. A s
d i n
1 8 9 1 , " e v e r y g u n s h o t opens a n o t h e r o u t l e t f o
r
F r e n c h i n d u s t r y . " ^
By the m i d - 1 8 9 0 s , h o w e v e r , t h e d e p r e s s i o n
h a d e n d e d i n m o s t r e g i o n s — y e t the pace o f
i m p e r i a h s t e x p a n s i o n d i d n o t s l o w . I n s t e a d
, a
g l o b a l i n v e s t m e n t b o o m e n s u r e d c o n t i n u -
i n g i m p e r i a l i s t e x p a n s i o n . E u r o p e a n c a p i t
a l
f i n a n c e d r a i l w a y l i n e s , m i n e s , a n d p u b l i c
u t i l i t i e s across the w o r l d . W i t h each r a i l r o a d o r
c o a l m i n e o r d a m , E u r o p e a n i n t e r e s t s i n n o n
-
E u r o p e a n r e g i o n s e x p a n d e d , a n d so d i d the
pressure o n E u r o p e a n g o v e r n m e n t s t o assume
f o r m a l p o l i t i c a l c o n t r o l s h o u l d o u t s i d e c o
m p e t i -
t o r s o r l o c a l p o l i t i c a l i n s t a b i l i t y t h r e a t e n
those
i n t e r e s t s .
I n a d d i t i o n t o these e c o n o m i c f a c t o r s ,
d o m e s t i c p o l i t i c a l pressures e n c o u r a g e d i m p e
r i -
alist a c q u i s i t i o n . I n the age o f mass p o l i t i c s ,
31. p o l i t i c a l leaders needed t o f i n d issues t h a t w o u l d
a p p e a l t o n e w v o t e r s . Tales o f d a n g e r o u s e x p l
o -
r a t i o n s a n d decisive m i l i t a r y v i c t o r i e s p r o v e d
p o p u l a r . I m p e r i a l i s t c o n q u e s t assured o r d i n a
r y
m e n t h a t t h e y w e r e p a r t o f a s u p e r i o r , c o n q u e
r -
i n g p e o p l e .
A s t h e Different Voices f e a t u r e i n t h i s
c h a p t e r i l l u s t r a t e s (see page 7 7 0 ) , i n t e r n a t i o
n a l
c o m p e t i t i o n also f o s t e r e d i m p e r i a l i s m . N e w
l y
f o r m e d n a t i o n s s u c h as I t a l y a n d G e r m a n y
s o u g h t e m p i r e s o u t s i d e E u r o p e as a w a y t o g a
i n
p o w e r a n d p r e s t i g e w i t h i n E u r o p e . T h e
n i n e t e e n t h - c e n t u r y G e r m a n h i s t o r i a n H e i n
r i c h
v o n T r e i t s c h k e e x p l a i n e d , " A l l g r e a t n a t i o
n s i n
the f u l l n e s s o f t h e i r s t r e n g t h have d e s i r e d t o
set
t h e i r m a r k o n b a r b a r i a n l a n d s a n d t h o s e w h o
f a i l t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h i s g r e a t r i v a l r y w i l l
p l a y
a p i t i a b l e r o l e i n t i m e t o c o m e . " ^ S i m i l a r c o
n -
cerns a b o u t s t a t u s a n d s t r a t e g i c a d v a n t a g e s
m o t i v a t e d n a t i o n s s u c h as B r i t a i n a n d F r a n c
e
t o d e f e n d a n d e x p a n d t h e i r e m p i r e s .
32. T H E SMPEMAL IDEA N e w i m p e r i a l i s m f u n c t i o n
e d
as a belief system t h a t p e r m e a t e d m i d d l e - c l a s s
a n d mass c u l t u r e i n the decades a f t e r 1 8 7 0 .
T o educate v i e w e r s i n the " i m p e r i a l i d e a , " e x h i
-
b i t i o n s a n d f a i r s d i s p l a y e d g o o d s a n d peoples
f r o m c o n q u e r e d r e g i o n s . Images o f e m p i r e
a p p e a r e d i n b o y s ' a d v e n t u r e s t o r i e s , glossy
ads
f o r soap a n d c h o c o l a t e s , p i c t u r e p o s t c a r d s ,
c o o k i e t i n s , a n d cheap c o m m e m o r a t i v e c h i n a
plates a n d m u g s . I n t h e m u s i c halls a n d t h e a t e r s ,
i m p e r i a l i s t songs a n d d r a m a s received p o p u l a r
a p p l a u s e .
w w 7/ -
W i . s t h e W o T d
o r an I ' i U i i l i y h m a u I rue:
When l i i v c u , i l u i r i u i H
^ V h i i l l i c s a v K . h e w i l l d o .
I
A LESSON IN THE IMPERIAL IDEA
As this alphabet reader makes clear, education in imperial
ideology began early.
The New Imperialism 769
Picasso's encounter with the African masks
transformed this specific painting and modern
art itself. After his Trocadero visit, Picasso
33. reconfigured the faces of the two women on
the right so that their masklike appearances
now clash awkwardly with those of the three
other prostitutes. This step destroyed any unity
of narrative or composition in the painting: The
five figures are no longer part of a single story
or share a single point of view. Picasso also
fragmented each of the bodies, flattening them
and reducing them to jutting geometric forms.
Thus, Demoiselles pushed Picasso toward
Cubism, one of the most influential artistic
styles of the twentieth century (see page 763).
As the art historian John Golding has written, "In
the Demoiselles Picasso began to shatter the
human figure He spent the rest of his artistic
life dissecting, reassembling, and reinventing
i t . " ^ ^ After Picasso, Western artists spent the rest
of the twentieth century dissecting, reassem-
bling, and reinventing the way we see and
depict our world.
For Discussion
How did Picasso use the art of a different culture to
explain and challenge his own? Did Demoi-
selles challenge or did it affirm Western imperi-
alist ideas?
A t t h e c e n t e r o f t h e i m p e r i a l idea s t o o d t h e
a s s u m p t i o n t h a t W e s t e r n d o m i n a n c e o v e r t h
e
w o r l d w a s a g o o d t h i n g . E u r o p e a n s w o u l d n o
t
have s o u g h t t o r e m a k e t h e w o r l d i n t h e
E u r o p e a n i m a g e h a d t h e y n o t been c o n v i n c e d
34. o f t h e s u p e r i o r i t y o f t h a t i m a g e . W h a t led t h e
m
t o b e l i e v e t h e y h a d t h e r i g h t a n d t h e r e s p o n s
i -
b i l i t y t o t a k e c h a r g e o f o t h e r c u l t u r e s a n d
c o n t i n e n t s ?
O n e ke y f a c t o r w a s t h e p e r c e i v e d l i n k
b e t w e e n W e s t e r n C h r i s t i a n i t y a n d " c i v i l i z
a t i o n . "
C h r i s t i a n m i s s i o n a r i e s served as a v a n g u a r d o
f
W e s t e r n c u l t u r e t h r o u g h o u t t h e n i n e t e e n t h
cen-
t u r y . T h e c e l e b r a t e d S c o t t i s h e x p l o r e r D a v
i d L i v -
i n g s t o n e ( 1 8 1 3 - 1 8 7 3 ) , w h o m a p p e d o u t m u c
h o f
c e n t r a l a n d s o u t h e r n A f r i c a , w a s a P r o t e s t a
n t
m i s s i o n a r y ( a l t h o u g h n o t a v e r y successful o n e
—
his o n l y c o n v e r t e v e n t u a l l y r e n o u n c e d t h e C
h r i s -
t i a n f a i t h ) . M i s s i o n a r y society p u b l i c a t i o n s
i n t r o d u c e d t h e i r readers t o e x o t i c t e r r i t o r i e s
,
w h i l e the societies themselves l o b b i e d f o r W e s t -
e r n t e r r i t o r i a l e x p a n s i o n t o p r o m o t e t h e
spread
o f C h r i s t i a n m i s s i o n s .
T e c h n o l o g y also seemed t o j u s t i f y W e s t e r n
i m p e r i a l i s m . B e f o r e the e i g h t e e n t h c e n t u r y
, t h e
t e c h n o l o g i c a l g a p b e t w e e n the West a n d o t h e r
35. societies h a d n o t l o o m e d l a r g e . I n some cases,
such as C h i n a , n o n - W e s t e r n societies h a d h e l d
t h e t e c h n o l o g i c a l a d v a n t a g e . I n d u s t r i a l i z
a t i o n ,
h o w e v e r , gave the W e s t the t e c h n o l o g i c a l edge.
T h u s , the B r i t i s h a d v e n t u r e r M a r y K i n g s l e y
( 1 8 6 2 - 1 9 0 0 ) w r o t e , " . . . . [ W ] h e n I c o m e back
f r o m a spell i n A f r i c a , the t h i n g t h a t m a k e s m e
p r o u d o f b e i n g one o f t h e E n g l i s h i s . . . a great
r a i l w a y engine [ I ] t is the m a n i f e s t a t i o n o f the
s u p e r i o r i t y o f m y race."^^
F i n a l l y , Social D a r w i n i s m seemed t o p r o -
v i d e s c i e n t i f i c a u t h o r i t y f o r t h e i m p e r i a l i
d e a .
T h u s , t h e B r i t i s h L o r d M i l n e r ( 1 8 5 4 - 1 9 2 5 )
e x p l a i n e d i n a speech i n S o u t h A f r i c a i n 1 9 0 3 :
" T h e w h i t e m a n m u s t r u l e , because he is ele-
v a t e d b y m a n y , m a n y steps a b o v e t h e b l a c k
m a n ; steps w h i c h i t w i l l t a k e t h e l a t t e r cen-
t u r i e s t o c l i m b , a n d w h i c h i t is q u i t e p o s s i b l
e
t h a t t h e v a s t b u l k o f t h e b l a c k p o p u l a t i o n m a
y
n e v e r be a b l e t o c l i m b at a l l . "
I m p e r i a h s t s believed t h a t e m p i r e — w h e t h e r
o r d a i n e d by G o d o r by b i o l o g y — w a s a m o r a l
d u t y : M e n a n d w o m e n i n the West w e r e o b l i g e d
t o b r i n g t h e benefits o f t h e i r c i v i l i z a t i o n t o t h e
rest o f the w o r l d . T h e B r i t i s h p o e t R u d y a r d
K i p l i n g ( 1 8 6 5 - 1 9 3 6 ) f a m o u s l y a r t i c u l a t e d
this
36. 772 CHAPTER 24 The West and the World: Cultural Crisis and
the New Imperialism, 1870-1914
idea i n 1 8 9 9 , i n a p o e m u r g i n g A m e r i c a n p o l i c
y -
malcers t o c o n q u e r t h e P h i l i p p i n e s :
Take up the White Man's burden—
Send forth the best ye breed—
Go bind your sons to exile,
To serve your captives' need;
To wait in heavy harness
On fluttered folk and wild—
Your new-caught sullen peoples,
Halfdevtl and half child}*
N o t a l l E u r o p e a n s a n d A m e r i c a n s e m b r a c e d
t h e idea o f t h e " W h i t e M a n ' s b u r d e n , " a n d m a n
y
rejected the i m p e r i a l i s t a s s u m p t i o n o f W e s t e r n
s u p e r i o r i t y . A s the e x a m p l e o f Picasso makes
clear (see Encounters and Transforynations i n t h i s
c h a p t e r ) , some m o d e r n i s t artists l o o k e d t o n o n -
W e s t e r n c u l t u r e s f o r a r t i s t i c i n s p i r a t i o n .
T h e
Fauves ( " w i l d beasts"), a Paris-based circle o f
a r t i s t s t h a t i n c l u d e d H e n r i M a t i s s e ( 1 8 6 9 -
1 9 5 4 )
a n d P a u l G a u g u i n ( 1 8 4 8 - 1 9 0 3 ) , c o n d e m n e d
m o s t W e s t e r n a r t as a r t i f i c i a l , a n d s o u g h t i n
t h e i r
37. o w n b r i l l i a n t l y c o l o r e d w o r k s t o rediscover the
v i t a h t y t h a t t h e y f o u n d i n n o n - W e s t e r n c u l t
u r e s .
C r i t i c s o f e m p i r e o f t e n f o c u s e d o n
its d o m e s t i c p o h t i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c i m p l i c a -
t i o n s . T h e B r i t i s h e c o n o m i s t J. A . H o b s o n
( 1 8 5 8 - 1 9 4 0 ) c h a r g e d t h a t overseas e m p i r e s
b e n e f i t e d o n l y w e a l t h y c a p i t a l i s t s w h i l e d i
s -
t r a c t i n g p u b l i c a t t e n t i o n f r o m t h e need f o r
p o l i t i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c r e f o r m a t h o m e . H o b
s o n
a r g u e d t h a t u n r e g u l a t e d c a p i t a l i s m l e d a l m
o s t
i n e v i t a b l y t o i m p e r i a l i s t e x p a n s i o n : W h i l e
i m p o v e r i s h i n g t h e masses, t h e c a p i t a h s t s y s t e
m
generates h u g e s u r p l u s e s i n c a p i t a l f o r a s m a l l
e l i t e , w
these :
E u r o p e
i s m a l o
The S(
N e w i n :
m a p s 2
b e t w e e i
3 0 n e w
i n g t e n :
t r o l l i n g
p e r c e n t
T h e CO)
r a p i d ai
f i e d E u r
38. f o r A f r i
M A P 24.1 A
(a) A f r i c a Before the
Scramble, 1876 and
(b) A f r i c a A f t e r the
Scramble, 1914
A comparison of these two
maps reveals the dramatic
impact of the new imperialism
on African societies. Indige-
nous empires such as the
Sokoto Caliphate in West
Africa came under Western
rule, as did tribal societies
such as the Herero. Even
indigenous states ruled by
whites of European descent
came under European rule, as
the examples of the Transvaal
and the Orange Free State in
South Africa illustrate. Only
Ethiopia and Liberia remained
independent.
Madeira Ceuta (Sp.T'. - — — . ^ - . ^
(Port.) • • ^ •
c a n a r y / s ^ ' m ' ' ^ ^f' Mediterranean Set canary Is
MOROCOt • •
pp.) . • ', •— '
- ' V - U
EGYPT
39. SENEGAl
!6AMBtA '
PORT.
G U I N E A * - ;
S I E R R A W M O W ' S
L E O N E
VJKOion
Emm.
L I B E R I A COAST )
Grand Bassam { r r . ) " * ^ . " '
Assinie (Fr.)
Cotonou (Fr.)
F e r n a n d o Po rSp.K/' G « O N
SJo T h o m e {Port.) •;
(CTHIOPIA)
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
A f r i c a Before the Scramble, 1876
KIHeOOM
RWANDA " Victoria
KARAam V;
BURUNDI SULTANATE OF
41. MADAGASCAR
Madeira h
(Port.
Canary Is.
(Sp.)
PORTUGUEK* GUINEA
AIL
DC
Africa Aft
i
The New Imperialism 773
e l i t e , w h o m u s t t h e n f i n d s o m e w h e r e t o i n v e
s t
these s u r p l u s e s . H o b s o n ' s ideas i n f l u e n c e d
E u r o p e a n s o c i a l i s t s , w h o c o n d e m n e d i m p e r
i a l -
i s m a l o n g w i t h c a p i t a l i s m .
T h e Scramble for Africa
N e w i m p e r i a l i s m reached its z e n i t h i n A f r i c a . A
s
m a p s 2 4 . 1 a a n d 2 4 . 1 b s h o w , i n j u s t 3 0 years,
b e t w e e n 1 8 7 5 a n d 1 9 0 5 , E u r o p e a n s e s t a b l i s
h e d
3 0 n e w c o l o n i e s a n d p r o t e c t o r a t e s e n c o m p a
s s -
42. i n g ten m i l l i o n s q u are m i l e s o f t e r r i t o r y a n d c
o n -
t r o l l i n g 1 1 0 m i l l i o n A f r i c a n s . By 1 9 0 5 , 9 0
p e r c e n t o f A f r i c a was u n d e r E u r o p e a n c o n t r o
l .
T h e c o n q u e s t o f t h e A f r i c a n c o n t i n e n t was so
r a p i d a n d d r a m a t i c t h a t as e a r l y as 1 8 8 4 m y s t i
-
f i e d E u r o p e a n s began t o t a l k a b o u t the S c r a m b l
e
f o r A f r i c a .
Algiers
'^'^ f-. • r
TUNISIA . •" i . Mediterranean Sea
Vrnpoil ^ Cy*
ALGERIA
FRENCH WEST AFRICA
PORTUGUESE'
GUINEA
^ Khartoum
L. Chad f ANSLO-ECYPTIAN
SUDAN
Fashoda^
/ ; . ./CAMEROONSl.
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
43. Africa After the Scramble, 1914
: British
French
i German
Italian
Portuguese
I ' l L . J Belgian
Spanish
Independent African States
0 8 0 0 km
. . . « S , A «
L.^ ORANGE ( l = r - S W J
EREE STATE •
-SWAZIIAND
BASUTOLAND
N OF
SOUTH A F R I C A « -
O v E R C O M i N G THE O B S T A C L E S W h e n the n i n
e -
t e e n t h c e n t u r y b e g a n , E u r o p e a n s k n e w l i t t l
e
m o r e a b o u t the c o n t i n e n t o f A f r i c a t h a n the
44. a n c i e n t Greeks h a d k n o w n . A p r o f i t a b l e t r a d i
n g
n e t w o r k b e t w e e n E u r o p e a n m e r c h a n t s a n d
A f r i c a ' s c o a s t a l r e g i o n s e x i s t e d , b u t E u r o p
e a n
e f f o r t s t o establish settlements i n the A f r i c a n
i n t e r i o r faced t h r e e key obstacles: the c h m a t e ,
disease, a n d A f r i c a n resistance.
A f r i c a was k n o w n as " t h e w h i t e man's g r a v e . "
O v e r 75 percent o f the w h i t e soldiers sent t o West
A f r i c a i n the early nineteenth c e n t t i r y died there,
and another 2 0 percent became i n v a l i d s . Tempera-
tures o f m o r e t h a n 100 degrees Fahrenheit i n some
regions a n d constant r a i n f a l l i n others made travel
e x t r e m e l y d i f f i c u l t . T h e m o s q u i t o a n d the
tsetse fly
m a d e it deadly. M o s q u i t o bites b r o u g h t m a l a r i a ,
w h i l e the tsetse fly carried t r y p a n o s o m i a s i s , or
sleeping sickness, a n infectious
illness t h a t ended i n a deadly
paralysis. Sleeping sickness
k i l l e d livestock as w e l l as peo-
ple. I n regions w i t h endemic
t r y p a n o s o m i a s i s , such as equa-
t o r i a l , s o u t h e r n , and eastern
A f r i c a , the use o f horses
a n d o x e n was impossible.
Despite such d i f f i c u l t i e s , E u r o -
peans d i d endeavor t o establish
i n l a n d settlements i n A f r i c a ,
b u t t h e n faced the obstacle
o f A f r i c a n resistance. I n the
seventeenth century, f o r e x a m -
ple, the Portuguese set u p forts
45. a n d t r a d i n g centers i n m o d e r n
Z i m b a b w e b u t were d r i v e n o u t
by local A f r i c a n p o p u l a t i o n s .
B e g i n n i n g a r o u n d 1 8 3 0 ,
h o w e v e r , a series o f d e v e l -
o p m e n t s a l t e r e d the r e l a t i o n -
s h i p b e t w e e n E u r o p e a n d
A f r i c a a n d m a d e E u r o p e a n
c o n q u e s t possible. F i r s t , E u r o -
pean e x p l o r e r s changed the
BRITISH J
E A S T A f R I C A V
LVictorYB ' W D M W
OCEAN
GEBMAN Mombasa
EAST AFiiCA v__ Zanzibar (Br.)
Tanganyika
'asa. ;
NvWl̂ l
8 0 0 mi C a p e t o w n * . -
I M A P 2 4 . I B
The Origins of the First World War 787
International Competition and Rival
Alliance Systems
46. T o u n d e r s t a n d w h a t t r a n s f o r m e d t h i s A u s t r
o -
S e r b i a n c o n f l i c t i n t o a E u r o p e a n w a r , w e need
t o
l o o k at the r i v a l aUiance systems t h a t e m e r g e d i n
response t o h e i g h t e n e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m p e t i
-
t i o n . These alliances h e l p e d escalate a r e g i o n a l
c o n f l i c t i n t o a E u r o p e a n a n d t h e n a g l o b a l w a
r .
T h e u n i f i c a t i o n o f G e r m a n y i n 1 8 7 1 upset
the balance o f p o w e r b y c r e a t i n g a m i l i t a r y a n d
e c o n o m i c p o w e r h o u s e i n the m i d d l e o f E u r o p
e .
U n t i l 1 8 9 0 , h o w e v e r , the d i p l o m a t i c m a n e u v
e r s
o f O t t o v o n B i s m a r c k , the n e w G e r m a n y ' s c h a
n -
cellor, ensured s t a b i l i t y . B i s m a r c k r e c o g n i z e d
t h a t the F r a n c o - P r u s s i a n W a r o f 1 8 7 0 ( w h i c h
b r o u g h t a b o u t G e r m a n u n i f i c a t i o n ) h a d m a d
e
a n t a g o n i s m t o w a r d G e r m a n y c e n t r a l t o F r e n
c h
f o r e i g n p o l i c y . H e also r e c o g n i z e d t h a t Ger-
m a n y ' s p o s i t i o n i n the center o f E u r o p e m a d e i t
v u l n e r a b l e t o e n c i r c l e m e n t , s h o u l d France
suc-
ceed i n f o r m i n g a n a n t i - G e r m a n a l l i a n c e w i t h
a n o t h e r E u r o p e a n state. T o a v o i d such e n c i r -
c l e m e n t , B i s m a r c k m a i n t a i n e d alliances w i t h
Russia, A u s t r i a , a n d I t a l y . T h e D u a l A l l i a n c e
b e t w e e n G e r m a n y a n d the A u s t r o - H u n g a r i a n
E m p i r e i n 1 8 7 9 became the T r i p l e A l l i a n c e o f
1 8 8 2 , w h i c h j o i n e d G e r m a n y , A u s t r i a , a n d I
47. t a l y
i n a defensive treaty. W i t h the R e i n s u r a n c e
T r e a t y o f 1 8 8 7 , Russia a n d G e r m a n y agreed t o
r e m a i n n e u t r a l i f e i t h e r w a s a t t a c k e d .
B u t i n 1 8 8 8 , a n e w emperor. Kaiser W i l l i a m I I
(r. 1 8 8 8 - 1 9 1 8 ) , ascended the G e r m a n t h r o n e .
W i l h a m , an a m b i t i o u s a n d i m p a t i e n t y o u n g
m a n , dismissed B i s m a r c k i n 1 8 9 0 a n d l a u n c h e d
G e r m a n y d o w n a m o r e d a n g e r o u s p a t h . T h e n
e w
kaiser b r o k e w i t h B i s m a r c k ' s p o l i c i e s i n t w o
areas. F i r s t , W i U i a m let the R e i n s u r a n c e T r e a t
y
w i t h Russia lapse, t h u s a l l o w i n g a n t i - G e r m a n
France t o j o i n w i t h Russia i n t h e F r a n c o - R u s s i a n
A l l i a n c e o f 1 8 9 4 . G e r m a n y n o w faced e x a c t l y
the s o r t o f e n c i r c l e m e n t by h o s t i l e p o w e r s , a
n d
the resulting tlireat o f a t w o - f r o n t war, t h a t
B i s m a r c k h a d s o u g h t t o a v o i d .
S e c o n d , W i l l i a m f a v o r e d a n e w " w o r l d
p o l i c y " (Weltpolitik) f o r G e r m a n y t h a t a h e n -
a t e d B r i t a i n . W h e r e a s B i s m a r c k h a d c o n f i n
e d
G e r m a n y ' s i n t e r e s t s t o E u r o p e , W i l l i a m a n
d
m a n y p r o m i n e n t G e r m a n s w a n t e d t o see G e r -
m a n y c l a i m i t s " p l a c e i n t h e s u n " as a g l o b a l
p o w e r : G e r m a n y n e e d e d a m i g h t y overseas
e m p i r e a n d a n a v y t o d e f e n d i t . Such p o l i c i e s
w e r e g u a r a n t e e d t o a g g r a v a t e t h e B r i t i s h .
A s a n i s l a n d s t a t e d e p e n d e n t o n i t s overseas
e m p i r e , B r i t a i n based i t s defense o n its n a v a l
48. s u p r e m a c y . F r o m t h e B r i t i s h p o i n t o f v i e w ,
a s t r o n g G e r m a n n a v y c h a l l e n g e d B r i t i s h
n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y a n d a n e x p a n d i n g G e r m a n
e m p i r e c o n f l i c t e d w i t h B r i t i s h i m p e r i a l
i n t e r e s t s .
H o s t i l i t y t o w a r d G e r m a n a m b i t i o n s o v e r -
came B r i t a i n ' s l o n g t r a d i t i o n o f " s p l e n d i d i s
o l a -
t i o n " f r o m c o n t i n e n t a l e n t a n g l e m e n t s . I n t
h e
f i r s t decade o f t h e t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y , a series o f
m i l i t a r y a n d e c o n o m i c a r r a n g e m e n t s f o r m e
d
e v e r - t i g h t e r l i n k s b e t w e e n B r i t a i n a n d
Russia a n d
France, c l e a r i n g the w a y f o r the f o r m a t i o n o f t h e
T r i p l e E n t e n t e a m o n g these three p o w e r s . A n
i n f o r m a l a s s o c i a t i o n r a t h e r t h a n a f o r m a l
a l l i a n c e , the T r i p l e E n t e n t e d i d n o t require
B r i t a i n t o j o i n i n a w a r against G e r m a n y . M a n y
B r i t i s h o f f i c i a l s , h o w e v e r , v i e w e d G e r m a n
y as the
m a j o r t h r e a t t o B r i t i s h interests.
I n t h i s s i t u a t i o n , G e r m a n p o l i c y m a k e r s
p l a c e d h e a v y e m p h a s i s o n t h e a l l i a n c e w i t h
A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y . S t r e n g t h e n i n g t h i s c r u c
i a l
a l l y became p a r a m o u n t . I n J u l y 1 9 1 4 , t h e n ,
w h e n A u s t r i a n o f f i c i a l s d e b a t e d t h e i r
response
t o t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n o f F r a n z F e r d i n a n d , t h
e
G e r m a n g o v e r n m e n t u r g e d a q u i c k a n d decisive
b l o w a g a i n s t S e r b i a . K a i s e r W i l l i a m assured t
49. h e
A u s t r i a n a m b a s s a d o r t h a t G e r m a n y w o u l d
s t a n d b y A u s t r i a n o m a t t e r w h a t t h e c o s t .
B o t h G e r m a n a n d A u s t r i a n p o l i c y m a k e r s
r e c o g n i z e d t h a t the cost m i g h t w e l l be w a r w i t h
R ussia. Eager t o e x p a n d its i n f l u e n c e i n t h e
B a l k a n r e g i o n ( a n d so g a i n access t o the M e d i t e r
-
r a n e a n Sea), the R u s s i a n i m p e r i a l r e g i m e h a d f
o r
decades p o s i t i o n e d itself as the c h a m p i o n o f
Slavic peoples i n the B a l k a n s a n d as t h e p r o t e c t o r
o f i n d e p e n d e n t Slavic states such as Serbia. T h u s ,
i f A u s t r i a a t t a c k e d Serbia, Russia m i g h t w e l l
m o b i l i z e i n Serbia's defense.
786 CHAPTER 25 The First World War
explosive force. For the Czechs, Slovenians, Serbs,
Poles, U k r a i n i a n s , a n d m a n y o t h e r g r o u p s ,
trans-
l a t i n g n a t i o n a l i d e n t i t y i n t o p o h t i c a l i d e n t
i t y —
creating a " n a t i o n - s t a t e " — d e m a n d e d the b r e a k
u p
o f empires a n d a r e d r a w i n g o f p o l i t i c a l
boundaries.
T h e d i v i s i v e i m p a c t o f n a t i o n a l i s m i n eastern
E u r o p e e x p l a i n s w h y o f f i c i a l s w i t h i n the A u
s t r o -
H u n g a r i a n E m p i r e r e g a r d e d the s m a l l state o f
Serbia as a m a j o r t h r e a t . A m u l t i e t h n i c , m u l t i l
50. i n -
g u i s t i c e m p i r e , A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y ' s s u r v i v
a l
d e p e n d e d o n d a m p i n g d o w n the fires o f n a t i o n -
a l i s m w h e r e v e r they f l a m e d u p . Yet Serbian p o l i -
tics centered o n f a i m i n g the n a t i o n a l i s t f l a m e . I n
1 9 0 3 , a g r o u p o f Serbian a r m y o f f i c e r s h a d s h o t
Serbia's despised k i n g a n d q u e e n , c h o p p e d t h e i r
bodies i n t o b i t s , a n d t h r e w the pieces o u t the
w i n d o w . T o r e m a i n i n p o w e r a n d a v o i d such a
g r i s l y f a t e , the n e w k i n g catered t o the d e m a n d s
o f r a d i c a l n a t i o n a l i s t s w h o s o u g h t t h e u n i f i
c a t i o n
o f a l l Serbs i n t o a G r e a t e r Serbian state. Because
m o r e t h a n seven m i l l i o n Serbs l i v e d n o t i n Serbia,
b u t i n A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y , t h e A u s t r i a n m o n a
r c h y
r e g a r d e d this c a l l f o r Serbian u n i f i c a t i o n as a
serious t h r e a t t o t h e A u s t r o - H u n g a r i a n E m p i r
e .
T h e h o s t i l e r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n Serbia a n d
A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y l e d d i r e c t l y t o the o u t b r e a
k o f
W o r l d W a r I . I n 1 9 0 8 A u s t r i a a n n e x e d B o s n i
a , a
r e g i o n w i t h a large Serbian p o p u l a t i o n . T h e Ser-
b i a n g o v e r n m e n t r e s p o n d e d by e n c o u r a g i n g
B o s n i a n Serb separatist a n d t e r r o r i s t g r o u p s .
O n e such g r o u p , the B l a c k H a n d , assassinated
A r c h d u k e F r a n z F e r d i n a n d i n the s u m m e r o f
1 9 1 4 . T h a t assassination c o n v i n c e d A u s t r i a n
o f f i c i a l s t o declare w a r o n Serbia.
ARREST OF GAVRILO PRINCIP
51. Princip was only 18 years old when he assassinated Archduke
Franz Ferdinand and set
into motion the sequence of events that led to the First World
War Because of his age,
he did not receive the death penalty but instead received a
sentence of 20 years
in prison. He died at age 22 of tuberculosis.
Internal
Alliance
T o u n d e r ;
Serbian cc
l o o k a t th(
response
t i o n . Thes
c o n f l i c t i n i
T h e u
t h e balanc
e c o n o m i c
U n t i l 1 8 9 (
o f O t t o v o
cellor, ens
t h a t t h e F
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a n t a g o n i s n
f o r e i g n pc
m a n y ' s p o ;
v u l n e r a b l e
ceed i n f o
a n o t h e r Ei
c l e m e n t , I
Russia, A l
b e t w e e n C
E m p i r e i n
1 8 8 2 , w h i c
52. i n a d e f e i
T r e a t y o f 1
r e m a i n n e u
B u t i n 1
(r. 1 8 8 8 - 1 !
W i l l i a m , a
m a n , d i s r a i
G e r m a n y d(
kaiser b r o l
areas. First,
w i t h Russi;
France t o jc
A U i a n c e o f
t h e s o r t o f
the r e s u l t i n
B i s m a r c k ha
Second,
p o l i c y " {W.
a t e d B r i t a i i