Design and Construction of a Simple and Reliable Temperature Control Viscometer and its Application for Measurement of Viscosities of Liquids and Liquid Mixtures
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Short-chain alcohols are a group of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are often found in workplaces and laboratories, as well as medical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Realtime monitoring of alcohol vapors is essential because exposure to alcohol vapors with concentrations of 0.15–0.30 mg·L−1 may be harmful to human health. This study aims to improve the detection capabilities of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)-based sensors for the analysis of alcohol vapors. The active layer of chitosan was immobilized onto the QCM substrate through a selfassembled monolayer of L-cysteine using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. Before alcohol analysis, the QCM sensing chip was exposed to humidity because water vapor significantly interferes with QCM gas sensing. The prepared QCM sensor chip was tested for the detection of four different alcohols: n-propanol, ethanol, isoamyl alcohol, and n-amyl alcohol. For comparison, a non-alcohol of acetone was also tested. The prepared QCM sensing chip is selective to alcohols because of hydrogen bond formation between the hydroxyl groups of chitosan and the analyte. The highest response was achieved when the QCM sensing chip was exposed to n-amyl alcohol vapor, with a sensitivity of about 4.4 Hz·mg−1·L. Generally, the sensitivity of the QCM sensing chip is dependent on the molecular weight of alcohol. Moreover, the developed QCM sensing chips are stable after 10 days of repeated measurements, with a rapid response time of only 26 s. The QCM sensing chip provides an alternative method to established analytical methods such as gas chromatography for the detection of short-chain alcohol vapors.
This poster describes analytical operating conditions for analysis of US EPA Method 8260C1, Revision 3, August 2006, and includes BFB tune parameters, calibration details, and a complete MDL and Precision and Accuracy study for almost 100 target compounds at multiple concentrations.
This presentation discusses the measurement of PFCs in drinking and tap water using LC-MS/MS. As contaminants of emerging concern, research on PFCs is ongoing to determine the impacts of these materials on human health and the environment. Perfluorinated compounds can be effectively and quickly measured directly from surface and drinking water using a modified configuration of the LCMS-8050. For more information, go to ssi.shimadzu.com and follow Shimadzu on Twitter @ShimadzuSSI. Thanks for viewing.
This poster describes a GCMS purge-and-trap (P&T) method validation study conducted to evaluate operating conditions for the existing US EPA Method 624 VOC list, using updated technology and advanced GCMS instrumentation.
For more information, go to www.ssi.shimadzu.com and follow Shimadzu on Twitter at @ShimadzuSSI. Thanks for viewing.
Short-chain alcohols are a group of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are often found in workplaces and laboratories, as well as medical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Realtime monitoring of alcohol vapors is essential because exposure to alcohol vapors with concentrations of 0.15–0.30 mg·L−1 may be harmful to human health. This study aims to improve the detection capabilities of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)-based sensors for the analysis of alcohol vapors. The active layer of chitosan was immobilized onto the QCM substrate through a selfassembled monolayer of L-cysteine using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. Before alcohol analysis, the QCM sensing chip was exposed to humidity because water vapor significantly interferes with QCM gas sensing. The prepared QCM sensor chip was tested for the detection of four different alcohols: n-propanol, ethanol, isoamyl alcohol, and n-amyl alcohol. For comparison, a non-alcohol of acetone was also tested. The prepared QCM sensing chip is selective to alcohols because of hydrogen bond formation between the hydroxyl groups of chitosan and the analyte. The highest response was achieved when the QCM sensing chip was exposed to n-amyl alcohol vapor, with a sensitivity of about 4.4 Hz·mg−1·L. Generally, the sensitivity of the QCM sensing chip is dependent on the molecular weight of alcohol. Moreover, the developed QCM sensing chips are stable after 10 days of repeated measurements, with a rapid response time of only 26 s. The QCM sensing chip provides an alternative method to established analytical methods such as gas chromatography for the detection of short-chain alcohol vapors.
This poster describes analytical operating conditions for analysis of US EPA Method 8260C1, Revision 3, August 2006, and includes BFB tune parameters, calibration details, and a complete MDL and Precision and Accuracy study for almost 100 target compounds at multiple concentrations.
This presentation discusses the measurement of PFCs in drinking and tap water using LC-MS/MS. As contaminants of emerging concern, research on PFCs is ongoing to determine the impacts of these materials on human health and the environment. Perfluorinated compounds can be effectively and quickly measured directly from surface and drinking water using a modified configuration of the LCMS-8050. For more information, go to ssi.shimadzu.com and follow Shimadzu on Twitter @ShimadzuSSI. Thanks for viewing.
This poster describes a GCMS purge-and-trap (P&T) method validation study conducted to evaluate operating conditions for the existing US EPA Method 624 VOC list, using updated technology and advanced GCMS instrumentation.
For more information, go to www.ssi.shimadzu.com and follow Shimadzu on Twitter at @ShimadzuSSI. Thanks for viewing.
Presentation given by Dr Julia Race from Newcastle University on "MATTRAN: Materials for Next Generation CO2 Pipeline Transport Systems" in the Effects of Impurities Technical Session at the UKCCSRC Biannual Meeting - CCS in the Bigger Picture - held in Cambridge on 2-3 April 2014
Dewatering Waste Activated Sludge Using Greenhouse-Gas Flotation followed by ...Medhat Elzahar
The aim of this study is to develop a simple method
for dewatering waste-activated sludge (WAS) for easier reuse
and safer disposal of sludge. The paper builds on the success of
a new flotation technique developed in previous research by the
author utilizing the high water solubility of CO2 gas along with
the model-gas (80%N2+20%CO2). The paper introduces a
simple laboratory model for dewatering WAS in two stages,
flotation followed by centrifugation. The first stage enables
recycling a mixture of greenhouse gases containing 20% of CO2
and 80% of N2 gases by volume. The second stage uses a simple
centrifuge model for dewatering WAS. Experiments were
carried out to reduce the moisture content and volume of WAS.
This was executed by generating low pressure using centrifugal
force introduced by a simple centrifuge apparatus. Using the
experimental dewatering model, promising results were
obtained for dewatering WAS. Furthermore, additional data
were obtained, such as the effect of temperature on the
efficiency of dewater-ability. It is hoped that the results of this
study will lead to more study for the efficient reuse of
greenhouse gases. This can happen by collecting and recycling
industrial emissions of fossil fuels then utilizing them in
wastewater and sludge treatment, thereby decreasing the
resulting harmful effects of these gases on global warming.
Simulation of the Hydrodynamic Conditions of a Rotating Cage for Evaluating C...ijceronline
The Rotating cage technique is used to evaluate corrosion inhibitors. The rotating cage holds 8 coupons containing corrosive liquid, which rotate within it. These coupons have a dynamic that simulates the conditions in a pipe through a corrosive fluid, in this case the material used in pipelines are analyzed oil. A study of the fluid dynamics through the ANSYS software shows that the velocity fields, contours, vectors and speed profiles for symmetric geometries arrangements 2, 4 and 8 embedded specimens with a corrosion inhibitor. The conditions are calculated velocity profiles are standard temperature and solution viscosity of 1.0 cp and 1.5 cp. The density is considered constant of 998 kg / m3 and three angular velocities (920, 460 and 230 rpm) were analyzed. Finally the results of these conditions have been analyzed, yielding values close to zero in the outside walls of the cylinder. The cylinder contain the coupons rotating speeds to ensure turbulence (1) and to analyze the rate of corrosion inhibitor.
Prediction of Fault in Distribution Transformer using Adaptive Neural-Fuzzy I...ijsrd.com
In this paper, we present a new method for simultaneous diagnosis of fault in distribution transformer. It uses an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), based on Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA). The ANFIS is first “trained†in accordance with IEC 599, so that it acquires some fault determination ability. The CO2/CO ratios are then considered additional input data, enabling simultaneous diagnosis of the type and location of the fault. Diagnosis techniques based on the Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) have been developed to detect incipient faults in distribution transformers. The quantity of the dissolved gas depends fundamentally on the types of faults occurring within distribution transformers. By considering these characteristics, Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) methods make it possible to detect the abnormality of the transformers. This can be done by comparing the Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) of the transformer under surveillance with the standard one. This idea provides the use of adaptive neural fuzzy technique in order to better predict oil conditions of a transformer. The proposed method can forecast the possible faults which can be occurred in the transformer. This idea can be used for maintenance purpose in the technology where distributed transformer plays a significant role such as when the energy is to be distributed in a large region.
Evaluation of acoustical parameters of aqueous solution of sodium chloride an...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study of behaviour of propagation of ultrasonic waves in liquid system and solids is now rather well established as an effective means for examining certain physical properties of the materials. It is particularly well adapted to examine changes in such physical properties while they occur. The data obtained from ultrasonic propagation parameters such as ultrasonic velocity, adiabatic compressibility, molar volume, free length etc; and their variation with concentration of one of the component of the medium are useful in understanding the nature of molecular interaction in terms of physical parameters owing to the sensitivity to very low population densities at high energy states ultrasonic methods have been preferred and are reported to be complementary to other techniques like dielectric relaxation, I.R spectroscopy, N.M.R etc. Hence the author preferred to study the ultrasonic velocity and density measurement of aqueous solutions for NaCl and KCl of various concentrations. One of the important intermolecular properties of a liquid is the free length Lf between the surfaces of two neighbouring molecules and in the distance covered by the propagating acoustic waves between the surfaces of the two neighbouring molecules. The non-linear variations are observed in acoustic parameters of NaCl and KCl solutions indicating the formation of complex ions. Molecular interactions can be studied through Rao’s constants and Wada’s constants which are constants in non interacting systems. The abrupt change observed in Rao’s constant and Wada’s constant shows existence of molecular interaction.
Keywords: Molecular interaction, Intermolecular length, Rao’s constant (R), Wada’s constant (B)
Effects of anion on the corrosion behaviors of carbon steel under artificial ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Rain is one of the main importance issues for atmospheric corrosion problem. Effects of rainfall on corrosion behaviors of carbon steels were investigated using artificial rainfall equipment. Three types of Atmospheric Corrosion Monitoring (ACM) sensors, which consist of Fe-Ag, Zn-Ag, and Al-Ag galvanic couples, were used to illustrate the correlation between the sensors output, Corrosion Rate (CR), and chemical concentration in the rain. The effects of ionic species on the corrosion behaviors were observed by using NaCl, KCl, Na2SO4, NaNO3, and KNO3 as rainfall solutions. The result revealed that the rainfall rate was insensitive to ACM sensors outputs and CRs. In contrast, the chemical species and their concentrations in the rainfall solution significantly affected the ACM outputs and CRs. The corrosivity of the cations (Na+ and K+) is negligible compared to the anions (Cl-, SO42-, NO3-).For a given number of molar concentration, the CRs resulted from the corrosivity of SO4-2anions were higher than that of Cl- and NO3- anions, respectively. According to the empirical data, the CRs is increased and then reach a steady state as the molar concentration is continuously increased. This research also indicates that the ACM sensors outputs of Fe-Ag and Zn-Ag couples are capable of estimating corrosivity of the atmosphere, while the ACM sensor of Al-Agcouple can be used to determine not only the time of wetness but also the typeofchemical species in the environment. The research methods discussed in this paper proves that the CRs are dependent on the atmospheric composition and can be forecasted through ACM sensors.
The objective of the study is to find a relation for the predicting convective and evaporative
heat transfer coefficient and distillate output for 200 mm and 160 mm water depth. In this present
work an attempt is to be made to use inner glass cover temperature instead of outer glass temperature
as done by other researchers. The sides of the wall of the condensing cover are made up of FRP sheet
to avoid heat losses from sides and to provide the desired inclination to the cover to the bath. It is
exposed to room condition to increase the difference between water temperature and the condensing
cover temperature to increase the heat transfer rate and thus the condensate output.
The operating temperature range for the experiment is to be maintained at steady state from
50oC to 90oC by using a constant temperature bath. The yield obtained for a 1/2 hour intervals were
used to determine the values of constant C and n and consequently convective and evaporative heat
transfer coefficient. It is therefore expected that higher yield is to be obtained at higher temperature
and at minimum depth of water
EFFECT OF (MGO) NANOFLUID ON HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS FOR INTEGRAL FINNE...IAEME Publication
Experimental investigations have been carried out in this paper to study the enhancement of heat transfer characteristics for cross flow low integral finned tube heat exchanger with using of (MgO) nanofluid. The study includes designing and manufacturing of test section from Pyrex glass with dimensions (2505001200) mm width, height and length, respectively. has a single copper tube with eight passes.. The low integral finned tube with (19 mm) inner diameter, (21 mm) root diameter and (24 mm) outer diameter. The fin height is (1.5 mm), thickness (1 mm) and the pitch is (2 mm). Air was used as a cooling fluid passing across the test tube with a range of velocities (1, 2, 3 and 4) m/sec. The inner side flow rates with a range of (2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) L/min. for water and for nanofluid.
Unsteady state series CSTR modeling of removal of ammonia nitrogen from domes...IJECEIAES
This work shows simulation results for subsurface vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) using a series CSTR model. The VFCW considered received the outflow from a domestic wastewater treatment plant. In addition, it was planted with Cyperus sp. and filter media was unsaturated. The model was based on an unsteady state mass balance for ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates, using one to three series CSTRs. Nitrogen transformation mechanisms considered were ammonification, nitrification, plant uptake and denitrification. The following effects were evaluated: the number of reacting CSTRs from one to three; the occurrence of the reaction in second and third CSTRs for the case that three CSTRs hold; the use of either equal or different values of reaction rate parameters between CSTRs; and the discretization of the reaction rate parameters. The inflow and outflow measurements of ammonium, nitrites, and nitrates were used for model calibration. The estimated parameters included the reaction rate coefficients and reactor water volume. The coefficient of determination (R ) evidenced a satisfactory capability of simulating outlet pollutant concentrations. Two and three reacting CSTRs achieved similar R value (0.54-0.55), whereas one reacting CSTR achieved an R 2 of 0.39, and three CSTRs with reaction only in the first tank achieved an R of 0.42. Discretization of the nitrification rate for the case of two reacting CSTRs led to an R 2 of 0.94. The parameter sensitivity analysis revealed a significant effect of model parameters on the R 2 value. 2 2 2
On the comparison of metals, heavy and toxics elements in waste petroleum of ...Dr. Mohamed Saad Seoud
Petroleum waste of scale, sludge and sand that maintained various level of naturally occurring radioactive materials could also contain heavy and toxic elements which cause hazardous pollution to human health and the environment so that determination of these elements in waste petroleum samples are important to refineries, industrial processes, waste disposal and transports. Thus, the present work will focus on the evaluation the concentrations of metals, heavy and toxics elements in waste petroleum samples from petroleum companies located in Egypt and Kuwait using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Techniques. 6 samples of scale, sludge and sand were collected, 3 samples from Kuwait petroleum companies and 3 samples from Egypt as well. More than 17 elements of metals, heavy elements and toxic metals of (Si, Cu, Al, S, K, Ca, Na, Mn, Fe, Zn, Pb, As, Br, Sr, Rh, Ba and Ti) were detected in the selected samples with various values. All the studied samples had high concentrations of Fe, K, Ca, S and Si rather than the other elements. The concentration of Iron in Egyptian samples was higher than in Kuwait samples whilst silicon and potassium were greater in Kuwait samples. All the other elements were almost same in Egyptian and Kuwait samples. Furthermore, the toxic element of barium was detected in Egyptian samples with high concentration but it was not detected in Kuwait samples (XRF). The two measurement methods show good agreement, No significant differences. The obtained results imply that the petroleum wastes need more monitoring in order to minimize the environmental pollution.
Simulation and Modelling of Pipeline Corrosion and Integrity Management in Oi...ijtsrd
In this research work, Monte Carlo Simulation and degradation models were used to predict the corrosion rate and reliability of crude oil pipelines. Discrete random numbers simulated from Inline Inspection Data were used to predict the corrosion rate using Linear and Power Law Model. The mean time for failure MTFF was estimated with the degradation models. The result of the study shows that the degradation models and Monte Carlo simulation can predict the corrosion rate of the pipelines to an accuracy of between 83.05-98.33 and 84.24- 97.94 respectively. From the plot the lowest degradation recorded was 1.67 Power law and highest 16.95 Power Law , for Linear Model Law, the lowest value recorded was 2.11 while the highest is 15.23 . In comparison to the value obtained from Monte Carlo Simulation 2.01 lowest and 15.76 highest , all the values fall between 1.67 to16.95 . Thus, RMSE of between 1.67 and 16.95 was recorded for the degradation models. Therefore, the statistical models give the expected number of failures. The results of the statistical models can be used in reliability analysis, risk analysis, and optimum maintenance decisions. Nse Peter Essang "Simulation and Modelling of Pipeline Corrosion and Integrity Management in Oil and Gas Industry" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21411.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/gas-engineering/21411/simulation-and-modelling-of-pipeline-corrosion-and-integrity-management-in-oil-and-gas-industry/nse-peter-essang
Method development and validation of simultaneous estimation of paracetamol &...SriramNagarajan19
A drug may be defined as a substance meant for diagnosis, cure, mitigation, prevention or treatment of diseases in human beings or animals or for alternating any structure or function of the body of human being or animals. Pharmaceutical chemistry is a science that makes use of general laws of chemistry to study drugs i.e. their preparation, chemical natures, composition, structure, influence on an organism and studies the physical and chemical properties of drugs, the methods of quality control and the conditions of their storage etc. the family of drugs may be broadly classified as.
1. Pharmacodynamic agents.
2. Chemotherapeutic agents.
It is necessary to find the content of each drug either in pure or single, combined dosage forms for purity testing. It is also essential to know the concentration of the drug and it’s metabolites in biological fluids after taking the dosage form for treatment.
The scope of developing and validating analytical methods is to ensure a suitable method for a particular analyte more specific, accurate and precise. The main objective for that is to improve the conditions and parameters, which should be followed in the development and validation.
Effect of Irradiated Crumb Rubber on Rubberized Concrete Propertiestheijes
The objective of this paper is to study the effect of irradiation crumb rubber on the mechanical properties of rubberized concrete. An experimental model was carried out on 30 standard cubes to determine how some properties of rubberized concrete affected by the two percents (30% and 70%) of irradiated treated crumb rubber content as a sand replacement. The Scanning Electron Microscopy for irradiated rubber powder, the ultimate compressive strength and nondestructive tests for rubberized concrete with slump, wet and dry densities and absorption tests were performed. The irradiation process was achieved by gamma ray in air medium with a source of Co-60 radiation unit and dose rate 0.3kGy/h with a total absorbed dose of 70kGy. The experimental results had been recorded a noticeable reduction in the ultimate compressive strength of rubberized concrete relative to normal concrete. The reduction percent increases as the rubber content increases. While the tested results indicated a significant improvement in term of ultimate compressive concrete strength with irradiation rubber powder of 30% by weight of sand replacement relative to one without irradiation. This evidence is proved by both destructive and nondestructive tests. The irradiated rubber particle zooming image at Scanning Electron Macroscopy level before mixing with concrete ingredients proved a significantly surface modification. While, the rubberized concrete failure surface at macroscopic level recorded a bond enhancement. The study leads to conclusion it is possible to produce structural rubberized concrete with a irradiated treated rubberized powder and still maintaining the other excellent properties in term of weight and impact resistance
Implementation of Stronger S-Box for Advanced Encryption Standardtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Presentation given by Dr Julia Race from Newcastle University on "MATTRAN: Materials for Next Generation CO2 Pipeline Transport Systems" in the Effects of Impurities Technical Session at the UKCCSRC Biannual Meeting - CCS in the Bigger Picture - held in Cambridge on 2-3 April 2014
Dewatering Waste Activated Sludge Using Greenhouse-Gas Flotation followed by ...Medhat Elzahar
The aim of this study is to develop a simple method
for dewatering waste-activated sludge (WAS) for easier reuse
and safer disposal of sludge. The paper builds on the success of
a new flotation technique developed in previous research by the
author utilizing the high water solubility of CO2 gas along with
the model-gas (80%N2+20%CO2). The paper introduces a
simple laboratory model for dewatering WAS in two stages,
flotation followed by centrifugation. The first stage enables
recycling a mixture of greenhouse gases containing 20% of CO2
and 80% of N2 gases by volume. The second stage uses a simple
centrifuge model for dewatering WAS. Experiments were
carried out to reduce the moisture content and volume of WAS.
This was executed by generating low pressure using centrifugal
force introduced by a simple centrifuge apparatus. Using the
experimental dewatering model, promising results were
obtained for dewatering WAS. Furthermore, additional data
were obtained, such as the effect of temperature on the
efficiency of dewater-ability. It is hoped that the results of this
study will lead to more study for the efficient reuse of
greenhouse gases. This can happen by collecting and recycling
industrial emissions of fossil fuels then utilizing them in
wastewater and sludge treatment, thereby decreasing the
resulting harmful effects of these gases on global warming.
Simulation of the Hydrodynamic Conditions of a Rotating Cage for Evaluating C...ijceronline
The Rotating cage technique is used to evaluate corrosion inhibitors. The rotating cage holds 8 coupons containing corrosive liquid, which rotate within it. These coupons have a dynamic that simulates the conditions in a pipe through a corrosive fluid, in this case the material used in pipelines are analyzed oil. A study of the fluid dynamics through the ANSYS software shows that the velocity fields, contours, vectors and speed profiles for symmetric geometries arrangements 2, 4 and 8 embedded specimens with a corrosion inhibitor. The conditions are calculated velocity profiles are standard temperature and solution viscosity of 1.0 cp and 1.5 cp. The density is considered constant of 998 kg / m3 and three angular velocities (920, 460 and 230 rpm) were analyzed. Finally the results of these conditions have been analyzed, yielding values close to zero in the outside walls of the cylinder. The cylinder contain the coupons rotating speeds to ensure turbulence (1) and to analyze the rate of corrosion inhibitor.
Prediction of Fault in Distribution Transformer using Adaptive Neural-Fuzzy I...ijsrd.com
In this paper, we present a new method for simultaneous diagnosis of fault in distribution transformer. It uses an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), based on Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA). The ANFIS is first “trained†in accordance with IEC 599, so that it acquires some fault determination ability. The CO2/CO ratios are then considered additional input data, enabling simultaneous diagnosis of the type and location of the fault. Diagnosis techniques based on the Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) have been developed to detect incipient faults in distribution transformers. The quantity of the dissolved gas depends fundamentally on the types of faults occurring within distribution transformers. By considering these characteristics, Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) methods make it possible to detect the abnormality of the transformers. This can be done by comparing the Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) of the transformer under surveillance with the standard one. This idea provides the use of adaptive neural fuzzy technique in order to better predict oil conditions of a transformer. The proposed method can forecast the possible faults which can be occurred in the transformer. This idea can be used for maintenance purpose in the technology where distributed transformer plays a significant role such as when the energy is to be distributed in a large region.
Evaluation of acoustical parameters of aqueous solution of sodium chloride an...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study of behaviour of propagation of ultrasonic waves in liquid system and solids is now rather well established as an effective means for examining certain physical properties of the materials. It is particularly well adapted to examine changes in such physical properties while they occur. The data obtained from ultrasonic propagation parameters such as ultrasonic velocity, adiabatic compressibility, molar volume, free length etc; and their variation with concentration of one of the component of the medium are useful in understanding the nature of molecular interaction in terms of physical parameters owing to the sensitivity to very low population densities at high energy states ultrasonic methods have been preferred and are reported to be complementary to other techniques like dielectric relaxation, I.R spectroscopy, N.M.R etc. Hence the author preferred to study the ultrasonic velocity and density measurement of aqueous solutions for NaCl and KCl of various concentrations. One of the important intermolecular properties of a liquid is the free length Lf between the surfaces of two neighbouring molecules and in the distance covered by the propagating acoustic waves between the surfaces of the two neighbouring molecules. The non-linear variations are observed in acoustic parameters of NaCl and KCl solutions indicating the formation of complex ions. Molecular interactions can be studied through Rao’s constants and Wada’s constants which are constants in non interacting systems. The abrupt change observed in Rao’s constant and Wada’s constant shows existence of molecular interaction.
Keywords: Molecular interaction, Intermolecular length, Rao’s constant (R), Wada’s constant (B)
Effects of anion on the corrosion behaviors of carbon steel under artificial ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Rain is one of the main importance issues for atmospheric corrosion problem. Effects of rainfall on corrosion behaviors of carbon steels were investigated using artificial rainfall equipment. Three types of Atmospheric Corrosion Monitoring (ACM) sensors, which consist of Fe-Ag, Zn-Ag, and Al-Ag galvanic couples, were used to illustrate the correlation between the sensors output, Corrosion Rate (CR), and chemical concentration in the rain. The effects of ionic species on the corrosion behaviors were observed by using NaCl, KCl, Na2SO4, NaNO3, and KNO3 as rainfall solutions. The result revealed that the rainfall rate was insensitive to ACM sensors outputs and CRs. In contrast, the chemical species and their concentrations in the rainfall solution significantly affected the ACM outputs and CRs. The corrosivity of the cations (Na+ and K+) is negligible compared to the anions (Cl-, SO42-, NO3-).For a given number of molar concentration, the CRs resulted from the corrosivity of SO4-2anions were higher than that of Cl- and NO3- anions, respectively. According to the empirical data, the CRs is increased and then reach a steady state as the molar concentration is continuously increased. This research also indicates that the ACM sensors outputs of Fe-Ag and Zn-Ag couples are capable of estimating corrosivity of the atmosphere, while the ACM sensor of Al-Agcouple can be used to determine not only the time of wetness but also the typeofchemical species in the environment. The research methods discussed in this paper proves that the CRs are dependent on the atmospheric composition and can be forecasted through ACM sensors.
The objective of the study is to find a relation for the predicting convective and evaporative
heat transfer coefficient and distillate output for 200 mm and 160 mm water depth. In this present
work an attempt is to be made to use inner glass cover temperature instead of outer glass temperature
as done by other researchers. The sides of the wall of the condensing cover are made up of FRP sheet
to avoid heat losses from sides and to provide the desired inclination to the cover to the bath. It is
exposed to room condition to increase the difference between water temperature and the condensing
cover temperature to increase the heat transfer rate and thus the condensate output.
The operating temperature range for the experiment is to be maintained at steady state from
50oC to 90oC by using a constant temperature bath. The yield obtained for a 1/2 hour intervals were
used to determine the values of constant C and n and consequently convective and evaporative heat
transfer coefficient. It is therefore expected that higher yield is to be obtained at higher temperature
and at minimum depth of water
EFFECT OF (MGO) NANOFLUID ON HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS FOR INTEGRAL FINNE...IAEME Publication
Experimental investigations have been carried out in this paper to study the enhancement of heat transfer characteristics for cross flow low integral finned tube heat exchanger with using of (MgO) nanofluid. The study includes designing and manufacturing of test section from Pyrex glass with dimensions (2505001200) mm width, height and length, respectively. has a single copper tube with eight passes.. The low integral finned tube with (19 mm) inner diameter, (21 mm) root diameter and (24 mm) outer diameter. The fin height is (1.5 mm), thickness (1 mm) and the pitch is (2 mm). Air was used as a cooling fluid passing across the test tube with a range of velocities (1, 2, 3 and 4) m/sec. The inner side flow rates with a range of (2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) L/min. for water and for nanofluid.
Unsteady state series CSTR modeling of removal of ammonia nitrogen from domes...IJECEIAES
This work shows simulation results for subsurface vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) using a series CSTR model. The VFCW considered received the outflow from a domestic wastewater treatment plant. In addition, it was planted with Cyperus sp. and filter media was unsaturated. The model was based on an unsteady state mass balance for ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates, using one to three series CSTRs. Nitrogen transformation mechanisms considered were ammonification, nitrification, plant uptake and denitrification. The following effects were evaluated: the number of reacting CSTRs from one to three; the occurrence of the reaction in second and third CSTRs for the case that three CSTRs hold; the use of either equal or different values of reaction rate parameters between CSTRs; and the discretization of the reaction rate parameters. The inflow and outflow measurements of ammonium, nitrites, and nitrates were used for model calibration. The estimated parameters included the reaction rate coefficients and reactor water volume. The coefficient of determination (R ) evidenced a satisfactory capability of simulating outlet pollutant concentrations. Two and three reacting CSTRs achieved similar R value (0.54-0.55), whereas one reacting CSTR achieved an R 2 of 0.39, and three CSTRs with reaction only in the first tank achieved an R of 0.42. Discretization of the nitrification rate for the case of two reacting CSTRs led to an R 2 of 0.94. The parameter sensitivity analysis revealed a significant effect of model parameters on the R 2 value. 2 2 2
On the comparison of metals, heavy and toxics elements in waste petroleum of ...Dr. Mohamed Saad Seoud
Petroleum waste of scale, sludge and sand that maintained various level of naturally occurring radioactive materials could also contain heavy and toxic elements which cause hazardous pollution to human health and the environment so that determination of these elements in waste petroleum samples are important to refineries, industrial processes, waste disposal and transports. Thus, the present work will focus on the evaluation the concentrations of metals, heavy and toxics elements in waste petroleum samples from petroleum companies located in Egypt and Kuwait using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Techniques. 6 samples of scale, sludge and sand were collected, 3 samples from Kuwait petroleum companies and 3 samples from Egypt as well. More than 17 elements of metals, heavy elements and toxic metals of (Si, Cu, Al, S, K, Ca, Na, Mn, Fe, Zn, Pb, As, Br, Sr, Rh, Ba and Ti) were detected in the selected samples with various values. All the studied samples had high concentrations of Fe, K, Ca, S and Si rather than the other elements. The concentration of Iron in Egyptian samples was higher than in Kuwait samples whilst silicon and potassium were greater in Kuwait samples. All the other elements were almost same in Egyptian and Kuwait samples. Furthermore, the toxic element of barium was detected in Egyptian samples with high concentration but it was not detected in Kuwait samples (XRF). The two measurement methods show good agreement, No significant differences. The obtained results imply that the petroleum wastes need more monitoring in order to minimize the environmental pollution.
Simulation and Modelling of Pipeline Corrosion and Integrity Management in Oi...ijtsrd
In this research work, Monte Carlo Simulation and degradation models were used to predict the corrosion rate and reliability of crude oil pipelines. Discrete random numbers simulated from Inline Inspection Data were used to predict the corrosion rate using Linear and Power Law Model. The mean time for failure MTFF was estimated with the degradation models. The result of the study shows that the degradation models and Monte Carlo simulation can predict the corrosion rate of the pipelines to an accuracy of between 83.05-98.33 and 84.24- 97.94 respectively. From the plot the lowest degradation recorded was 1.67 Power law and highest 16.95 Power Law , for Linear Model Law, the lowest value recorded was 2.11 while the highest is 15.23 . In comparison to the value obtained from Monte Carlo Simulation 2.01 lowest and 15.76 highest , all the values fall between 1.67 to16.95 . Thus, RMSE of between 1.67 and 16.95 was recorded for the degradation models. Therefore, the statistical models give the expected number of failures. The results of the statistical models can be used in reliability analysis, risk analysis, and optimum maintenance decisions. Nse Peter Essang "Simulation and Modelling of Pipeline Corrosion and Integrity Management in Oil and Gas Industry" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21411.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/gas-engineering/21411/simulation-and-modelling-of-pipeline-corrosion-and-integrity-management-in-oil-and-gas-industry/nse-peter-essang
Method development and validation of simultaneous estimation of paracetamol &...SriramNagarajan19
A drug may be defined as a substance meant for diagnosis, cure, mitigation, prevention or treatment of diseases in human beings or animals or for alternating any structure or function of the body of human being or animals. Pharmaceutical chemistry is a science that makes use of general laws of chemistry to study drugs i.e. their preparation, chemical natures, composition, structure, influence on an organism and studies the physical and chemical properties of drugs, the methods of quality control and the conditions of their storage etc. the family of drugs may be broadly classified as.
1. Pharmacodynamic agents.
2. Chemotherapeutic agents.
It is necessary to find the content of each drug either in pure or single, combined dosage forms for purity testing. It is also essential to know the concentration of the drug and it’s metabolites in biological fluids after taking the dosage form for treatment.
The scope of developing and validating analytical methods is to ensure a suitable method for a particular analyte more specific, accurate and precise. The main objective for that is to improve the conditions and parameters, which should be followed in the development and validation.
Effect of Irradiated Crumb Rubber on Rubberized Concrete Propertiestheijes
The objective of this paper is to study the effect of irradiation crumb rubber on the mechanical properties of rubberized concrete. An experimental model was carried out on 30 standard cubes to determine how some properties of rubberized concrete affected by the two percents (30% and 70%) of irradiated treated crumb rubber content as a sand replacement. The Scanning Electron Microscopy for irradiated rubber powder, the ultimate compressive strength and nondestructive tests for rubberized concrete with slump, wet and dry densities and absorption tests were performed. The irradiation process was achieved by gamma ray in air medium with a source of Co-60 radiation unit and dose rate 0.3kGy/h with a total absorbed dose of 70kGy. The experimental results had been recorded a noticeable reduction in the ultimate compressive strength of rubberized concrete relative to normal concrete. The reduction percent increases as the rubber content increases. While the tested results indicated a significant improvement in term of ultimate compressive concrete strength with irradiation rubber powder of 30% by weight of sand replacement relative to one without irradiation. This evidence is proved by both destructive and nondestructive tests. The irradiated rubber particle zooming image at Scanning Electron Macroscopy level before mixing with concrete ingredients proved a significantly surface modification. While, the rubberized concrete failure surface at macroscopic level recorded a bond enhancement. The study leads to conclusion it is possible to produce structural rubberized concrete with a irradiated treated rubberized powder and still maintaining the other excellent properties in term of weight and impact resistance
Implementation of Stronger S-Box for Advanced Encryption Standardtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Challenges to the Implementation of Information Technology Risk Management an...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The Effects of Welding Processes and Microstructure on 3 Body Abrasive Wear R...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Feasible Interfacing and Programming of Industrial Control Technology Unit wi...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Quality Evaluation Of Complementary Food Formulated From Moringa Oleifera Lea...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Statistical Analysis of Factors Affecting the Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of A...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Two Level Auditing Architecture to Maintain Consistent In Cloudtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Consumer Knowledge Of Food Labels Of Low Income Female Workers In Michael Okp...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Automatic Park and retrieve assissted systems for automobiles using smartphonetheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Comparison of Ordinary Least Square Regression and Geographically Weighted Re...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Adaptive Optimization of Cloud Security Resource Dispatching SFLA Algorithmtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Assessing the impact of community development efforts in the nigeria`s state ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Parametric Optimization of Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) Process...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Robotic assistance for the visually impaired and elderly peopletheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Machining Of an Aluminum Metal Matrix Composite Using Tungsten Carbide Insertstheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Similar to Design and Construction of a Simple and Reliable Temperature Control Viscometer and its Application for Measurement of Viscosities of Liquids and Liquid Mixtures
An Efficient Method for Assessing Water Quality Based on Bayesian Belief Netw...ijsc
A new methodology is developed to analyse existing water quality monitoring networks. This methodology incorporates different aspects of monitoring, including vulnerability/probability assessment, environmental health risk, the value of information, and redundancy reduction. The work starts with a formulation of a conceptual framework for groundwater quality monitoring to represent the methodology’s context. This work presents the development of Bayesian techniques for the assessment of groundwater quality. The primary aim is to develop a predictive model and a computer system to assess and predict the impact of pollutants on the water column. The process of the analysis begins by postulating a model in light of all available knowledge taken from relevant phenomenon. The previous knowledge as represented by the prior distribution of the model parameters is then combined with the new data through Bayes’ theorem to yield the current knowledge represented by the posterior distribution of model parameters. This process of updating information about the unknown model parameters is then repeated in a sequential manner as more and more new information becomes available.
A new methodology is developed to analyse existing water quality monitoring networks. This methodology
incorporates different aspects of monitoring, including vulnerability/probability assessment, environmental
health risk, the value of information, and redundancy reduction. The work starts with a formulation of a
conceptual framework for groundwater quality monitoring to represent the methodology’s context. This
work presents the development of Bayesian techniques for the assessment of groundwater quality. The
primary aim is to develop a predictive model and a computer system to assess and predict the impact of
pollutants on the water column. The process of the analysis begins by postulating a model in light of all
available knowledge taken from relevant phenomenon. The previous knowledge as represented by the prior
distribution of the model parameters is then combined with the new data through Bayes’ theorem to yield
the current knowledge represented by the posterior distribution of model parameters. This process of
updating information about the unknown model parameters is then repeated in a sequential manner as
more and more new information becomes available.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Liquid Level Estimation in Dynamic Condition using Kalman FilterIJERA Editor
The aim of this paper is to estimate true liquid level of tank from noisy measurements due to dynamic conditions
using kalman filter algorithm. We proposed kalman filter based approach to reduce noise in liquid level
measurement system due to effect like sloshing. The function of kalman filter is to reduce error in liquid level
measurement that produced from sensor resulting from effect like sloshing in dynamic environment. A prototype
model was constructed and placed in dynamic condition, level data was acquired using ultrasonic sensor to
verify the effectiveness of kalman filter. The tabulated data are shown for comparison of accuracy and error
analysis between both measurements with Kalman filter and statistical averaging filter. After several test with
different liquid levels and analysis of the recorded data, the technique shows the usefulness in liquid level
measurement application in dynamic condition.
Optimization of ultrasonicated membrane anaerobic system (umas) for sewage sl...eSAT Journals
Abstract Ultrasonicated Membrane Anaerobic System UMAS was successfully used for sewage sludge treatment and biogas production. Central Composite Design and Response Surface Methodology were used to determine the optimum conditions in which UMAS produce a maximum content of methane in the biogas produced. The effects of three variables namely pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and organic loading rate (OLR) on methane content were evaluated individually and interactively. The optimum conditions obtained were pH 7.74, COD 1061.06 Mg/l and OLR 0.90 kg/m3d. The predicted maximum percentage of methane was 89.72 % and confirmed close to RSM result. Keywords: Optimization, Response Surface Methodology, Sewage Sludge, Ultrasonic, Membrane, Anaerobic Digestion.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Classification of storm water and sea water samples by zero-, first- and seco...IJERA Editor
This paper deals with the quality of storm water and its recipient sea water. For this purpose, UV spectroscopy
and pattern recognition methods were used. The treatment of the zero-order spectral data showed that almost all
storm water samples were classified into two groups. The treatment of the first-order derivative spectral data
showed that each of these groups can be divided into two subgroups, with few samples common, while the
second-order derivatization has highlighted the final group of the common samples. Finally, sea water samples
were classified into two groups after processing of the spectral data. The majority of the samples was classified
to the first group and the rest of them to the second group.
2015-2016 Mechanical/Civil Undergraduate Senior Design
Water Treatment by Hydrodynamic Cavitation and Ultraviolet Radiation
NEED:
1. ADD DETAIL TO DISCUSSION
2. ADD TABLE FOR BUDGET SECTION
3. NAMES ON PAGES
4. Environmental Section
5. Add the solid works model
6. Cover page
7. Add decision matrices
Submitted by
Christopher Bitikofer
Sarah Ridha
Brandyn Krieger
Terran Engle
Project Mentor
Chikashi Sato, Ph.D
Draft 2 Submitted: 11/6/2015
Table of Contents
Introduction 2
Discussion 3
Detailed Engineering Specifications: 4
System Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) 5
Management 7
Budget 8
Appendices 9
Capability Statements 9
Gantt Chart 10
References 11
Introduction
Access to clean drinking water in underdeveloped areas of the world is a growing problem due to global increases in both population and pollution. Current methods of water treatment are impractical to apply in many parts of the world, as these technologies are expensive, require large facilities staffed by a litany of professionals, and the production/disposal of treatment chemicals that often have negative environmental impacts. The need to develop a method of water treatment that is less expensive, operates without the use of chemical treatments, and has relatively low electrical power usage is of profound importance. One of the most viable and promising optionsoptions is to make use both cavitation and ultraviolet light (UV). The purpose of this project is to develop a system for researching the combined effects of these two forms of water purification.
Cavitation occurs when the static pressure of water drops below vapor pressure. Small microbubbles form and slowly collapse in an energetic manner. As cavitation bubbles collapse, temperatures within the bubble can reach upwards of 5000 degrees Kelvin. Due to pyrolytic decomposition that takes place within the collapsing bubbles, the OH radicals and shock waves arecan be generated at the gas–liquid interface (A. Agarwal et al, 2011). These radicals degrade contaminants suspended within the water that would otherwise resist ultraviolet degradation. This makes cavitation a promising method of water treatment.
Ultra violet light is capable of killing bacteria and living contaminants in water. Short wavelength UV light, in the range of 10 nm to 400 nm, kills cells by interacting with their structures and disrupting DNA (NIOSH, 2008). UV light is capable of killing up to 99.99% of bacteria in clear water. This system of water purification is both cost effective and nontoxicchemical free but it cannot break down particle contaminants that bacteria tend to live in. However in combination with a particle filtration system, or in our case a cavitation system, UV reactors are simple to maintain, cost effective and chemical free.
The concise purpose of this team’s senior design project will be to develop a fluid flow test apparatus to demonstrate the degree of effectiveness of the combination of UV radi.
Quality of food is determined in terms of food texture, taste and appearance butmoisture content (MC) of food is a determination factor of quality & stability of the processed food. Complex impedance measurement has several advantages over conventional moisture measurement methods and can be used for portable moisture measurement. This paper presents the Auto Balancing Bridge Circuitry to determine the complex impedance of the grain sample for moisture analysis. The complex impedance measurement has been done using Auto Balancing Bridge method. Experimentation has been done to reduce the losses of internal ABB circuit so that it can provide measurements at high frequency range. At lower radio frequencies, density- independent moisture content determination is achievable with multiple-frequency measurement. Due to operational amplifier’s limitations at higher frequencies, proper design of ABB circuit is very crucial in the proposed circuit. Hence, ABB circuit in was simulated in Multisim& best opamp was selected.
36433 Topic HA W9 R1Number of Pages 1 (Double Spaced)N.docxrhetttrevannion
36433 Topic: HA W9 R1
Number of Pages: 1 (Double Spaced)
Number of sources: 2
Writing Style: APA
Type of document: Essay
Academic Level:Master
Category: Nursing
Language Style: English (U.S.)
Order Instructions: Attached
Shawna Harris
Wednesday Mar 6 at 3:38pm
Manage Discussion Entry
The U.S. Preventative Services Task Force has prostate screening recommendations. The U.S. Preventative Services Task Force suggests discussing with the patient the benefits and possible harm from obtaining a prostate specific antigen, PSA test (U.S. Preventative Services Task Force). There is a small percent of people for whom this test can correctly identify and thus reduce the risk of mortality from prostate cancer (U.S. Preventative Services Task Force). However, this test can often have false positives, which could result in obtaining an unnecessary biopsy (U.S. Preventative Services Task Force). Invasive procedures, such as biopsies always have risk factors of their own. Consequently, the U.S. Preventative Task Force recommends a PSA screening test for men ages fifty-five to sixty-nine, only if the patient is requesting this screening even after discussing benefits and possible harms from testing and biopsy. (U.S. Preventative Services Task Force).
The American Cancer Society, ACS, recommends that men age fifty and over discuss the benefits and risks of screening in order to make an informed decision with his provider (Wolf, Wender, Etzioni,….& Smith, 2010). ACS also recommends if a man is at a high risk, that this information is presented earlier than fifty (Wolf et al…2010). Those at a higher risk include African American men with a family history of prostate cancer occurring in a family member who is not elderly (Wolf et al…2010). ACS also does not recommend that men whose life expectancy is less than ten years be screened for prostate cancer (Wolf et al…2010). Providers need to provide men with the benefits of early detection and treatment with the risk factors of treatment for prostate cancer. The results of PSA testing are not conclusive and therefore, the ACS reiterates the importance of the patient having the knowledge and information to make an informed decision. The ACS provides educational brochures and handouts on PSA screening to help guide patients to a discussion of this subject with his provider.
References
U.S. Preventative Services Task Force, (Accessed March 2019). Screening Guidelines for Prostate. Retrieved from: https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/RecommendationStatementFinal/prostate-cancer-screening1 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
Wolf, A., Wender, R., Etzioni, R….& Smith, R. (2010). American Cancer Society Guideline for the Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: Update 2010. Retrieved from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3322/caac.20066 (Links to an external site.)
** Provide response writing with references. All references must be in APA format and p.
Advanced gas leakage detection using acoustic sensors newYatheesh Kaggere
Gas leakage system
Similar to Design and Construction of a Simple and Reliable Temperature Control Viscometer and its Application for Measurement of Viscosities of Liquids and Liquid Mixtures (20)
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Design and Construction of a Simple and Reliable Temperature Control Viscometer and its Application for Measurement of Viscosities of Liquids and Liquid Mixtures
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 4 || Issue || 3 || Pages || PP.57-65|| 2015 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 57
Design and Construction of a Simple and Reliable Temperature
Control Viscometer and its Application for Measurement of
Viscosities of Liquids and Liquid Mixtures
1
Dikko A. B. , 2
Alkasim A.,3
Oriolowo N. Z.
1
Department of Physics, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria
2
Department of Physics, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria
3
Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria
----------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------
In this paper, a capillary temperature control viscometer was designed and locally constructed using available
materials obtained within Yola, Nigeria. The constructed viscometer was tested in measuring the viscosities of
distilled water, pure ethanol, pure methanol, alcohol-alcohol mixture, and alcohols-water mixtures at various
temperatures. From the measured data of viscosity and density, the activation energies of the pure liquids and
liquid mixtures studied were calculated. The experimental data obtained from this work are comparable to
results in the literature.
Keywords: Concentration, Construction, Design, Liquids ,Mixtures, Temperature, Viscometer
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 12 February-2015 Date of Accepted: 20 March. 2015
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
A capillary viscometer is an instrument used to measure the viscosity, or thickness, of a liquid by
measuring how long it takes the liquid to flow through a small-diameter tube, or capillary. The flow, or efflux,
time is directly proportional to the liquid's kinematic viscosity. Viscosity is generally temperature dependent, so
the capillary viscometer is usually used in a controlled-temperature water bath set to a specific temperature.
In a mixture we can consider the major component as the base and the other components as impurities whether
present in trace or in appreciable amounts. The lower the minimum limit of detection of impurity
concentration/amount, the higher is the accuracy of the detection technique [1]
.
There is an increasing interest in proper estimation of impurities present in Active pharmaceutical
ingredients (APIs). There are various methods of detecting and characterizing both components and
concentrations of the impurities such as [2]
, Thin layer Chromatography, (TLC), High pressure liquid
chromatography, (HPLC), combination of HPLC and TL, (HPTLC), Atomic absorption spectroscopy, (AAS),
Mass spectroscopy, (MS), Nuclear magnetic resonance, (NMR), Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass
spectroscopy, ((FTICR-MS), Gas chromatography, (GC) among other techniques. Guidelines and designated
approaches have been stated for isolation and identification of process-related impurities and degradation of
pharmaceutical products, using MS, NMR, HPLC, Fourier transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance - Mass
spectrometry, FTICR-MS and Tandem Mass spectrometry, TMS, etc. Most of these techniques have capabilities
of detecting impurities in ppm (parts per million) and some (e.g., GC) in ppb (parts per billion) ranges and thus
are highly accurate and suitable for impurity estimations in pharmaceuticals where in majority cases detection of
impurity below 0.05% is not necessary according to Internal conference on harmonization, (ICH) of Technical
requirements for registration of pharmaceuticals for human consumption. This translates to 1 mg a day in drugs
consumed by average patient.
The above techniques are capable of estimating impurity concentrations both in solid and solutions.
Most of these techniques require highly sophisticated equipment, experienced technologist and obviously
constant supply of electric power. These machines employ chemical analysis which is cumbersome. Application
of such techniques in African countries is still at a premature stage, especially because of cost-prohibitive and
lack of trained man-power. This calls for cheaper alternative methods of detecting impurities in liquid mixtures.
There are other techniques which can have capability of accurate estimation of impurity concentration,
specially, in solutions. Some of these techniques are: (i) Surface tension (ϒ) methods; (ii) density ( ρ) methods;
(iii) Electrical conductivity(σ) methods; (iv)Viscosity(μ) methods; (v) refractive index(η) methods etc. The
major advantages of these techniques over the above sophisticated techniques are (i) Lower cost of operation;
2. Design and Construction of a Simple...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 58
(ii) does not require highly trained man power as the above techniques; (iii) some of these techniques (i, ii, iv)
can be applied without electric power. In each of these methods it is important to have calibration of the
equipment to find out the measured changes in the properties of the standard solution with known concentration
of the impurity added to it. The minimum error δ(c) (which is the same as the minimum detectable impurity
concentration) in the estimation of one component impurity concentration in an unknown solution can be
obtained from the following equation,
)(
)(
)(
p
c
c (1)
where Δ(p) is the absolute value of the measured change in the given property (e.g., ϒ, ρ,σ,η, or μ etc.) with a
change(+) of concentration Δ(c) of the one component in the solution. α is the absolute value of minimum error
in the estimation of that given property. β is the absolute value of minimum error in the measurement of
concentration of the impurity when preparing the standard solutions. For good applicability of the above
techniques in estimation of impurity concentration Δ(c) should be the maximum spread of concentration
changes over which a maximum change Δ(p) in the physical property can occur. The methods reliability ranges
are the range of Δ(c) beyond which Δ(p)/Δ(c) becomes quite small compared to a few times α/ β. If the standard
solutions are prepared with one component impurity concentration estimated with high accuracy, then β is small
and the techniques can yield high accuracy in estimation of unknown concentration (i.e., very low δ(c )) if α can
be kept small.
Surface Tension Methods: This method is definitely less expensive than the above mentioned methods.
It is suitable to estimate the concentrations of surfactants in water with high accuracy, especially on the surface.
There are various methods of measuring surface tension, each one having its limit of accuracy α.
(i) Capillary rise – Accuracy in , + 0.5 mN/m, (ii) Sessile drop - Accuracy + 1.8 mN/m, (iii) Pendant drop -
Accuracy 4 to 5%, (iv) Drop weight (v) Maximum bubble pressure - +0.2 mN/m, (vi) Wilhelm plate, (vii)
Capillary waves, (viii) Unstable jets (iii) Du Nong ring (rapid), (ix) Drop weight (fast), (x) Wilhelm plate, (xi)
Spinning drop, etc.
There are various reports of highest accuracy (i.e., minimum detectable surface tension) by the above
methods. There are reports that all the above static methods of surface tension can yield accuracy in
measurement up to +0.1mN/m, if sophisticated optical methods of detection are used. On the other hand actual
measurements by researchers provide different reports of accuracy: (i) For example, there are reports [3], [4], [5]
of
accuracy of pendant drop method at 5% for high surface tension material like glass melts, pendant drop
measurement at 4% and surface tension measurements of mercury by sessile drop method at 3 mN/m, which is
about 0.6%. All these accuracy depend on the sophistication of the optical system used in the measurement and
the materials of investigation. No consistent measurements have been performed on variation of surface tension
with multi-component (three or more) solutions. Surface tension [3]
, of water and ethyl alcohol at room
temperature are 73 and 22 mN/m. If we assume conservative values of accuracy at 1% then assuming a linear
relation the average accuracy in estimation of water concentration in alcohol will be about 2% by surface
tension method. This is definitely less than that offered by Viscosity method.
The spinning drop seems to offer higher accuracy (0.001 mN/m) but suitable only for measurement of
low surface tension (2-10
mN/m) and not high. Thus it is not applicable for water-alcohol mixture. It is highly
suitable for measurement of concentration of surfactants in water.
A simple method for simultaneous measurements of surface tension and density was determined by
Thirumiavukkarasu and Srinivasan [6]
. The method consists of drawing two liquids; one standard (water) and the
other experimental liquid by suction through two vertical capillary tubes connected at the top by a common
horizontal tube that is connected to a vertical suction tube. The two capillary tubes are dipped in two beakers
containing the two liquids.
Electrical Conductivity Method: Electrical conductivity of a solution changes significantly when
concentration of ions changes. It is an important analytical measurement for certain water purity applications
such as the treatment of boiler feed water, and the preparation of very high purity water used for semiconductor
manufacture. Conductivity measurement is meaningful, when we know about the type of ions present in
water/solutions or when the purpose is to eliminate all ions present in the solution such as the case of ultra-pure
water treatment; in which case we don’t care about type of ions present since the goal is zero-conductivity.
For application of electrical conductivity (σ) measurements to estimate unknown ion concentration, we
need to have the standard curve of variation of electrical conductivity with the particular ion concentration or the
theoretical equation connecting ion-concentration with electrolytic conductivity. As an example, for
hydrochloric acid, (HCL), σ changes [7]
, from 11.8 ( μS/cm/ppm) to 10.2 (μS/cm/ppm) when the concentration
of HCL changes from 1 to 10000 ppm. Using this data the average minimum detection limit (ppm) of HCL in
water (Eq.5.19) is 0.1α + β. α(μS/cm) depends on instrument. If the instrument is accurate to within 0.1% then
average α (within the above data range) = 50(μS/cm). With β = 0.5 ppm, this gives a minimum detection limit of
3. Design and Construction of a Simple...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 59
HCl in water = 5.5 ppm. The minimum detection limit depends on the electrolyte apart from α and β. From the
data reported in Aquarium technical Bulletin[7]
, the corresponding detection limit for sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
and sodium chloride (NaCl) (with same α and β) are 10.5 and 30.5 ppm. Most of the equipment can be said to be
accurate if they have accuracy of 1% which translates to average α (within the above data range) = 500(μS/cm)
and the above minimum detection limits are then: 50.5, 100.5 and 300.5 ppm for HCl, NaOH and NaCl in water.
An Equipment to measure electrical conductivity of solutions have been developed [8]
, that gives accuracy of
conductivity measurements by +0.5%. The accuracy α of electrical conductivity measurements of solution
depends on:
(i) Electronic stability and linearity of the instrument
(ii) Linearity of instrument/sensor with solutions
(iii) Accurate temperature measurements and corrections for temperature effects in solutions
(iv) Knowledge of the relationship between conductivity and solutions of interest.
The major problem in the application of conductivity measurements for estimation of solute (ionic)
concentrations: (i) the temperature coefficient θ of conductivity varies anywhere from 1% to 4% per 0
C, and it
also depends on concentration and temperature. For example, Robert [9]
, θ varies from 0.02 at 0 0
C to 0.0225 at
29 0
C for saturated NaCl. It varies from 0.0165 at 0 0
C to 0.0175 at 27 0
C for 0.1 M KCl solution. It varies from
0.0146 at 5 0
C to 0.0133 at 65 0
C for 1 M HCl. This can offset the high accuracy limit of measurement if the
temperature is not quoted with accuracy. This application of conductivity measurement is somewhat difficult for
estimation of unknown impurity concentration. Then the temperature coefficient θ for a given electrolyte (say
HCl in water) has to be known over the possible variation of temperature range, so that from measurement of
conductivity of the solution of the unknown concentration at one temperature we can get the conductivity
corresponding to the temperature at which conductivity versus concentration calibration has been recorded. All
these problems could have been overcome if precise theoretical formula connecting conductivity with
concentration of each electrolyte and temperature is known.
(ii) The second major problem is that conductivity reaches a peak with electrolyte concentration in
water. For example for HCl, Nitric acid, HNO3, Sulphuric, H2SO4 and NaOH the conductivity peaks are reached
at 18%, 30%, 30% and 15% by weight concentration. Moreover, the relationships between σ and c are not linear
at all. The only perfectly linear relationship is exhibited by KCl up to concentration of 26% by weight.
Conductivity method alone is not suitable for estimation of concentration beyond these limits. It must be
accompanied by measurements of other parameters such as density, viscosity, dielectric constants etc. for
reliably accurate estimation of concentration beyond these points.
(iii) the third major problem is that conductivity of solution cannot be applied to those solutes which
are not electrolytes. Thus it is limited to ionic salts only.
Refractive Index Methods: Precision laser based method [10]
of determination of refractive index of water, ethyl
and methyl alcohol yielded values 1.3330, 1.3614, 1.3290 at 20 0
C and at 589 nm. Even though they claimed
that the accurate technique of refractive index measurement can yield accuracy in concentration measurement of
+0.01% we estimate the average accuracy to be (using the equation) about 6% for ethyl alcohol water mixture
and 42.5% for methyl alcohol-water mixture. Since the variation in refractive index with water concentration in
methyl and ethyl alcohol is quite small, the refractive index method is not suitable, because it is much more
expensive than the viscosity method and some other conventional methods suggested above. For the refractive
index method to yield the accuracy of 0.01% the measurements have to be accurate to +0.000003 in refractive
index. It is not easy to achieve that experimentally. Thus their claim of 0.01% accuracy in estimation of alcohol
concentration may not be authentic. Moreover, for methyl alcohol the inaccuracy will be higher since the
variation in refractive index with water is much less pronounced than for ethyl alcohol.
Using a high-precision measurement technique [11]
, for evaluating alcohol concentrations using optical
metrology system based on a positioning sensor detector determined the refractive index of pure ethyl alcohol
(95%) and water at 25 0
C to be 1.36587 and 1.33128 accurate (+0.00005) to the fifth place of decimal. From
their measurements they have developed an empirical relation between the concentration and refractive index as
μ = - 0.00000234C2
+ 0.00056068C + 1.33227197. Using this relation and the experimentally determined
refractive index of a known concentration (37%) of ethyl alcohol they found a maximum error in estimation of
concentration using that relation is 0.7%. Refractive index of methyl alcohol is 1.328 quite close to that (1.333)
of water at 20 0
C. Thus employing refractive index method for estimation of water concentration in methyl
alcohol would yield accuracy much less than that of the viscosity method.
In this work, our experimental studies discusses clearly that simple inexpensive viscosity method can
have advantage over many other methods in estimating impurity concentration in an adulterated liquid if the
accuracy of time counting can be improved to 100 ms or better. The technique has potential application as an
analytical tool.
4. Design and Construction of a Simple...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 60
II. MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials used in the design and construction of the viscometer include; Copper plate, glass tubes (3.5
mm radius), beakers (8), level screws (10), level indicators (4), three capillary tubes (30.8cm length, and 0.6mm
radius) , thermometer (1000
C), measuring cylinders (6), lagging materials, water bath (1), distilled water (4
litres), pure ethanol (2 litres), pure methanol (2 litres), precision balance (1), syringes (5), glues, seal tapes, and
masking tapes.
The temperature control viscometer, which was designed to incorporate temperature control bath, is
shown in Fig. (1). QP is a vertical uniform cylindrical plastic tube of diameter 2.5 cm and length 6.0 cm. At the
two ends were attached two narrow glass tubes of internal diameter 7 mm). There are horizontal fixed marks A
and B on these tubes. At the bottom end of the lower tube is attached a uniform capillary tube of length, (LD)
30.8 cm, and the internal radius, r of the very uniform laser drilled capillary brass tube, is 0.6 mm, where as the
outer radius is 1.0 mm. While AQPB is held vertical, the capillary tube is enclosed inside and at the bottom of
the cubical container, EFGHIJKM (filled with water), and fixed as horizontally as possible at right angle with
the narrow glass tube, PBL.
Fig 1 Design of the Temperature Control Viscometer
Level-indicators were used to ensure constant vertical alignment of the apparatus during different runs
of experiments. The apparatus also incorporates the temperature controller, T (PHYWE product) with a heating
coil, C and a stirrer, S, and required temperatures were set using the variable switch, V on the temperature
controller. The whole portion XAQPBLD was filled with the liquid solution under investigation, and the time t
taken by the liquid to descend from A to B was recorded by a sensitive stop watch. If the experiment was to be
carried at temperatures above room temperature, the AC cord was fixed to electric power outlet and the required
temperature set and left for 15 minutes before running the experiment.
A 100 o
C calibrated thermometer is also inserted into the water to ensure accurate readings of the set
temperature. As the upper tube is held vertically fixed, the solution descends and flows through the capillary
tube and drops in a beaker. The time, required by the liquid to descend from mark A to B is noted with the help
of a stopwatch with accuracy of 0.01 second. The capillary tube chosen must be in good condition to avoid
turbulence flow.
2.1 Theory of Constructed Viscometer
The time t, taken by the liquid level to flow from mark A to B in Fig (1) is given by
K
t , (2)
where 4
4
3
3
2
2
1
8
lnlnln
gr
L
H
H
c
H
H
b
H
H
aK
, (3)
5. Design and Construction of a Simple...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 61
µ is the viscosity coefficient, ρ is the density, g is the acceleration due to gravity, H1, H2, H3 and H4 are the
heights of the liquid levels as indicated in Fig. (1), a, b, and c are cross sections of tubes AQ, QP and PB
respectively. For inclination of the upper tube axis at an angle θ with the vertical, g in above equation should be
replaced by gcosθ (assuming that the capillary still remains horizontal), θ remains constant, as long as the
vertical inclination of the apparatus in Fig. (1) is held constant for different sets of experiments conducted at a
given place. With the same vertical inclination of the apparatus and at the same place (i.e., constant g), let t2 and
t1 are the respective times for the solution under investigation and pure water at a given temperature, T to
descend from mark A to mark B, (Fig.1). Then from equation (2) we get
11
221
2
t
t
(4)
An equivalent measurement is carried on a liquid of unknown viscosity, and then the unknown
viscosity is calculated using equation (4). As long as the vertical inclination of the apparatus Plate I or Plate II
was held constant for different sets of experiments conducted at a given place, (i.e., constant g), and t2 and t1 be
the respective times for the solution under investigation and pure water at a given temperature, T, to descend
from mark A to mark B (Fig. 1), then equation (4) holds [12], [13], [14]
. The density ρ2 can be easily determined
using the simple relation of density equals mass/volume. ρ1 at the given temperature can be easily known from a
handbook of physical constant. For most purposes ρ1 of distilled water can be taken as 1 kg/litre. The accuracy
of determining µ2 from equation (4) then depends on the accuracy of noting the time t1 and t2 and the accuracy
of knowing µ1. For manual observation, the inaccuracy in noting time t1 and t2 can be easily kept within ± 0.01
sec. From equation (4) we see that
21
12
1
2
t
t
(5)
note where the quantities on the right side equation (5) depend only on the physical properties of the solution
and that of pure water under investigation, where as both t2 and t1 depend also on the apparatus. Thus, the ratio
t2/t1 when precise vertical inclination is maintained throughout the experiments at constant temperature T, is a
unique signature of the nature and concentration of the solute in the particular solvent and independent of the
physical dimensions of the apparatus used and the place where the experiment is carried out.
The effect of temperature variation on a particular liquid or liquid mixture can be studied using the
Arrhenius equation [15]
,
TkEB B
a /exp
(6)
where B is a constant for a given liquid, kB is the Boltzmann constant; T is the temperature and Ea the activation
energy for viscous flow. Hence, we re-write as
B
TK
E
B
a
lnln (7)
The activation energy, Ea can be calculated from equation (7) by plotting ln(µ) versus 1/T, and determining the
value of the slope.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The average of three readings of time of flow and densities of each liquid or liquid mixture at different
temperatures were noted and the corresponding viscosity coefficients were calculated using equation (4) and
recorded in Tables (1 to 6). Similarly, the activation energies of alcohol-water mixtures at various temperatures
were determined using equation (7) and entered in Tables (3 to 6).
The viscosities of both methanol and ethanol mixtures with water, show an increasing trend with
increase in water concentration in alcohol as can be seen from Table.(1 &2). It is also noticed from Table (1 &
2) that the viscosity of the mixture of ethanol and water is higher than the viscosities of methanol and water
mixtures.
6. Design and Construction of a Simple...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 62
Table 1Reduced Time Ratio, Viscosity Coefficients of Ethanol-Water Mixture at 308 K
Cw (vw/va)100%
12
tt
±0.0001
µex
(10-4
Pa.sec)
±0.01
µex /µ₁
±0.0001
0 1.421 9.13 1.263
5 1.431 9.25 1.284
10 1.457 9.44 1.305
15 1.477 9.62 1.332
20 1.488 9.77 1.354
25 1.507 9.96 1.377
30 1.528 10.14 1.404
35 1.545 10.27 1.422
40 1.565 10.46 1.445
45 1.586 10.61 1.473
50 1.610 10.83 1.495
Table 2 Reduced Time Ratio, Viscosity Coefficients of the Methanol-Water Mixture at 308 K
Cw (vw/va)100%
12
tt
±0.0001
µex
(10-4
Pa.sec)
±0.01
µex /µ₁
±0.0001
0 0.823 4.94 0.683
5 0.832 5.04 0.698
10 0.836 5.15 0.711
15 0.845 5.22 0.722
20 0.853 5.29 0.733
25 0.857 5.38 0.745
30 0.864 5.47 0.757
35 0.873 5.54 0.767
40 0.877 5.65 0.782
45 0.888 5.76 0.797
50 0.895 5.82 0.808
Where Cw=Vw/Va(%) = water concentration; t2/t1 = reduced time ratio; µex = experimental viscosity co-efficient
of mixture.
The total uncertainty in Cw thus determined above consists of the following parts: (i) due to uncertainty
in 12
tt ; (ii) due to uncertainty in the Cw and (iii) due to variation in temperature from that of the calibration
curve. Let us address these three sources of errors. As mentioned above, for manual observation, the uncertainty
in t2/t1 is around 2 x 10-5
.
Table (1) shows that a change of Cw from 0% to 50% causes a change of t2/t1 changes from 1.421 to
1.610 in ethanol, while in Table (2), 12
tt changes from 0.823 to 0.895 in methanol. Therefore, one can easily
see that the average uncertainly in Cw due to factor (i) is 0.053% in ethanol and 0.14% in methanol; the
uncertainty in the measured volume is ± 0.5 cc. This leads to uncertainty in Cw ~ 0.16% Thus, the total
uncertainty in the unknown water concentration, Cw that can result by using Fig (1) is roughly around 0.30%
for methanol and 0.21% for ethanol respectively. Thus the measurement of time of flow through a capillary
tube will yield much higher accuracy. The major source of error in the present technique are the errors in the
measurement of volumes of the components during calibration and noting the time for the liquid to descend
through the marks A and B (Fig.1).
7. Design and Construction of a Simple...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 63
Table 3 Viscosity coefficients and activation energy at different temperatures for methanol-water mixture,
(volume to volume ratio of 1:1)
T
(K)
±1
Viscosity µ
(10-4
Pa.sec)
±0.01
1/T
(1/K)
ln(µ) Eamw
(meV)
±0.01
308 6.010 0.003247 -7.417 168.16
313 5.545 0.003195 -7.497 144.70
318 5.125 0.003145 -7.576 121.23
323 4.799 0.003096 -7.642 100.29
328 4.405 0.003049 -7.728 73.27
333 4.168 0.003003 -7.783 54.28
338 3.923 0.002959 -7.843 32.94
343 3.711 0.002915 -7.899 12.72
Table 4 Viscosity coefficients and activation energy at different temperatures for ethanol-water mixture,
(volume to volume ratio of 1:1)
T (K)
±1
Viscosity µ
(10-4
Pa.sec)
±0.01
1/T
(1/K)
ln(µ) Eaew
(meV)
±0.01
308 8.137 0.003247 -7.110 195.52
313 7.425 0.003195 -7.205 169.54
318 6.795 0.003145 -7.294 143.42
323 6.284 0.003096 -7.372 119.79
328 5.730 0.003049 -7.465 91.10
333 5.283 0.003003 -7.546 64.91
338 4.878 0.002959 -7.626 38.19
343 4.536 0.002915 -7.698 13.02
Table 5 Viscosity coefficients and activation energy with temperature for methanol-ethanol mixture, (volume to
volume ratio of 1:1)
T (K)
±1
Viscosity µ
(10-4
Pa.sec)
±0.01
1/T
(1/K)
ln(µ) Eame
(meV)
±0,01
308 6.955 0.003247 -7.271 177.72
313 6.440 0.003195 -7.348 155.50
318 5.960 0.003145 -7.425 132.47
323 5.515 0.003096 -7.503 108.37
328 5.095 0.003049 -7.582 83.46
333 4.785 0.003003 -7.645 62.33
338 4.465 0.002959 -7.714 38.77
343 4.205 0.002915 -7.774 17.16
8. Design and Construction of a Simple...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 64
Table 6 Viscosity coefficients and activation energies at different temperatures for methanol-ethanol-water
mixture, (volume to volume ratio of 1:1:1).
T (K)
±1
Viscosity, µ
(10-4
Pa.sec)
±0.01
1/T
(1/K)
ln(µ) Eamew
(meV)
308 7.175 0.003247 -7.259 185.96
313 6.470 0.003195 -7.343 162.25
318 5.960 0.003145 -7.425 137.96
323 5.533 0.003096 -7.500 115.06
328 5.077 0.003049 -7.586 87.98
333 4.692 0.003003 -7.664 62.33
338 4.422 0.002959 -7.724 41.69
343 4.151 0.002915 -7.787 19.23
From Tables (3 - 6), generally, viscosity coefficient (µ) and activation energy (Ea) of methanol-water,
ethanol-water, methanol-ethanol and methanol-ethanol-water mixtures decreased with increase in temperature.
This could be due to the energy obtained to overcome the resistance to flow. The tables also show that the
reduction of the viscosity is greater at the initial stage of the temperature increment, and subsequent increases in
the temperature during the latter part had less influence on reducing the viscosity.
As in the case of variation of viscosity coefficients of the mixtures with temperature, the same trend is shown in
their variation of activation energies (Tables 3- 6). It can be seen from that the viscosity of a mixture of ethanol,
methanol and water is controlled mostly by ethanol and methanol since the temperature variation of viscosity of
the mixture is almost the same as that of the mixture of ethanol and methanol. This feature is quite interesting
and might throw light on the molecular modeling of the mixing of different molecules and formation of barrier
heights with activation energy that the molecules have to overcome in flowing motion.
The molecules in a liquid are held together much more strongly than in a gas. A force is needed to
overcome the mutual attraction of the molecules so that they can be displaced relative to each other. The more
strongly the molecules are held together, the smaller the flow for a given shearing stress. With increasing
temperature, the random kinetic energy of the molecules helps to overcome the molecular forces and reduces the
viscosity [16]
.
IV. CONCLUSION
The capillary viscosity method presented in this work is very simple but reliable equipment that can be
constructed and operated upon at the local level, and has more advantages than several other methods. This
method can estimate concentration of components easily within 0.05 % with a larger tube and a better optical
time counting device capable of measuring time accurately up to 100 ms. It should find application to estimation
of impurity levels around 0.1%, and concentrations of IV solutions.
REFERENCES
[1] De D. K., Dikko, A. B., An innovative technique of liquid purity analysis and its application to analysis of water concentration in
alcohol-water mixtures and studies on change of activation energies of the mixtures, Applied Physics Research,Canadian Center
of Science and Education. Vol.4 No.4, 2012, pp. 98 -114
[2] Sanjay, B. B, Bharati R. K, Yogiri S. J. and Atul A. S, Impurity Profile-Significance in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient
Eurasian Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 2, No.1,2007, pp.32.
[3] Yao-Yuan Chang, Ming-Ya Wu, Yi-Lim Hung and Shi-Yow Lin, Accurate Surface Tension Measurement of Glass melts by the
Pendant drop Method, Rev. Sci. Instr. 82, 2011, pp 055 107
[4] Shuai Wan, Zheng Wei, Xiaopeng Chen and Jie Gao, Pendant Drop Method for Interfacial Tension Measurement Based on Edge
Detection Method. IEEE, 978, 2009, 1-4244-4131
[5] Ziesing, G. M.. The Determination of Surface Tension by Sessile Drop Measurement with Application to Mercury, Australian
Journal of Physics, Vol. 6, 1953, pp86
[6] Thirunavukkarasu G. and Srinivasan G. J., Novel Method for the Simultaneous Estimation of Density and Surface Tension of
liquids, Rev. Sci. Instr. Vol. 74(6), 2003, p.3146-3150
[7] Aquarius technical Bulletin, Conductivity Measurement, Published by Aquarius technologies, PTY, No.8, August 2000,
[8] Susan L. S., Naomi A. F., Kevin G. R. and Donald R. S., A high-accuracy Calibarion Free Technique for Measuring Electrical
Conductivity of Liquids Rev. Sci. Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, Science Alert. Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A., 1998.
[9] Robert C. Hunt, How to increase Accuracy of Solutions Conductivity Measurements, Sensor Developments Inc. 1995.
[10] Longtin J. P. & C. H. Fan, Precision Laser based Concentration and Refractive index Measurement of Liquids. Microscale
Thermophysical Engineering, 2, 1998, pp 261-272.
9. Design and Construction of a Simple...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 65
[11] Yen-Liang Yeh, Cheng Chi Wang, Ming-Jyi Jang, Yen-Pin Lin, A High Precision Measurement Technique for Evaluating
Alcohol Concentration using Optical Metrology System Based on a Position Sensing Detector, Optics & Lasers in Engineering,
47(5), 2009, pp.599-603
[12] Sinha D.B. and Das Sarma J.M., College Physics, Modern Book Agency Private Ltd., Calcutta, Vol.1, 1969, pp.322.
[13] Smith, C.J., The General Properties of Matter, Royal Holloway College, 1972
[14] Sheikh M.A., De D. K. An Innovative Technique of Rapid Analysis of Petroleum Contamination in Kerosene, Technology and
Development, Vol.8, 2002, pp 13-20
[15] Dikko A. B., Studies on the effects of miscible solute concentration and temperature on certain physical properties of liquids for
applications and analysis of liquid mixtures, Ph.D Thesis presented to the Department of Physics, Modibbo Adama University of
Technology, Yola, 2014
[16] Hulya, Y. Excess Properties of Alcohol - Water Systems at 298.15 K. Turk J Phys, 26, 2000, pp 243 – 246