2015-2016 Mechanical/Civil Undergraduate Senior Design Water Treatment by Hydrodynamic Cavitation and Ultraviolet Radiation NEED: 1. ADD DETAIL TO DISCUSSION 2. ADD TABLE FOR BUDGET SECTION 3. NAMES ON PAGES 4. Environmental Section 5. Add the solid works model 6. Cover page 7. Add decision matrices Submitted by Christopher Bitikofer Sarah Ridha Brandyn Krieger Terran Engle Project Mentor Chikashi Sato, Ph.D Draft 2 Submitted: 11/6/2015 Table of Contents Introduction 2 Discussion 3 Detailed Engineering Specifications: 4 System Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) 5 Management 7 Budget 8 Appendices 9 Capability Statements 9 Gantt Chart 10 References 11 Introduction Access to clean drinking water in underdeveloped areas of the world is a growing problem due to global increases in both population and pollution. Current methods of water treatment are impractical to apply in many parts of the world, as these technologies are expensive, require large facilities staffed by a litany of professionals, and the production/disposal of treatment chemicals that often have negative environmental impacts. The need to develop a method of water treatment that is less expensive, operates without the use of chemical treatments, and has relatively low electrical power usage is of profound importance. One of the most viable and promising optionsoptions is to make use both cavitation and ultraviolet light (UV). The purpose of this project is to develop a system for researching the combined effects of these two forms of water purification. Cavitation occurs when the static pressure of water drops below vapor pressure. Small microbubbles form and slowly collapse in an energetic manner. As cavitation bubbles collapse, temperatures within the bubble can reach upwards of 5000 degrees Kelvin. Due to pyrolytic decomposition that takes place within the collapsing bubbles, the OH radicals and shock waves arecan be generated at the gas–liquid interface (A. Agarwal et al, 2011). These radicals degrade contaminants suspended within the water that would otherwise resist ultraviolet degradation. This makes cavitation a promising method of water treatment. Ultra violet light is capable of killing bacteria and living contaminants in water. Short wavelength UV light, in the range of 10 nm to 400 nm, kills cells by interacting with their structures and disrupting DNA (NIOSH, 2008). UV light is capable of killing up to 99.99% of bacteria in clear water. This system of water purification is both cost effective and nontoxicchemical free but it cannot break down particle contaminants that bacteria tend to live in. However in combination with a particle filtration system, or in our case a cavitation system, UV reactors are simple to maintain, cost effective and chemical free. The concise purpose of this team’s senior design project will be to develop a fluid flow test apparatus to demonstrate the degree of effectiveness of the combination of UV radi.

1. 2015-2016 Mechanical/Civil Undergraduate Senior Design
Water Treatment by Hydrodynamic Cavitation and Ultraviolet
Radiation
NEED:
1. ADD DETAIL TO DISCUSSION
2. ADD TABLE FOR BUDGET SECTION
3. NAMES ON PAGES
4. Environmental Section
5. Add the solid works model
6. Cover page
7. Add decision matrices
Submitted by
Christopher Bitikofer
Sarah Ridha
Brandyn Krieger
Terran Engle
Project Mentor
Chikashi Sato, Ph.D

2. Draft 2 Submitted: 11/6/2015
Table of Contents
Introduction 2
Discussion 3
Detailed Engineering Specifications: 4
System Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) 5
Management 7
Budget 8
Appendices 9
Capability Statements 9
Gantt Chart 10
References 11
Introduction
Access to clean drinking water in underdeveloped areas of the
world is a growing problem due to global increases in both
population and pollution. Current methods of water treatment
are impractical to apply in many parts of the world, as these
technologies are expensive, require large facilities staffed by a
litany of professionals, and the production/disposal of treatment
chemicals that often have negative environmental impacts. The
need to develop a method of water treatment that is less
expensive, operates without the use of chemical treatments, and
has relatively low electrical power usage is of profound
importance. One of the most viable and promising
optionsoptions is to make use both cavitation and ultraviolet

3. light (UV). The purpose of this project is to develop a system
for researching the combined effects of these two forms of
water purification.
Cavitation occurs when the static pressure of water drops below
vapor pressure. Small microbubbles form and slowly collapse in
an energetic manner. As cavitation bubbles collapse,
temperatures within the bubble can reach upwards of 5000
degrees Kelvin. Due to pyrolytic decomposition that takes place
within the collapsing bubbles, the OH radicals and shock waves
arecan be generated at the gas–liquid interface (A. Agarwal et
al, 2011). These radicals degrade contaminants suspended
within the water that would otherwise resist ultraviolet
degradation. This makes cavitation a promising method of water
treatment.
Ultra violet light is capable of killing bacteria and living
contaminants in water. Short wavelength UV light, in the range
of 10 nm to 400 nm, kills cells by interacting with their
structures and disrupting DNA (NIOSH, 2008). UV light is
capable of killing up to 99.99% of bacteria in clear water. This
system of water purification is both cost effective and
nontoxicchemical free but it cannot break down particle
contaminants that bacteria tend to live in. However in
combination with a particle filtration system, or in our case a
cavitation system, UV reactors are simple to maintain, cost
effective and chemical free.
The concise purpose of this team’s senior design project will be
to develop a fluid flow test apparatus to demonstrate the degree
of effectiveness of the combination of UV radiation and
hydrodynamic cavitation. In addition, this team will make an
array of improvements to last year’s design in order to improve
ease of use, overall functionality, accuracy of data, and
scientific value of the project. An analysis regarding the effects
that scaling a similar system up would have on the environment
will be performed. Furthermore the system will be tested and
iteratively improved as needed.

4. Discussion
In order to develop an efficient, inexpensive, and portable
water purification system, the WTHC team built on the research
and design work of last year’s hydrodynamic cavitation senior
design team. Last year, the HC team ran numerous tests to
determine how effectively hydrodynamic cavitation can purify
water. They found the most effective cavitation device to be a
simple Venturi Tube operating under controlled temperature and
pressure. Our objective was to expand on this work in the
following ways:
1. Development of a UV reactor purification system that can
maintain an operating temperature between 15 and 20 degrees
Celsius using a heat exchanger cooling jacket.
2. Integration of this UV reactor into the hydro cavitation
system in such a way that the new system is able to:
a. run only the cavitation system.
b. run only the UV system.
c. run cavitation and then the UV system in series.
d. run the UV and then the cavitation system in series.
3. Develop a data collection system that will electronically
record temperature, pressure, and flow rate periodically
throughout a test run of the system. The system needs to record
this data automatically with a high degree of accuracy.
4. The completed system must be portable. It needs to fit in a
suitcase when disassembled.
5. The system must be modular to enable future modification
and easy assembly/disassembly.
Analysis of Environmental Issues in the project

5. Environmental analysis is an important component in any
project. As a matter of fact, projects are supposed to minimize
the harm to environment in an important way. This promotes the
idea of sustainable development which is a concept that has
been adopted by many countries across the world. Therefore, we
will provide analysis of the environmental issues such as noise,
air quality, water quality and solid waste generation. This
analysis is shown in the table below.
Issue
Severity
impact
Mitigation measures
Noise
The system will lead to production of noise. The noise will
come from the pump. However, the noise will be minimal since
It is a small system
It will have a negative impact to the operator
The operator should wear protective devices on his ears.
The equipment should be stored away dwelling units
Air quality
The effect on the quality of air will be minimal since the system
has a clean technology. However, there will be some pollution
coming from the pump
It will affect air quality within a minimal range
Proper maintenance of the pump and other components of the
system
Water quality
The system will require oiling of valves, pump and other
components. This can lead to oil spill
Oil substances may be washed away and directed to water
bodies. This will have negative impact on quality of water that
is used by animals and people
Regular inspections to minimize chances of oil leakage
Solid waste generation
This project will lead to generation of waste materials that will

6. be used in construction phase.
The materials will contaminate the immediate environment.
Proper waste management techniques i.e. prevention, reduction,
recycling and treatment
The components of cultivation reactor are likely to cause some
negative environmental impacts. As a matter of fact, they may
contaminate the immediate environment during construction and
operation phase of the system. In this case, environmental
mitigation measures should be applied to minimize the potential
harm to the environment. In this case, waste management
techniques should be applied to prevent, reduce, recycle or treat
the waste generated during assembling and operation of the
system. The UV reactor can affect the health of the operator
since it may release rays that can damage body cells. Therefore,
effective measures should be taken to protect operators from the
effect of UV rays. In this case, protective clothing should be
provided to enhance the safety of operators of the system.
Moreover, training of operators is essential to minimize the
health issues that may arise.
Detailed Engineering Specifications:
The following engineering specifications were used
extensively in the design of the cavitation and UV purification
system. These figures are developedare from thefrom requests
ofby the client, last year’s design team, and the physical
measurements this team collected.
Table 1. WTHC Engineering Specifications

7. System Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)
Using the design specifications from Figure 1, the
following piping and instrumentation diagram was developed. It
integrates the system that last year’s cavitation team developed
with a UV reactor to facilitate research on the combined effects
of the two purification systems.
The system operates in has ffour our modes of operation:
cavitation only, UV only, cavitation to UV, and UV to
cavitation. It can be operated at various pressures and flow rates
in accordance with the engineering specifications laid out
earlier. The operational mode can be changed by adjusting the
valves as described below.
Figure 1. P&ID
Bypass Branch
V5
V2
V3
V4
V1
To run the system in cavitation only mode, Vvalve 1 (V1)
is turned to a position that allows flow to the cavitation device
but not to down the bypass branch. Valve 2 (V2) is closed and
Valve 3 (V3) and Valve 4 (V4) are opened. This is illustrated in
figure 2.
Figure 2. Cavitation Oonly Mmode
V5
V2
V3
V4
V1
To run the system in UV only mode, VValve 1 is turned to a

8. position that will close off the branch that leads to the
cavitation device and allow flow to the bypass branch. Valve
4four is closed and Vvalves 2three and 3two are opened.
Figure 2. UV Oonly Mmode
V5
V2
V3
V4
V1
To run the system with cavitation and the UV in series, Valve 1
is positioned to allow flow through the cavitation device but not
through the bypass branch. Valves 2 and 3 are both opened to
allow most of the flow to go through Vvalve 3,three but pass a
portion to the UV reactor. The water that runs through the UV
reactor maycan be collected for testing fromby the sample port,
Valve 5 (V5).
Figure 2. Cavitation and UV in series
V5
V1
V4
V3
V2
Finally, to run the system with the UV and then cavitation
in series, the system is first set to UV only mode. After a
suitable period of time, the system is then switched to
cavitation only mode. In this way, the effects of cavitation on
UV treated water can be studied.
Management
Although the WTHC team has collaborated on almost
every aspect of this project, the following major responsibilities

9. were have been assigned to individuals in the group.
Table 2. Team Member Responsibilities
Team Member
Responibilites
Christopher Bitikofer
P&ID
CADD Modeling
Sarah Ridha
Environmental Analysis
Hydraulic Design
Terran Engle
Data Collection
Schedule Management
Team Communication
Brandyn Krieger
Part Analysis
Budgeting
Budget
The following table shows each part that has been
purchased and a brief description of its function why. ThusSo
far, $430 dollars out of theour allotted budget of $1000 dollars
has been spent.

10. Appendices
Capability Statements
Christopher Bitikofer will be in charge of P&ID drafting and
CAD modeling for this project. Christopher is a Senior
Engineering student in ISU’s Mechanical Engineering Program.
Christopher has significant experience modeling using
SolidWorks making him well suited to model and draft P&ID’s
for this team’s flow loop test apparatus. Christopher has taken
relevant courses including Fluid Mechanics, Compressible Fluid
Flow, Solid Modeling, Mechanical Vibrations Analysis, Control
System’s Design, Mechanical Systems Measurement Lab and
Thermal Fluids Lab.
Brandyn Krieger is responsible for budgeting, part/material
analysis, and selection. He is a senior at ISU majoring in
Mechanical Engineering. Courses applicable to this project
include: Compressible Fluids, Fluid Mechanics, Control
Systems, Heat Transfer, Thermodynamics, Engineering
Economics, and Mechanics of Materials. Brandyn also has an
extensive background in construction including, but not limited
to, residential plumbing. This brings a knowledge of types and
materials of pipes, joints/couplers, valves, and other plumbing
related components.
Terran Engle is a senior in mechanical engineering at
Idaho State University. He will be in charge of data collection,
UV reactor design, schedule management, and team

11. communication. Terran has taken Measurement Systems Lab,
and is currently taking Thermal Fluids Lab. The skills Terran
acquired in these labs are applied in designing the data
collection portion of the project. Terran has also taken Fluid
Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, Vibration
Analysis, Control Systems, various math classes, and various
machine design classes. His work experience includes an
internship at ON Semiconductor where he worked on a database
management project and an internship at Feuerborn Associates
Engineering where he worked on various projects performing a
variety of functions including Gantt chart development, CAD
modeling, design, and analysis. He applied this knowledge to
the UV reactor design, and to the development of the schedule.
Sarah Ridha is a Senior Civil Engineering student at Idaho State
University. Sarah will be in charge of the environmental
analysis and some Fluid and Hydraulic Design. Sarah has taken
some pertinent courses including Mechanics of Materials,
Dynamics, Fluid Mechanics, Chemistry, Water and Water Waste
Quality, Introduction to Environmental Engineering and
Hydraulic Design. These courses make Sarah uniquely capable
of making the environmental considerations that will allow
future designer to bridge the gap between this small scale
system for research purposes and application to reality.
Gantt Chart
The following Gantt chart was developed to schedule the
project and keep track of significant milestones for the
development of this system. The The schedule can be
summarized by The WTHC team was remarkably successful in
following this schedule.

12. Figure 2. Gantt Chart
References
Agarwal Ashutosh, Ng Jern Wun, and Liu Yu, 2011, Principle
and Applications of Microbubble and Nanobubble Technology
for Water Treatment, Chemosphere v. 84 p. 1175–1180
"Word of the Month: Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation
(UVGI)" (PDF). NIOSH eNews5 (12).National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health. April 2008. Retrieved 4 May
2015.
13
Sheet1CategorySpecificationValueUnitsUV Reactor SpecsFlow
Rate 100mL/minTemperature 15-20˚CVolume2LCavitation
System SpecsFlow Rate1700-
2300mL/minVibration0HzPressure344.7-620.5kPaModes of
OperationUV Only--Cavitation Only--UV to Cavitation Series--
Cavitation to UV Series--Data CollectionPressure Readings at
Critical Points--Temp Readings at Critical Points0.5kPaFlow
Rate at Critical Points0.5˚CAutomatic Data
Logging1mL/minConsistent Results--UV Reactor
DimensionsBig Cylinder Height30.5cmBig Cylinder Inside
Diameter20.9cmBig Cylinder Thickness0.5cmSmall Cylinder
Height30.5cmSmall Cylinder Inside Diameter15.7cmSmall
Cylinder Thickness0.5cmSystem Size ConstraintsFits into a
suitcase30.5x68.6x48.3cmBudgetWithin Budget1000USD
CategorySpecificationValueUnits
UV Reactor SpecsFlow Rate 100mL/min
Temperature 15-20˚C

13. Volume2L
Cavitation System SpecsFlow Rate1700-2300mL/min
Vibration0Hz
Pressure344.7-620.5kPa
Modes of OperationUV Only--
Cavitation Only--
UV to Cavitation Series--
Cavitation to UV Series--
Data CollectionPressure Readings at Critical Points--
Temp Readings at Critical Points0.5kPa
Flow Rate at Critical Points0.5˚C
Automatic Data Logging1mL/min
Consistent Results--
UV Reactor DimensionsBig Cylinder Height30.5cm
Big Cylinder Inside Diameter20.9cm
Big Cylinder Thickness0.5cm
Small Cylinder Height30.5cm
Small Cylinder Inside Diameter15.7cm
Small Cylinder Thickness0.5cm
System Size ConstraintsFits into a suitcase30.5x68.6x48.3cm