This document discusses school inspection and supervision in public secondary schools in Ogun State, Nigeria. It begins by defining the key terms of inspection and supervision, noting that inspection focuses on control and enforcement while supervision focuses on guidance and improvement. The document then examines the current state of inspection/supervision in Ogun State, which emphasizes administrative tasks over academic support. The authors investigate supervision practices and relationships between supervisors and teachers. Their goal is to improve instructional supervision, with a focus on supporting teacher development and increasing student academic achievement. They conduct interviews and distribute questionnaires to collect data on monitoring activities, professional development opportunities, and the effectiveness of instructional supervision.
The obstacles of educational supervision from point of view of the teachers w...Alexander Decker
The document examines the obstacles of educational supervision from the perspective of teachers in Karak Governorate, Jordan. It utilized a survey to assess obstacles in 5 areas: planning, curriculum, teaching, correction, and class management. The results found significant obstacles across all 5 areas and no statistically significant differences based on gender.
1) The document analyzes the attitudes of secondary school teachers in Himachal Pradesh towards Continuous Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE).
2) Data was collected from 150 secondary school teachers using a survey and their attitudes were analyzed based on gender, type of school, board, and location.
3) The study found that the attitudes of male and female teachers, government and private school teachers, CBSE and HP board teachers, and rural and urban teachers did not significantly differ in their attitudes towards CCE.
Supervision of teachers has evolved from external inspection to support teacher growth. Early supervision involved inspecting what teachers taught and students learned. As schools grew, supervision shifted to principals observing teachers. In the 20th century, supervision aimed to evaluate teaching scientifically but also support student-centered learning. Clinical supervision was developed in the 1960s as a collaborative process between teachers and supervisors. It has since blended with other approaches but aims to promote teacher reflection and improvement through conferences and observations. Modern supervision incorporates multiple processes to support teachers within time and resource constraints.
Effective supervision of instruction in nigerian secondary schools issues, ch...Alexander Decker
This document discusses issues around effective instructional supervision in Nigerian secondary schools. It begins by defining key concepts like instructional supervision, the role of supervisors, and the purposes of supervision. It then examines challenges to effective supervision, including poor incentives, limited resources, lack of training for supervisors, and political instability. The document concludes by stating that the primary goal of supervision is to help teachers improve, and offers recommendations for ensuring supervision achieves this, such as providing professional development and addressing administrative and resource issues.
The document describes four models of school supervision:
1. The Classical Supervision Model features a hierarchical structure with central, regional, and district levels providing control over schools. It is comprehensive but costly and bureaucratic.
2. The Central Control Model stresses inspections of each school every few years by a centralized inspection body. It has clear roles but provides little support and too much stress on schools.
3. The Close-to-School Support Model focuses support on needy schools through district officers while regional and central levels have lighter control roles. It is flexible but may not cover all schools.
4. The School-Site Supervision Model eliminates external inspection and places full responsibility on school boards and staff
This was a survey study aimed at finding out the perceptions of headteachers on the leadership styles of Junior High School (JHS) headteachers within the Ejisu-Juaben Municipality. The researchers selected 50 headteachers, purposively through census. A set of closed-ended questionnaire was used, and this comprised 67 items for the JHS headteacher respondents. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, and demographic analysis. The study found, among other things, that autocratic, situational and transactional leadership styles were perceived to be the predominant leadership styles practiced by the JHS heads. The study recommended, among other things, that headteachers should practice transformational and democratic leadership styles, and that the Ghana Education Service, policy makers and other stakeholders of education should strengthen the leadership component within the JHS system for effective realization of school objectives. In this respect, appointment of headship in the school setting, especially at the JHS, ought to be made in consideration of professional leadership training, aside other requirements.
This document provides guidance to post-primary schools on allocating resource teaching hours to support students with special educational needs. It outlines how schools should identify students for high-incidence and low-incidence support based on standardized tests, previous resource hours, or professional assessments. Schools must deploy resources based on student need, using a continuum of support approach including team teaching, small groups, or individual support. A whole-school approach is recommended, including differentiation, educational planning, and inter-agency support.
The obstacles of educational supervision from point of view of the teachers w...Alexander Decker
The document examines the obstacles of educational supervision from the perspective of teachers in Karak Governorate, Jordan. It utilized a survey to assess obstacles in 5 areas: planning, curriculum, teaching, correction, and class management. The results found significant obstacles across all 5 areas and no statistically significant differences based on gender.
1) The document analyzes the attitudes of secondary school teachers in Himachal Pradesh towards Continuous Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE).
2) Data was collected from 150 secondary school teachers using a survey and their attitudes were analyzed based on gender, type of school, board, and location.
3) The study found that the attitudes of male and female teachers, government and private school teachers, CBSE and HP board teachers, and rural and urban teachers did not significantly differ in their attitudes towards CCE.
Supervision of teachers has evolved from external inspection to support teacher growth. Early supervision involved inspecting what teachers taught and students learned. As schools grew, supervision shifted to principals observing teachers. In the 20th century, supervision aimed to evaluate teaching scientifically but also support student-centered learning. Clinical supervision was developed in the 1960s as a collaborative process between teachers and supervisors. It has since blended with other approaches but aims to promote teacher reflection and improvement through conferences and observations. Modern supervision incorporates multiple processes to support teachers within time and resource constraints.
Effective supervision of instruction in nigerian secondary schools issues, ch...Alexander Decker
This document discusses issues around effective instructional supervision in Nigerian secondary schools. It begins by defining key concepts like instructional supervision, the role of supervisors, and the purposes of supervision. It then examines challenges to effective supervision, including poor incentives, limited resources, lack of training for supervisors, and political instability. The document concludes by stating that the primary goal of supervision is to help teachers improve, and offers recommendations for ensuring supervision achieves this, such as providing professional development and addressing administrative and resource issues.
The document describes four models of school supervision:
1. The Classical Supervision Model features a hierarchical structure with central, regional, and district levels providing control over schools. It is comprehensive but costly and bureaucratic.
2. The Central Control Model stresses inspections of each school every few years by a centralized inspection body. It has clear roles but provides little support and too much stress on schools.
3. The Close-to-School Support Model focuses support on needy schools through district officers while regional and central levels have lighter control roles. It is flexible but may not cover all schools.
4. The School-Site Supervision Model eliminates external inspection and places full responsibility on school boards and staff
This was a survey study aimed at finding out the perceptions of headteachers on the leadership styles of Junior High School (JHS) headteachers within the Ejisu-Juaben Municipality. The researchers selected 50 headteachers, purposively through census. A set of closed-ended questionnaire was used, and this comprised 67 items for the JHS headteacher respondents. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, and demographic analysis. The study found, among other things, that autocratic, situational and transactional leadership styles were perceived to be the predominant leadership styles practiced by the JHS heads. The study recommended, among other things, that headteachers should practice transformational and democratic leadership styles, and that the Ghana Education Service, policy makers and other stakeholders of education should strengthen the leadership component within the JHS system for effective realization of school objectives. In this respect, appointment of headship in the school setting, especially at the JHS, ought to be made in consideration of professional leadership training, aside other requirements.
This document provides guidance to post-primary schools on allocating resource teaching hours to support students with special educational needs. It outlines how schools should identify students for high-incidence and low-incidence support based on standardized tests, previous resource hours, or professional assessments. Schools must deploy resources based on student need, using a continuum of support approach including team teaching, small groups, or individual support. A whole-school approach is recommended, including differentiation, educational planning, and inter-agency support.
Meaning, scope and function of supervision by raemmil f. nuladarajnulada
This document defines supervision and outlines its history, scope, techniques, and functions. Supervision is defined as watching over, managing, and guiding instruction to improve the teaching-learning process. Historically, supervision began in England in the 1800s and was modeled after western practices in the Philippines. The scope of supervision includes activities like evaluating programs, observing classrooms, holding teacher meetings, and demonstrating teaching methods. The major functions are inspecting teaching, researching problems, training teachers, guiding instruction, and evaluating outcomes to improve education.
The study investigated the effect of headteachers’ supervisory styles and teachers’ job performance in public basic schools in the Mankessim Education Circuit of the Mfantseman Municipality in the Central Region of Ghana. A descriptive survey in the form of mixed methods was used for the study. Through purposive and stratified sampling techniques, 134 respondents made up of 16 headteachers and 118 teachers were selected and used for the study. Two sets of questionnaires, one each for headteachers and teachers were used to collect quantitative data. Qualitative data were obtained through semi-structured interview guide from 10 respondents (headteacher and teachers) who were conveniently sampled. Means, standard deviation, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and multiple regression were used to analyse the quantitative data while content analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data. The study revealed that headteachers used directive control supervisory style most frequently as compared to collaborative, directive informational, and non-directive supervisory styles. Generally, teachers’ job performance was very good. Besides, the study discovered that headteachers’ supervisory styles were good predictors of teachers’ job performance. It was concluded that supervisory styles of headteachers were essential factors that influence teachers’ job performance in schools. Among the recommendations is that in-service training in the form of workshops and seminars should be organised for both headteachers and teachers on the need for effective supervision in public basic schools in the Circuit to achieve school and educational goals.
Instructional Supervision by Principals An Appraisal from the Perspective of ...ijtsrd
This study focused on performance of instructional supervision by principals in selected secondary schools in Boyo Division, North West Region. The objective was to investigate the impact of instructional supervision on teachers' job performance. The sample had 30 respondents as principals and 274 as teachers. Data collected was by the use of two sets of questionnaires one for the principals and one for the teachers. The data collected was analyzed using the SPSS version 22.0 from a close Likert type scale. The findings were presented using frequencies, means, standard deviations, percentages, tables and bar charts. The study established that the supervisory practices used by principals in secondary schools included classroom visitations, provision of research facilities, etc. The study also established that the teachers feel instructional supervisory practices to a certain extent are ineffective, though there are some which bore great fruits such as improvement on their professional competences. This paper recommends that school principals should put emphasis on supervision in order to establish a trend of being in command with what the teachers are doing teachers should be more eager about being supervised by taking the first step in inviting the principals, principals should do refresher courses on school administration. For suggestions, a comparative study could be done on the effectiveness of principals who have had training in school administration prior to their appointment and those who had not. Ngong Gaius Mufua "Instructional Supervision by Principals: An Appraisal from the Perspective of Teachers Job Performance in Some Selected Secondary Schools in Boyo Division" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29254.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/29254/instructional-supervision-by-principals-an-appraisal-from-the-perspective-of-teachers-job-performance-in-some-selected-secondary-schools-in-boyo-division/ngong-gaius-mufua
Staff development programmes and secondary school teachers'Alexander Decker
1. The study investigated the influence of staff development programs on secondary school teachers' job performance in Uyo Metropolis, Nigeria.
2. The findings showed that teachers who participated in staff development programs performed better in their job performance in terms of knowledge of subject matter, classroom management, teaching methods, and student evaluation compared to teachers who did not participate.
3. It was recommended that the Ministry of Education and Secondary Education Board should regularly organize training programs for teachers related to subject content, teaching aids, lesson preparation, classroom management, and student evaluation.
This document discusses the relationship between faculty development, teacher accountability, and students' rights to quality education. It notes that faculty development programs are important for adapting teaching to changing needs but should consider student and societal needs. Teacher accountability is complex with responsibilities to students, administrators, and taxpayers. It suggests accountability can be strengthened through peer review systems focused on assistance rather than punishment. Quality education is students' right and those receiving development programs should be accountable for enhancing program and societal benefits. Ongoing, needs-based faculty training may help develop teacher commitment to accountability and quality over administrative processes.
This document discusses the administration and supervision of public schools in the Philippines. It describes how schools are organized and overseen at different levels. At the city level, public schools are administered and supervised by the city superintendent of schools. Vocational and normal schools are overseen directly by directors of relevant bureaus rather than division superintendents. There is a trend toward giving school principals more responsibility over administration and supervision of their own schools. The roles of supervisors are shifting to focus more on consulting with and assisting teachers to improve instruction. Effective administration is considered a service that brings together competent teachers, materials, and teaching conditions.
Leadership Style and Teachers Commitment in Public Primary Schools in Bomet C...Reuben Chirchir
This document discusses a study on the relationship between leadership style and teacher commitment in public primary schools in Bomet County, Kenya. The study found that:
1. Teachers perceived their head teachers as practicing transformational leadership styles like idealized influence and intellectual stimulation more than transactional styles.
2. Teacher commitment was found to be moderate overall, with normative commitment being higher than affective or continuance commitment.
3. There were positive correlations between transformational leadership and normative commitment, as well as between transactional leadership and affective commitment. However, the correlations were low, possibly due to other challenging factors in the work environment.
The document discusses factors affecting the implementation of strategic plans in government tertiary institutions in Kenya. It analyzes how managerial behavior, institutional policies, resource allocation, and rewards/incentives influence the implementation of strategic plans. The study was conducted in two technical training institutes in Meru Central District, Kenya. It found that weak managerial behavior was due to a lack of strategic thinking by management. Rewards/incentives also weakly influenced implementation as intrinsic motivation was more important than extrinsic rewards. Institutional policies had a weak influence due to low awareness and infrequent use of service charters. The study recommends greater faculty involvement in strategy development and reviews, as well as increased sensitization and capacity building among faculty members.
The Influence of Pedagogic Supervision on School Effectiveness in Public Prim...ijtsrd
The focus of this paper was to examine the influence of pedagogic supervision on school effectiveness in public nursery and primary schools in Fako division, South West Region of Cameroon. The survey research design was adopted for the study. Data was collected from 406 teachers and 62 head teachers from both nursery and primary schools and the number of accessible nursery and primary schools were twenty three. Questionnaire and semi structured interview guide were the instruments used for the study. The instruments consisted of both close and open ended questions. For the reliability statistics, the internal consistency of the head teachers' responses ranged from 0.782 to 0.893. The overall reliability coefficient was 0.989 which was above the recommended threshold of 0.7, while the internal consistency of the teachers' responses ranged from 0.734 to 0.876. Findings showed that while some inspectors could not rate the effectiveness of their schools, others said the effectiveness of their schools were above 12 , 50 and 80 respectively. Findings Comparing teachers' opinion on the carrying out of pedagogic supervision by head teachers showed that head teachers do not significantly differ in their opinion on the practice of pedagogic supervision in school P 0.05 . Furthermore, head teachers teaching in the nursery school, 77.8 and 96.2 of those teaching in primary schools disagreed that their head teachers are carrying out pedagogic supervision. On the same note, as findings showed that pedagogic supervision has a positive and significant effect on the effectiveness of public nursery and primary schools. From the findings, recommendations were made. Lingondo Joseph Mwambo "The Influence of Pedagogic Supervision on School Effectiveness in Public Primary Schools in Fako Division, South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31085.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/31085/the-influence-of-pedagogic-supervision-on-school-effectiveness-in-public-primary-schools-in-fako-division-south-west-region-of-cameroon/lingondo-joseph-mwambo
Attaining School Improvement through Internal and External Stakeholders Parti...ijtsrd
It is not deniable that stakeholders play an important role in managing educational institution. They are the partners of the school leaders in making the schools conducive to teaching and learning. Further, they are also responsible for attaining the learning outcomes through their active participation. This study assessed the level of implementation of internal and external stakeholders' participation on school based management. Based from the results of the study, the researcher concluded that the level of participation of internal and external stakeholders in school based management program was still in the process of adjustments. In addition, principal and the teachers were bombarded with additional task and this affected their limited time at school and teaching duties. Moreover, lack of financial resources was also the problem on the implementation. Hence, the researcher believed that there are more things to improve before we can attain the mission of this program. This research study might be deliberated by the public officials, school heads, teachers, parents and different stakeholders so that they will be encouraged to continuously support the schools operation for the benefit of all the stakeholders. Yveth L. Castro "Attaining School Improvement through Internal and External Stakeholders Participation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29447.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/29447/attaining-school-improvement-through-internal-and-external-stakeholders-participation/yveth-l-castro
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
1. The document discusses the role of teachers as catalytic agents in implementing the curriculum in South African classrooms. It notes that currently, effective teaching and learning is not taking place in many classrooms, especially in township schools.
2. Some of the problems identified are poor teacher training, a lack of monitoring of teachers, and teachers' inability to properly interpret and teach the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statements (CAPS). As a result, learners are not adequately prepared or achieving the desired learning outcomes.
3. For curriculum changes like CAPS to be successful, all stakeholders including teachers must be committed to improving education and ensuring high quality teaching and learning in all schools.
This document discusses whole school development and strategies for successful inclusion of students with disabilities. Whole school development aims to improve the academic, infrastructural, social and security environment in schools to create an environment conducive to teaching and learning. Key strategies for inclusion include positive attitudes and beliefs, appropriate services and accommodations, school support, collaboration, curriculum modifications, and preparing all stakeholders. Monitoring of the inclusive system involves inspectorate, pedagogical supervision, evaluating student performance and educational achievements.
This document discusses resource management in education. It defines educational resources as materials that are freely accessible and openly licensed for acquiring knowledge, teaching, sharing knowledge, and research. It identifies several types of resources that must be managed in educational systems, including physical, financial, time-related, human, ICT-based, community, and fundamental resources. Effective management of these resources is important for school administration and facilitating the teaching-learning process. The document also discusses challenges to resource availability and utilization in schools.
THE EFFECT OF LEADERSHIP STYLE OF HEADMASTERS ON THE JOB SATISFACTIONBatola David
This research article examines the effect of leadership styles exhibited by headmasters on the job satisfaction of teachers in senior high schools in Ghana. The study reviewed literature on levels of job satisfaction and different leadership styles. It revealed that there is no single dominant leadership style among headmasters, and teachers have a moderate level of job satisfaction. Transformational leadership was found to have the highest positive effect on job satisfaction, while laissez-faire leadership had a negative effect. The study recommends training headmasters on different leadership styles and improving teacher compensation to enhance job satisfaction.
Supervision as a Determinant of Public Secondary School Teachers’ Effectivene...iosrjce
The study investigated supervision as a determinant of public secondary school teachers’
effectiveness in Central Senatorial District of Delta State. Seven research questions were raised and answered
and seven hypotheses were formulated and tested to guide the study. The study used the correlational research
design. A sample of 997 teachers was utilized for the study. The research instrument used for data collection
was the questionnaire titled teachers’ supervision and teachers’ effectiveness (TSTE) questionnaire. The data
collected were analyzed using simple percentage for the socio-demographic data and simple regression and
correlation statistics for the research questions and hypotheses. The seven hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level
of significance. The results revealed that there was a significant relationship between teachers’ supervision and
their teaching effectiveness, there was a significant relationship between teachers’ educational qualification and
their teaching effectiveness, and there was a significant relationship between teachers’ teaching experience and
their teaching effectiveness, hence supervision was seen as a vital and critical element of teaching effectiveness.
Analytical study of the professional qualifications of the teacher in the ara...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes 30 previous studies on the professional competencies of teachers in the Arab world. It finds that the most important competencies for Arab teachers are: lesson planning and implementation; human relations skills; entrepreneurial spirit; membership in educational associations; ability to review journals; upholding cultural values; specialization depth; good communication skills; fair treatment of students; commitment to time; self-learning; knowledge of multiple subjects; mastery of teaching material and methods; community service; participation in parent-teacher councils; relating lessons to real life; use of audiovisual aids; hygiene; and having a smiling face. The researcher recommends training, workshops, and seminars on necessary professional competencies and taking advantage of international experience
Selected Head Teachers Leadership Styles and Their Influence on Pupils Academ...paperpublications3
Abstract: The Kenya Government has invested resources on Free Primary Education in order to improve on the pupil’s academic performance. Despite the high investment in training school heads, the performance in Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE) in many schools is still low especially in Tindiret Sub-County. This may be attributed to several influences of headteachers leadership styles among other factors. Poor academic performance in some schools has resulted to public outcry, protests by parents. This study investigated the extent to which selected headteachers’ leadership styles influences pupils’ academic performance. The study adopted descriptive research design. The target population comprised of 76 headteachers and 532 teachers in Tindiret Sub-County. Two-self-administered questionnaires were used to obtain data on headteachers’ and teachers’ perceptions on school leadership styles in relation to academic performance. Document analysis of KCPE results gathered information about the school KCPE performance from 2011 to 2014. The results of the study’s findings were that, the autocratic and laissez faire leadership styles had significant negative relationship with school performance in schools. Democratic and transformational leadership styles had significant positive relationship (p<0.05) with academic performance of schools. The study recommends that school head teachers to involve other stakeholders in decision making, they should involve teachers and pupils in setting school targets, they should hold regular meetings and champion the application of transformational leadership ideals.
The document provides guidance on including strong human rights programming in Global Fund concept notes and grant applications. It recommends that applicants:
1. Identify key populations most affected by HIV, TB, and malaria who face human rights-related barriers to health services.
2. Design disease programs using a human rights-based approach to address these barriers through specific activities.
3. Invest in services to remove human rights barriers, such as legal aid for criminalized groups, sensitization of healthcare workers, and community outreach.
Including such human rights programming will help improve health outcomes by overcoming discrimination and marginalization that worsen the diseases. The Global Fund encourages consulting rights experts and affected communities to fully understand barriers
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Meaning, scope and function of supervision by raemmil f. nuladarajnulada
This document defines supervision and outlines its history, scope, techniques, and functions. Supervision is defined as watching over, managing, and guiding instruction to improve the teaching-learning process. Historically, supervision began in England in the 1800s and was modeled after western practices in the Philippines. The scope of supervision includes activities like evaluating programs, observing classrooms, holding teacher meetings, and demonstrating teaching methods. The major functions are inspecting teaching, researching problems, training teachers, guiding instruction, and evaluating outcomes to improve education.
The study investigated the effect of headteachers’ supervisory styles and teachers’ job performance in public basic schools in the Mankessim Education Circuit of the Mfantseman Municipality in the Central Region of Ghana. A descriptive survey in the form of mixed methods was used for the study. Through purposive and stratified sampling techniques, 134 respondents made up of 16 headteachers and 118 teachers were selected and used for the study. Two sets of questionnaires, one each for headteachers and teachers were used to collect quantitative data. Qualitative data were obtained through semi-structured interview guide from 10 respondents (headteacher and teachers) who were conveniently sampled. Means, standard deviation, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and multiple regression were used to analyse the quantitative data while content analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data. The study revealed that headteachers used directive control supervisory style most frequently as compared to collaborative, directive informational, and non-directive supervisory styles. Generally, teachers’ job performance was very good. Besides, the study discovered that headteachers’ supervisory styles were good predictors of teachers’ job performance. It was concluded that supervisory styles of headteachers were essential factors that influence teachers’ job performance in schools. Among the recommendations is that in-service training in the form of workshops and seminars should be organised for both headteachers and teachers on the need for effective supervision in public basic schools in the Circuit to achieve school and educational goals.
Instructional Supervision by Principals An Appraisal from the Perspective of ...ijtsrd
This study focused on performance of instructional supervision by principals in selected secondary schools in Boyo Division, North West Region. The objective was to investigate the impact of instructional supervision on teachers' job performance. The sample had 30 respondents as principals and 274 as teachers. Data collected was by the use of two sets of questionnaires one for the principals and one for the teachers. The data collected was analyzed using the SPSS version 22.0 from a close Likert type scale. The findings were presented using frequencies, means, standard deviations, percentages, tables and bar charts. The study established that the supervisory practices used by principals in secondary schools included classroom visitations, provision of research facilities, etc. The study also established that the teachers feel instructional supervisory practices to a certain extent are ineffective, though there are some which bore great fruits such as improvement on their professional competences. This paper recommends that school principals should put emphasis on supervision in order to establish a trend of being in command with what the teachers are doing teachers should be more eager about being supervised by taking the first step in inviting the principals, principals should do refresher courses on school administration. For suggestions, a comparative study could be done on the effectiveness of principals who have had training in school administration prior to their appointment and those who had not. Ngong Gaius Mufua "Instructional Supervision by Principals: An Appraisal from the Perspective of Teachers Job Performance in Some Selected Secondary Schools in Boyo Division" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29254.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/29254/instructional-supervision-by-principals-an-appraisal-from-the-perspective-of-teachers-job-performance-in-some-selected-secondary-schools-in-boyo-division/ngong-gaius-mufua
Staff development programmes and secondary school teachers'Alexander Decker
1. The study investigated the influence of staff development programs on secondary school teachers' job performance in Uyo Metropolis, Nigeria.
2. The findings showed that teachers who participated in staff development programs performed better in their job performance in terms of knowledge of subject matter, classroom management, teaching methods, and student evaluation compared to teachers who did not participate.
3. It was recommended that the Ministry of Education and Secondary Education Board should regularly organize training programs for teachers related to subject content, teaching aids, lesson preparation, classroom management, and student evaluation.
This document discusses the relationship between faculty development, teacher accountability, and students' rights to quality education. It notes that faculty development programs are important for adapting teaching to changing needs but should consider student and societal needs. Teacher accountability is complex with responsibilities to students, administrators, and taxpayers. It suggests accountability can be strengthened through peer review systems focused on assistance rather than punishment. Quality education is students' right and those receiving development programs should be accountable for enhancing program and societal benefits. Ongoing, needs-based faculty training may help develop teacher commitment to accountability and quality over administrative processes.
This document discusses the administration and supervision of public schools in the Philippines. It describes how schools are organized and overseen at different levels. At the city level, public schools are administered and supervised by the city superintendent of schools. Vocational and normal schools are overseen directly by directors of relevant bureaus rather than division superintendents. There is a trend toward giving school principals more responsibility over administration and supervision of their own schools. The roles of supervisors are shifting to focus more on consulting with and assisting teachers to improve instruction. Effective administration is considered a service that brings together competent teachers, materials, and teaching conditions.
Leadership Style and Teachers Commitment in Public Primary Schools in Bomet C...Reuben Chirchir
This document discusses a study on the relationship between leadership style and teacher commitment in public primary schools in Bomet County, Kenya. The study found that:
1. Teachers perceived their head teachers as practicing transformational leadership styles like idealized influence and intellectual stimulation more than transactional styles.
2. Teacher commitment was found to be moderate overall, with normative commitment being higher than affective or continuance commitment.
3. There were positive correlations between transformational leadership and normative commitment, as well as between transactional leadership and affective commitment. However, the correlations were low, possibly due to other challenging factors in the work environment.
The document discusses factors affecting the implementation of strategic plans in government tertiary institutions in Kenya. It analyzes how managerial behavior, institutional policies, resource allocation, and rewards/incentives influence the implementation of strategic plans. The study was conducted in two technical training institutes in Meru Central District, Kenya. It found that weak managerial behavior was due to a lack of strategic thinking by management. Rewards/incentives also weakly influenced implementation as intrinsic motivation was more important than extrinsic rewards. Institutional policies had a weak influence due to low awareness and infrequent use of service charters. The study recommends greater faculty involvement in strategy development and reviews, as well as increased sensitization and capacity building among faculty members.
The Influence of Pedagogic Supervision on School Effectiveness in Public Prim...ijtsrd
The focus of this paper was to examine the influence of pedagogic supervision on school effectiveness in public nursery and primary schools in Fako division, South West Region of Cameroon. The survey research design was adopted for the study. Data was collected from 406 teachers and 62 head teachers from both nursery and primary schools and the number of accessible nursery and primary schools were twenty three. Questionnaire and semi structured interview guide were the instruments used for the study. The instruments consisted of both close and open ended questions. For the reliability statistics, the internal consistency of the head teachers' responses ranged from 0.782 to 0.893. The overall reliability coefficient was 0.989 which was above the recommended threshold of 0.7, while the internal consistency of the teachers' responses ranged from 0.734 to 0.876. Findings showed that while some inspectors could not rate the effectiveness of their schools, others said the effectiveness of their schools were above 12 , 50 and 80 respectively. Findings Comparing teachers' opinion on the carrying out of pedagogic supervision by head teachers showed that head teachers do not significantly differ in their opinion on the practice of pedagogic supervision in school P 0.05 . Furthermore, head teachers teaching in the nursery school, 77.8 and 96.2 of those teaching in primary schools disagreed that their head teachers are carrying out pedagogic supervision. On the same note, as findings showed that pedagogic supervision has a positive and significant effect on the effectiveness of public nursery and primary schools. From the findings, recommendations were made. Lingondo Joseph Mwambo "The Influence of Pedagogic Supervision on School Effectiveness in Public Primary Schools in Fako Division, South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31085.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/31085/the-influence-of-pedagogic-supervision-on-school-effectiveness-in-public-primary-schools-in-fako-division-south-west-region-of-cameroon/lingondo-joseph-mwambo
Attaining School Improvement through Internal and External Stakeholders Parti...ijtsrd
It is not deniable that stakeholders play an important role in managing educational institution. They are the partners of the school leaders in making the schools conducive to teaching and learning. Further, they are also responsible for attaining the learning outcomes through their active participation. This study assessed the level of implementation of internal and external stakeholders' participation on school based management. Based from the results of the study, the researcher concluded that the level of participation of internal and external stakeholders in school based management program was still in the process of adjustments. In addition, principal and the teachers were bombarded with additional task and this affected their limited time at school and teaching duties. Moreover, lack of financial resources was also the problem on the implementation. Hence, the researcher believed that there are more things to improve before we can attain the mission of this program. This research study might be deliberated by the public officials, school heads, teachers, parents and different stakeholders so that they will be encouraged to continuously support the schools operation for the benefit of all the stakeholders. Yveth L. Castro "Attaining School Improvement through Internal and External Stakeholders Participation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29447.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/29447/attaining-school-improvement-through-internal-and-external-stakeholders-participation/yveth-l-castro
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
1. The document discusses the role of teachers as catalytic agents in implementing the curriculum in South African classrooms. It notes that currently, effective teaching and learning is not taking place in many classrooms, especially in township schools.
2. Some of the problems identified are poor teacher training, a lack of monitoring of teachers, and teachers' inability to properly interpret and teach the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statements (CAPS). As a result, learners are not adequately prepared or achieving the desired learning outcomes.
3. For curriculum changes like CAPS to be successful, all stakeholders including teachers must be committed to improving education and ensuring high quality teaching and learning in all schools.
This document discusses whole school development and strategies for successful inclusion of students with disabilities. Whole school development aims to improve the academic, infrastructural, social and security environment in schools to create an environment conducive to teaching and learning. Key strategies for inclusion include positive attitudes and beliefs, appropriate services and accommodations, school support, collaboration, curriculum modifications, and preparing all stakeholders. Monitoring of the inclusive system involves inspectorate, pedagogical supervision, evaluating student performance and educational achievements.
This document discusses resource management in education. It defines educational resources as materials that are freely accessible and openly licensed for acquiring knowledge, teaching, sharing knowledge, and research. It identifies several types of resources that must be managed in educational systems, including physical, financial, time-related, human, ICT-based, community, and fundamental resources. Effective management of these resources is important for school administration and facilitating the teaching-learning process. The document also discusses challenges to resource availability and utilization in schools.
THE EFFECT OF LEADERSHIP STYLE OF HEADMASTERS ON THE JOB SATISFACTIONBatola David
This research article examines the effect of leadership styles exhibited by headmasters on the job satisfaction of teachers in senior high schools in Ghana. The study reviewed literature on levels of job satisfaction and different leadership styles. It revealed that there is no single dominant leadership style among headmasters, and teachers have a moderate level of job satisfaction. Transformational leadership was found to have the highest positive effect on job satisfaction, while laissez-faire leadership had a negative effect. The study recommends training headmasters on different leadership styles and improving teacher compensation to enhance job satisfaction.
Supervision as a Determinant of Public Secondary School Teachers’ Effectivene...iosrjce
The study investigated supervision as a determinant of public secondary school teachers’
effectiveness in Central Senatorial District of Delta State. Seven research questions were raised and answered
and seven hypotheses were formulated and tested to guide the study. The study used the correlational research
design. A sample of 997 teachers was utilized for the study. The research instrument used for data collection
was the questionnaire titled teachers’ supervision and teachers’ effectiveness (TSTE) questionnaire. The data
collected were analyzed using simple percentage for the socio-demographic data and simple regression and
correlation statistics for the research questions and hypotheses. The seven hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level
of significance. The results revealed that there was a significant relationship between teachers’ supervision and
their teaching effectiveness, there was a significant relationship between teachers’ educational qualification and
their teaching effectiveness, and there was a significant relationship between teachers’ teaching experience and
their teaching effectiveness, hence supervision was seen as a vital and critical element of teaching effectiveness.
Analytical study of the professional qualifications of the teacher in the ara...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes 30 previous studies on the professional competencies of teachers in the Arab world. It finds that the most important competencies for Arab teachers are: lesson planning and implementation; human relations skills; entrepreneurial spirit; membership in educational associations; ability to review journals; upholding cultural values; specialization depth; good communication skills; fair treatment of students; commitment to time; self-learning; knowledge of multiple subjects; mastery of teaching material and methods; community service; participation in parent-teacher councils; relating lessons to real life; use of audiovisual aids; hygiene; and having a smiling face. The researcher recommends training, workshops, and seminars on necessary professional competencies and taking advantage of international experience
Selected Head Teachers Leadership Styles and Their Influence on Pupils Academ...paperpublications3
Abstract: The Kenya Government has invested resources on Free Primary Education in order to improve on the pupil’s academic performance. Despite the high investment in training school heads, the performance in Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE) in many schools is still low especially in Tindiret Sub-County. This may be attributed to several influences of headteachers leadership styles among other factors. Poor academic performance in some schools has resulted to public outcry, protests by parents. This study investigated the extent to which selected headteachers’ leadership styles influences pupils’ academic performance. The study adopted descriptive research design. The target population comprised of 76 headteachers and 532 teachers in Tindiret Sub-County. Two-self-administered questionnaires were used to obtain data on headteachers’ and teachers’ perceptions on school leadership styles in relation to academic performance. Document analysis of KCPE results gathered information about the school KCPE performance from 2011 to 2014. The results of the study’s findings were that, the autocratic and laissez faire leadership styles had significant negative relationship with school performance in schools. Democratic and transformational leadership styles had significant positive relationship (p<0.05) with academic performance of schools. The study recommends that school head teachers to involve other stakeholders in decision making, they should involve teachers and pupils in setting school targets, they should hold regular meetings and champion the application of transformational leadership ideals.
The document provides guidance on including strong human rights programming in Global Fund concept notes and grant applications. It recommends that applicants:
1. Identify key populations most affected by HIV, TB, and malaria who face human rights-related barriers to health services.
2. Design disease programs using a human rights-based approach to address these barriers through specific activities.
3. Invest in services to remove human rights barriers, such as legal aid for criminalized groups, sensitization of healthcare workers, and community outreach.
Including such human rights programming will help improve health outcomes by overcoming discrimination and marginalization that worsen the diseases. The Global Fund encourages consulting rights experts and affected communities to fully understand barriers
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes Paulo Freire's theories and their relevance to social work. It discusses Freire's view that people are knowledgeable and capable, and should be trusted to make their own decisions. Freire believed in continuous growth and that human behavior has purpose. He saw people and their environment as interconnected and influenced by social and historical factors. For Freire, empowerment involved developing critical consciousness of one's social conditions through dialogue. The document outlines how Freire's emphasis on empowerment, participation, and respect for people's autonomy aligns with principles of social work. It argues his theories remain applicable for understanding power dynamics and enabling disadvantaged communities.
Mudras for Women in Enhancing the Level of Oomph - A Pilot Trial in Virudhunagarinventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Estimation of Phytochemical Components from Cassia Tora and To Study Its Larv...inventionjournals
1) The document summarizes a study that estimated the phytochemical components and larvicidal activity of Cassia tora seeds against Anopheles stephensi mosquito larvae.
2) Cassia tora seed extracts with concentrations of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4% were tested against the mosquito larvae. The 0.4% concentration resulted in 80% mortality of the larvae.
3) Phytochemical analysis of the seed extract found the presence of saponins, glycosides, proteins, tannins, and carbohydrates. The study suggests Cassia tora may be an effective and safe potential source for controlling mosquitoes.
Identification of the effects of micro-credits on different aspects of the li...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Oral Submucous fibrosis and the role of curcumin in its treatment: A reviewinventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A Study of the Prevalence of Cardio-Vascular Diseases and Its Risk Factors (B...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Standardization of Poly Herbal Siddha Medicine Eladhi Chooranaminventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Oil pulling as an adjunct to scaling and root planing: A Clinico-Microbial studyinventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
To Study the Efficacy of Kampillakadi Tail as- Vranaropak In Sadyovranainventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Accounting Information Quality And The Accounting Information System Qual...inventionjournals
The purpose of the study is to measure the influences of accounting information system quality
on the accounting information quality through observing the organizational structure. The study uses
descriptive and verificative analysis method and involves forty seven (47) Baitulmal Wattamwil (BMT) in West
Java Indonesia, those are applied accounting information system. The result of the study shows that the
organizational structure have significant influence on the accounting information system quality. Besides, the
accounting information system quality has an impact on the accounting information quality as well.
Instructional supervision and its relationship with professional developmentTadele Akalu
The main purpose of this study was to examine the existing perceptions of teachers toward instructional supervision in secondary schools in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It also explores if there are differences between beginner and experienced teachers in their attitudes toward and satisfaction with supervisory practices, and (possible) relationships with perceived professional development.
An evaluation of the principal’s instructional supervision on Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study that evaluated the effects of a principal's instructional supervision on academic performance at Sameta Primary School in Kisii, Kenya. The study found that the principal used various instructional supervision techniques including observation, questioning, and peer review. However, most teachers did not use thematic learning to determine syllabus coverage. The study recommended that the principal devise additional instructional supervision methods to improve academic standards. Overall, the document examines how a principal's oversight of teaching and learning impacts student performance.
Relevance of Instructional Supervision in the Effective Teaching and Learning...iosrjce
Supervision of instruction has been a neglected aspect of school management in Nigeria.
Instructional supervision, if properly organized and executed can lead to positive improvement in the
achievement of effective learning in our schools and consequently lead to rising standard in educational system.
Teachers are identified as individuals who have to develop professionally because they need the support of
colleagues whose professional development is greater. The head teacher possesses greater information about
the school system and about instructional and management strategies that can strengthen the teachers’ capacity
to cope with classroom problems and thereby ensure adequate and effective learning on the part of the students.
This paper examines the concept of instructional supervision, the head teacher as an instructional supervisor
and relevance of instructional supervision in effective teaching and learning of health education in Nigerian
primary schools. It concludes that a closer, regular and continuous supervision is urgently needed especially
now that a lot of changes have been introduced into the nigeria Universal Basic Education School System.
1. The document discusses a study that examined teachers' perceptions of instructional supervision approaches and their relationship to professional development in Addis Ababa secondary schools.
2. The study collected survey data from 100 beginning teachers and 100 experienced teachers across 10 private and 10 government schools.
3. The study analyzed differences in teachers' perceptions of actual supervision practices based on experience, gender, and school type, and examined the relationship between supervision practices, attitudes, satisfaction, and perceived professional development.
The Role of Head Teachers in Ensuring Quality and Standards in Secondary Scho...iosrjce
The purpose of the study was to investigate the role of head teachers in enforcing quality assurance
and standards in secondary schools in Eldoret West Distrct. Based on the findings of the study, this paper
specifically examines the role of the head teachers in ensuring quality and standards in secondary schools. The
study utilized the descriptive research design. The study targeted head teachers and teachers in both public and
private secondary schools in Eldoret West District. To obtain the study sample, the target population was
stratified into two categories, i.e. private and public schools. From each stratum, 30 per cent of the total
numbers of schools were selected for inclusion in the study. All the head teachers from the selected schools
automatically qualified to participate while the teachers were selected through simple random sampling. Data
was collected using a questionnaire and an interview schedule. The collected data was analyzed descriptively
using means and percentages. This is because the mean is considered as the most efficient measure of central
tendency. The data analysis was done with the aid of Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) software
which makes it easy to compare variables whose relationships are being studied. The study findings revealed
that the procedure of supervision involved the head teacher calling a meeting to discuss the purpose of
supervision, the objectives of supervision, both parties agreeing on the objectives and as well as determining the
criteria of supervision. The role of the head teacher in supervision include: enforcing teacher compliance with
quality and standards in teaching, providing leadership towards enforcing quality and standards, providing
moral and material support and motivating the teachers during the process of supervision. The study
recommends that there is need to incorporate the elements of quality and standards in the supervision criteria
and purpose.
Attitude of lecturers towards student’s evaluation of their teaching effectiv...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study on lecturers' attitudes toward student evaluations of teaching effectiveness in Nigerian universities. The study surveyed 490 lecturers across disciplines and universities in southern Nigeria. Key findings include:
1) Most lecturers (66%) had a positive attitude toward student evaluations, while 34% had a negative attitude.
2) Gender and age significantly influenced attitudes, with differences found between male and female lecturers and younger and older lecturers.
3) Professional status and discipline did not significantly impact attitudes.
4) Teaching experience did significantly influence attitudes, with more experienced lecturers having more negative views of student evaluations.
The study concludes that while most Nigerian lecturers support the concept
Supervision and inspection of adult literacy classes in nigeria an overviewAlexander Decker
This document discusses supervision and inspection of adult literacy classes in Nigeria. It provides an overview of the roles and importance of supervision and inspection in ensuring the effective functioning of adult literacy classes and programs. Some key points:
- Supervision and inspection aim to monitor instructors, learners, curriculum implementation, and learning environments to ensure educational goals and standards are being met.
- Common roles include mentoring instructors, improving teaching quality, relating classroom efforts to broader program goals, and resolving conflicts. Inspectors also evaluate arrangements for quality assurance.
- However, supervision/inspection faces problems like unprofessional conduct, negative attitudes, lack of follow-up, poor cooperation, inadequate training, lack of funding, and
This document summarizes a study that examined the effect of instructional supervision by school authorities on the pedagogical practices of teachers in public secondary schools in Uganda. The study found that both classroom observations and portfolio supervision had statistically significant positive effects on teachers' pedagogical practices. However, the study also established that school authorities in Uganda were inadequately conducting instructional supervision, which could leave teachers employing ineffective pedagogical practices. The study concluded that teachers' pedagogical practices depend on how they are supervised, and recommended increasing school inspections and providing training to supervisors to improve instructional supervision and teachers' pedagogical practices.
Planned instructional supervision, a bivariate outcomeAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on the influence of instructional leadership and curriculum planning on instructional supervision in secondary schools in Nigeria. The study administered questionnaires to 254 secondary school teachers. The results indicated that instructional leadership programs and curriculum planning both have a significant influence on instructional supervision. The document provides context on the roles of principals and supervisors in curriculum planning, instructional leadership, and supervision. It also discusses definitions and purposes of instructional supervision in secondary education.
Assessment of attitude of education students towards teaching practice in na...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the attitudes of education students towards teaching practice at Nasarawa State University Keffi in Nigeria. The study found that (1) students generally showed a positive attitude towards teaching practice, but (2) female students showed a more positive attitude than male students. It also identified several problems hindering effective teaching practice. The study concluded that adopting strategies to improve student attitudes could have a positive impact, and recommended establishing a micro-teaching laboratory to better prepare students for practical experience before sending them to schools.
An Assessment of Professional Standards exhibited by Teacher Educators in Col...Premier Publishers
Multiple measures capturing different aspects of teacher educators’ performances, including analysis of artefacts, self-report and student survey are being encouraged in teacher evaluation. The current professional standards developed by the National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE) in Nigeria included the use of students’ observation of some aspects of teacher educators’ practices in their evaluation. In this study, the teacher educators’ performance on some of the professional standards was assessed using students’ ratings. A questionnaire was used to gather the required data. The findings of this study suggest that the students perceived that the teacher educators exhibited the following attributes
i. Foster scientific enquiry within instructional framework.
ii. Create enabling learning environment.
iii. Use formal and informal assessment strategies to evaluate students’ progress.
iv. Demonstrate professional values and practices that support teacher education programme. The findings further suggest that the students did not perceive that the teacher educators employed diverse instructional resources in their classroom. It is concluded on the basis of the findings that students’ ratings/feedback could be considered a valid source of information on some teacher educators’ performances, and should be harnessed in the assessment process.
School effectiveness-and-improvement-contribution-of-teacher-qualification-to...oircjournals
School examination results the world over are arguably the most important measure of perceived success or failure of a candidate. It has been pointed out by the Nyanza Provincial Education Board that the province’s performance in examinations and the quality of education in general is unsatisfactory and inadequate.
Management Practices of School Principals to Enhance Teacher Excellence in Co...JoanieHaramain1
This article focuses on the management practices of public secondary school principals as perceived by school managers and secondary school teachers to improve teacher excellence and students' performance for the attainment of quality education.
The document discusses the important role of educational supervisors in improving teacher performance through supervision, which involves overseeing teachers' instructional performance and ensuring they adhere to professional standards set by the Ministry of Education. Educational supervisors are responsible for administrative duties at schools like budgets, schedules, evaluations, and communication, and must ensure schools meet standards. They guide teachers, inspect their work, plan activities, and provide support to help teachers grow professionally.
The Implementation of Curriculum Innovation and Islamic Religious Education L...inventionjournals
This study aims to explore curriculum innovation and PAI teaching at Al Azhar integrated SMA in Medan. This research used qualitative approach with four research questions: How does the curriculum innovation, strategy, media and evaluation of PAI learning in integrated Senior high school Al Azhar Medan? Data collection was done through interviews, observation and documentation. The findings of the study are: Curriculum. The Learning used 2013 curriculum with a scientific-based approach, and KTSP curriculum. The method/strategy. The learning model is a goal-oriented, but the majority has shifted towards the process and achievement of competence, although not total. Applied learning methods have also undergone innovation in order to support a smooth learning. Media, media was used quite well, but in order to support a smooth and achievement of learning in line with the principles embodied in the curriculum applied, this fact needs to be improved towards better, both in terms of accuracy, presentation and materials used. Evaluation, applying the evaluation, including: an oral question in class, quizzes, daily tests, individual assignments, group assignments, repeat semester examination, reports practical work or lab reports, response or practice exams, and a final exam.
ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION STRATEGIES FOR BOOSTING TEACHING AND LEARNING IN NI...SubmissionResearchpa
This paper discussed secondary education as well as governments’ rationale for its establishment. The paper also discussed assessment and the various strategies for the assessment of teaching-learning processes at the level. Moreover, the paper discussed evaluation of teaching and learning, and the strategies that could be employed in executing evaluation in schools, with explicit key differences between assessment and evaluation highlighted. In all, the paper concluded that assessment and evaluation are vital procedures for boosting teaching and learning activities in secondary schools in Nigeria; and suggested that assessment and evaluation strategies be enshrined in the secondary school curriculum, teachers be regularly trained and re-trained in the art of assessment and evaluation; government and education ministries should provide the needed tools and instruments for implementing assessment and evaluation of the teaching-learning processes, and education inspectors should frequently visit secondary schools as to ascertain teachers’ level of compliance with government policies on assessment and evaluation. by AKOMOLAFE Oluwayemisi Damilola 2020. ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION STRATEGIES FOR BOOSTING TEACHING AND LEARNING IN NIGERIA SECONDARY SCHOOLS. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 103-107. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.842. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/842/803 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/842
Impact of school facilities and teachers’ training on child education: Evidence from Balochistan and KP
Syed Shujaat Ahmed, Asif Javed, Rabia Manzoor, Vaqar Ahmed and Duaa-e-Zahra Shah
September 2021
SDPI working paper # 190
Effect of teaching method, choice of discipline and student lecturer relation...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined factors affecting student academic performance, including teaching method, choice of discipline, and student-lecturer relationship. The study analyzed data from 192 students in Nigeria on their course of study, effort level, and relationship with lecturers. The results showed that choice of discipline influenced by university authority rather than passion was negatively associated with student GPA. Additionally, student GPA increased as the rapport between students and lecturers improved. Some students who put in high effort performed worse than less studying students, possibly due to rushed lectures or lack of learning resources. The study concluded teaching methods should maintain good student-lecturer relationships while preventing moral hazard of passing without effort.
Teachers Teaching Efficacy as a Predictor of Teachers Effectiveness in Nigeri...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This study examined the role of teaching efficacy as a predictor of teaching effectiveness in Nigeria
through a comprehensive literature review. The focus is on the Nigerian educational system, aiming to shed light
on the multifaceted influence of teaching efficacy on teacher motivation, instructional practices, student
achievement, professional development, and school culture. The goal is to inform educational stakeholders and
policymakers to enhance educational standards and student outcomes in Nigeria. The review underscores the
dimensions of teacher effectiveness, highlighting aspects such as content knowledge, pedagogical knowledge,
classroom management, differentiated instruction, assessment and feedback, relationship building, and continuous
professional development. Several studies in the Nigerian educational context consistently demonstrate a positive
correlation between teachers' self-efficacy and their effectiveness. Teachers with higher self-efficacy exhibit
improved teaching techniques, heightened student motivation and achievement, and greater job satisfaction.
Recommendations based on the literature review include advocating for comprehensive professional development
programs, promoting mentorship and collaboration among educators, fostering supportive school leadership,
integrating research-informed policies into educational practices, and encouraging further research to deepen the
understanding of teaching efficacy and effectiveness within the Nigerian context. The study underscores the
importance of addressing teaching efficacy in educational policies and practices to elevate teaching standards and
improve student outcomes in Nigeria.
KEYWORDS: Teaching efficacy, Teacher effectiveness, Teacher professional development, Nigerian educational
system
Chokera_Influence of teacher characteristics on pupils academic perfomance i...GeoffreyKashindi1
This document discusses the purpose and objectives of a study on the influence of teacher characteristics on student academic performance in primary schools in Kenya. The study aims to examine how teacher attitudes, demographics, qualifications, and experience influence the performance of 7th and 8th grade students. It provides context on the development of education and teacher training in Kenya. It reviews literature showing that teacher attitudes can impact students through modeling behavior, reinforcement, and observational learning. Positive teacher attitudes that are conveyed through supportive behaviors can encourage students and improve their performance.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
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Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
J0362074080
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org || Volume 3|| Issue 6 || June. 2014 || PP.74-80
www.ijhssi.org 74 | P a g e
School Inspection or, and Supervision Effects in Public Secondary
Schools in Ogun State, Nigeria: Where are we and where do we
go?
By Orenaiya Solomon Adewale (Mr) Ijebu North-East Atan
Local Government Area/Zonal Teaching Service Commission,
Ogun State, Nigeria.
1.
Orenaiya Solomon Adewale (Mr), 2.
Adenowo, E.Adeleke (Mr),
3.
Aroyeun Funlola Toyin (Mrs.), 4.
Odusoga Rotimi (Mr)
ABSTRACT: School inspection or, and school supervision in our secondary schools is the same throughout
the country, Nigeria, with the main focus on transformation of school inspection/monitoring/ supervision in
Ogun State. The authors investigated the supervisory practices, interpersonal relationship between supervising
officers and teachers, availability and functionality of inspectors/monitors/secretaries and supervisors from
ministry of education, teaching service commission. Also their extent of monitoring/supervision, and
professional development of teachers will also being looked into. Samples for case study were selected from
education inspectors, zonal secretaries and teachers with the use of interview and questionnaire methods. The
data collected was analyzed using simple frequency percentage being a qualitative study format.
KEYWORDS: inspection/supervision, monitoring practices, instructional monitoring, Ogun State, and
Nigeria.
I. INTRODUCTION
The quality and evaluative mechanism of any level of educational system (secondary schools)are the
performances of teachers and the numbers of good grades obtained by students in the subjects examined at the
end of a terminal class normally called academic achievement upon the administration of student achievement
test (SAT). In fact many people including academics, educational researchers and social commentators not
forgetting parents claimed that there is a drastic reduction in the academic achievement of secondary schools
thus necessitated for the various interventions, reforms, convergence of international conferences and
formulation of educational policies and practices to address this issue.
For a school system such as the secondary schools, there are supervisory and monitoring agencies such
as ministry of education, teaching service commission who are set up by statues and laws to monitor teaching
and learning activities in the twenty local government areas or zones of Ogun State. The officers or officials
performing the functions of monitoring/overseeing/supervising teachers and their teaching activities are called
various names/tags such as inspectors or,secretaries.It is unfortunate to say that their positional status and
assumed images had restricted them to higher administrative officers who are routinely required to visit
secondary schools to collect administrative data which is a perquisite for any administrative functions of
posting,transfer,correspondence matters, settling disciplinary and disputes and regular visits to schools to do
same things and observe them in the class and mostly check lesson notes and other records(academic
supervision) although their constant presence in schools will curb incessant late comings and perpetual
absentees from classes and schools which is quite good and worth emulating for total commitment to duties
mostly rooted in administrative function. it is even regretting that most use their office title to create fears in the
minds of teachers through their actions, thus they are more occupied with the office of title inspectors and
secretaries meaning that this is the end of monitoring/supervising. Overseeing which is also rooted in inspection
functions still leaving most important type of inspection/supervision which is the academic
inspection/instructional supervision. For the purpose of this case study, I will adopt instructional supervision
because of the variables inherent in the discourse..Let me briefly expatiate on inspection and supervision to
identify where we are and where we should go as result of globalization of education practices making waves
across the World where significant improvements and developments in monitoring schools had reached. More
so, we cannot remain with same procedure and practices while others are moving.
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Difference between inspection and supervision
Inspection is a means of exercising control than of helping to raise standards and promote desirable
change. Whereas supervision are the various activities engaged by individual, groups for the purpose of
improvement of goals and objectives of group or organization.As outlined by Tyagi (2010), inspection is a top-
down approach focused on the assessment and evaluation of school improvement based in stated standards,
whereas supervision focus on providing guidance, support and continuous assessment to teachers for their
professional development and improvement in their teaching learning process. Nevertheless, since the demand
of teachers for guidance and support from supervisors has increased from time to time, some countries changed
the terminology and preferring the term “supervisor” over that of “inspector”. According to Grawue (2007),
some countries have recently developed more specific terminologies: Malawi, uses “education methods
advisor”, and Uganda “teacher development advisor”, while it may equally be added that Nigeria also use
inspectors. From the above, where are in the era of inspection which is outdated, unproductive and
undevelopmental and retrogressive, we therefore advocates to go to supervision era and the type of supervision
desiring to pursue vigorously is academic supervision, under this academic supervision, we want to devote more
time and resources to instructional supervision with the purpose of improving the teachers for quality
instructions and subsequent effects on the students quality and development. In this instructional supervision
aspect, we will be examining availability and frequency of visitation to schools, interpersonal relation with
teachers and professional development of teachers whose effects will be on quality of instruction, association
between instructional supervisionand academic achievements of secondary school students in Ogun State.
What is supervision?
Supervision is a formally designated behavior systems that interact with the teacher behaviours system
in order to improve the probability that the goals of teaching will be achieved .This statement suggests that co-
operative attitudes and behaviours must be established between the teachers and education supervisors for
achieving positive results as an individual, group and organizational goals.
What is instructional supervision?
Glickman (1992) established instructional supervision as the actions that enables teachers the quality to
improve instructions for students, improve relationships and meets both personal and organizational goals.
Instructional supervision is a mutual activity to effective teaching because teachers want to improve students’
behavior, achievement, learning capacity while supervisor wants to improve teachers’ behavior, attitudes and
achievement (Glickman et al, 1998, 2001).Sergiovanni& Starrat (2006) emphasized instructional supervision as
opportunities provided to teachers to developing their capacities toward contributing towards and for students’
academic success.Instructional supervision is a continuous activity of monitoring instructional process,
provision of guidance services while establishing a two way communication in a collaborative relationship to
improve academic performance of students. Instructional supervision is also a formative process which provides
an opportunity to develop their capacities towards contributing to students’ academic success..
Importance of Instructional Supervision in secondary schools
(i)Instructional supervision is necessary for all the subjects offered in secondary schools as intervention and
predictor for positive academic achievement in the areas of mastery of subject, use of instructional materials,
teaching methodology and provision of guidance services for subject teachers.
(ii) For enhancing teacher and learner development.
(iii)To develop self-regulating mechanism for teachers and learners into what they ought to do to achieve certain
required task.Therefore, the authors also advocate for education inspectors and zonal secretaries that would
serve as instructional leaders to secondary school teachers with an intention to upgrade their qualities for higher
performances relating to improved students’ academic performances.
II. BACKGROUND TO THE CASE STUDY
In many developed countries, such as United Kingdom (UK) and United States, much more attention
has been given to inspection than school supervision (Lee, Dig & Song, 2008). The Inspectorate of Education
had originated from France under Napoleon’s Regime at the end of the 18th century, and other European
counties followed the idea in the 19th century (Grauwe, 2007). For example, in UK, the first two inspectors of
schools were appointed in 1883 (Shaw, Newton, Aitkin & Darnell, 2003) and in the Netherlands it was started in
1801 (Dutch Education Inspectorate, 2008). The terms “inspector’’ and “inspection” are still being used in
various developed and developing countries , including United Kingdom (UK), United States, European
countries and some African countries such as Lesotho, Senegal, Tanzania and Nigeria (Grauwe,2007).
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A lot of transformations are taking place in education throughout the world, which does not yet appear
to have received the attention it deserves is the changing role of the inspector, supervisor or advisor as is now
widely called. Where formerly the emphasis was on authoritarian control, prescription and enforcement, it is
now on persuasion, leadership, consultation and guidance.Education in Nigeria is on the exclusive list of the
constitution meaning that the Federal Government or the State Government has absolute right to determine the
policy implementation and ensure strict quality control through the Federal Ministry of Education and its
collaborative agencies.
NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY OF EDUCATION IN NIGERIA (AS RELATED TO
SECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATION)
The broad aims of secondary education within the overall national objective as contained in Section 4
sub-section 18 of the policy (1981) are;
(a)Provide an increasing number of primary schools with opportunity for education of a higher quality,
irrespective of sex. Social, religious and ethnic background,
(b)Diversify its curriculum to cater for difference in talents, opportunities and roles possessed by or open to
students after their secondary school course,
(c)Equip students to live effectively in our modern age of science and technology,
(d) Develop and project Nigerian culture, art and language as well as the world’s cultural heritage,
(e)Raise a generation of people who can think for themselves, respect the views and feelings of others, respect
the dignity of labour, and appreciate those values specified under our broad national aims ,live as good citizens,
(f)Foster Nigeria unity with an emphasis on the common ties that unite us in our diversity,
(g)Inspire its students with a desire for achievement and self-improvement both at school and in later life.
The use of this National Policy on Education is widely accepted as a basis for secondary school education
development in Nigeria. Therefore, secondary school education of six years duration is divided into two stages
of Junior Secondary schools of three years (JSS) and Senior Secondary Schools of three years (SSS).Successful
completers of senior secondary schools education is accessible to tertiary education based on educational
facilities and spaces.
STATEMENTS OF PROBLEM
The low academic performance of secondary school students between 2005 and 2010 was greeted with
lots of mixed reactions and sad comments from the then minister for education in Nigeria, DR(Mrs.)
Obikwesiele. She also emphasized that the inspectorate department would be strengthened and improved to
upgrade the quality of instruction in the secondary schools nationwide; this she said would be achieved through
the collaborative effort and partnership of all the thirty-six (36) State Commissioners of education in Nigeria. A
critical review of maintenance of quality of education in Nigeria is on the emphasis of inspection of school
buildings, facilities, physical roll call of teachers and students .In summary, there is either non supervision of
instructions nor non-provision of instructional materials which was responsible for low academic achievement
of secondary school students normally measured by the number of credit passes and above in the subjects’
combination enrolled in external examinations such as West African Examinations Council(WAEC) and
National Examination Council (NECO) which in the past five(5) years released percentage passes between 35-
44% including Credit Passes in English and Mathematics.The Federal and State Governments had always been
responding to increase the number of credit passes by secondary school students through the construction of
Models or Millennium secondary schools, recruitment of teachers with good academic grades. It is of record and
good reference, and noteworthy of Ogun State Government in Nigeria when the minimum academic grades for
would be employed teachers to teach in secondary schools must have second class honors, while first class
university graduates are automatically employed to teach in higher institutions of learning; all in a view to
upgrade the quality of instruction passed on to the students, but these measures did not increase performance of
teachers and students studies.
In another related development, the State Government under the leadership of His Excellency, Senator
Ibikunle Amosu(FCA) through the Commissioner of Education,Honourable,Barrisrer John Segun Odubela
affirmed that the administration had committed a lot of resources and would continue to do more including the
payment of West African School Certificate Examinations Council(WASSCE) fees, provision of instructional
materials including books and employment of quality teachers.Yet,the poor performance of students remained
unsolved although many other factors could be responsible. The Cruz of the matter remains that if supervision
of instruction combined with guidance and developmental approaches are provided for teachers, it will translate
to improved performance of teachers and students.In addition to the above, the education inspectors at their
monthly meetings in the state capital in 2013 revealed that topics filled in schemes of work and syllabi are not
completed during teaching periods of academic years, thus students are deficient and inadequately
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prepared/taught and may not do well in public examinations, other finding is the perpetual use of lecture
methods of teaching without actively engaging students during teaching and learning.
Finally, there is no relationship between National Policy of Education on secondary school education and
performance of secondary school students, meaning that there is no connection between input, process and
output, thus necessitated the examination of inspection cum supervision as a moderator to functionality in
secondary schools.
OBJECTIVES OF THE CASE STUDY
1. To measure effectiveness of instructional supervision by education inspectors and zonal secretaries.
2. To find out if there is good interpersonal relations exist between teachers and education inspectors, zonal
secretaries in the state public secondary schools.
3. To find out the frequency level of education inspectors zonal secretaries’ visitation to school for instructional
supervision.
4. To ascertain if education inspectors have portfolio documents for professional growth of teachers.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. How effective is the instructional supervision carried out in Ogun State public secondary schools?
2. What are the effects of instructional supervision and teachers’ quality towards academic achievement of
students?
3. How should we improve instructional supervision in Ogun State public secondary schools?
THEORETICAL CONSTRUCT FOR THE CASE STUDY
Student-Centred Accountability and Connection Theory
This is a theory propounded by Marzano (2003) and improved by Reeves in 2004.The focus of this
theory is centered on instructional leaders, instruction and students in order to improve teaching and learning
processes. For fuller understanding of instructional supervision by supervisors, certain indices are fundamental
to this theory which are instructional leaders, frequency of supervision, teaching skills, leader’s knowledge of
subject, curriculum and instruction., there must be a leadership supervision when education supervisors and
zonal secretaries visits classroom regularly through observation, evaluation and recognition of best practices.
In addition, during evaluation to ensure accountability and conformity to standard instructional practices, any
deficiencies noted concerning content of instruction, methodology, and teaching skills must be followed with
guidance and support services for improvement after careful planning through interpersonal relations and
effective communication between supervisors/instructional leaders and teachers,
III. LITERATURE REVIEW
The effectiveness and reliability of educational system can majorly be achieved through
supervision,therefore,Peretomode(2004) defined instructional supervision as a set of activities to make teaching
and learning conducive for learners and for improving instruction which influence teachers’ behaviours through
assisting and supporting to facilitate learning in order to realize school’ goals and mission. In a related research
study conducted by Akinwumiju&Agabi in 2008 define instructional supervision as a collaborative effort
between supervisors and teachers whereby the supervisor stimulates, directs and co-ordinates, and cultivates
good interactions for achieving effective achievement of the goals of the school.Acknowledging
Nwagwue&Ijeoma (2004) who identified instructional supervision as a process of ascertaining that teachers are
effective and productive with classroom instructions to expected level while correcting application of wrong
methods of teaching and procedures in the discharge of teaching profession.Cawood&Gibbon (2000) defines
supervision in terms of leadership aims at renewal of objectives, professional growth and educational
improvement.Gorton (2001) defines supervision as those activities engaged by individual, groups whose main
purpose is the improvement of person, group or programme.Moswela, B (2010) viewed instructional
supervision to be an integral part of curriculum so that it is continuous and developmental processes to support
teachers demand for collegial instructional systems.
Frequency and duration of Instructional Supervision
The regular observation including long period of evaluation of instructions is the bedrock of
purposeful guidance and support services to teachers classroom teaching, this is evidently seen in the findings of
Peretomode(2001) that effectiveness in classroom instructions through high level of frequency and duration of
supervision which will lead to building up the expected values when education principals always check teachers
lesson notes with schemes of work to determine extent of relatedness, completeness of tasks and content of
instruction or otherwise.
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Teaching Evaluation and Feedback
The ultimate reason for classroom evaluation is for enhanced teaching quality and leading to increased
students’ learning. The direct evaluation of classroom instruction by external and internal supervisors especially
the education inspectors and zonal secretaries is justifiable but the approaches and methodologies employed do
not support growth and development of teachers and students ,most worsening is unavailability of feedback
from evaluation if and when it is done, otherwise it would be an inspection and routine visitation without
impacting on effective teaching and learning hence Cashin(1996) concluded that feedback resulting from
classroom evaluation of teachers level of instructions should be constructive. In a related development,
Roche&Marsh (2000) added in support that the value of this feedback process in enhancing teachers’ abilities to
articulate their strengths and weaknesses. Therefore, elements of effective evaluation are identification of goals,
broad evaluation systems (formative and summative), provide consultation and feedback.Also,the feedback
from evaluation will assist the teachers and educational managers to re-plan,adjust,correct and improve where
found to achieve quality outcome in order to be in line with growth, development, improvement and needed
changes. Glickman et al (2003), Sullivan&Glanz (2002) &Zepeda (2007) advocated instructional supervision
via instructional leadership must give feedback to teachers by organizing their classroom observations into data
for feedback after analysis for the purpose of strengthening instruction to improve student achievement. The
implication for teacher effectiveness is that teachers are likely to change their instructional behaviours based on
the quality of feedback even when direction of feedback is tailored along negativity.
Interactions and Instructional supervision for professional development of teachers
Beach&Reinhartz (2000) equally emphasized those inspectors/supervisors as mentors and friends in
relationships to support teachers and provide support in a relaxed atmosphere for providing learning
environment in the classroom during instructional supervision The overall purpose of instructional supervision
is to help teachers improve, and this improvement could be on what teachers know, the improvement of teaching
skills, as well as teacher’s ability to make more informed professional decisions (Sergiovanni & Starratt, 2007)
According to Zepeda (2007), there must be a clear connection of instructional supervision to professional
development and teacher evaluation. She added that the various models or approaches of instructional
supervision such as clinical supervision, peer coaching, cognitive coaching, mentoring, etc. bridge instructional
supervision and professional development. Instructional supervision, with its focus on collegiality and
professional improvement, is an important tool in building an effective teachers’ professional development.
Instructional supervision is “an organizational function concerned with teacher growth, leading to improvement
in teaching performance and greater student learning” (Nolan & Hoover, 2008). It is clear that continuous
improvement in methods and skills is necessary for every professional, and so the professional development of
teachers has become highly important (Carter, 2001; Zepeda, 2007).
Professional development is an important part of an ongoing teacher education concerned with improving
teachers’ instructional methods, their classroom management skills, their ability to adapt to instruction to meet
students’ needs, and establishing a professional culture which is important in teaching and learning. Professional
development gives emphasis on the development of professional expertise by involving teachers in a problem
solving and action research (Sergiovanni &Starratt, 2007). Sullivan (2003) on the other hand, stated that as
fields of educational development, instructional supervision and professional development are interlinked and
“can and should overlap as needs and local preferences dictate”. From the supervisor’s view point, professional
development emphasizes “providing teachers with the opportunity and resources they need to reflect on their
practice and to share their practice with others” (Sergiovanni & Starratt 2007) instructional supervision and
professional development is linked in several ways. They both noted one connection to be through the use of
data obtained from supervision practices used in planning and implementing staff development as part of
instructional improvement and helping teachers improve their skills. The writers further stated that both
instructional supervision and professional development: (1) focus on teacher effectiveness in class room; (2)
may be provided by teachers, supervisors, and administrators; (3) are judgment-free practices that improve
teachers’ instructional activities in a collaborative ways; and (4) promote in their participants a sense of
ownership, commitment, and trust toward instructional improvement.
IV. METHODOLOGY
The authors interviewed twenty education inspectors across the twenty local governments by selecting
two respondents from each local government zones, alsoconducted interview session for ten zonal secretaries
out of the twenty zonal secretaries in the Ogun State. Inaddition, twenty teachers were interviewed combined
with two hundred questionnaires were distributed to secondary school teachers by selecting ten teachers from
each local government/zonal areas of Ogun State. The content of both interview sessions and construction of
questionnaires were focus on availability and frequency level of visitations by education inspectors and zonal
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secretaries, evaluation and feedback, interpersonal relations and professional development of teachers and its
impact/effects on quality of instructions and development of teachers for improved academic performance of
students.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
(1)Level and duration of monitoring frequency:ln the frequency of monitoring to schools, the education
inspectors were scored thirty six percent(36%)while zonal secretaries had sixty two percent(62%) with two
percent indifferent, but had forty-four(44%) and forty percent(40%)respectively for education inspectors and
zonal secretaries. It is interesting to know that most rural areas were less visited, this might be as a result of
transportation difficulties encountered .Spending a quite periods of time in a classroom observing teachers will
reveal areas of weakness and steady usage of instructional materials and develop good teaching skills because
any time, the external supervisors were around, most teachers were normally involved in window dressing on
instructional practices. It is therefore advised to engage in intense and constant instructional monitoring of
teachers to see what and how they teach in the class in order to be line with Peretomode (2001) and imbibe
quality of instructional leaders as specified by Cawood&Gibbon (2000).
(2)Concerning Interactions: The education inspectors scored fifteen percent (15%)while zonal secretaries had
twenty five percent(25%),confirming this low judgment was reinforced when oral and audio recordings
revealed that they a greater majority of them behaves as higher executive officers, feeling too big to greet older
teachers by age not to talk of discussing anything with them in the class other than to interact with files, even
when some talks, the nature of such interaction is fearful, dispersion of catalogue of faults and threatening, the
question is how then can we correct, improve ,make changes when there is no favorable atmosphere of
friendship and collaboration. It is crucial to emphasize here that instructional supervision deals with human
beings thus they must create that conducive environment for teachers to improve them in areas of weakness and
upheld good instructional practices. The studies of Beach&Reinhartz (2000), Peretomode (2001) and Glickman
(2010) attested to the importance of interactions/interpersonal relationships. This variable is the foundation for
successful movement from where we were some fifty years ago, since we resolve to move forward, a knowledge
of sociology and psychology is needed as additional weapon to actualize laudable place of instructional leaders
we desire. Let us add that the fact that you establish interpersonal relationships with teachers does not remove
your huge status as senior civil servants or senior executive officers rather, it is the valuable and contributive
services rendered to someone that determine your status and not offices/positions that could neither improve nor
contributory to teaching and learning.Infact,the expectation of most teachers is that every senior officers
possesses more knowledge and experiences than others.
(3)Professional development of teachers: This construct is neither understood nor put into use.Ordinarily,when
appreciable level of monitoring and positive relationship is in place, the deficiencies and strengths of
instructional practices will be visible. The ultimate of instructional leaders such as education inspectors and
zonal secretaries is to see that additional value are added to teachers every time it is opportune to interact during
classroom instructions, This pre-suppose that solutions are found to any emerging issues and challenges before,
during and after classroom interactions even if it involves seeking referrals, guidance, external and internal
assistance in form of coaching, mentoring and organizing short seminar on common mistakes with principals
and senior teachers serving as planning and resource personnel. We were amazed that no score was allotted to
inspectors norsecretaries. Some respondents from education inspectors and zonal secretaries asked” why should
be concerned about inability of some teachers to perform as expected and be organizing make-up for them
when they were certificated in qualifications or professional? The frank response by our reasoning is that some
group of teachers had inadequate preparations and training, while majority are not professionally qualified to
be in classrooms to instruct/teach but as a result of high demand for teachers since there is increase in number of
children in schools, it is then viewed that education inspectorsand zonal secretaries are post-reformers and
leaders of teachers.Therfore,instructional development of teachers will fully equip teachers to transmit quality
teaching to students for better performances. This is to align with research findings of Carter (2001), Sullivan
(2003), Sergiovanni&Starrat (2007) &Nolan et al (2008) respectively.
V. CONCLUSIONS
With the era of globalization in every areas of human endeavors including education, the external
supervisors in the persons and functions of education inspectors and zonal secretaries should assume and behave
as instructional leaders as catalysts of educational transformation since we are the inputs, hence the evaluative
statement and value will be determine by the quality of our guidance and developmental services to teachers in
the classrooms.Therefore,our conduct should not be mostly threatening, scaring and status occupied instead we
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should be occupied with how students can receive best and qualitative instructions via
teachers’sdevelopment,growth and continuous improvements since knowledge is increasingly daily.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. The positions of education inspectors and zonal secretaries should be attached to certain yearsof classroom experiences
for maturity and efficiency.
2. Trainings and seminars should be regularly conducted for education inspectors and zonal secretaries on their job’s
responsibilities so as to remain on track.
3. Young or new administrative officers or education officers in ministry of education should not allowed to supervise or
monitor classroom instructions as they may not have any useful practices to offer instead they seek undue respect,
undeserved recognition, and unmerited status from older teachers who are old to be their parents and elderly persons.
This area is well guided by teaching service commission thus can be emulated by other supervising agencies It is
suggested that younger education officers should learn from office reports and be passive while they sit in the classroom
to observe both senior officers and teachers.
4. There should be intermittent exposure to theories and practices of certain courses on educational psychology and
educational management to equip them with basic knowledge and skills. Required for effectiveness in evaluation and
management of human resources.
5. While there are enormous and highly qualified teachers who should have occupied vice principalship positions but
because of limited spaces, instead of nurturing psychological stagnant in same positions, these group of teachers should
be deployed or transfer to these two offices of zonal ministry of education and teaching services commission as they
have wealth of experiences and had taught for quite number of years to gather valuable classroom instructions for
professional developments.
6. We also realized that quite appreciable numbers of schools are situated in rural areas; it will be good and encouraging to
allocate special transport allowances for education inspectors and zonal secretaries since there are no official vehicles
for them.
7. Orientations and developmental seminars should be organized for teachers on co-operative attitudesand acceptance of
education inspectors and secretaries as team leaders, leaders of teachers and researchers of teachers.
8. Finally, educational conferences must be organized once in an academic year where every stakeholders of education
will present papers, action research results; this will foster interpersonal relationships and give room for individual and
organizational goals realizations in a relaxed atmosphere.
SUGGESTIONS
Having be aware of where we are heading to as instructional leaders, what are the areas of classroom instructions
we can make significant contribution that will correlate to academic improvement of secondary school students now and
beyond, this is an issue other researchers pr actioners and academia can take up the new journey to happy ending.
REFERENCES
[1]. Beach, D.M&Reinhartz,J.(2000).A book on supervisory leadership focusing on instruction.Boston:Allyn and Bacon.
[2]. Cawood&Gibbon (2000).University of Zululand Institutional
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