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This document provides an overview of unit testing in Java using JUnit and NetBeans. It discusses what unit testing is, why it is important, and how to get started with simple unit testing in Java projects using JUnit and the testing functionality built into NetBeans. Key steps include creating a test class, writing test cases that use JUnit assertion methods, and running tests from within NetBeans.
This document provides an introduction to JUnit, a unit testing framework for Java. It discusses why unit testing is important, how to write and organize JUnit tests, how to use assertions and mocks, and how to integrate JUnit with IDEs and build tools like Maven and Ant. Key aspects covered include the benefits of unit testing, the core components and design of JUnit, best practices for test-driven development and test maintenance, and resources for learning more about JUnit.
This document provides an overview and tutorial on how to set up and use JUnit, a unit testing framework for Java. It discusses JUnit's features and environment setup, including downloading and configuring JUnit. It then covers writing and running basic JUnit tests, including creating test classes, methods, and runners. The document is intended for Java developers new to JUnit looking to learn its basic functionality and implementation.
JUnit is a unit testing framework for Java programming language. It was originally written by Kent Beck and Erich Gamma. Some key points:
- JUnit was one of the first unit testing frameworks for Java and has become the de facto standard.
- It allows writing and running repeatable tests to help find and prevent bugs. Tests are written in plain Java classes and methods.
- JUnit provides annotations like @Test, @Before, @After to identify test methods and set up/tear down methods.
- It includes assertions for validations and will report failures immediately. Tests can be organized into test suites.
The document discusses various aspects of unit testing including definitions, benefits, naming standards, and best practices. It provides definitions for terms like error, defect, failure. It outlines the benefits of unit testing like finding bugs early, enabling code refactoring. It discusses what should be tested like boundaries, error conditions. It also provides examples of good test names and guidelines for structuring and naming unit tests.
JUnit is a unit testing framework for Java that allows developers to write test cases to validate code. Key features include annotations to mark test cases and setup/teardown methods, assertions to validate expected results, and the ability to generate HTML reports of test results. Code coverage tools like EclEmma measure which lines and conditions of code are executed by tests, helping developers ensure their tests cover all relevant parts of the code. Maintaining a high level of test coverage can improve code quality and help identify unused code.
The document provides an introduction and tutorial on using JUnit for unit testing Java code. It discusses problems that arise when developers do not properly test their code. It then demonstrates how to write and structure JUnit tests using examples of testing a Money class that represents currency values and a MoneyBag class that handles arithmetic across multiple currencies. Key aspects covered include writing test methods, using assertions to validate results, setting up test fixtures, defining test suites, and implementing a test-driven approach of writing small amounts of code and tests iteratively.
This document provides an overview of unit testing in Java using JUnit and NetBeans. It discusses what unit testing is, why it is important, and how to get started with simple unit testing in Java projects using JUnit and the testing functionality built into NetBeans. Key steps include creating a test class, writing test cases that use JUnit assertion methods, and running tests from within NetBeans.
This document provides an introduction to JUnit, a unit testing framework for Java. It discusses why unit testing is important, how to write and organize JUnit tests, how to use assertions and mocks, and how to integrate JUnit with IDEs and build tools like Maven and Ant. Key aspects covered include the benefits of unit testing, the core components and design of JUnit, best practices for test-driven development and test maintenance, and resources for learning more about JUnit.
This document provides an overview and tutorial on how to set up and use JUnit, a unit testing framework for Java. It discusses JUnit's features and environment setup, including downloading and configuring JUnit. It then covers writing and running basic JUnit tests, including creating test classes, methods, and runners. The document is intended for Java developers new to JUnit looking to learn its basic functionality and implementation.
JUnit is a unit testing framework for Java programming language. It was originally written by Kent Beck and Erich Gamma. Some key points:
- JUnit was one of the first unit testing frameworks for Java and has become the de facto standard.
- It allows writing and running repeatable tests to help find and prevent bugs. Tests are written in plain Java classes and methods.
- JUnit provides annotations like @Test, @Before, @After to identify test methods and set up/tear down methods.
- It includes assertions for validations and will report failures immediately. Tests can be organized into test suites.
The document discusses various aspects of unit testing including definitions, benefits, naming standards, and best practices. It provides definitions for terms like error, defect, failure. It outlines the benefits of unit testing like finding bugs early, enabling code refactoring. It discusses what should be tested like boundaries, error conditions. It also provides examples of good test names and guidelines for structuring and naming unit tests.
JUnit is a unit testing framework for Java that allows developers to write test cases to validate code. Key features include annotations to mark test cases and setup/teardown methods, assertions to validate expected results, and the ability to generate HTML reports of test results. Code coverage tools like EclEmma measure which lines and conditions of code are executed by tests, helping developers ensure their tests cover all relevant parts of the code. Maintaining a high level of test coverage can improve code quality and help identify unused code.
The document provides an introduction and tutorial on using JUnit for unit testing Java code. It discusses problems that arise when developers do not properly test their code. It then demonstrates how to write and structure JUnit tests using examples of testing a Money class that represents currency values and a MoneyBag class that handles arithmetic across multiple currencies. Key aspects covered include writing test methods, using assertions to validate results, setting up test fixtures, defining test suites, and implementing a test-driven approach of writing small amounts of code and tests iteratively.
Unit testing involves writing code to test individual units or components of an application to ensure they operate as intended. A unit test targets a specific function or class and ensures the code works correctly. A test suite is a collection of test cases that test a module. Frameworks like JUnit simplify the unit testing process and allow for test automation. JUnit tests are created in the same project structure with a "Test" suffix and use annotations to define test cases and suites. Tests can then be run and results analyzed to measure code coverage.
JUnit: A unit testing framework that is extensively used to test the code written in Java.
Unit testing is a type of software testing.
Software testing: The process of examining whether the software and its components meet the specified requirements
Other types of software testing are as shown.
This document provides an overview of JUnit, a unit testing framework for Java. It discusses what JUnit is, the benefits of using JUnit over traditional print-based testing, and the key components and functionality that JUnit provides such as assertions, test fixtures, test runners and reporting. The document also provides examples of how to write basic JUnit tests with assertions and explains concepts like test methods, test suites and how to include JUnit in a Java project.
This document discusses test-driven development and unit testing with JUnit. It covers:
- Writing tests before code using stubs, so code is testable and requirements are clear.
- Key aspects of JUnit like test classes, fixtures, assertions and annotations like @Before, @Test.
- Best practices like testing individual methods, writing simple tests first, and repeating the test-code cycle until all tests pass.
- Features of JUnit in Eclipse like generating test stubs from code and viewing test results.
The overall message is that testing saves significant time versus debugging, helps write better code, and is an essential part of the development process. Tests should cover all requirements and edge cases to
JUnit is an open source unit testing framework for Java applications. It was written by Erich Gamma and Kent Beck and is part of the xUnit family of unit testing frameworks. JUnit allows developers to write test cases that test individual classes and methods. These test cases can be grouped into test suites and run automatically to ensure code meets requirements and to catch errors early in the development process. JUnit includes annotations like @Test to identify test methods and asserts to validate method output. It integrates with development tools like Eclipse to provide test results.
This document provides an overview of JUnit, a unit testing framework for Java. It discusses how JUnit allows developers to write repeatable tests and test classes in a way that each test can run independently without affecting other tests. The document demonstrates how to write test cases using JUnit annotations and assertions for an AccountService class. It also covers test suites that group multiple test cases, the JUnit testing lifecycle using annotations, and dependencies needed to use JUnit.
Unit testing with JUnit can be done using JUnit 3.x or 4.x frameworks. Key aspects include writing test cases as Java classes that extend TestCase and contain test methods starting with "test", using assertion methods like assertTrue and assertEquals to validate outcomes, and running tests from Eclipse. JUnit 4.x introduced annotations like @Before, @Test, and @After to respectively set up objects before each test, identify test methods, and tear down objects after tests.
The document discusses JUnit 5, the next generation of the JUnit testing framework for Java. Key aspects include a new programming model using extensions, support for Java 8 features, and ways to migrate from earlier JUnit versions. The new framework consists of the JUnit Platform launcher, the JUnit Jupiter API for writing tests, and the JUnit Vintage engine for running JUnit 3 and 4 tests.
This document provides an overview of JUnit, a unit testing framework for Java. It discusses JUnit's history and development by Kent Beck and others. The key aspects covered include: writing test cases by extending TestCase and adding test methods; using assertion methods like assertTrue and assertEquals to check conditions; organizing tests into test suites; and running JUnit tests within the Eclipse IDE. Other unit testing tools for other languages are also briefly mentioned.
The presentation contains a definition and survey of the benefits of Unit Testing, and a little coding example to get the feeling of Unit Testing using JUnit, EasyMock and XMLUnit.
The document discusses unit testing methods like stubbing and mocking. It introduces Mockito, a mocking framework that makes creating mock objects easier. Mockito allows generating mock objects, setting mock behavior using matchers, and verifying mock interactions. It also discusses partial mocking with spies and cautions against over-specifying mock behavior, which can lead to brittle tests. PowerMock is introduced as an extension to Mockito that enables mocking additional constructs like static methods.
Test driven development - JUnit basics and best practicesNarendra Pathai
A presentation covering all the basics of Software Unit testing using JUnit framework. A lot of best practices, myths misconceptions are covered. Naming conventions for test methods and fundamental requirements for doing sustainable Junit testing.
This document provides an overview of using EasyMock, an open source Java testing framework, to create mock objects for unit testing. It discusses how mocking objects can improve testability by removing dependencies. EasyMock allows specifying expected method calls and return values to simulate object behavior. Tests can then verify mocks were used as expected. The document demonstrates creating mocks, setting expectations, replaying mocks, and verifying expectations with EasyMock.
JUnit is the de facto standard in Java testing. Yet many advanced JUnit features are little known and poorly understood. This session reviews some lesser-known features of JUnit, along with a few associated libraries, that can make your unit tests more powerful, expressive, and fun. The session is intended for Java developers, lead developers, and architects trying to introduce good testing practices into their teams.
Mocking allows you to test classes and methods in isolation by replacing their collaborators with mock objects that simulate the normal environment. EasyMock is a framework for creating mock objects that uses a record/replay approach where you first define the expected behavior of mock objects and then replay the code under test to verify it behaves as expected. Mock objects can be normal, strict, or nice depending on how strictly they enforce the expected behavior and order of method calls.
EasyMock is a framework for creating mock objects in Java. It uses java proxies to replace real objects with mock objects. Mock objects record expected method calls and parameters. This allows testing of code in isolation without dependencies. EasyMock provides APIs to create and manipulate mock objects based on both interfaces and classes.
This document provides an overview of JMockit, a mocking framework for unit testing Java code. It discusses how to install JMockit, use annotations like @Mocked and @Injectable to mock classes and instances, set up expectations to define mocked method return values, partially mock classes by mocking specific methods, mock constructors, and verify mocked method calls were made using verifications. The document also explains how to use JMockit's code coverage reporting and addresses common scenarios for when to use expectations, mockups, constructor mocking, and verifications.
Testdriven Development using JUnit and EasyMockschlebu
This document discusses test-driven development using JUnit and EasyMock. It introduces test-driven development and mocking, describes how to define expectations and replay mocks using EasyMock, and provides an example demonstration. The summary emphasizes that test-driven development helps write better tests while removing tediousness, and mocking is a useful tool for unit testing that has some technical limitations.
El documento describe las prioridades, gustos y necesidades de una persona con respecto a un proyecto. Sus prioridades son estudiar, completar sus tareas, investigar el tema del proyecto y no rendirse. Disfruta trabajando y diseñando el proyecto digitalmente en la computadora mientras se divierte. Investigar e consultar sobre el proyecto le ayuda a tomar decisiones.
Unit testing involves writing code to test individual units or components of an application to ensure they operate as intended. A unit test targets a specific function or class and ensures the code works correctly. A test suite is a collection of test cases that test a module. Frameworks like JUnit simplify the unit testing process and allow for test automation. JUnit tests are created in the same project structure with a "Test" suffix and use annotations to define test cases and suites. Tests can then be run and results analyzed to measure code coverage.
JUnit: A unit testing framework that is extensively used to test the code written in Java.
Unit testing is a type of software testing.
Software testing: The process of examining whether the software and its components meet the specified requirements
Other types of software testing are as shown.
This document provides an overview of JUnit, a unit testing framework for Java. It discusses what JUnit is, the benefits of using JUnit over traditional print-based testing, and the key components and functionality that JUnit provides such as assertions, test fixtures, test runners and reporting. The document also provides examples of how to write basic JUnit tests with assertions and explains concepts like test methods, test suites and how to include JUnit in a Java project.
This document discusses test-driven development and unit testing with JUnit. It covers:
- Writing tests before code using stubs, so code is testable and requirements are clear.
- Key aspects of JUnit like test classes, fixtures, assertions and annotations like @Before, @Test.
- Best practices like testing individual methods, writing simple tests first, and repeating the test-code cycle until all tests pass.
- Features of JUnit in Eclipse like generating test stubs from code and viewing test results.
The overall message is that testing saves significant time versus debugging, helps write better code, and is an essential part of the development process. Tests should cover all requirements and edge cases to
JUnit is an open source unit testing framework for Java applications. It was written by Erich Gamma and Kent Beck and is part of the xUnit family of unit testing frameworks. JUnit allows developers to write test cases that test individual classes and methods. These test cases can be grouped into test suites and run automatically to ensure code meets requirements and to catch errors early in the development process. JUnit includes annotations like @Test to identify test methods and asserts to validate method output. It integrates with development tools like Eclipse to provide test results.
This document provides an overview of JUnit, a unit testing framework for Java. It discusses how JUnit allows developers to write repeatable tests and test classes in a way that each test can run independently without affecting other tests. The document demonstrates how to write test cases using JUnit annotations and assertions for an AccountService class. It also covers test suites that group multiple test cases, the JUnit testing lifecycle using annotations, and dependencies needed to use JUnit.
Unit testing with JUnit can be done using JUnit 3.x or 4.x frameworks. Key aspects include writing test cases as Java classes that extend TestCase and contain test methods starting with "test", using assertion methods like assertTrue and assertEquals to validate outcomes, and running tests from Eclipse. JUnit 4.x introduced annotations like @Before, @Test, and @After to respectively set up objects before each test, identify test methods, and tear down objects after tests.
The document discusses JUnit 5, the next generation of the JUnit testing framework for Java. Key aspects include a new programming model using extensions, support for Java 8 features, and ways to migrate from earlier JUnit versions. The new framework consists of the JUnit Platform launcher, the JUnit Jupiter API for writing tests, and the JUnit Vintage engine for running JUnit 3 and 4 tests.
This document provides an overview of JUnit, a unit testing framework for Java. It discusses JUnit's history and development by Kent Beck and others. The key aspects covered include: writing test cases by extending TestCase and adding test methods; using assertion methods like assertTrue and assertEquals to check conditions; organizing tests into test suites; and running JUnit tests within the Eclipse IDE. Other unit testing tools for other languages are also briefly mentioned.
The presentation contains a definition and survey of the benefits of Unit Testing, and a little coding example to get the feeling of Unit Testing using JUnit, EasyMock and XMLUnit.
The document discusses unit testing methods like stubbing and mocking. It introduces Mockito, a mocking framework that makes creating mock objects easier. Mockito allows generating mock objects, setting mock behavior using matchers, and verifying mock interactions. It also discusses partial mocking with spies and cautions against over-specifying mock behavior, which can lead to brittle tests. PowerMock is introduced as an extension to Mockito that enables mocking additional constructs like static methods.
Test driven development - JUnit basics and best practicesNarendra Pathai
A presentation covering all the basics of Software Unit testing using JUnit framework. A lot of best practices, myths misconceptions are covered. Naming conventions for test methods and fundamental requirements for doing sustainable Junit testing.
This document provides an overview of using EasyMock, an open source Java testing framework, to create mock objects for unit testing. It discusses how mocking objects can improve testability by removing dependencies. EasyMock allows specifying expected method calls and return values to simulate object behavior. Tests can then verify mocks were used as expected. The document demonstrates creating mocks, setting expectations, replaying mocks, and verifying expectations with EasyMock.
JUnit is the de facto standard in Java testing. Yet many advanced JUnit features are little known and poorly understood. This session reviews some lesser-known features of JUnit, along with a few associated libraries, that can make your unit tests more powerful, expressive, and fun. The session is intended for Java developers, lead developers, and architects trying to introduce good testing practices into their teams.
Mocking allows you to test classes and methods in isolation by replacing their collaborators with mock objects that simulate the normal environment. EasyMock is a framework for creating mock objects that uses a record/replay approach where you first define the expected behavior of mock objects and then replay the code under test to verify it behaves as expected. Mock objects can be normal, strict, or nice depending on how strictly they enforce the expected behavior and order of method calls.
EasyMock is a framework for creating mock objects in Java. It uses java proxies to replace real objects with mock objects. Mock objects record expected method calls and parameters. This allows testing of code in isolation without dependencies. EasyMock provides APIs to create and manipulate mock objects based on both interfaces and classes.
This document provides an overview of JMockit, a mocking framework for unit testing Java code. It discusses how to install JMockit, use annotations like @Mocked and @Injectable to mock classes and instances, set up expectations to define mocked method return values, partially mock classes by mocking specific methods, mock constructors, and verify mocked method calls were made using verifications. The document also explains how to use JMockit's code coverage reporting and addresses common scenarios for when to use expectations, mockups, constructor mocking, and verifications.
Testdriven Development using JUnit and EasyMockschlebu
This document discusses test-driven development using JUnit and EasyMock. It introduces test-driven development and mocking, describes how to define expectations and replay mocks using EasyMock, and provides an example demonstration. The summary emphasizes that test-driven development helps write better tests while removing tediousness, and mocking is a useful tool for unit testing that has some technical limitations.
El documento describe las prioridades, gustos y necesidades de una persona con respecto a un proyecto. Sus prioridades son estudiar, completar sus tareas, investigar el tema del proyecto y no rendirse. Disfruta trabajando y diseñando el proyecto digitalmente en la computadora mientras se divierte. Investigar e consultar sobre el proyecto le ayuda a tomar decisiones.
Bats are nocturnal mammals that roost during the day in caves, trees, or abandoned buildings. While bats are active at night, they are not busy throughout the entire night. The Noctule bat, found in Europe, is an example of strategically choosing the right time to forage. Noctule bats hunt small birds, which are diurnal and roost at sunset. The bats have learned to start hunting just before sunset when the birds return to roost, rather than waiting until full nightfall to search, making hunting easier and more successful. Similarly, people must understand objectives and link efforts to the appropriate timing in order to achieve success, rather than expending effort whenever convenient without regard to objectives
The document outlines call scripts for consultants assisting advertisers with website tracking installations. It provides guidance on normal calls, live transfers, voicemails, rescheduling calls, and situations where the advertiser's webmaster makes changes. The scripts cover confirming installation details, proceeding with the work, following up after, and noting the webmaster's contact if needed to complete the task directly.
The History of Infinity Contact Buyerlytics SolutionInfinity Contact
Infinity Contact is a customer relationship management company that focuses on helping clients acquire and retain customers through their Buyerlytics system. This system uses data analytics, technology, customer contacts, and performance management to develop targeted marketing campaigns based on customer preferences and behaviors. Infinity Contact has over 30 years of experience in various industries and ensures their clients maximize return on investment.
The document discusses a laundry shop's decision to purchase machines from Automatic Centre over Abenson. After interviewing other shops, the laundry shop found Whirlpool machines were highest quality and longest lasting. Automatic Centre offered lower prices on washers, dryers, and steam irons compared to Abenson. Automatic Centre is also conveniently located near the laundry shop in SM North. For these reasons, the laundry shop chose to procure their machines from Automatic Centre.
The document discusses goals and conversions in analytics. It defines a goal as fulfilling a business's vision and objectives for their website. A conversion is the completion of a defined goal, like an order on an e-commerce site. There are two main types of goals: destination goals for specific pages and event goals for triggered actions. It provides examples like registering or spending time on a support site. The document also gives instructions for setting up a URL destination goal in Google Analytics by navigating to the goals section in the admin panel.
Tatsuhiko Hayashi sends an example business email to schedule a meeting to discuss production specifications. The document explains that business email is important for communicating with clients and customers, and that there are writing styles specific to business emails. It provides tips for improving business email skills, such as studying examples online or from books, practicing by sending emails to friends for feedback, and sending real emails to companies. The conclusion states that business email is a useful tool for contact and it is important to learn how to write effective business emails.
The document provides information about the Access to Language summer language program in 2010, including locations in Boston, San Diego, and Tampa. It offers programs in accommodations, classes consisting of 20 lessons from Monday to Friday, and various extracurricular activities in Tampa, San Diego, and Boston. The duration is packages of 2, 3, or 4 weeks for ages 14 to 18 starting July 4th and ending July 31st. Additional services include private high school placement, college placement, and study abroad programs.
This document does not contain any meaningful content to summarize. It only contains the letter "a" repeated multiple times. I am unable to generate a useful summary with essential information from this document in 3 sentences or less as it does not contain any substantial information to summarize.
This document provides a summary of Katie Devitt's qualifications and experience. It includes her contact details, education background including completing a Masters of Architecture in 2016 and Bachelors of Design with First Class Honours in 2013. It outlines her professional background in project management and desire to pursue a career in architecture. Experience is listed including roles at HASSELL and DWP|Suters working on concept designs and documentation. Additional skills and education are highlighted along with examples of work completed.
You are a customer. Ask questions to open a current account.
Customer: Hello, could you please help me? I would like to open a current account.
Bank Clerk: Yes, of course. To open a current account we need some basic information from you like your name, identification number and contact details. I can help you fill out the application form with these details. What type of account would you like - individual or joint?
Customer: I would like an individual current account please. What are the requirements to open an account?
Bank Clerk: For an individual current account, there is no minimum deposit required. You will receive a debit card to make payments and withdrawals from ATMs. There is no monthly
Voyager NZ has had a very successful few months, winning the Deloitte Fast 50 award for fastest growing company in New Zealand in 2014. They expanded their internet services significantly to new regions like Tauranga, Rotorua, Napier and Dunedin. Voyager also launched a new low-cost "Friends of Voyager" internet plan for $99 per month with unlimited data. Additionally, they unveiled a new website designed to be easy to use and clearly present their products and services. Voyager looks forward to continuing their expansion and growth into the new year.
Este documento presenta la introducción de la obra Leviatán de Thomas Hobbes. En 3 oraciones: Hobbes describe la sociedad como un "hombre artificial" creado por un pacto social para proveer seguridad y orden. Explica que analizará la constitución de este "hombre artificial" incluyendo el origen del poder soberano, las formas de gobierno y las causas que mantienen o destruyen el Estado.
JUnit is an open source framework for writing and running tests in Java. It allows developers to write unit tests as they develop code to help find and fix bugs. JUnit provides tools to help keep tests organized, run tests automatically, and see results visually. Tests using JUnit isolate areas of code being tested and help ensure new code changes don't break existing code.
SE2018_Lec 20_ Test-Driven Development (TDD)Amr E. Mohamed
The document discusses test-driven development (TDD) and unit testing. It explains that TDD follows a cycle of writing an initial failing test case, producing just enough code to pass that test, and refactoring the code. Unit testing involves writing test cases for individual classes or functions, using assertions to validate expected outcomes. The JUnit framework is introduced for writing and running unit tests in Java.
Unit tests test individual methods, integration tests test interactions between components, functional tests verify outputs without checking internals, and end-to-end tests perform complex scenarios like payments. Acceptance tests replicate user behaviors across the entire application. Performance tests evaluate behavior under load. Smoke tests check proper functioning after deployment. Frameworks like JUnit, TestNG, Cucumber, and Mockito support different test types.
Test-driven development (TDD) is a software development process where test cases are written before code is produced. The process involves writing a failing test case, producing the minimum amount of code to pass the test, and refactoring the new code. TDD encourages writing automated tests that can be repeatedly executed after small code changes to ensure all tests continue to pass.
JUnit is a unit testing framework for Java that allows developers to write and run repeatable automated tests of Java code. Key aspects of JUnit include:
1. Tests are written by creating test classes that extend JUnit's TestCase class and contain test methods with names beginning with "test".
2. Tests use JUnit's assert methods like assertEquals to make assertions and determine whether the test passed or failed.
3. Annotations like @Before and @After allow setting up fixtures that run before and after each test.
4. The TestRunner class collects and runs all test cases and reports results.
5. Tests can be organized into test suites to group related tests and control execution
Automation testing uses tools to write and execute test scripts to compare actual and expected results. It can save time and costs compared to manual testing if properly planned and scoped. Popular automation testing tools include QTP, Rational Robot, and Selenium. Unit testing frameworks like JUnit help find problems early using annotations to identify test setup and methods. Assertions in test methods verify code outputs match expectations.
MXUnit is a testing framework for ColdFusion that allows testing of CFC components. It is one tool in a tester's toolkit for test-driven development. MXUnit provides a framework for writing test cases with setup, teardown, and assertion methods. Tests can be run individually or as part of a test suite from a browser.
1. Create test classes for each item type (book, food, medical, imported, etc.) and calculate tax amounts
2. Write test methods that pass sample baskets of items to the calculation method and assert the expected tax and total amounts are returned
3. Include test cases that validate tax rounding is performed correctly for different tax rates and item prices
4. Write exception tests to ensure invalid item types or negative prices throw the expected exceptions
We Are All Testers Now: The Testing Pyramid and Front-End DevelopmentAll Things Open
The document provides an overview of test-driven development (TDD) principles and how to implement testing for front-end development. It discusses the benefits of TDD, such as avoiding bad designs and preventing regressions. It also addresses common challenges with TDD, like slowing initial velocity and ignored tests over time. The document then covers different levels of testing, including unit tests, integration tests, and functional/end-to-end tests using the testing pyramid as a framework. It provides examples of writing tests for pure and impure functions using the Jest testing framework. Finally, it discusses functional testing using Cucumber.js behavior-driven development.
The document discusses various options for testing Oracle ADF applications, including:
1. JDeveloper primarily offers testing of the model layer using JUnit and Ant for automating test runs.
2. Other tools that can be used to test ADF applications at different levels include FitNesse, StrutsTestCase, ServletUnit, XMLUnit, Cactus, HttpUnit, HtmlUnit, and Selenium IDE.
3. Demos are planned to show testing model components with JUnit, running JUnit tests with Ant, and performing end-to-end testing with tools like HttpUnit and Cactus.
The document discusses assessing unit test quality and describes a project called PEA that aims to collect and report metrics around test directness and assertion density. It outlines various approaches tried for PEA, including static code analysis, bytecode instrumentation, aspect-oriented programming, and using a debugger. The preferred approach ended up being to use the Java Platform Debugger Architecture to monitor tests running in another JVM without modifying code.
- The document provides guidelines for effective unit testing, including what should and should not be unit tested. Specifically, it recommends unit testing "control" classes that contain processing logic, but not "entity" or "boundary" classes without logic.
- It outlines criteria for good unit tests, including testing single features in isolation and having understandable test names and structure. The AAA (Arrange-Act-Assert) pattern is recommended to clearly separate test setup, execution and validation.
- Test names should indicate the target method, expected result and initial state. Code within tests should use comments and "SUT" naming to distinguish the test target from other objects. Self-contained and independent tests are preferred over code reuse across tests
The document discusses the automated testing tools JUnit and Cactus. It outlines some pitfalls of using these tools, such as not using assertions correctly, writing unfocused test methods, and failing to isolate tests. However, it does not mention important drawbacks like the high cost and complexity of distributed testing with Cactus. Alternative tools like HttpUnit may provide simpler web testing without requiring test code on multiple JVMs. While automated testing can save time and money, tools like JUnit and Cactus have limitations and are not perfect for all types of testing.
Demonstrate some great aspects of Mockito. Made for Mockito v1.8.5.
All examples can be found @
https://github.com/dodozhang21/MockitoExamples
Ying Zhang (Dodo) http://pure-essence.net
Test-driven development (TDD) involves writing unit tests before writing code to help ensure code quality and avoid omitted tests. The document discusses the NUnit testing framework for .NET, which uses attributes to identify test fixtures, methods, and setup/teardown functionality. It also covers how to write tests using assertions and run tests using the NUnit GUI or console applications.
The document discusses different types of software testing including unit testing, integration testing, functional testing, and regression testing. It emphasizes that writing automated tests is important to ensure code quality and that tools like JUnit can be used to automate testing. It also discusses concepts like code coverage, assertion density, indirect testing, and testedness which aim to more precisely measure the effectiveness of tests.
This document discusses test-driven development (TDD) and behavior-driven development (BDD). It explains that TDD focuses on writing unit tests before code, while BDD focuses on testing user behaviors and acceptance criteria. BDD uses user stories and scenarios to describe what a feature should do at a high level before writing tests and code. The document provides an example of a user story for uploading a video, along with scenarios to test the behavior. It emphasizes that both developers and product owners should collaborate on writing acceptance criteria in the form of scenarios to validate stories.
This document provides tips for writing PHP tests. It discusses different types of tests like unit, integration, and acceptance tests. It emphasizes writing tests before code using a test-driven development approach. Tests should be independent, easy to read, and run quickly. The document advises against complex tests or testing irrelevant code. Continuous integration is recommended to help catch bugs early. Overall, the document promotes writing maintainable, automated tests to improve code quality and prevent regressions.
In our second session, we shall learn all about the main features and fundamentals of UiPath Studio that enable us to use the building blocks for any automation project.
📕 Detailed agenda:
Variables and Datatypes
Workflow Layouts
Arguments
Control Flows and Loops
Conditional Statements
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Variables, Constants, and Arguments in Studio
Control Flow in Studio
The Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) invited Taylor Paschal, Knowledge & Information Management Consultant at Enterprise Knowledge, to speak at a Knowledge Management Lunch and Learn hosted on June 12, 2024. All Office of Administration staff were invited to attend and received professional development credit for participating in the voluntary event.
The objectives of the Lunch and Learn presentation were to:
- Review what KM ‘is’ and ‘isn’t’
- Understand the value of KM and the benefits of engaging
- Define and reflect on your “what’s in it for me?”
- Share actionable ways you can participate in Knowledge - - Capture & Transfer
This talk will cover ScyllaDB Architecture from the cluster-level view and zoom in on data distribution and internal node architecture. In the process, we will learn the secret sauce used to get ScyllaDB's high availability and superior performance. We will also touch on the upcoming changes to ScyllaDB architecture, moving to strongly consistent metadata and tablets.
Session 1 - Intro to Robotic Process Automation.pdfUiPathCommunity
👉 Check out our full 'Africa Series - Automation Student Developers (EN)' page to register for the full program:
https://bit.ly/Automation_Student_Kickstart
In this session, we shall introduce you to the world of automation, the UiPath Platform, and guide you on how to install and setup UiPath Studio on your Windows PC.
📕 Detailed agenda:
What is RPA? Benefits of RPA?
RPA Applications
The UiPath End-to-End Automation Platform
UiPath Studio CE Installation and Setup
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Introduction to Automation
UiPath Business Automation Platform
Explore automation development with UiPath Studio
👉 Register here for our upcoming Session 2 on June 20: Introduction to UiPath Studio Fundamentals: https://community.uipath.com/events/details/uipath-lagos-presents-session-2-introduction-to-uipath-studio-fundamentals/
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This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
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zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
What is an RPA CoE? Session 2 – CoE RolesDianaGray10
In this session, we will review the players involved in the CoE and how each role impacts opportunities.
Topics covered:
• What roles are essential?
• What place in the automation journey does each role play?
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Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
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Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
High performance Serverless Java on AWS- GoTo Amsterdam 2024Vadym Kazulkin
Java is for many years one of the most popular programming languages, but it used to have hard times in the Serverless community. Java is known for its high cold start times and high memory footprint, comparing to other programming languages like Node.js and Python. In this talk I'll look at the general best practices and techniques we can use to decrease memory consumption, cold start times for Java Serverless development on AWS including GraalVM (Native Image) and AWS own offering SnapStart based on Firecracker microVM snapshot and restore and CRaC (Coordinated Restore at Checkpoint) runtime hooks. I'll also provide a lot of benchmarking on Lambda functions trying out various deployment package sizes, Lambda memory settings, Java compilation options and HTTP (a)synchronous clients and measure their impact on cold and warm start times.
High performance Serverless Java on AWS- GoTo Amsterdam 2024
J unit a starter guide
1. JUnit: A Starter Guide
JUnit is an open source testing framework for Java. It provides a
very simple way to express the way you intend your code to work.
By expressing your intentions in code, you can use the JUnit test
runners to verify that your code behaves according to your
intentions. This document should provide enough information for
you to get started writing tests with Junit.
The rhythm of a unit test
We will first talk specifically about unit test cases. A unit test case is
a collection of tests designed to verify the behavior of a single unit
within your program. In Java, the single unit is almost always a
class. A Java unit test case, then, tests a single class.
When we talk about the "rhythm" of a test, we refer to the general
structure of a test. When you sit down to write a test, you do the
following:
1. Create some objects.
2. Send those objects some messages.
3. Verify some assertions.
Let us look at each step in detail.
The first thing you will do in a test is create some objects. For our
purposes, we will choose a similar example to the classic JUnit
example from the article Test Infected: a Money class. A Money
object is essentially a quantity object whose value is a positive
2. number and whose unit is a currency.
class Money {
double getValue();
String getCurrencySymbol();
}
One of your tests may be to verify what happens when you add
Money objects together that represent the same currency. The first
step in that test is to create two Money objects with the same
currency.
Your next step in this test is to send your new Money object some
messages. In this case, since you are testing the "add" feature of
Money, you will likely send one Money object the message "add"
whose parameter is the other Money object.
Your final step in this test is to make some assertions about your
objects after you have carried out the operations you're trying to
test. In this case, now that you've added one Money object to the
other, you have some assertions to verify:
1. The receiver Money object's value should be equal to its old
value plus the value of the Money object it received through
the "add" message.
2. The Money object sent as a parameter should not have
changed in value.
Notice the use of the words "should" and "should not" above. In the
3. Smalltalk version of the xUnit framework, SUnit, you can actually
code your assertions this way
"If only JUnit were this simple!"
self should: [receiver value = 50]
self shouldnt: [true = false]
which, apart from the lack of apostrophe in "shouldn't", is plain
English. By using the word "should" you are saying, "If this
condition is not true, then my test fails." That is the definition of an
assertion within a test: a boolean condition that must be true,
otherwise the test fails.
So we have taken a simple test and shown its rhythm:
1. Create two Money objects with the same currency, call them
receiver and parameter.
2. Send receiver the message add(parameter).
3. receiver's value should be its old value plus parameter's value,
and parameter should not have changed.
All your tests will follow this general rhythm, although they may
require more object creation, message sending and assertions.
What a JUnit test looks like
In JUnit, each test is implemented as a method. Specifically, each
JUnit test is implemented as a method that "asks no quarter and
offers none." In other words, it takes no parameters and returns no
value. The method stub for our example test would look like this.
4. public void testAddSameCurrency() {
fail("Not yet implemented.");
}
Notice the declaration of the method: all test methods must be
public, because they are executed by a test runner in a different
package. Also notice the name of the method: it starts with the
string "test". Although this is not strictly required, if you name all
your tests this way, then the test runners can automatically find all
the test methods within your test case class, freeing you from the
need to tell the test runner which methods to execute.
Finally notice the statement I have written inside the test. The test
case class inherits several methods used in expressing assertions.
One of those is fail, which forces the test to fail at that point. You
can pass the method fail a message so that the test runner displays
that message whenever the test fails at that point.
.F
Time: 0
There was 1 failure:
1)testAddSameCurrency(MoneyTestCase)junit.framework.AssertionFaile
dError: Not yet implemented.
at MoneyTestCase.testAddSameCurrency(MoneyTestCase.java:9)
FAILURES!!!
Tests run: 1, Failures: 1, Errors: 0
You can see that the test runner displays the failure message "Not
yet implemented" -- the same message we coded in our test. We
suggest using this technique to help you distinguish between tests
5. that you have finished writing and tests that you have not finished
writing. If you finish writing a test and it does not pass, then you
have to write production code to make it pass; if you do not finish
writing a test, then you should make sure it always fails so that you
will be forced to go back and finish it.
The TestCase class
The central class in the JUnit test framework is TestCase, found in
package junit.framework. All your test case classes will be
descendants of this class. A TestCase object has multiple test
methods, just like the one we started to write above. To create your
own test case class, simply create a subclass of TestCase.
package com.diasparsoftware.junit.examples;
import junit.framework.TestCase;
public class MoneyTestCase extends TestCase {
public MoneyTestCase(final String name) {
super(name);
}
public void testAddSameCurrency() {
fail("Not yet implemented.");
}
}
Notice the constructor which takes a test name as a parameter. This
is the name that the test runners display when they run the test or
report a failure. All your test case classes need this constructor.
You can paste the above code into your editor, move it to a different
package if you like, compile it and try it out. To compile and run the
test case class, you must have the JUnit .jar file in your
7. try running some simple Java programs until you become
comfortable with the way the Java interpreter finds classes.
2. Test case class name is incorrect. The good news is that if you
specify your test case class name incorrectly, the test runner
will still be launched. The bad news is that you'll see the
message "Test case class not found." In this case, simply type
the fully-qualified test case class name in the text box
provided by the test runner and press "Run". See the note
above about specifying this test case class name correctly.
3. Warning! No tests found. If you see this message, then the
test runner was unable to automatically find the test methods
in your test case class. The most common reasons are: (1) the
test method is not declared public -- package-level access is
not enough; (2) the test method does not start with "test" --
the first four characters of the test method name must be
exactly "test" in order for the test runner to find the method;
(3) the test method returns a
value or takes parameters -- remove them.
Assuming none of the above problems occurred, you should be
ready to make the test do something interesting.
Making JUnit test something
Let us return to our example test. We would like to add two Money
objects with the same currency together and verify the result. As
we discussed earlier, the rhythm of the test is simple:
1. Create two Money objects with the same currency.
2. Add one Money object to the other.
8. 3. Verify that one object's value is the sum of the two and the
other has not changed.
Let us translate this, step by step, into JUnit code. Note that until
we get to the verify step, we will simply write plain vanilla Java
code. No magic here.
First, create two Money objects with the same currency. Since we
don't care which currency that is, I'll let the Money object decide.
We therefore write the following code.
public void testAddSameCurrency() {
// STEP 1: Create some objects
final Money money1 = new Money(20);
final Money money2 = new Money(30);
fail("Not yet implemented.");
}
Notice that we have not removed the fail statement from the end of
the test yet. We have not finished writing the test; therefore, we
keep this statement at the end of the test to remind us that we are
not finished. If we run the test now, the test runner will make it
clear that we should not expect the test to pass.
We have created two Money objects with the default currency and
values 20 and 30. We naturally need a Money class with the
appropriate constructor, so we build this class.
package com.diasparsoftware.junit.examples;
9. public class Money {
public Money(final int aValue) {
}
}
Notice that the constructor does nothing so far. This is intentional.
Since we are trying to write the test, we should concentrate on that
one activity and simply write enough code to make the test
compile. Any more and we risk losing our train of thought. The code
above is enough to make our test compile, but of course, the test is
not yet finished, so it cannot pass.
The first step is complete: we have the two Money objects that we
need to work with. The next step is to add one of them to the other.
What is a simple way to do this? We come up with the code below.
public void testAddSameCurrency() {
// STEP 1: Create some objects
final Money money1 = new Money(20);
final Money money2 = new Money(30);
// STEP 2: Send some messages
money1.add(money2);
fail("Not yet implemented.");
}
In order for this to compile, we need to create the add() method
on the Money class. Once again, in order not to distract ourselves,
we only write the minimum code needed to make the test compile.
We end up with the following code.
10. package com.diasparsoftware.junit.examples;
public class Money {
public Money(final int aValue) {
}
public void add(final Money aMoney) {
}
}
If you are concerned that we keep writing code that does not do
anything, do not be concerned! We have a vision of the test in our
mind and we want that vision to see the light of day before it leaves
us. Just write enough to make the test compile for now.
We have finished the second step. Now it is time to verify the result
of sending the "add" message to a Money object. In our case, we
expect that when we add 30 to 20 the result is 50. We can
therefore write the following assertion.
assertEquals(50, money1.getValue());
Let us look at this one line of code and understand it. If we simply
read it as English, we read "assert that the value of the first money
object equals 50." In simpler language, "The first money object's
value should be 50." The method assertEquals() takes two
parameters: the expected value and the actual value. Remember
that the expected value is always the first parameter and the actual
value is the second parameter.
11. In JUnit, we code assertions by calling methods whose names
usually start with "assert". Although there are many such methods,
the two you will most often want to use are
1. assertTrue, which evaluates a boolean condition and fails
when that condition is false.
2. assertEquals, which evaluates whether two objects or values
are equal and fails when they are not.
JUnit named the first method assertTrue so as not to collide with
the keyword assert which has been added to the Java language for
JDK 1.4. In order to assert that a condition is false, you would
simply write
assertTrue(myCondition == false);
// or, if you prefer
assertTrue(!myCondition);
Unfortunately, there is no assertNotEquals, so you must resort to
writing
assertTrue(!object1.equals(object2));
in that case. We will talk more about assertions in another article.
For now, use assertTrue and assertEquals as your primary weapons
for verifying results in your tests.
Speaking of which, let us now see our example test as a finished
product.
13. }
Since the method getValue() needs to answer some value, we
choose something simple for the moment. Our test is now complete
as it expresses what we want to express and compiles.
Running the test
Now that we have finished writing the test, we want to make it
pass. Before we do that, we should run the test and watch it fail. In
fact, we want very much to watch it fail. What?!
Simply put, if we write a test, expect it to fail and the test instead
passes, something interesting has happened. Either the test is
incorrect or we have more code than we thought we had. In our
case, since we have been creating the Money class along with our
test, we would have to conclude that our test was incorrect.
Imagine what would happen if we wrote code that does what we
wanted, ran the test and saw it fail: we would be scratching our
heads because we think that
the code we wrote should work. It may take us a long time to
realize that it is the test, not the production code, that is faulty. We
can eliminate this possibility
by simply running the test as soon as it compiles and watching it
fail.
The other possibility, of course, is that we had already written
production code to make this test case pass. Often this means that
we wrote more code than we needed to make a previous test pass.
14. When this happens, it is a good idea to go back, read the code that
makes this new test unexpectedly pass and understand what we've
done. If we wrote too much code to make a previous test pass,
then we may wish to be more strict about writing just enough code
to make tests pass. The less code we write, the fewer things can go
wrong.
Let us return to our test. We have run it and seen it fail.
.F
Time: 0.01
There was 1 failure:
1)
testAddSameCurrency(com.diasparsoftware.junit.examples.MoneyTestCa
se)junit.framework.AssertionFailedError:
expected:<50> but was:<0>
at
com.diasparsoftware.junit.examples.MoneyTestCase.testAddSameCurren
cy(MoneyTestCase.java:20)
FAILURES!!!
Tests run: 1, Failures: 1, Errors: 0
The failure message indicates that the test expected 50, but the
production code answered 0. We see that the failed assertion is at
line 20 of MoneyTestCase, and a quick lookup shows that this
assertion is the one that fails.
public void testAddSameCurrency() {
// STEP 1: Create some objects
final Money money1 = new Money(20);
final Money money2 = new Money(30);
15. // STEP 2: Send some messages
money1.add(money2);
// STEP 3: Verify the results.
assertEquals(50, money1.getValue()); // < failing
assertEquals(30, money2.getValue());
}
A JUnit test fails as soon as any assertion within the test fails. This
means that the test aborts at that point and no further work is done
-- in particular, the second assertion is not evaluated. You may be
thinking that it is useful to know whether both assertions currently
fail, so that you could fix both at the same time. Perhaps, but the
JUnit behavior is intentional. The JUnit philosophy is that ultimately,
it does not matter how many ways a test fails, it only matters that
the test fails. Take it slowly, fix one problem at a time. It seems
counterintuitive, but the fewer things you try to do at once, often
the faster you complete everything. The human mind is strange.
Making the test pass
No matter. Let us simply write the production code to make this
test pass. We will keep running the tests to help us know when we
have finished. As soon as the test passes, we can move onto the
next test.
What we do next will seem odd. Go with it for now. Since the only
assertion we need to pass is the one that expects a value of 50, let
us simply change Money so that getValue() answers 50. This
should make the first assertion pass. We can then see what else
16. might fail. (It sounds weird, I know -- go with it.)
package com.diasparsoftware.junit.examples;
public class Money {
public Money(final int aValue) {
}
public void add(final Money aMoney) {
}
public int getValue() {
return 50; // < Just return 50.
}
}
Now we recompile the tests and rerun them. If you haven't already
noticed, there is a checkbox on the Swing-based test runner with
the option "Reload classes every run." Make sure this option is
selected, because by selecting it, we can keep the test runner
window open even while we change our code. The test runner will
reload the classes every time. Convenient, don't you think?
We recompile, rerun the test and we get this.
.F
Time: 0.01
There was 1 failure:
1)
testAddSameCurrency(com.diasparsoftware.junit.examples.MoneyTestCa
se)junit.framework.AssertionFailedError:
expected:<30> but was:<50>
at
17. com.diasparsoftware.junit.examples.MoneyTestCase.testAddSameCurren
cy(MoneyTestCase.java:21)
FAILURES!!!
Tests run: 1, Failures: 1, Errors: 0
Now the assertion on line 21 fails: this one expects 30, but gets 50.
We take a closer look at the assertion.
public void testAddSameCurrency() {
// STEP 1: Create some objects
final Money money1 = new Money(20);
final Money money2 = new Money(30);
// STEP 2: Send some messages
money1.add(money2);
// STEP 3: Verify the results.
assertEquals(50, money1.getValue());
assertEquals(30, money2.getValue()); // < failing
}
Once an assertion passes, like the one on line 20, we cannot
change the code to make it fail. In other words, we need both
assertions to pass, which means that we should not just change the
method getValue() to answer 30. Now we need the Money object to
remember the value it was provided through the constructor. We
add some code and end up with the following.
package com.diasparsoftware.junit.examples;
public class Money {
private int value;
public Money(final int aValue) {
18. value = aValue;
}
public void add(final Money aMoney) {
}
public int getValue() {
return value;
}
}
Again, recompile and rerun. We hope that the test now passes.
When we do this, we see the following.
.F
Time: 0.01
There was 1 failure:
1)
testAddSameCurrency(com.diasparsoftware.junit.examples.Mo
neyTestCase)junit.framework.AssertionFailedError:
expected:<50> but was:<20>
at
com.diasparsoftware.junit.examples.MoneyTestCase.testAddS
ameCurrency(MoneyTestCase.java:20)
FAILURES!!!
Tests run: 1, Failures: 1, Errors: 0
Now what?! The first assertion fails again. We seem to have taken a
step backward. The message tells us that the test expects
money1's value to be 50, but it is now 20. Notice that this was
money1's value before we add money2 to it. This means that the
constructor and the getValue() method both work, but add() does
not. We implement this method in the simplest way that makes the
20. Note, if you have been using the Swing-based test runner, then you
may have just seen the wonderful green bar of success for the first
time! If you hadn't noticed the red bar of failure when you ran the
tests before, then the beautiful green bar should be a pleasant
surprise. That green bar is your immediate signal that all tests
passed. Sometimes I like to use the graphical test runners just to
see that nice green bar.
The job is not quite done
We have made our first test pass with a Money class that has a
very simple implementation. In order to finish the job, we need to
identify tests that likely do not yet pass. Notice that Money does
not handle currencies at all yet, so we need to write a few tests
that show that Money knows how to handle different currencies. For
example, we can write a simple test to verify the default currency
of a Money object.
public void testCreateDefaultCurrency() {
assertEquals("CAD", new Money().getCurrencySymbol());
}
This very compact test verifies that if we create a Money object and
specify nothing about it, then its currency symbol should be "CAD",
representing Canadian dollars. We would need to create the method
getCurrencySymbol() to make this test compile, then we can simply
make the new method answer "CAD" to make this new test pass.
21. Next, we may wish to ensure that if we specify a value and a
currency for a Money object, then getValue() and
getCurrencySymbol() answer exactly what we passed into the
constructor.
public void testCreate() {
final Money money = new Money(60, "USD");
assertEquals(60, money.getValue());
assertEquals("USD", money.getCurrencySymbol());
}
Notice two things about this test. First, it uses data we have not
tried before, just to ensure that our code works for increasingly
diverse data sets. Also notice its name, which follows a common
naming convention we will describe in detail in this article. Read on.
Finally, we can add a test that adds two Money objects of different
currencies. What behavior would we expect in that situation? We
have at least three choices.
1. Change Money so that it has a value for each currency, doing
conversions back and forth.
2. Change Money so that it has a value for each currency, but
keeps them separate and does not do conversions.
3. Throw an exception indicating that it is illegal to add Money
objects of different currency types.
22. Let us examine how to write the tests for each case.
The first case is quite easy. In order to do currency conversions, we
need to specify a conversion rate between currencies. We can add a
class-level method to Money that allows us to set the conversion
rate. We can then add an instance-level method to Money that
allows us to ask for its value in any currency we can convert to.
It sounds like we really have two tests: one testing the conversion
and one testing the addition. First, the conversion test.
public void testConvert() {
Money.convertAtRate("USD", "CAD", 1.58);
final Money money = new Money(100, "USD");
assertEquals(158, money.getValue("CAD"));
assertEquals(100, money.getValue("USD"));
assertEquals(100, money.getValue());
assertEquals("USD", money.getCurrencySymbol());
}
First, we tell Money which conversion rate to use. One dollar US
equals $1.58 Canadian. Next, we create a Money object for
USD100. Our money object should be worth CAD158 and USD100.
The extra assertions help verify that we don't mess up code that's
already written. If we ask Money for its Canadian dollar value, it
should be $158. Its US dollar value should still be $100. In fact, if
we ask for its value and do not specify currency, we should get its
value in the currency used to create it. Its currency symbol should
still be USD.
23. We need to create methods to make the test compile, watch it fail,
then make it pass, step by step. As the textbooks say, we leave this
as an exercise to the reader.
Our next test involves adding Money objects are different
currencies. Imagine the rhythm of the test first, then compare your
idea with our implementation.
public void testAddDifferentCurrency() {
Money.convertAtRate("USD", "CAD", 1.58);
final Money american = new Money(100, "USD");
final Money canadian = new Money(158, "CAD");
american.add(canadian);
assertEquals(200, american.getValue());
assertEquals(316, american.getValue("CAD"));
assertEquals("USD", american.getCurrencySymbol());
assertEquals(100, canadian.getValue("USD"));
assertEquals(158, canadian.getValue());
assertEquals("CAD", canadian.getCurrencySymbol());
}
Once again, we verify the values of both Money objects after we
perform the add operation. For each Money object, we check the
value in both US and Canadian dollars. We also verify that the value
in each object's default currency is correct and that its default
currency is as expected. Recompile, run, watch it fail, then make it
pass. Another exercise for the reader.
24. Testing exceptions
We skip the second option, since it essentially the same as the first,
except that the expected values in the tests will change. We will
focus on the third option, as it forces us to consider a common
idiom in JUnit tests: writing tests that expect an exception to be
thrown.
There has been much debate on this topic, but ultimately those
debates center on trivial issues of coding style. We present an
implementation pattern here that serves us well and suggest it to
you. If you prefer something different that does the same thing,
then who are we to tell you what to do?
Our third design option was to have the add() method throw an
exception when a client attempts to add two Money objects of
different currencies. How would we write the test? The answer
requires a little more understanding of how the framework
evaluates whether a test passes or fails.
Briefly, a test passes if it does not fail. That sounds like a useless
statement, but it very accurately reflects how JUnit works. The
framework executes a test method. If that test method executes
without encountering any failures, then the test is considered a
"pass". You may wonder, then, how does the framework know
whether a test fails?
Sidebar: AssertionFailedError
The JUnit framework defines an error class called
25. AssertionFailedError. Being an error, it is unchecked so that not
every test method needs to declare that it might throw the error. All
the assertion methods in the JUnit framework throw an
AssertionFailedError whenever -- you guessed it -- an assertion
fails! To be precise, here is a simple implementation of assertTrue().
public static void assertTrue(final boolean condition) {
if (!condition) {
throw new AssertionFailedError();
}
}
The JUnit framework catches this error and reports that the test has
failed. If the AssertionFailedError object has any detail about the
failure, the test runners display that information to the user. For
example, look at this implementation of an overloaded version of
assertTrue().
public static void assertTrue(final String message, final
boolean condition) {
if (!condition) {
throw new AssertionFailedError(message);
}
}
You can add a failure message to your assertions, giving yourself
specific information about the failure. This is useful when, six
months from now, you change code that makes a test fail and you
would never otherwise be able to remember why it would fail.
26. So the JUnit framework throws and catches an AssertionFailedError
whenenver one of your assertions fails, and that is how JUnit
detects and reports test failures to the test runner and, ultimately,
to you the programmer.
Now that you know how JUnit detects whether a test passes or
fails, you can write a test that verifies whether an exception is
thrown: verify that the test's execution path ends up inside the
exception handler for the exception you expect, and call fail() if the
test's execution path does not get there.
public void testAddDifferentCurrency() {
Money.convertAtRate("USD", "CAD", 1.58);
final Money american = new Money(100, "USD");
final Money canadian = new Money(158, "CAD");
try {
american.add(canadian);
// If the test gets here, then no exception
// was thrown, so fail.
fail("How did we add USD to CAD?!");
}
catch (final CurrencyMismatchException success) {
// If the test gets here, then the right
// exception was thrown, so do nothing.
}
// The test can only get here if the expected
// exception was thrown, so the test would pass.
27. }
Notice the rhythm of the test.
1. Create some objects.
2. Execute the operation we're testing inside a try/catch block.
3. Catch only the exceptions we want the operation to throw.
4. Force the test to fail right after the operation executes, in case
that operation does not throw an exception.
This is how to test that a method throws the correct exception.
You may be asking yourself, "What if the method throws a different
exception?" We claim that our test already handles that situation.
To understand why requires a little more knowledge of the JUnit
framework.
Failures and Errors
In the JUnit framework, tests can either pass, fail or have errors. It
should be clear by now what "pass" and "fail" mean, but what does
it mean for a test to have an error?
Simply put, if a test method throws an exception that it does not
itself catch, the test forces the JUnit framework to catch that
exception. When this happens, the framework reports that the test
has an error. You can interpret this to mean that something entirely
unexpected happened -- something that may be worse than the
production code simply being implemented incorrectly. It could be
that the disk is full, or a file is not found, or the JVM has run out of
28. memory. Something truly exceptional has happened and there is no
way for the framework to evaluate whether the test has passed or
failed, so the framework throws up its hands and says, "Something
is wrong here."
In this case, you will see an error reported through the JUnit test
runner, like the case below.
.E
Time: 0.01
There was 1 error:
1)
testAddSameCurrency(com.diasparsoftware.junit.examples.Mo
neyTestCase)
java.lang.RuntimeException: Something strange happened.
at
com.diasparsoftware.junit.examples.Money.getValue(Money.j
ava:18)
at
com.diasparsoftware.junit.examples.Money.add(Money.java:1
3)
at
com.diasparsoftware.junit.examples.MoneyTestCase.testAddS
ameCurrency(MoneyTestCase.java:17)
FAILURES!!!
Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 1
In this example, we have added code to the method getValue() to
simulate something strange happening: it throws a
29. RuntimeException, the kind of exception that usually indicates that
the operating environment is not right or that corrupted data has
made its way into the system. Since the test does not (and
cannot) anticipate such a thing, it does not catch
RuntimeException. Instead, the exception is thrown all the way
back into the JUnit framework, which catches the exception and
reports it as an error.
What do you do in case of an error?
1. Read the error message carefully and see whether your
environment or data is damaged.
2. Read your test and verify that it is making the correct
assertions. It may expect the production code to throw
exception X, but the code is (correctly) throwing exception Y.
In this case, it is your test, and not your production code,
which is wrong.
3. Read your production code: it may simply be throwing the
wrong exception.
It has been suggested that when we test for exceptions, we catch
Throwable and fail when the throwable is not the one we expect.
Let us point out that although this technique works, it results in
extra code for not much more benefit. Since the framework already
reports the unexpected exception as an error, there is little to gain
by converting that error into a failure. Wrong is wrong. More to the
point, when your production code acts strangely, you would likely
benefit from JUnit's behavior of reporting the strangeness in a
30. special way. You may consider possibilities that you would not
otherwise consider when faced with a simple test failure. You may
think, "Aha! My production code is incorrect. Let me fix it." When
you get there, you see that it should work. Why, then, does the test
fail? It may be several minutes before you notice that your disk is
99.98% full. Seeing an error tends to make you think of stranger
things first -- our experience is that it is a time-saver.
JUnit helps you write better exceptions
One neat side-effect of writing your tests with JUnit is that it helps
you write better exception objects. Few Java programmers pay
attention to their custom- built exception objects. When they test
their applications by hand, the mere throwing of the correct
exception class makes them happy. It would be better, though, if
they included more information in their exceptions. Writing JUnit
tests that verify the correct exception is thrown helps programmers
write more detailed, more useful exception classes. Let us return to
our add() method for an example. Our test verified that we caught
an instance of the correct exception class, but nothing else. That
means that we can write extremely useless code that makes the
test pass.
We can agree that this is the classic, simple implementation of an
exception class.
package com.diasparsoftware.junit.examples;
public class CurrencyMismatchException extends
RuntimeException {
31. public CurrencyMismatchException(final String
message) {
super(message);
}
}
The default constructor calls its parent's default constructor. The
one-argument constructor calls its parent's one-argument
constructor. As a Java programmer, you have written a class like
this perhaps hundreds of times.
The problem, though, is that this could happen: your tests pass,
but when you use the Money object within an application, your
customer sees this error message.
$ java classpath classes
com.diasparsoftware.junit.examples.MoneyApp
Exception in thread "main"
com.diasparsoftware.junit.examples.CurrencyMismatchEx
ception: Your mother is ugly.
at
com.diasparsoftware.junit.examples.Money.add(Money.java:4
9)
at
com.diasparsoftware.junit.examples.MoneyApp.go(MoneyApp.j
ava:9)
at
com.diasparsoftware.junit.examples.MoneyApp.main(MoneyApp
.java:17)
32. Your tests certainly did not catch the fact that one of your
disgruntled programmers put this nice error message into your
production code. It's too late to fire him: your company just went
bankrupt from the poor public relations this mistake caused.
If you had verified the data in the exception object within your
tests, you could have avoided this situation. Here is what we would
do.
public void testAddDifferentCurrencyThrowsException() {
Money.convertAtRate("USD", "CAD", 1.58);
final Money american = new Money(100, "USD");
final Money canadian = new Money(158, "CAD");
try {
american.add(canadian);
// If the test gets here, then no exception
// was thrown, so fail.
fail("How did we add USD to CAD?!");
}
catch (final CurrencyMismatchException success) {
// If the test gets here, then the right
// exception was thrown, so check its data.
assertEquals(american, success.getFirstMoney());
assertEquals(canadian,
success.getSecondMoney());
assertEquals("Unable to add " +
success.getFirstMoney()
37. application. They are the subject of other articles.
• The contract of Object: why you need to implement equals(),
hashCode() and toString() for almost everything.
• Test fixture: using the same objects for many tests.
• Test suites: managing multiple test classes.
• Custom assertions: evolving your own domain-specific testing
language.
• Mock objects: how to test a class simply on its own.
• Performance testing with Junit.
• System tests with Junit.
• Web services testing with JUnit and its cousins.
Resources
Read the original article that helped launch JUnit as a testing
framework.
If you haven't read Design Patterns, then stop, acquire a copy and
read it — but please read the implementations section, and not just
the class diagrams.
Another fine primer for JUnit, courtesy of Mike Clark at Clarkware
Consulting, Inc.
Appendices
Naming test classes
The simplest way to name a unit test class is to use a standard
subclass naming convention, since a test case class is a subclass of
38. TestCase. Specifically, the test case class is a test for, say, the
Money class; therefore, it is a MoneyTestCase.
Test fixture classes and abstract test cases — that is, test-related
classes that are not themselves test cases — should be named
anything reasonable that does not end in "TestCase". This
suggestion makes automatically collecting test case classes into a
larger test suite a matter of a very simple "end-of-string" match.
39. Naming test methods
A standard that has emerged in our work is to name test methods
according to the feature they test, and not according to class and
method names. This is intentional, as it helps us focus on the
behavior we want, and not the methods we want.
Since each feature has multiple scenarios, all of which must work,
we generally use test method names that separate the name of the
feature from the name of the scenario. The separator can either be
an underscore character or the word "with", depending on local
custom regarding having the underscore character in method
names.
As an example, consider the feature "create a Money object".
Presumably you have created test case MoneyTestCase. If this is
the "happy path" — that is, if it is the normal scenario for this
feature, where methods are called correctly and data all makes
sense — then we simply call the method testCreate(). The
absence of a scenario name suggests that this is the "normal"
scenario.
Now to test what happens when, say, someone tries to create a
Money object worth -1 dollars, we call the test method
testCreate_NegativeValue() or, if you hate the underscore,
testCreateWithNegativeValue().
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