Safe iv cannulation (prevention of iv thrombophlebitis)Chaithanya Malalur
A basic introduction to applying an intravenous canula. A note on commonly accessible veins, purpose of IV cannulation, materials & procedure, after care, complications & management
Safe iv cannulation (prevention of iv thrombophlebitis)Chaithanya Malalur
A basic introduction to applying an intravenous canula. A note on commonly accessible veins, purpose of IV cannulation, materials & procedure, after care, complications & management
A lumbar puncture (also called a spinal tap) is a procedure to collect and look at the fluid (cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. During a lumbar puncture, a needle is carefully inserted into the spinal canal low in the back (lumbar area). Samples of CSF are collected.
Central Venous Catheter Care- A Nursing skill Tse Sona
- Shared on the request of al the delegates who attended and those who couldn't attend the webinar on "CVC care- A Nursing Skill'' due to limited seats. I hope it will be helpful to all
A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that results in a loss of function, such as mobility and/or feeling. Frequent causes of spinal cord injuries are trauma (car accident, gunshot, falls, etc.) or disease (polio, spina bifida, Friedreich's ataxia, etc.).
In medicine, a loss of blood flow to part of the brain, which damages brain tissue. CVAs are caused by blood clots and broken blood vessels in the brain. Symptoms include dizziness, numbness, weakness on one side of the body, and problems with talking, writing, or understanding language.
A lumbar puncture (also called a spinal tap) is a procedure to collect and look at the fluid (cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. During a lumbar puncture, a needle is carefully inserted into the spinal canal low in the back (lumbar area). Samples of CSF are collected.
Central Venous Catheter Care- A Nursing skill Tse Sona
- Shared on the request of al the delegates who attended and those who couldn't attend the webinar on "CVC care- A Nursing Skill'' due to limited seats. I hope it will be helpful to all
A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that results in a loss of function, such as mobility and/or feeling. Frequent causes of spinal cord injuries are trauma (car accident, gunshot, falls, etc.) or disease (polio, spina bifida, Friedreich's ataxia, etc.).
In medicine, a loss of blood flow to part of the brain, which damages brain tissue. CVAs are caused by blood clots and broken blood vessels in the brain. Symptoms include dizziness, numbness, weakness on one side of the body, and problems with talking, writing, or understanding language.
Time management helps you prioritize your tasks so that you ensure you have enough time available to complete every project. The quality of your work increases when you're not rushing to complete it ahead of a fast approaching deadline.
After ingesting food and fluids, our body eliminates waste products through the urinary system and the gastrointestinal system. Nurses provide care for patients with commonly occuring elimination alterations, including urinary tract infections, urinary incontinence, urinary retention, constipation, diarrhea, and bowel incontinence. This chapter will provide an overview of these alterations and the associated nursing care.
Nursing theory helps distinguish nursing as a separate discipline from medicine and related sciences, and assists nurses in understanding their patients and their needs.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. Objectives
By the end of this session learner will be able to
• Define IV cannulation
• Explain the indication of IV cannulation
• Explain the advantages of IV cannulation
• Enlist the equipment's that are used for IV
• List the sites for iv placement
• Explain the IV cannulation procedure
• Explain the complication of IV cannulation
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3. Cannula
A cannula (/ˈkænjʊlə/; from Latin "little reed"; plural
cannulae or cannulas)[1] is a tube that can be inserted
into the body, often for the delivery or removal of fluid
or for the gathering of data.
Origion of cannula
1675–85; < New Latin, Latin: small reed, equivalent to
cann(a) cane + -ula -ule
a metal tube for insertion into the body to draw off
fluid or to introduce medication
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4. Cannulation
“The aim of intravenous management is safe, effective
delivery of treatment without discomfort or tissue
damage and without compromising venous access,
especially if long term therapy is proposed”
The Royal Marsden
NHS Trust Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures
Fourth Addition
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5. Anatomy and physiology
• Approximately 2/3 of the total blood volumeis in the
vein which is transport deoxygenated blood to the heart
from the tissues
• Veins are thin valled ,fibrous ,have large lumen and low
pressure
• Superificial and deep veins
• Some veins have valves to regulate the one way flow to
the heart especially lower limbs
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6. Blood vessel walls have three layers
• Tunic Intima innermost, epithelial lining
• Tunic Media Elastic and Smooth muscle fibers
• Tunic Externa Outer coat
Major veins of the arm
• Dorsal • Cephalic • Basilic • Cubital Fossa
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8. • Fluid and electrolyte replacement
• Administration of medicines
• Administration of blood/blood products
• Administration of Total Parenteral Nutrition
• Haemodynamic monitoring
• Blood sampling
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Indications
9. Advantages
• Immediate effect
• Control over the rate of administration
• Patient cannot tolerate drugs / fluids orally
• Some drugs cannot be absorbed by any other route
• Pain and irritation is avoided compared to some
substances when given SC/IM
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14. What equipment do you need
• Dressing Tray - ANTT
• Non Sterile Gloves / Apron
• Cleaning Wipes
• Gauze swab
• IV cannula (separate slide)
• Tourniquet
• Dressing to secure cannula
• Alcohol wipes
• Saline flush and sterile syringe or fluid to be
administered
• Sharps bin
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15. Procedure
• Wash hands prepare equipment ANTT
• Remove the cannula from the packaging and check
all parts are operational
• Loosen the white cap and gently replace it
• Apply tourniquet
• Identify vein
• Clean the site over the vein with alcohol wipe, allow
to dry
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16. • Insert the needle (bevel side up) at an angle of 10-
30o to the skin (this will depend on vein depth.)
• Observe for blood in the flashback chamber
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17. • Apply gentle pressure over the vein (beyond the
cannula tip) remove the white cap from the needle
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18. • Remove the needle from the cannula and dispose of
it into a sharps container
• Attach the white lock cap
• Secure the cannula with an appropriate dressing
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19. • Flush the cannula with 2-5 mls 0.9% Sodium
Chloride or attach an IV giving set and fluid
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20. Document the procedure including:
• Date and time
• Site and size of cannula ,any problems
encountered
• Review date (cannula should be in situ no longer
than 72 hours without appropriate risk assessment.)
• Thanks to the patient
• Clean up, dispose of rubbish
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21. Possible Complications:
The intravenous (IV) cannula offers direct access to a
patient's vascular system and provides a potential route
for entry of micro organisms into that system. These
organisms can cause serious infection if they are
allowed to enter and proliferate in the IV cannula,
insertion site, or IV fluid.
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22. IV-Site Infection:
Does not produce much (if any) pus or inflammation at
the IV site. This is the most common cannula-related
infection, may be the most difficult to identify
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23. Cellulites:
Warm, red and often tender skin surrounding the site
of cannula insertion; pus is rarely detectable.
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24. Infiltration
• Infiltration or tissuing occurs when the infusion (fluid) leaks
into the surrounding tissue. It is important to detect early as
tissue necrosis could occur – re-site cannula immediately
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25. Bruising
Bruising commonly results from failed IV placement -
particularly in the elderly and those on anticoagulant
therapy.
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26. Haematoma:
Haematoma occurs when blood leaks out of the infusion
site. The common cause of this is using cannula that are
not tapered at the distal end. It will also occur if on
insertion the cannula has penetrated through the other
side of the vessel wall – apply pressure to the site for
approximately 4 minutes and elevate the limb
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27. Phlebitis:
Phlebitiss is common in IV therapy and can be cause in many
ways. It is inflammation of a vein (redness and pain at the
infusion site) – prevention can be using aseptic insertion
techniques, choosing the smallest gauge cannula possible for the
prescribed treatment, secure the cannula properly to prevent
movement and carry out regular checks of the infusion site.
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28. References:
• Clinical Skills Education Centre
http://www.qub.ac.uk/cskills/index.htm
• Standards for Infusion Therapy RCN
http://www.rcn.org.uk/publications/pdf/standardsi
nfusiontherapy.pdf
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