ISU CABAGAN-COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW FOR CRIMINOLOGY.pptx

COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW FOR CRIMINOLOGY
NOEMI Y. DOMINGO

1. She is referred to “Margaret, the Mother of Criminals in the study of Heredity as the
causes of Crimes by Dagdale and Estabrook
a. Ada Kallikak b. Ada Juke c. Ada Edwards d. Ada Groddard
2. It is the best study that show proof of the role of heredity in the development of criminality
which involved the study of
a. Study of Sir Jonathan Edwards Family Tree c. Study of Juke Family Tree
b. Study of Kallikak Family Tree d. All are considered proofs
3. He explained the causes of crime by this formula. “Criminal behavior equals criminalistics
tendencies plus crime inducing situation by the persons mental and emotional resistance to
temptation.”
a. Cyril Burt b. Airchorn c. Abrahamsen d. Healy
4. He said that a person to be normal, there must be a proper balancing of the ID, EGO and
SUPEREGO. Imbalance disharmony may make the individual neurotic.
a. William H. Sheldon c. Charles Goring
b. Charles Darwin d. Sigmund Freud

CRIMINOLOGY DEFINED
. In its Broadest Sense
Criminology is the entire body of knowledge
regarding crime and criminals and the efforts of society
to repress and prevent commission of crime. It includes
within its scope
a. The making of laws
b. of breaking of laws and
c. of reacting towards the breaking of laws.
2. In its Narrowest Sense
Criminology is the scientific study of crimes and
criminals.

This scientific study is extended only on three basis lines
and they are:
1. Sociology of Law- investigating the nature of criminal
law and its administration
2. Etymology of crime- Analysis of the causation of crimes
and behaviour of criminals
3. Penology- study of the control of crimes and the
rehabilitation of offenders

Criminological Domain
Criminal Statistics,
Criminal Demography- relationship of criminality between population
Criminal Psychology,
Criminal Physical Anthropology,
Criminal Psychiatry or Psychoanalysis,
Criminal Epidemology- relationship of criminality between environment
Victimology- role of victim in commission of crime
Criminal Law, and
Police Science or Criminalistics.

Triad of Crime (Universal Elements of Crime)
Desire (Motive)
Capability (Instruments)
Opportunity (chance or occasion)
Crime
Formula
Crime= Tendency + Situation 90/10
principle
Resistance
(conceptualized with human behaviour)

Nature of Crime
Crime Mala in Se – acts which by nature are wrongful or sinful, e.g.
murder, rape, theft, arson, estafa, etc.
Crime Mala in Prohibita – are acts made wrongful and punished only by
special laws, e.g. violations of PD 1866, PD 1612, BP 22, PD 825, etc.
PD 1612-ANTI FENCING LAW
PD 825-PENALTY FOR NOT IMPOSING PROPER GARBAGE
DISPOSAL

Felonies – are acts punished by the RPC
Offenses – are acts punished by special laws
Infractions of Laws – are acts punished by city/municipal ordinances
Legal Classification of Crimes
Two Main Theories of Crime Causation
• Classical Theory
- That man is essentially a moral creature who is capable of thinking (rationality) that he fully knows
the consequences of his acts (full responsibility)
- That people have freewill to choose between normal or criminal conduct and behaviors
- That crimes are committed for grid or personal need and satisfactions and crime can be controlled
by fear of criminal punishment and sanctions
Positivists
-That crime is not the product of freewill because criminals were
driven to commit crime because of conditions in their lives

4. He is the acknowledged father of Criminology
a. Cesare Beccaria c. Julius Cesare
b. Cesare Lombroso d. Cesare Garofalo
5._____________ refers to the study of the relationship between the facial features
and human conduct of a person in relation to his crime.
a. Physiognomy c. Phrenology
b. Craniology d. Somatotype Theory
6. His family tree as typically presented by Henry Goddard Produced 143 feeble
minded.
a. Kalikak family tree c. Juke family Tree
b. Kilabot family tree d. Jonathan Edward Family Tree
7. Mang Nicolas is tapped on his shoulder at the back by his Compadre in the dark alley of Tondo,
Because his instinctive act to defend himself he quickly give a sharp karate chop on his compadre
that caused his death. Mang Nicolas actions is
a. Mitigating c. Human Act
b. Considered an Act of Man d. Criminal Act

Criminological Classification of Crimes
1. As to the result of crimes:
a. Acquisitive crimes – when the offender acquire
something as consequence of his criminal act.
b. Extinctive crime – when the end of a criminal act is
destructive.
2. As to the time or period committed:
a. Seasonal crime – those committed only a certain
period of the year like violation of taw law
b. Situational crime – those committed only when the
given situation conducive to its commission.

3. As to the length of the time committed:
a. Instant crime – those committed in the shortest
possible crime.
b. Espisodial crimes – those committed by the series of
acts in a lengthy space of time.
4. As to the place of the location of the commission:
a. Static crime – those committed in only one place.
b. Continuing crime – those that can be committed
several places
Example;
Forcible crime with rape, kidnapping with ransom

5. As to the use of mental faculties;
a. Rational crime – those committed with intension and offender
is in full possession of sanity.
b. Irrational crime – those committed by the person who do not
know the nature and quality of his act on account of the
disease of mind.
6. As to the types of offenders:
a. White collar crimes – those committed by person of
respectability and of the upper socio-economic class in the
course of their occupational activities.
Ex. Adulteration of food by the manufacturer.
b. Blue Collars crime – those committed by ordinary professional
criminal to maintain their livelihood.

7. As to the standard of living of the criminals:
a. Crimes of the upper world-falsification cases – upper class
criminal
b. Crimes of the under world – bag snatching – criminals that are
under privilege.
Ex. Hold-up and snatching.

Classification of Criminal
Acute Criminal – person who violates the Criminal Law because of Impulse of the
moment, passion or anger or spell of extreme jealousy.
Chronic Criminal – person who acted in accordance with their deliberated thinking, such
as:
Neurotic Criminal – person with intra psychic conflict between the social and anti social
components of his/her present personality Ex. A Kleptomaniac
Normal Criminals – a criminal photo type resembling a normal individual.
Classification of Criminal according to behavioral
system
1. Ordinary Criminal – the lowest form of criminals engage in petty crimes with
lack of organization and mental ability to plan.
2. Organized Criminal – this type of criminal is being flared most. They exist in
the street and in the highest position in the government.
Example of highly organized crime is Narcopalitics

Big Three in Criminology
Cesare Lombroso – Founder of the Classical School with the theory of the “Born
Criminal”
Enrico Ferri – Founder of the positivist school which focused more on social and
economic influences on the criminal and crime rates. He was a student of Cesare
Lombroso.
Rafaelle Garafalo – (1851-1934) was an Italian jurist and a student of Cesare
Lombroso. He rejected the doctrine of free will and supported the position that crime can
be understood only if it is studied by scientific methods. He attempted to formulate a
sociological definition of crime that would designate those acts which can be repressed
by punishment. These constituted "Natural Crime" and were considered offenses
violating the two basic altruistic sentiments common to all people, namely, probity and
pity. Crime is an immoral act that is injurious to society. This was more of a
psychological orientation than Lombroso's physical-type anthropology.

FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT AND
EXISTENCE OF CRIMES AND CRIMINALITY
. 1. Geography Factors
• North and south pole – according to Quetelet “thermic law of
delinquency:
• Approach to the Equator According to Montesquieu Spirit of Laws
• Season of the year crimes against person in in crisis during summer
than in rainy days while crime against property are on the rise during
wet season.
• Soil formation – crimes against property dominates, the highland
crimes against persons dominate the law land area.
• Month of the year
• Temperature
• Humidity atmospheric pressure
• Wind Velocity

2. The Biological Factors
a. Physiognomy – relationship between the facial
features.
b. Phrenology or Craniology – study of external formation
of the skull that indicates the conformation of the brain
and the development of its various parts in relation to
the behavior of the criminal.
c. Somatotype Theory – has something to do with the
body type or physique of man. Their temperament is
also associated with their body built.

The Biological Factors
Heredity – as the causes of crime.
a. Study of Kalikak Family Tree (By Henry Goddard)
- about Martin Kalikak who was a soldier during the revolutionary war in America had an illicit
affair with a feeble-minded girl. About 489 descendants traced from their family tree
143 were feeble-minded.
46 were normal
- after the war Kalikak married an ideal person from a good family and out of their marriage had
produced 4967 descendants only 1 became normal 2 became alcoholic 1 became criminal and 1
convicted of religious offense.
b. Study of Juke Family Tree (By Richard Dugdale)
- The Juke Family was consisted of 6 girls some of whom were illegitimate. One of them, Ada Juke was
also known as “Margaret” became the “mother of all criminals”. Dugdale traced her 1, 200
descendants for 75 years from its origin and found 280 as paupers, 140 criminals, 7 murderers, 50
prostitutes, 440 afflicted with sexual diseases and 30 were persecuted for bastardy.
c. Study of Sir Jonathan Edward Family Tree
- Jonathan Edward was a famous preacher during the colonial period. When his family was traced, one of the
descendants was found to be criminal and many became successful and famous, some became president
and magistrate, writers, preachers and teachers.

Sociological Theory - the most widely accepted theory of criminal behavior is
sociological approach.
• Differential Association Theory by Edwin H. Sutherland that criminal behavior is
learned.
• Law of Imitations by Gabriel Tarde explained that crime is a result of imitation,
simulations and idolatry
• Theory of Anomie by Emile Durkheim explain that crime is a normal part of society
(as in birth and death). He stressed that crime is produced when there is
breakdown in social values and order.
CONFLICT THEORY
A theory that assumes that society is based primarily on conflict between
competing interest groups and that criminal law and the CJS are used to control
subordinate groups. Crime is caused by relative powerlessness.

RADICAL THEORIES
Theories of crime causation that are generally based on a Marxist theory of
class struggle
Labeling Theory
A theory that emphasizes the criminalization process as the cause
of some crime
Biological Inferiority
According to biological theories, a criminal’s innate physiological
makeup produces certain physical or genetic characteristics that
distinguish criminals from noncriminals.
Neo-Classical Theory
A modification of classical theory in which it was conceded that
certain factors, such as insanity, might inhibit the exercise of free will

Sutherland’s theory that persons who become criminal do so because of contacts
with criminal patterns and isolation from anticriminal patterns
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION
CLASSICAL THEORY
Based on the assumption that people exercise FREE WILL and are thus
completely responsible for their actions.
In classical theory, criminal behavior, is motivated by a hedonistic rationality, in
which people weigh the potential pleasure of an action against the possible pain
associated with it.
Social Contract
An imaginary agreement to sacrifice the minimum amount of liberty to prevent
anarchy and chaos.

The Psychology of Crime
Ted Bundy
He killed more than 30 women.In his official confessions, he told
investigators how he strangled his victims with a rope even as he
raped them. He beheaded at least a dozen of his victims with
hacksaws and carried their heads around with him for days
Personality Disorder
Dahmer would make love with the dead bodies of his male
victims after killing them.
The police found in Dalmer’s apartment seven skulls and a
complete skeleton in the closet. Four heads were discovered in
the refrigerator and freezer. Torsos and other parts of the body
bathed in acid were also found.

COMPREHENSIVE
REVIEW FOR
CRIMINOLOGY
NOEMI YABES DOMINGO

1. This refers to the actions of an organism or system, usually in relation to its environment, which
includes the other organisms or systems around as well as the physical environment
1. Behaviour
2. Human behaviour
3. None of this
2. This is the range of actions and mannerisms exhibited by humans in conjunction with their
environment, responding to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or
subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary
1. Behaviour
2. Human behaviour
3. None of this
3. Physical Traits are usually what humans inherit many from parents and ancestors
1. True
2. False
3. Either true or false
4. Many scientists believe that level of intelligence and special talents are inherited. Some mental
defects like feeble-mindedness, and some forms of insanity can be traced to heredity.
1. Physical traits
2. Mental traits
3. Emotional traits

1. This refers to the actions of an organism or system, usually in relation to its environment, which
includes the other organisms or systems around as well as the physical environment
a) Behaviour
b) Human behaviour
c) None of this
2. This is the range of actions and mannerisms exhibited by humans in conjunction with their
environment, responding to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or
subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary
a) Behaviour
b) Human behaviour
c) None of this
3. Physical Traits are usually what humans inherit many from parents and ancestors
a) True
b) False
c) Either true or false
4. Many scientists believe that level of intelligence and special talents are inherited. Some mental
defects like feeble-mindedness, and some forms of insanity can be traced to heredity.
a) Physical traits
b) Mental traits
c) Emotional traits

5. After birth, the infant is exposed to an external environment that is extremely variable. One part of
it, the social environment, includes human beings who influence the infant one way or another.
Language, customs, and many other aspects of culture are also important influences.
a) Environment
b) Ecology
c) Surroundings
6. A behavioural response or reflex exhibited by people Learned or operant behaviour- involves
cognitive adaptation.
a) innate behaviour
b) pattern of behaviour
c) behaviour
7.It Emphasizes human actions in relation to events taking place inside the body, especially the brain
and the nervous system.
a) Psychological
b) Neurological
c) psychiatrically
8. It Focuses on external activities that can be observed and measured
a) Behavioral
b) Attitudinal
c) personality

Human behaviour is the range of actions and mannerisms
exhibited by humans in conjunction with their environment, responding to
various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or
subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary. Human
behaviour is influenced by many factors, including:
1. attitudes
2. emotions
3. culture
4. ethics
5. authority
6. motivation
7. coercion
8. beliefs
9. reasoning
10. values
11. religion
12. rapport
13. persuasion
14. genetics.

Types of Behaviour
Inherited or innate behaviour- refers to any behavioural response or reflex
exhibited by people
Learned or operant behaviour- involves cognitive adaptation
Considerations for Learned Behaviour
Environment- After birth, the infant is exposed to an external environment that is
extremely variable.
Training-is closely related to environment
Efforts of the Will- man’s capacity to direct and restrain thoughts, actions and
emotions.
Considerations for Inherited Behaviour
Physical Traits- Humans inherit many physical traits from parents and ancestors
Mental Traits- Many scientists believe that level of intelligence and special talents
are inherited. Some mental defects like feeble-mindedness, and some forms of
insanity can be traced to heredity.

Viewpoints in the Study of Human Behaviour
1.Neurological- Emphasizes human actions in relation to events taking place
inside the body, especially the brain and the nervous system.
2.Behavioral- Focuses on external activities that can be observed and
measured
3.Cognitive- Is concerned with the way the brain processes and transforms
information in various ways.
4.Humanistic- Focuses on the subject’s experience, freedom of choice and
motivation toward self-actualization
The Structure of Personality (Tripartite
Personality
1. Id- id allows us to get our basic needs met. Freud believed that the id is
based on the pleasure principle i.e. it wants immediate satisfaction, with no
consideration for the reality of the situation.
2. Ego - As the child interacts more with the world, the ego begins to develop
3. Superego (Conscience of Man) - The superego develops during the phallic
stage as a result of the moral constraints placed on us by our parents

Freud's Model of Personality Development (Psychosexual
Stages)
1.Oral Stage (0-18 Months)
This is the first psychosexual stage in which the infant's source of id
gratification is the mouth
2.Anal Stage (18 Months-3 Years)
When parents decide to toilet train their children during anal stage, the children
learn how much control they can exert over others with anal sphincter muscles
3.Phallic Stage (3-6 years)
Genitals become the primary source of pleasure at this stage. The child's
erotic pleasure focuses on masturbation, that is, on self-manipulation of the
genitals
a. Oedipus Complex - This refers to an instance where in boys build up a
warm and loving relationship with mothers.
b. Electra Complex - This refers to an occasion where in girls experience
an intense emotional attachment for their fathers.
4.Latency Stage (6-11 Years)
Sexual interest is relatively inactive in this stage. Sexual energy is going
through the process of sublimation and is being converted into interest in
schoolwork, riding bicycles, playing house and sports.

5.Genital Stage (11 Years on)
This refers to the start of puberty and genital stage; there is renewed interest in
obtaining sexual pleasure through the genitals. Masturbation often becomes
frequent and leads to orgasm for the first time
Personality Trait by Eysenck
1.Extrovert- It refers to a person that is sociable, out-going, and active.
2.Introvert - It refers to a person that is withdrawn, quiet, and introspective.
3.Emotionally Unstable - It is a trait that is being anxious, excitable, and easily
disturbed, Eysenck theorized that criminality and antisocial behaviour are both
positively and causally related to high levels of psychoticism, extroversion and
neuroticism.

Temperament
Temperament refers to the fundamental groundwork of character generally presumed to be biologically
determined and existent early in life inclusive of traits like emotional reactiveness, energy level, reaction
tempo and motivation to explore.
Four Types of Temperament
• Melancholic – sad, gloomy
• Choleric - hot-tempered, irritable
• Phlegmatic - sluggish, calm
• Sanguine - cheerful, hopeful
Causes of Conflict in Human behavior
Physical Causes
Refer to natural causes, like a typhoon, an earthquake, a fire, a flood, a storm.
Social Conflicts
Involve restrictions or rules in the home, in school, in the community.
Economic Conflicts
Result from one’s inability to acquire material things because of poverty or other financial
obligations.

Abnormal Behavior is something deviating from the normal or differing
from the typical, is a subjectively defined behavioral characteristic,
assigned to those with rare or dysfunctional conditions
The 4 Ds A description of the four Ds when
defining abnormality
1.Deviance This term describes the idea that specific thoughts, behaviors, and
emotions are considered deviant when they are unacceptable or not common in
society
2.Distress This term accounts for negative feelings by the individual with the
disorder. He or she may feel deeply troubled and affected by their illness.
3.Dysfunction This term involves maladaptive behavior that impairs the individual's
ability to perform normal daily functions, such as getting ready for work in the
morning, or driving a car
4.Danger This term involves dangerous or violent behavior directed at the
individual, or others in the environment. An example of dangerous behaved that
may suggest a psychological disorder is engaging in suicidal activity."

STRESS – it is any event or circumstances that threatens the individual and
requires some form of coping reaction.
COPING – it refers to the ability of an individual to deal with the source of stress
and control his or her reaction to it.
1. Statistical Approach- Behavior that differs from most of
people’s is consideredabnormal.
2. Medical Approach- Abnormal behavior is disease-like and can be
diagnose and treated.
3. Behavioral Approch-Abnormal behavior is a set of faulty behaviors learned
through the traditional learning techniques of reinforcement and extinction.
4. Legal Approach- A criminal is not responsible for abnormal behavior if it is the
product of some mental abnormality or defect.

Organic Disorder (endogenous)
• -psychopathology was associated with some known physical or physiological
pathology.
• -Alzheimer’s disease, mental disorder due to drugs intake.
Functional Disorder (exogenous)
-no such physical or physiological pathology.
-Schizophrenia
• Schizophrenia affects men and women equally.
• About 1% of the population suffers from schizophrenia.
• About 75% of patients developed schizophrenia between the ages of 15 – 25.

COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW FOR CRIMINOLOGY
NOEMI YABES DOMINGO

“ A GOOD INVESTIGATOR NEEDS TO BE
CONCIOUS OF HIS OR HER OWN
THINKING, AND THAT THINKING NEEDS
TO BE AN INETENTIONAL PROCESS”

CONCEPT OF INVESTIGATION:
• It came from the Latin term “ investigare” or to look into
• Another Latin term “vestigare” meaning to track or to trace

Criminal Investigation
Is an art which deals with the identity and location of
the offender and provides evidence of his guilt through
criminal proceedings.
5 FUNCTIONS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
1. Recognition/identification
2. Collection
3. Preservation
4. Evaluation
5. Presentation

STARTING POINTS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
1.STATE THE PROBLEM - The problem would be to identify, locate and arrest the perpetrator of the crime and
attempt to recover all stolen property in a thorough legal manner designed to ensure the greatest probability of
justice.
2.FORM OF HYPOTHESIS - It is the construction of an explanation of an occurrence.
.Motive that causes a person to act in a certain manner.
Knowledge by the suspect to commit a crime
Means or things used to commit a crime.
3.OBSERVE AND EXPERIMENT - As applied to the proposed explanation, this process serves as a check for
the hypothesis that is incorrect. The investigator evaluates information obtained from applying the theory to
various sources.
4.INTERPRET DATA - The investigator should be as objective as possible in the interpretation. Is the information
obtained true? The data may be reviewed by another investigator to provide a second opinion. The officer may
conclude, at this point, that the result is true or not.
5.Draw conclusions = The following questions should be answered :
 Has the stated problem been answered?
 Does evidence support hypothesis?
 Has each stage of investigative method been conducted in a totally legal fashion?
 Does data interpretation support a recommendation for prosecution?

THE CRIME AND INVESTIGATION
The Cardinal Points of Investigation
 What questions
 How questions (Modus Operandi)
 Who questions
 Where questions
 When questions
 Why questions
Types of Information
Sensory Form – the outward manifestations of a criminal event that can be perceived by our five
senses – eyes, ears, nose, tongue and hands.
Written Form – A criminal act may also provide information in a written form like receipts from the
motel, food and drinks in the pocket of the suspect.
Physical Form – The information may actually be in a real form – meaning the failure to retrieve it
or receive it at the right time will be useless. E.g. Fingerprints on bottle of beer and interview.

TYPES OF INVESTIGATION
1. FORMAL INVESTIGATION- Official inquiry conducted by a government agency in
an effort to uncover facts and determine the truth.
2. INQUEST- frequently associated with investigations conducted by public
prosecutors to determine there are types of investigation.
3. INQUISITION- A penetrating investigation concerning a religious issue.
4. PROBE- similar to formal investigation, is an extensive, searching inquiry
conducted by a government agency.
5. RESEARCH- is most often employed to refer the careful, patient
investigations done by scientist or scholars in their efforts to identify
original sources of data or causes of problem.
6. INVESTIGATIVE REPORTING-relatively speaking, is a recent type of
investigation pursued by the members of the press on their own
initiative.

REACTIVE INVESTIGATION vs PRO-ACTIVE INVESTIGATION
REACTIVE INVESTIGATION is the type of investigation that is initiated on the basis of a
complaint filed by a victim or any concerned citizen.
Stages/Phases of reactive investigation
a. Preliminary Investigation
✓ Preliminary investigation is also known as Initial Investigation, which is focused in identifying
the perpetrator/s.
✓ It is the initial inquiry into a reported crime and is generally conducted by a uniformed patrol
officer. The patrol officer must prepare the first written report of the crime, which is generally
called as complaint or incident report
✓ The setting is usually at the crime scene is the most critical phase in majority of criminal
investigations.
✓ A brief review of typical steps of a preliminary investigation is warranted: o Attend to any
existing emergencies, such as injured person or fleeing suspect. o Secure the scene. o Measure,
photograph, videotape and sketch the scene. o Search for evidence. o Identify, collect, examine
and process physical evidence. o Question victims, witnesses and suspects. o Record all
statements and observations in notes or onto tape is vital (Hess & Wrobleski, 2006).

b. Follow-up Investigation or In-Depth Investigation
✓ Follow-up investigation is assigned to trained police detectives and usually involves
processing physical evidences, interviewing witnesses, interrogating suspects,
conducting record searches, surveillance operations, and following other investigatory
practices.
✓ Follow-up investigation is also known as Following Investigation or In-Depth
investigation. It is focused eventually in tracing, locating and eventually arresting the
suspect.
c. Concluding Investigation
✓ Concluding investigation is also called as Final Investigation.
✓ Focused in evaluating and presenting evidence to prove the guilt of the accused.

PRO-ACTIVE INVESTIGATIONS are investigations conducted by the police based on
their own initiative. These are designed to catch a criminal in the act of committing a
crime, rather than waiting until a crime is reported.
Pro-active investigation may be of the following types:
May be of the following types;
a. Decoy operations
✓ Decoy operations are of blending and decoy types. In blending type, officers dressed
in civilian clothes try to blend into an area to catch criminals in flagrante delicto.
✓ An officer plays the role of potential victim.
✓ The decoy officer waits to be the subject of a crime while a team of buck-up officers
are ready to apprehend the violator in the act committing the crime.
✓ Most effective in combating crimes such as robbery, snatching, and other similar
forms of theft (Dempsey, 2007) b. Repeat Offender Programs (ROPs)

INTRODUCE AND IDENTIFY SELF AND ROLE
Principle: Introduction at the scene allow the investigator to establish formal
contact with other official agency representatives. The investigator must
identify the first responder to ascertain if any materials/artifacts or
contamination may have been introduced to the death scene. The
investigator must work with all key people to ensure scene safety prior to
his/her entrance into the scene.
AUTHORIZATION: Medical Examiner/Coroner Official Office Policy Manual
State or Federal Statutory Authority
POLICY: The investigator shall take the initiative to introduce himself, identify
essential personnel, establish rapport, and determine scene safety.
PROCEDURE: Upon arrival at the crime scene, and prior to entering the scene,
the investigator should:
1. Identify the lead investigator at the scene and present identification.
2. Identify other essential elements at the scene (e.g., law enforcement, fire,
EMS, social/child protective services etc.) and explain the investigator’s role
in the investigation.
3. Identify and document the identity of the first essential official (s) at the
scene (first professional arrival at the scene for investigative follow up) to
ascertain if any artifacts or contamination may have been introduced to the
death scene.
4. Determine the scene safety priority (prior to entry)
Arriving at the Scene

Introduction at the scene help to establish collaborative
investigative effort. It is essential to carry identification in the
event of questioned authority. It is essential to establish
scene safety prior to entry.
Confirmed or Pronounce Death
PRINCIPLE: Appropriate personnel must make a determination of death prior
to initiation of the death investigation. The confirmation or
pronouncement of death determines jurisdictional responsibilities.
POLICY: The investigator shall ensure that appropriate personnel have viewed
the body and that death has been confirmed.
PROCEDURE : Upon arrival at the crime scene, the investigator should:
1. Locate and view the body
2. Check for pulse, respiration and reflexes, as appropriate.
3. Identify and document the individual who made the official determination of
death, including the date and time of determination.
4. Ensure that death is pronounced, as required.

THANK YOU FOR COMING
BAPTISMAL CELEBRATION

Maj. Tuginay Agoy
Maj. R. Tuguic
Sgt. M.Tapang
PCpt Romar Exile
PCpl Menchita Macapulay
PCpl Sarah Jane Yoldi
Patrolman Michael Gayudan
Patrolman Ratum Malannag
Patrolman Jeremy Rivera
Patrol woman Aerene Bonnie Alipio
Dr. Velor Jay Olanio
Dr. Rodel Asuncion
Dr. Enrico Habiatan
Dr. Sheryl Cabangan
Ma’am Amyneth Agabin
Engr. Goldenrod Odiem
Seth Cielo
Sarah Jane Montenegro
Jessica Ancheta
Sheela Apostol

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