The document discusses the system development life cycle, which includes five phases: planning, analysis, design, implementation, and support. It describes the activities in each phase, including gathering requirements, designing system components, developing programs, testing the system, and training users. Project management is important throughout the life cycle to plan, schedule, and control the project. Various tools are used for modeling system processes and objects, such as data flow diagrams, entity-relationship diagrams, and data dictionaries.
The document discusses structured analysis and structured design (SASD) techniques including modeling system requirements using data flow diagrams, entity relationship diagrams, and structure charts. It also covers the history and goals of SASD, which aims to improve system quality by decomposing large problems and establishing clear documentation of functional requirements.
Chapter 12 information system developmenthaider ali
This document provides an overview of key concepts and activities related to system development, including defining system development and listing its phases. It discusses guidelines for system development such as grouping activities into phases, involving users, and defining standards. Each system development phase is then explained in detail, outlining the objectives and typical activities performed during planning, analysis, design, implementation, and operation/support phases. Diagrams and examples are provided to illustrate system development tools and methodologies.
The document outlines a project management plan for developing a complex web server application. It describes the project goal of creating a graphical user interface web server. It then details the resources, including the project leader, developers, testers and a budget of $2,500. It outlines the 5 project phases of specifications, design, implementation, verification and final release. It provides a timeline showing the tasks and estimated durations to complete the project by May 10th, within budget. The conclusions note that OpenProj project management software was used to define the tasks, schedule, resources and costs.
Now, majority of the companies are using IT tools and techniques for managing the business projects more effectively and efficiently. Moreover, IT tools facilitate better decision-making to a great extent by simplifying the large amount of information.
https://www.assignmentprime.com/it-assignment-help
This document provides a template for a project post mortem report to record lessons learned from completed projects. The template includes sections for report details, project parameters, performance including accomplishments and problems, lessons learned, and approval. It is intended to inform future project teams of obstacles, challenges, successes and ways to improve aspects like planning, resources, scope, scheduling and more.
This document outlines a proposed software project management tool. It describes modules for business development officers, project managers, developers, HR managers, and clients. It identifies common problems like underqualified staff, unclear requirements, and changing tools mid-project. The proposed system would allow online project status inquiries, manage projects and validate requirements. It would generate reports on clients, employees, projects, and tasks. The system aims to improve project management and be user friendly.
This document discusses scheduling, monitoring, and controlling software projects. It covers defining project activities and estimating their durations, identifying dependencies between activities, and sequencing activities. It also discusses iterative project scheduling, defining what "done" means for tasks, using milestones and control points, collecting progress information, and the importance of measurement for monitoring projects. The overall focus is on planning projects, tracking progress against the plan, and taking corrective actions when needed.
The document discusses the system development life cycle, which includes five phases: planning, analysis, design, implementation, and support. It describes the activities in each phase, including gathering requirements, designing system components, developing programs, testing the system, and training users. Project management is important throughout the life cycle to plan, schedule, and control the project. Various tools are used for modeling system processes and objects, such as data flow diagrams, entity-relationship diagrams, and data dictionaries.
The document discusses structured analysis and structured design (SASD) techniques including modeling system requirements using data flow diagrams, entity relationship diagrams, and structure charts. It also covers the history and goals of SASD, which aims to improve system quality by decomposing large problems and establishing clear documentation of functional requirements.
Chapter 12 information system developmenthaider ali
This document provides an overview of key concepts and activities related to system development, including defining system development and listing its phases. It discusses guidelines for system development such as grouping activities into phases, involving users, and defining standards. Each system development phase is then explained in detail, outlining the objectives and typical activities performed during planning, analysis, design, implementation, and operation/support phases. Diagrams and examples are provided to illustrate system development tools and methodologies.
The document outlines a project management plan for developing a complex web server application. It describes the project goal of creating a graphical user interface web server. It then details the resources, including the project leader, developers, testers and a budget of $2,500. It outlines the 5 project phases of specifications, design, implementation, verification and final release. It provides a timeline showing the tasks and estimated durations to complete the project by May 10th, within budget. The conclusions note that OpenProj project management software was used to define the tasks, schedule, resources and costs.
Now, majority of the companies are using IT tools and techniques for managing the business projects more effectively and efficiently. Moreover, IT tools facilitate better decision-making to a great extent by simplifying the large amount of information.
https://www.assignmentprime.com/it-assignment-help
This document provides a template for a project post mortem report to record lessons learned from completed projects. The template includes sections for report details, project parameters, performance including accomplishments and problems, lessons learned, and approval. It is intended to inform future project teams of obstacles, challenges, successes and ways to improve aspects like planning, resources, scope, scheduling and more.
This document outlines a proposed software project management tool. It describes modules for business development officers, project managers, developers, HR managers, and clients. It identifies common problems like underqualified staff, unclear requirements, and changing tools mid-project. The proposed system would allow online project status inquiries, manage projects and validate requirements. It would generate reports on clients, employees, projects, and tasks. The system aims to improve project management and be user friendly.
This document discusses scheduling, monitoring, and controlling software projects. It covers defining project activities and estimating their durations, identifying dependencies between activities, and sequencing activities. It also discusses iterative project scheduling, defining what "done" means for tasks, using milestones and control points, collecting progress information, and the importance of measurement for monitoring projects. The overall focus is on planning projects, tracking progress against the plan, and taking corrective actions when needed.
This document discusses different approaches to system development including the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC), Rapid Application Development (RAD), and Joint Application Development (JAD).
SDLC is a process involving users, analysts, engineers and programmers to build information systems through phases like planning, analysis, design, implementation and support. RAD relies on automated tools to streamline the development process. JAD emphasizes participatory development through workshops involving system owners, users, designers and builders.
JAD is noted as an effective method for collecting requirements from users through a series of meetings. It involves stakeholders to work together on a product. General principles of JAD include involving all affected parties, using a neutral facilitator, and producing meeting
This 1 day, hands-on, workshop will introduce the processes and workflows necessary to manage a Business Intelligence team in a flexible, iterative and agile manner. Through standard agile management methods (Scrum, Kanban and Test-Driven Development), this workshop will provide you with the tools to manage your workflow, BI development, demand management, and customer engagement.
The goal of this workshop is to expose you to different ways of working and give you potential tactics and techniques to improve your BI project delivery.
Metrics in Agile: SCRUM, XP and Agile MethodsMihir Thuse
The document discusses software metrics in agile development processes. It provides an overview of common agile metrics like sprint burndown, velocity, control charts, and cumulative flow diagrams. It then discusses specific agile frameworks - Scrum, Extreme Programming (XP), and Essential Unified Process. Finally, it discusses ISO/IEC 15939, the international standard for software measurement.
This document provides an outline and summary of topics from lectures on software project management and scheduling. It discusses estimating effort, costs, and resources for a project. Other topics covered include the software equation for estimating effort, make-or-buy decisions, outsourcing, reasons for late delivery, and principles of project scheduling such as interdependencies between tasks. It also describes the relationship between people assigned to a project and effort over time based on the Putnam-Norden-Rayleigh curve.
Integrated Analysis of Traditional Requirements Engineering Process with Agil...zillesubhan
In the past few years, agile software development approach has emerged as a most attractive software development approach. A typical CASE environment consists of a number of CASE tools operating on a common hardware and software platform and note that there are a number of different classes of users of a CASE environment. In fact, some users such as software developers and managers wish to make use of CASE tools to support them in developing application systems and monitoring the progress of a project. This development approach has quickly caught the attention of a large number of software development firms. However, this approach particularly pays attention to development side of software development project while neglects critical aspects of requirements engineering process. In fact, there is no standard requirement engineering process in this approach and requirements engineering activities vary from situation to situation. As a result, there emerge a large number of problems which can lead the software development projects to failure. One of major drawbacks of agile approach is that it is suitable for small size projects with limited team size. Hence, it cannot be adopted for large size projects. We claim that this approach can be used for large size projects if traditional requirements engineering approach is combined with agile manifesto. In fact, the combination of traditional requirements engineering process and agile manifesto can also help resolve a large number of problems exist in agile development methodologies. As in software development the most important thing is to know the clear customer’s requirements and also through modeling (data modeling, functional modeling, behavior modeling). Using UML we are able to build efficient system starting from scratch towards the desired goal. Through UML we start from abstract model and develop the required system through going in details with different UML diagrams. Each UML diagram serves different goal towards implementing a whole project.
This chapter discusses project management. It defines key terms like project, project manager, and project management. It describes common causes of failed projects and basic competencies of project managers. The chapter outlines the basic functions of project management and tools like PERT charts, Gantt charts, and Microsoft Project. It discusses the eight main activities in project management: negotiating scope, identifying tasks, estimating durations, specifying dependencies, assigning resources, directing teams, monitoring progress, and assessing results.
What is Software project management?? , What is a Project?, What is a Product?, What is Project Management?, What is Software Project Life Cycle?, What is a Product Life Cycle?, Software Project, Software Triple Constraints, Software Project Manager, Project Planning,
The document discusses the benefits of software process improvement (SPI) and achieving higher maturity levels like CMMI Level 5. It provides examples of organizations that saw significant reductions in defects, costs and improvements in productivity after implementing SPI initiatives and achieving higher maturity levels. While SPI requires initial investments, it more than pays for itself through reductions in rework costs and improvements in productivity.
The document describes the system development process, which involves a set of activities, methods, deliverables and tools used to develop information systems. It discusses the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) which assesses the maturity of an organization's development processes. The system development life cycle is separated from the methodology, which is the formal process used. Principles of system development include getting user involvement, using a problem-solving approach, establishing phases and activities, and justifying systems as investments.
This affects the quality of software and increases the production cost of ... effectiveness of every method, it is useful to select the particular elicitation
http://www.imran.xyz
This document discusses requirements engineering and its importance in software project success. It defines requirements engineering and outlines the key processes: elicitation, analysis, specification, verification and management. Case studies show that projects with strong requirements engineering in areas like user involvement, clear requirements and proper planning are more likely to succeed. The document concludes that requirements engineering impacts 7 of the top 10 attributes that determine project success.
A Pattern-Language-for-software-DevelopmentShiraz316
The document discusses the Scrum framework for agile software development. It notes that traditional defined process approaches make incorrect assumptions that requirements, solutions, developers, and environments can be fully defined and repeated. Scrum addresses this by dividing projects into short "Sprints" of fixed time periods, usually 1 month or less. Each Sprint pulls tasks from a prioritized backlog and aims to deliver working software. Daily Scrum meetings help teams self-organize and resolve issues. At the end of each Sprint, teams demonstrate progress to customers and prioritize new tasks for the next Sprint. By continually adapting requirements and quickly delivering working software, Scrum allows for the uncertainties of software development.
The document discusses and compares the album covers, website designs, and promotional posters of four musical artists: Sara Bareilles, Ed Sheeran, Olly Murs, and Ella Henderson. It analyzes the color schemes, imagery, and styles used to create synergy across each artist's various marketing materials and establish a consistent house style. Elements like bright colors, symbolic images, and the artists' appearances are discussed in terms of how they might engage audiences and sell albums.
MA Professional Development Final Presentationjsaward
The document outlines an individual's professional development plan involving several video and film-related projects. It discusses plans to curate a film festival, lecture on film courses, create corporate videos for clients, and develop their own video production company called Brain Tree Films. The individual conducted research on logo design, website design, and social media marketing to help promote Brain Tree Films and attract new clients. The goal of these projects is to develop new skills, promote themselves professionally, and generate new revenue streams in the film industry.
This document provides a treatment menu for Amnis SPA in Moscow, Russia. It lists various massage treatments ranging from 55-85 minutes and costing 11,500-16,500 RUB, including deep tissue, Swedish, pressure point, and hot stone massages. Facial treatments are also described from 55-85 minutes and costing 13,000-20,500 RUB, focusing on anti-aging, brightening, hydrating, and illuminating facials. Body treatments include scrubs from 55 minutes and costing 14,500 RUB to exfoliate and soften the skin. Multi-day and weekly anti-aging "cures" using various facial treatments are also outlined, costing 95
Litigation and Settlement Analytics - A Game Theoretic PerspectiveSettlementAnalytics™
SettlementAnalytics is a firm that uses quantitative economic models and game theory to provide litigation analytics and software to corporations involved in high-value legal disputes. Their models aim to address limitations of conventional decision theory approaches, which focus too heavily on trial outcomes and ignore the bilateral complexity of legal disputes. Game theory is better suited as it considers settlement bargaining as a two-person game. SettlementAnalytics has developed fully specified game theoretic models and automated software to extract more insight from litigation analysis while leveraging existing expert systems, with the goal of helping litigants make better settlement and risk assessment decisions.
The document summarizes two case studies of public-private partnership (PPP) infrastructure projects: the Brisbane Airport Link Tunnel in Australia and the Canada Line rapid transit project in Vancouver, Canada. The Brisbane project ran into financial difficulties due to overestimated traffic and high construction costs. The Canada Line was completed on time and within budget, with private financing and operation transferring construction and ridership risks from the public sector. Both projects demonstrate the potential benefits and challenges of the PPP model for major transportation infrastructure.
This document provides an overview of reactive programming and Cycle.js. It discusses reactive programming concepts like streams, cold and hot observables, and operators. It also covers architectural patterns like MVC, MVVM, Flux and MVI. Finally, it explains the core concepts and drivers of Cycle.js, which implements the MVI pattern and uses functional reactive programming principles for building user interfaces.
Bob Johnson: Change in the Resource Industry - An Opportunity for Innovation Melanie Innes
Pioneering the use of computer software for modelling resources in the mid-1970s began a journey of an innovation for Bob Johnson, who has continued to be at the forefront of extending unique solutions for the mining industry throughout his career. Founding Maptek in 1981 and continuing to provide highly regarded software and services across the mining execution value chain today, Bob shares his experience and views on innovation in a changing industry.
View video at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lgzq_I7aM4Q
This document discusses different approaches to system development including the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC), Rapid Application Development (RAD), and Joint Application Development (JAD).
SDLC is a process involving users, analysts, engineers and programmers to build information systems through phases like planning, analysis, design, implementation and support. RAD relies on automated tools to streamline the development process. JAD emphasizes participatory development through workshops involving system owners, users, designers and builders.
JAD is noted as an effective method for collecting requirements from users through a series of meetings. It involves stakeholders to work together on a product. General principles of JAD include involving all affected parties, using a neutral facilitator, and producing meeting
This 1 day, hands-on, workshop will introduce the processes and workflows necessary to manage a Business Intelligence team in a flexible, iterative and agile manner. Through standard agile management methods (Scrum, Kanban and Test-Driven Development), this workshop will provide you with the tools to manage your workflow, BI development, demand management, and customer engagement.
The goal of this workshop is to expose you to different ways of working and give you potential tactics and techniques to improve your BI project delivery.
Metrics in Agile: SCRUM, XP and Agile MethodsMihir Thuse
The document discusses software metrics in agile development processes. It provides an overview of common agile metrics like sprint burndown, velocity, control charts, and cumulative flow diagrams. It then discusses specific agile frameworks - Scrum, Extreme Programming (XP), and Essential Unified Process. Finally, it discusses ISO/IEC 15939, the international standard for software measurement.
This document provides an outline and summary of topics from lectures on software project management and scheduling. It discusses estimating effort, costs, and resources for a project. Other topics covered include the software equation for estimating effort, make-or-buy decisions, outsourcing, reasons for late delivery, and principles of project scheduling such as interdependencies between tasks. It also describes the relationship between people assigned to a project and effort over time based on the Putnam-Norden-Rayleigh curve.
Integrated Analysis of Traditional Requirements Engineering Process with Agil...zillesubhan
In the past few years, agile software development approach has emerged as a most attractive software development approach. A typical CASE environment consists of a number of CASE tools operating on a common hardware and software platform and note that there are a number of different classes of users of a CASE environment. In fact, some users such as software developers and managers wish to make use of CASE tools to support them in developing application systems and monitoring the progress of a project. This development approach has quickly caught the attention of a large number of software development firms. However, this approach particularly pays attention to development side of software development project while neglects critical aspects of requirements engineering process. In fact, there is no standard requirement engineering process in this approach and requirements engineering activities vary from situation to situation. As a result, there emerge a large number of problems which can lead the software development projects to failure. One of major drawbacks of agile approach is that it is suitable for small size projects with limited team size. Hence, it cannot be adopted for large size projects. We claim that this approach can be used for large size projects if traditional requirements engineering approach is combined with agile manifesto. In fact, the combination of traditional requirements engineering process and agile manifesto can also help resolve a large number of problems exist in agile development methodologies. As in software development the most important thing is to know the clear customer’s requirements and also through modeling (data modeling, functional modeling, behavior modeling). Using UML we are able to build efficient system starting from scratch towards the desired goal. Through UML we start from abstract model and develop the required system through going in details with different UML diagrams. Each UML diagram serves different goal towards implementing a whole project.
This chapter discusses project management. It defines key terms like project, project manager, and project management. It describes common causes of failed projects and basic competencies of project managers. The chapter outlines the basic functions of project management and tools like PERT charts, Gantt charts, and Microsoft Project. It discusses the eight main activities in project management: negotiating scope, identifying tasks, estimating durations, specifying dependencies, assigning resources, directing teams, monitoring progress, and assessing results.
What is Software project management?? , What is a Project?, What is a Product?, What is Project Management?, What is Software Project Life Cycle?, What is a Product Life Cycle?, Software Project, Software Triple Constraints, Software Project Manager, Project Planning,
The document discusses the benefits of software process improvement (SPI) and achieving higher maturity levels like CMMI Level 5. It provides examples of organizations that saw significant reductions in defects, costs and improvements in productivity after implementing SPI initiatives and achieving higher maturity levels. While SPI requires initial investments, it more than pays for itself through reductions in rework costs and improvements in productivity.
The document describes the system development process, which involves a set of activities, methods, deliverables and tools used to develop information systems. It discusses the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) which assesses the maturity of an organization's development processes. The system development life cycle is separated from the methodology, which is the formal process used. Principles of system development include getting user involvement, using a problem-solving approach, establishing phases and activities, and justifying systems as investments.
This affects the quality of software and increases the production cost of ... effectiveness of every method, it is useful to select the particular elicitation
http://www.imran.xyz
This document discusses requirements engineering and its importance in software project success. It defines requirements engineering and outlines the key processes: elicitation, analysis, specification, verification and management. Case studies show that projects with strong requirements engineering in areas like user involvement, clear requirements and proper planning are more likely to succeed. The document concludes that requirements engineering impacts 7 of the top 10 attributes that determine project success.
A Pattern-Language-for-software-DevelopmentShiraz316
The document discusses the Scrum framework for agile software development. It notes that traditional defined process approaches make incorrect assumptions that requirements, solutions, developers, and environments can be fully defined and repeated. Scrum addresses this by dividing projects into short "Sprints" of fixed time periods, usually 1 month or less. Each Sprint pulls tasks from a prioritized backlog and aims to deliver working software. Daily Scrum meetings help teams self-organize and resolve issues. At the end of each Sprint, teams demonstrate progress to customers and prioritize new tasks for the next Sprint. By continually adapting requirements and quickly delivering working software, Scrum allows for the uncertainties of software development.
The document discusses and compares the album covers, website designs, and promotional posters of four musical artists: Sara Bareilles, Ed Sheeran, Olly Murs, and Ella Henderson. It analyzes the color schemes, imagery, and styles used to create synergy across each artist's various marketing materials and establish a consistent house style. Elements like bright colors, symbolic images, and the artists' appearances are discussed in terms of how they might engage audiences and sell albums.
MA Professional Development Final Presentationjsaward
The document outlines an individual's professional development plan involving several video and film-related projects. It discusses plans to curate a film festival, lecture on film courses, create corporate videos for clients, and develop their own video production company called Brain Tree Films. The individual conducted research on logo design, website design, and social media marketing to help promote Brain Tree Films and attract new clients. The goal of these projects is to develop new skills, promote themselves professionally, and generate new revenue streams in the film industry.
This document provides a treatment menu for Amnis SPA in Moscow, Russia. It lists various massage treatments ranging from 55-85 minutes and costing 11,500-16,500 RUB, including deep tissue, Swedish, pressure point, and hot stone massages. Facial treatments are also described from 55-85 minutes and costing 13,000-20,500 RUB, focusing on anti-aging, brightening, hydrating, and illuminating facials. Body treatments include scrubs from 55 minutes and costing 14,500 RUB to exfoliate and soften the skin. Multi-day and weekly anti-aging "cures" using various facial treatments are also outlined, costing 95
Litigation and Settlement Analytics - A Game Theoretic PerspectiveSettlementAnalytics™
SettlementAnalytics is a firm that uses quantitative economic models and game theory to provide litigation analytics and software to corporations involved in high-value legal disputes. Their models aim to address limitations of conventional decision theory approaches, which focus too heavily on trial outcomes and ignore the bilateral complexity of legal disputes. Game theory is better suited as it considers settlement bargaining as a two-person game. SettlementAnalytics has developed fully specified game theoretic models and automated software to extract more insight from litigation analysis while leveraging existing expert systems, with the goal of helping litigants make better settlement and risk assessment decisions.
The document summarizes two case studies of public-private partnership (PPP) infrastructure projects: the Brisbane Airport Link Tunnel in Australia and the Canada Line rapid transit project in Vancouver, Canada. The Brisbane project ran into financial difficulties due to overestimated traffic and high construction costs. The Canada Line was completed on time and within budget, with private financing and operation transferring construction and ridership risks from the public sector. Both projects demonstrate the potential benefits and challenges of the PPP model for major transportation infrastructure.
This document provides an overview of reactive programming and Cycle.js. It discusses reactive programming concepts like streams, cold and hot observables, and operators. It also covers architectural patterns like MVC, MVVM, Flux and MVI. Finally, it explains the core concepts and drivers of Cycle.js, which implements the MVI pattern and uses functional reactive programming principles for building user interfaces.
Bob Johnson: Change in the Resource Industry - An Opportunity for Innovation Melanie Innes
Pioneering the use of computer software for modelling resources in the mid-1970s began a journey of an innovation for Bob Johnson, who has continued to be at the forefront of extending unique solutions for the mining industry throughout his career. Founding Maptek in 1981 and continuing to provide highly regarded software and services across the mining execution value chain today, Bob shares his experience and views on innovation in a changing industry.
View video at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lgzq_I7aM4Q
Impact of quality human resource on health care providing industries-organiza...Muhammad Asif Khan Awan
A comprehensive research report which has been prepared and submitted at Department of Public Administration on the partial fulfillment of MAS degree program. It describes that how the quality human resource put an impact of organization's overall performance and contribute for the attainment of organizational goals specifically in Health Care providing industries / organizations.
This document provides an overview of Amul, an Indian dairy cooperative. It discusses Amul's business model of collecting milk from farmers and converting it into branded dairy products. Amul uses a low pricing strategy and distributes products across rural and urban India as well as internationally. It promotes its brands through advertisements and billboards. While Amul faces competition from companies like Britannia and Nestle in various dairy segments, it has grown to become the world's largest vegetarian cheese brand based on the cooperative business model developed in Anand, Gujarat.
- Terminal 4 is a new terminal under construction at Changi International Airport in Singapore, with an expected completion date of 2017. It is expected to handle 16 million passengers annually and increase the airport's total capacity to 82 million passengers.
- The terminal is being built at a cost of $1.28 billion and will feature automated services, a central galleria, retail space, and transport links to connect to other terminals and parking areas. It is designed to process a large volume of passengers efficiently.
- Construction is led by a consortium of firms and is ongoing, with the terminal expected to be operational in 2017 to accommodate future growth in passenger traffic at Changi Airport.
Cybersecurity concepts & Defense best practisesWAJAHAT IQBAL
This presentation is an attempt to present the complex Subject of Cybersecurity in a concise format with main focus to present the core of Cybersecurity and best practises and standards to protect an enterprise Network.Comments of readers welcomed.Thank You (Wajahat Iqbal)
Email: Wajahat_Iqbal@yahoo.com
This document provides biographical and professional information about British architect Tom Wright. It discusses that Wright was born in 1957 in London and studied architecture at Kingston University. His most notable design is the Burj Al Arab hotel in Dubai, which he spent five years leading the design team to create. The document also lists and provides brief details about several other major projects Wright has worked on, including developments in Dubai, Bahrain, Iran, Russia, Pakistan, Georgia, South Korea, and Cyprus.
Cyber Security: Protecting Today's Mission Critical Public Safety NetworksLRKimball
L.R. Kimball public safety expert Kevin McGeary presented this presentation at the Western APCO Conference in Ontario, CA.
This presentation defines cyber security and protecting mission critical public safety systems with security assessments and developing a cyber security plan.
Lifelong learning involves learning throughout one's life rather than limiting education to childhood or schooling. It began being promoted in the 1990s to help individuals adapt to rapid social changes. Lifelong learning can take various forms, including formal education through classes as well as informal learning from daily work and self-study. The benefits of lifelong learning include improving one's mind and self-esteem, creating better job opportunities, and allowing one to keep up with a constantly changing world. Techniques for becoming a lifelong learner include making a list of topics to learn about, spending time with intellectual people, dedicating time each day to learning new skills, and always carrying reading material.
Overview of SCRUM development process. I put this together to present to my company/group.
Most slides are "borrowed" from Alan Shalloway's presentation.
This document provides an overview of process models and agile development approaches. It discusses the Unified Process (UP) and its phases including inception, elaboration, and more. Agile methods like Scrum and Extreme Programming (XP) are also summarized. Scrum uses sprints, daily stand-ups, sprint reviews and retrospectives. XP practices pair programming, test-driven development, and frequent small releases. The document emphasizes that agile prioritizes individuals, working software, customer collaboration and responding to change over processes and tools.
This document discusses concepts and practices related to Scrum project management methodology. It addresses frequently asked questions about Scrum roles like Product Owner and Scrum Master. It also covers Scrum artifacts like the Product Backlog and Sprint Backlog, as well as Scrum events like the Sprint Planning meeting and Daily Scrum. The document provides guidance on properly defining acceptance criteria for user stories, estimating story points, and ensuring the Product Backlog is ready before Sprint Planning.
The document summarizes key aspects of system engineering and requirements engineering processes. It discusses how system engineering occurs as a consequence of defining computer-based systems and their elements. It also explains the different levels of abstraction in requirements engineering from inception to specification and management. Example techniques for eliciting requirements like use cases and collaborative meetings are also outlined.
The document presents an overview of the Agile Method - Scrum. It discusses the Waterfall life cycle and introduces Agile Method. Key aspects of Scrum covered include sprints, potentially shippable product increments, the product owner, product backlog, scrum master, daily scrum meetings, sprint planning, sprint reviews, and the advantages and disadvantages of the Agile Method compared to traditional management.
Java programming presentations By Daroko blog
Do not just read java as a programmer, find projects and start making some Money, at DAROKO BLOG,WE Guide you through what you have learned in the classroom to a real business Environment, find java applications to a real business Environment, find also all IT Solutions and How you can apply them, find the best companies where you can get the IT jobs worldwide, Find java contract, Complete and start making some cash, find clients within your Country, refer and get paid when you complete the work.
Not Just a contact, at daroko Blog (www.professionalbloggertricks.com/),you are also being taught how you can apply all IT related field in real world.
Simply Google, Daroko Blog or visit (www.professionalbloggertricks.com/) to Know More about all these service now.
Do not just learn and go, apply them in real world.
The document discusses key concepts in Agile and Scrum project management frameworks. It outlines some common misconceptions about Agile, describes Scrum roles and ceremonies like sprint planning and review meetings, and emphasizes that adopting Scrum requires changes to team dynamics, skills, and work habits.
Management Information Systems – Week 7 Lecture 2Developme.docxcroysierkathey
Management Information Systems – Week 7 Lecture 2
Development & Improvement
Chapter 13 Systems Development: Design, Implementation, Maintenance,
and Review
You have learned about information systems and seen a little about how the project is run to create a new
system. This week you will focus on the actual systems design process. This will help you whether you
become a programmer, systems analyst or are a department manager. There are countless articles on
this subject on the internet and some great YouTube videos so take a moment to do some extra research
and learn more about systems development.
When an IS manager sits down to design a system they look at several areas and have many special
tools at their disposal.
A systems engineer or senior developer will first look at the logical design. This usually means that they
look at the user request and determine what they really mean! Once they have clarification they will create
a physical design. This might be object-oriented (using code that has already been created) or mock ups
showing interface design and controls. This is sometimes called storyboarding. This image is an example
of creating a new user interface:
System design time is an investment for the business, it will help by preventing, detecting, and correcting
errors prior to the application software being written. It will generate systems design alternatives. One
alternative is to ask software developers to create the application for the business, this is done by creating
a request for proposal (RFP). Software vendors will then propose several options at various price points.
The business can then review the proposals, do a cost benefit analysis and select an appropriate plan of
action.
Once a project has started it is a good idea to freezing design specifications using a contract, and even a
design report called a Functional Design Document. This process is intended to allow the development
team to focus on creating a specific application and not have to try to hit a constantly moving target. As
the application is being developed it is also time to acquire the hardware that will be needed. If the
application requires a headset with microphone for voice input or a super-fast computer, this is the time to
make sure the application will be functional when it is implemented.
Types of IS hardware vendors include:
General computer manufacturers
Small computer manufacturers
Peripheral equipment manufacturers
Computer dealers and distributors
Chip makers
While the application is being developed and the hardware acquired, in a perfect world the personnel will
be hired and trained and any preparations will be done for the site and data requirements (additional disk
drives for databases or could computing). One of the phases of software development is the testing
phase. It really cannot be considered the final stage because it may result in some additional planning,
programming or other modifications. It can be considered to be ...
Formalizing Collaborative Software Development Issues: A Collaborative Work A...IOSR Journals
This document proposes a data mining approach to address the resource allocation issue in collaborative software development. Specifically, it uses an Apriori-like algorithm to discover patterns from workflow log data and generate resource allocation rules. A lift calculation is then used to interpret negatively correlated rules for resource booking. The rules are rated based on confidence measures and recommended to workflow managers. This closed-loop approach aims to provide more efficient and fine-grained resource allocation than traditional function-based methods.
1.Introduction To Software Project Management.pptxVikas476057
The document provides an introduction to software project management. It defines a project as a planned undertaking aimed at a specific target and constrained by time and resources. Software projects are more problematic than other projects due to their invisibility, complexity, need for conformity, and flexibility. The document outlines the typical activities in project management and the software development life cycle according to ISO 12207, which includes requirements analysis, architecture design, detailed design, coding and testing, integration, and acceptance support. It also discusses categorizing different types of software projects and the key components of requirements specification and management control in project management.
Scrum is a popular agile project management framework that uses short iterative cycles called sprints to complete work. It involves three main roles: a scrum master who coaches the team, a product owner who prioritizes requirements, and a self-organizing development team. Scrum provides structure and processes that help teams work collaboratively to deliver high quality products and satisfy customers.
This document discusses key concepts in project management for software engineering projects. It covers the four Ps of project management - people, product, process, and project. It describes stakeholders and considerations for organizing software teams. Factors for selecting a team structure and paradigms are outlined. The document also discusses defining the product scope, decomposing problems, and melding the problem and process. It provides guidelines for a common-sense approach to managing projects.
SCRUM has grown in popularity and acceptance by many companies over the world with numbers of registered SCRUM Masters reaching 51,955 (11 March 2009 - Jeff Sutherland). Although SCRUM does not stipulate what tools to use to produce the necessary artifacts, Microsoft Team Foundation System provides a number of features via TFS Explorer that facilitate capturing the artifacts of SCRUM and is a useful tool for any SCRUM Master, Team and Product Owner. This presentation will highlight the SCRUM framework and show you practical use of TFS and other tools that facilitate the ceremonies and artifacts of SCRUM.
Technology Integration Pattern For Distributed Scrum of ScrumIOSR Journals
This document discusses technology integration patterns for distributed scrum projects. It notes that past work has addressed integration issues for distributed components using scrum, but has ignored the technology factor - components may use different technologies that affect functionality. The document proposes a new pattern to control technology integration for distributed components in scrum projects. It found this pattern increases project survival chances by 80% by reducing risks and improving maintainability and scalability. Previous patterns for distributed scrum of scrum are also discussed.
The document discusses the differences between Agile and Scrum methodologies for software development. It states that Agile is a broader framework that contains basic principles adopted by different methods, including Scrum. Scrum is described as a more independent methodology focused on project efficiency. The document then provides more details on the Scrum methodology, describing elements like Sprints (iterative development cycles of 1-4 weeks), daily stand-up meetings, and product backlogs to plan work. It notes that while Scrum is very popular, it can face scaling challenges with very large teams. Dividing teams into multiple Scrum of Scrums is proposed as a potential solution to address those challenges.
Scrum an extension pattern language for hyperproductive software developmentShiraz316
Scrum is an agile software development framework that utilizes daily stand-up meetings called Scrum Meetings to manage unpredictable processes. During short, 15-minute Scrum Meetings, team members report on tasks completed since the previous meeting, any issues encountered, and their plan for the next 24 hours. This allows for continuous monitoring and adjustment of small, flexible assignments. Scrum Meetings foster transparency, knowledge sharing, and a collaborative culture within self-organizing teams. By frequently inspecting and adapting their process, teams can respond effectively to unpredictability and complexity inherent in software development.
The document discusses key concepts for managing software projects including the four Ps of project management: People, Product, Process, and Project. It describes stakeholders and team structures, and emphasizes establishing clear objectives and scope, tracking progress, and learning lessons through post-mortem reviews. Metrics are discussed as a way to assess ongoing projects, risks, and quality, with a focus on process, product, and effort metrics.
The document discusses key concepts for managing software projects including the four Ps of project management: People, Product, Process, and Project. It describes stakeholders and team structures, and emphasizes establishing clear objectives and scope, tracking progress, and learning lessons through post-mortem reviews. Metrics for both processes and products are discussed to assess status, risks, and quality in order to guide improvement.
Similar to #ISSS2015 Berlin - Gilbert et al - Understanding Systems Engineering Project Development (20)
The International Society for Systems Sciences is offering a graduate course on systems thinking and practice in research from July 20-27, 2018 in Corvallis, Oregon. The course includes workshops on systems approaches and participation in the ISSS conference. Taught by renowned systems researchers Drs. Ray Ison and Chris Blackmore, the course will help students contextualize their research, make connections across issues using systems thinking, and improve their ability to work strategically. Students will gain an overview of cybernetics and systems thinking traditions and reflect on different approaches in relation to their own research. The application deadline is May 15.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
#ISSS2015 Berlin - Gilbert et al - Understanding Systems Engineering Project Development
1. Dawn Gilbert – dawn.gilbert@bristol.ac.uk
Mike Mertens – Mike.Mertens@uk.thalesgroup.com
Mike Yearworth – mike.yearworth@bristol.ac.uk
Understanding Systems
Engineering Project
Development – A Traditional
and Complex Adaptive Systems
View
2. Question
How does complexity in the organization affect the ability of
systems engineers to meet delivery expectations in terms of cost
and time?
3. The Research
• Critical realist exploratory empirical case study
• Participant observation
• Data supported reflection in real-time and analysis at later stage
• Case study design informed by Yin (2014) and Palmberg (2009)
Novelty
• ‘An Investigator has the opportunity to observe and analyse a
phenomenon previously inaccessible to scientific investigation’
(Yin, 2014)
• Empirical CAS research of Systems Engineering Development (The
Evidence Centre, 2010)
• Logically coherent case study research in Systems Engineering
(Martin and Davidz, 2007), (Valerdi et al., 2010)
4. Organizational PM
• ‘a field dominated by
reductionist paradigms
and perspectives’ (Chia,
2013)
Chia, R. (2013) Paradigms and perspectives in organizational project management research: implications for knowledge-creation. In: Drouin, N., Müller, R. and Shankar, S.
(eds.) Novel Approaches to Organizational Project Management Research: Translational and Transformational. Series: Advances in organisation studies. Copenhagen Business
Press: Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 33-55. ISBN 9788763002493
5. Complex Adaptive Systems
Holland, J. (2014) Complexity – A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford,
UK
• Comprised of elements called
agents
• Agents learn or adapt in response
to interactions with other agents
• Agents exhibit bounded rationality
• Non-linearity
• Self-organizing
• Agents have 3 levels of activity:
– Performance (moment-to-moment
capabilities)
– Credit-Assignment (rating the usefulness
of available capabilities)
– Rule-Discovery (generating new
capabilities)
8. Source: Hobday, M. (2000) The
Project-Based Organisation: An
Ideal Form for Managing Complex
Products and Systems? Research
Policy, Vol 29, pp871-893
10. Analysis
• Key Stakeholder, plus two steps away in org chart
• Three themes
– Software sprints
– Staff Circulation and Restructure
– Management Tools and Databases
• Does a ‘traditional’ view explain what is observed
– Are we surprised at what we find?
• Does a CAS view explain what is observed
– Are we surprised at what we find?
14. Scrum Framework
"Scrum Framework" by Source (WP:NFCC#4). Licensed under Fair use via Wikipedia -
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scrum_Framework.png#/media/File:Scrum_Framework.png
15. "SampleBurndownChart" by Pablo Straub - Own work. Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons -
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SampleBurndownChart.png#/media/File:SampleBurndownChart.png
16. Committed (x) vs Completed (y)
y = 0.6813x
R² = 0.9281
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
All Data Points
Completed
Linear (Completed)
17. Committed (x) vs Completed (y)
y = 0.5354x
R² = 0.1673
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 50 100 150 200 250
Data Points Under 200
Completed
Linear (Completed)
19. • Staff_2 (software head of function):
• Programme Review Meetings review the health of the project, we want to underpin that with numbers….. 90% of
info of what’s going on on projects comes from walking the halls, the Programme Review presents the same info,
and lands surprises, metrics aim to balance the Programme Review to 50/50 coherent data. We are doing agile
across everything…We are using jira out of the box for tasking and defects…The burndown chart and velocities
we get from jira…. We have a 3 month sprint look ahead, where we can compare the backlog versus the team
size, but not all the work is in the backlog… I already look at software burndown daily.
• Staff_3 (programme management head of function):
• The main risk is in software development. We look at the Programme Review pack and we don’t get good info on
the state of the project…. The business objective here, I want quantitative and predictable software performance,
delivery against budget.
• Staff_7 (Product_2 programme manager):
• I want to know, what is our capability? What we struggle to do is estimate and stick to it. Across a number of
projects it is pretty much the same thing year after year in the software domain. … I look at Jira almost daily.
One cause of problems is other activities, like business winning that’s over and above, but knowing that, we said
we do the planned work.
• Staff_5 (Product_1 Scrum Master):
• If issues are not authorised (by the CCB – Configuration Control Board) they don’t get on the backlog…. .stories
as soon as you create them appear on the backlog Backlog isn’t a bucket of all the work left to do – it a ‘no
worse than’view... Reports are frozen with history, containing planned and actuals…The asterisk means added to
the sprint after the start, if it goes in, its urgent, it can come out if its not needed, something else changes, or
there’s no time… Velocity doesn’t work for us, it assumes we have a constant team, and the team doesn’t work on
the sprint work 100% of the time… It would be interesting to know how much of the Primavera and Business
Planning backlog is in the jira.
20. Staff_5: (Product_1 Software Scrum Master)
‘The programme review packs still don’t get looked at, they don’t look at my
supplementary pack [which reports sprint performance, lessons learned, engineering
metrics, context, achievements, and upcoming milestones] it’s all the SOFT, finance, QA
stuff, it makes it soul destroying…I strive to give full transparency and highlighted where
there have been issues elsewhere’.
Staff_1: (Acting Operations Director, and Head of Systems Engineering Function)
I think from a business perspective we need, what we needed was some relatively simple
metrics that could be collected easily
Researcher:
I think on Product_1 you’ve been seeing some software metrics the last couple of sessions
in there [referring to Programme Review Meetings]
Staff_1: (Acting Operations Director, and Head of Systems Engineering Function)
It might do if I’d been in the last session with Product_1, I don’t think I was in the last
session with Product_1 so, no if I’m honest, no it doesn’t.
21. Analysis 2 – Staff Circulation and Restructure
• Business Line Performance Plan
– Staff rotation target 10%/yr.
– This underpins a business challenge to develop a high performance team
culture by optimizing and enhancing capability.
– Feedback would be gathered from managers and staff, quarter by quarter
to continuously improve the approach
22. Analysis 2 – Staff Circulation and Restructure
Staff_5 (Product_1 Software Scrum Master)
We have 1000-1100 hours of work per sprint. What it is doesn’t really matter, we know we
need a good range. When we change people, we change velocity. The team productivity is the
velocity, velocity changes from sprint to sprint. There is an administrative overload related to
juggling tasks so people who have fewer skills are occupied, so there are pick-ups and drop-
offs of work. If you look at capacity in advance, it reduces the capacity! We have varying
utilization a rule of thumb is that we have about 10 percent waste, someone will be off, and
chew up several days. A 2-day task for handholding is non-specific, you have to add in the
time, it looks like the sprint got bigger but it was expected to increase anyway. I looked at
work pick ups and drop offs versus focussed depth and asked why? We got support interrupts
(ie tech support from users in the field), we hit a blocker like we were waiting for SE/PDA who
needed something, or we are juggling skills of task to the skills of the people…. We’ve got 2
new staff, they are struggling to get their machines up to date….. People moved off the
project…’
Staff_6: (Product_2 Software Scrum Master)
‘We are rotating staff left right and centre so we have programme mobility we need a
consistent approach … A restructure is afoot…. The last 2 sprints had to pay significantly for
new people. You don’t get it and you won’t get it for several months, this is the rotation plan,
One or two people are so heavily relied upon, like the tech lead, its like fighting a losing
battle….’
24. After conceptualizing discrete event modelling
• Staff_1
‘I like that, I like that…you know what, I’d be quite keen to try and
do something like this on something like Product_4’
Two weeks later I heard Staff_1 had submitted his resignation
26. • Staff_1: (Acting Operations Director, and Head of Systems Engineering Function)
• We have an operations meeting, the outputs of project review meetings don’t go in to it, it’s a supply and
capability review for Business Planning…..the demand on the business human resources now and out to 2 years
looking at potentials and set demand…. We have a heatmap for 12 months, Business Planning hasn’t changed the
tactical planning over the next 3 months, we’re not very good at 3-12 months, 12-24 month Business Planning is
better, it used to be a 12 month rolling wave, now we have reliable data for 15 months, 18-24 months is not so
reliable. I think we make decisions on up to 15 months, this is what we can reliably believe, we keep watch on 5-
18 months. Staff_18 [Thales UK Corporate Business Planning] was hard on prescriptive direction, now it’s ‘you
tune the process for what works for you’, we’ve gone full circle back with everyone being in the room at the same
time…..You’ve got to have human beings in the loop.
• Staff_2: (software head of function
• There is general support for jira, we’ve transitioned to tool up for agile. We want to integrate to primavera for
work package management and earned value management. We have a 3 month sprint look ahead, where we can
compare the backlog versus the team size, but not all the work is in the backlog… Business Planning deals with
resourcing… I already look at software burndown daily.
• Staff_3: (programme management head of function):
• We’ve been trying to sort out how we do agile, using Primavera for schedules and reviewing in project
reviews...If we have our bow-wave of known work and forecast wave beyond that, we can match it to
resources…Primavera has always been a bit of a dark art. Last year we had a workshop on linking primavera to
jira...Primareva tells you how many people you need in the sprint to do it. The actuals should be in Jira and
Primavera. The Primavera month is a financial month, we export from Jira back to Primavera as target EVM.
The Functional Manager View
27. • Staff_5: (Product_1 Software Scrum Master)
• It would be interesting to know how much of the % primavera Business Planning backlog is in the Jira backlog.
[When looking in Jira] make sure what you are looking at is what you are thinking you are looking at.
• Staff_6: (Product_2 Software Scrum Master)
• Jira is the backlog manager…. We don’t have backlog reviews yet, which will be weekly with programme
managers and the integrated product team (we have Jira drive this). We have only got so much capacity, what
you do is what you do…. Software estimating is crap… we are underperforming, we are incapable, and you can’t
ascertain that from a sprint burndown. Jira will help us in time track how much time we spend, but we haven’t
met one sprint yet, we are on sprint 5 at the moment….. in Jira we know day by day we are ‘not performing’, but
even when we know we don’t use open language in stand ups
• Staff_7: (Product_2 programme manager):
• I look at Jira almost daily…. Demand is now run from Primavera, which has problems, its driven by Business
Planning. We use the same tool for different purposes.
• Staff_9:Systems Engineering Manager – Product_3
• Jira is used to monitor, which is the best tool seen so far…. I monitor the burndown in jira, it gives KPIs which
are tweaked and added to…
• Staff_10: ‘Front-End’Systems Engineer – Product_3
• The project has three pulls, the PM reports to the PM line…the SEM reports up through to OPS about cost,
money, time, the PDA reports to the design criteria – there is a question of whether this reflects the customer…
we don’t have a sound approach to estimating. I’ve made an estimate, what happens to that info? When it comes
to lessons learned, we cut and paste the last lot. In actuals, is overtime visible or not? – it’s not visible on actuals.
We never see positive methods of capturing, we are mixing apples and pears, we are mixing the contents….
The Project Staff View
28. • Staff_14: Project Controller – multiple projects
• The risk management pack is in the project management pack and is referred to in the Organisational
Management System. There is a monthly update to the risk register during each project, there is an independent
assessor at the meeting along with the PM and senior technical team people – the PDA… You enter the risk and
its weight in line with Organisational Management System criteria….Risk happens, it is built in to the project
schedule, then budget and resource allocated. We should then maintain a log of what happened. In the perfect
world we wouldn’t be surprised by late work and cost overruns, they will be in the PMR, the top 5 risks or maybe
10. I wouldn’t be surprised, but Staff_16 (Business Line General Manager) might be. We are not running risk
through Primavera. Horse-trading of scope, time, and budget is down to commercial, Staff_15 (Business Line
Technical Director) is an independent assessor. The [Organisational Management System] instruction is clear, it
works, project managers should be aware of the instruction, I can only assume project managers get it…. I don’t
know who makes the decision on what the risks are, I’d say the risk is our estimates are bad. The pressure is
coming from above, not from projects….Over a 3 year project we forecast finishing to one day, but we don’t know
if that’s a 95% chance of getting there, and we don’t know how long it will be until we get to 100% done – is it 2
months past the end date? If we show a SPI or CPI of 50% we get questions from above, so here we massage it so
we show no variance and don’t get questions…. The Work Breakdown Structures are defined prior to Primavera,
the project managers say to software, “I don’t care how you do it, just do it”. The cost collection is actually at
different levels, for example, from subcontractors and from Jira. The lowest level we go should be the level you
get actuals against. Primavera breakdown was mapped against delivery structure routed through work packages
by customer, but we estimate and collect cost through product and function. I’m restructuring Primavera to
match against what we measure…. I’m resorting and simplifying Primavera to reduce dependencies that are
likely to cause errors in updating that are also unnecessary levels of detail for one-person staffing
The Project Staff View
29. Discussion
• Analysis 1 – Software Sprints
– A traditional view would not expect to see this sprint performance
(expected vs completed), and could only explain it as poor performance.
Continuous improvement-type approaches within that paradigm could
explore why this is, but they weren’t undertaken
• (‘its pretty much the same thing year after year’)
– A CAS perspective shows bounded rationality, and agents (staff) adapting in
response to others
– The traditional view can’t explain why the scrum metrics data isn’t
reviewed by Staff_1 in the Programme Review Meetings that his presence is
‘mandatory’ at (according to the organisational management system). A
CAS view understands that a staff member in 2 roles will personally
prioritise, and that staff in 2-day-long review meetings may also choose not
to review everything’
30. Discussion
• Analysis 2 – Staff Circulation
– The traditional view produced the Business Line Performance Plan which
called for staff rotation, outlined it’s aims and described it’s monitoring and
improvement approach.
– Staff Circulation was implemented (25% staff rotation during the 6 months
field work, a further 25% in the subsequent 6 months was observed)
– Prior to this research, monitoring had not taken place. The traditional view
would not expect this, and can’t explain this.
– A CAS perspective explains staff circulation and restructuring inherently.
– A CAS perspective also explains a lack of monitoring, as Staff_1 was acting
in two roles, overburdened with work, and made personal decisions about
how to prioritize work (agent performance).
– In presenting the system dynamics model to Staff_1 the researcher
supported Staff_1 in rule discovery, generating new capabilities, in seeing
the impacts of staff rotations differently (i.e. supported by evidence from
the business line). Since his resignation followed shortly after, we can’t say
whether this new capability would have been assigned sufficient credit to
impact the performance (chosen actions) of Staff_1.
31. Discussion
• Analysis 3 – Management Databases Contd.
– The Software and Project Management functional managers show strong
reductionist preferences, believing the data in the databases are explicit
and objective, and can be, or are linked in a sensible, valuable way.
• This can drive a lack of questioning of the data.
– The staff see value, and use the databases with caution, or interpretation.
In the risk example, the databases are explicitly manipulated to avoid
questions from ‘above’. The prevalent reductionist approach of senior
management understands deviation from plan (or expected) only in terms
that means something is at fault.
32. Question
How does complexity in the organization affect the ability of
systems engineers to meet delivery expectations in terms of cost
and time?
33. Reflection
• The ‘traditional’ approaches don’t explain or expect what is
evident
• Staff see the effects of complexity
– They don’t necessarily have frameworks to understand them
– May instinctively navigate them well
• Do they have targets on their backs?
• An unwillingness to be open to ‘other ways’ of viewing the
organization can be explained, but not overcome by the CAS
view
– Performance (moment-by-moment capabilities)
– Credit-assignment (rating the usefulness of capabilities)
– Rule discovery (generating new capabilities)
34. Reflection
• Thales UK View
– The data is probably familiar to other Tier 1 Systems Engineering
Contractors
• The case study is expected to resonate with others, and provide an
illustrative example of the value of novel research approaches in systems
engineering management
– The methodology was richly revealing about the state and nature of the
Business Line.
– The BL was so dynamic, more standard methods are immediately obsolete.