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HEMATOLOGICAL
DISEASES
•Hematological diseases are
disorders which primarily
affect the blood and blood-
forming organs. Hematologic
diseases include rare genetic
disorders,anemia, sickle cell
anemia, megaloblostic
anemia,iron deficiency like
diseases and complications
from chemotherapy or
transfusions.
IRON DEFICIENCY
• Iron deficiency is the most common form of anemia occurs when
the body does not have adequate iron.
• Also occur as a result of blood as in menstrual blood loss,
pregnancy, gastrointestinal bleeding (peptic ulcer, inflammatory
bowel disease and cancer).
• Low levels of serum iron and ferritin (iron storing protein) in
blood.
• Iron is the central atom present in the haemoglobin in ferrous state
and is a crucial element for RBCs formation.
• Normal daily requirement of iron intake in men is about 1-2 mg
and 3 mg for women.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
A shortage of the element iron in the body.
Our bone marrow needs iron to make haemoglobin.
Without adequate iron, body can't produce enough
haemoglobin for RBCs.
Decreased haemoglobin may result insufaficient oxygen
delivery to the tissues.
AND CAUSE ANAEMIA
PATHOGENESIS
BLOOD LOSS:
Occult or over GI losses, traumatic or surgical losses
FAILURE TO MEET INCREASED REQUIEREMENTS:
Rapid growth in infancy and adolescence
Menstruation, pregnancy
INADEQUATEIRON ABSORPTION:
Diet low in heme iron
Gastrointestinal disease or surgery
Excessive cow’s milk intake in infants
SYMPTOMS
CHEST PAIN PALE SKIN BRITTLE NAILS HEADACHE
APTHOUS ULCER FASTER HEART RATE
CAUSES
Increased Demand for Iron
Rapid growth in infancy or adolescence,
Pregnancy,
Erythropoietin therapy.
Increased Iron Loss
Chronic blood loss,
Menses,
Acute blood loss,
Blood donation,
Phlebotomy as treatment for polycythemia vera.
Decreased Iron take or Absorption
Inadequate diet,
Malabsorption from disease,
Malabsorption from surgery,
Acute or chronic inflammation.
USEFUL TESTS FOR IRON DEFICIENCY INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:
Complete blood count,
Measurement of lead in tissue,
Bone marrow aspiration,
Peripheral blood smear,
Reticulocyte hemoglobin content,
Hemoglobin electrophoresis and measurement of hemoglobin A2 and fetal
hemoglobin,
Stool testing.
Endoscopy
Colonoscopy
Ultrasound
TREATMENT OF IRON DEFICIENCY
Iron deficiency is treated with oral or parenteral iron preparation.
Oral iron corrects the anemia just as rapidly and completely as
parenteral iron in most cases if iron absorption from the GIT is
normal.
Different iron salt provide different amount of elemental iron.
In iron deficient individual, about 50-80mg of iron can be
incorporated in hemoglobin daily and about 25% of oral ferrous
salt can be absorbed.
CONCLUSIONS
Iron deficiency is an acquiered disease with an estimated 3 billion
people affected and represents a major public health problem
worldwide.
Recent advances in iron metabolism led to the recognition of new
entities of iron deficiency in nonbleeding and ‘‘high cost diet’’
nourished individuals.
Apparently rare, these genetic forms of iron deficiency should be
recognized by hematologists, as they are refractory to classical oral
or intravenous iron administration.

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IRON DEFICIENCY.pdf

  • 1. HEMATOLOGICAL DISEASES •Hematological diseases are disorders which primarily affect the blood and blood- forming organs. Hematologic diseases include rare genetic disorders,anemia, sickle cell anemia, megaloblostic anemia,iron deficiency like diseases and complications from chemotherapy or transfusions.
  • 2. IRON DEFICIENCY • Iron deficiency is the most common form of anemia occurs when the body does not have adequate iron. • Also occur as a result of blood as in menstrual blood loss, pregnancy, gastrointestinal bleeding (peptic ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease and cancer). • Low levels of serum iron and ferritin (iron storing protein) in blood. • Iron is the central atom present in the haemoglobin in ferrous state and is a crucial element for RBCs formation. • Normal daily requirement of iron intake in men is about 1-2 mg and 3 mg for women.
  • 3. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY A shortage of the element iron in the body. Our bone marrow needs iron to make haemoglobin. Without adequate iron, body can't produce enough haemoglobin for RBCs. Decreased haemoglobin may result insufaficient oxygen delivery to the tissues. AND CAUSE ANAEMIA
  • 4. PATHOGENESIS BLOOD LOSS: Occult or over GI losses, traumatic or surgical losses FAILURE TO MEET INCREASED REQUIEREMENTS: Rapid growth in infancy and adolescence Menstruation, pregnancy INADEQUATEIRON ABSORPTION: Diet low in heme iron Gastrointestinal disease or surgery Excessive cow’s milk intake in infants
  • 5. SYMPTOMS CHEST PAIN PALE SKIN BRITTLE NAILS HEADACHE APTHOUS ULCER FASTER HEART RATE
  • 6. CAUSES Increased Demand for Iron Rapid growth in infancy or adolescence, Pregnancy, Erythropoietin therapy. Increased Iron Loss Chronic blood loss, Menses, Acute blood loss, Blood donation, Phlebotomy as treatment for polycythemia vera. Decreased Iron take or Absorption Inadequate diet, Malabsorption from disease, Malabsorption from surgery, Acute or chronic inflammation.
  • 7. USEFUL TESTS FOR IRON DEFICIENCY INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: Complete blood count, Measurement of lead in tissue, Bone marrow aspiration, Peripheral blood smear, Reticulocyte hemoglobin content, Hemoglobin electrophoresis and measurement of hemoglobin A2 and fetal hemoglobin, Stool testing. Endoscopy Colonoscopy Ultrasound
  • 8. TREATMENT OF IRON DEFICIENCY Iron deficiency is treated with oral or parenteral iron preparation. Oral iron corrects the anemia just as rapidly and completely as parenteral iron in most cases if iron absorption from the GIT is normal. Different iron salt provide different amount of elemental iron. In iron deficient individual, about 50-80mg of iron can be incorporated in hemoglobin daily and about 25% of oral ferrous salt can be absorbed.
  • 9. CONCLUSIONS Iron deficiency is an acquiered disease with an estimated 3 billion people affected and represents a major public health problem worldwide. Recent advances in iron metabolism led to the recognition of new entities of iron deficiency in nonbleeding and ‘‘high cost diet’’ nourished individuals. Apparently rare, these genetic forms of iron deficiency should be recognized by hematologists, as they are refractory to classical oral or intravenous iron administration.