Iron deficiency anemia
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This document discusses iron deficiency anemia, including its morphological classification, red blood cell indices, causes, pathogenesis, physical findings, and management. It notes that iron deficiency anemia results in microcytic hypochromic anemia with a low MCV and MCHC. The progression involves depletion of iron stores, decreased ferritin and iron, and increased TIBC, eventually resulting in microcytic hypochromic anemia seen on peripheral smear. Common physical findings include angular stomatitis, glossitis, koilonychia, and atrophic gastritis. Treatment involves iron supplementation orally or intravenously, with blood transfusion for severe anemia.
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Anemia
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r
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1-Differentiate between the different causes of anemia
2. Discuss the investigations that may clarify the diagnosis
3. Recognize the predisposing factors and consequences of iron deficiency anemia and discuss how to manage it
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prepared by med_students0
Anemia ppt
Anemia is a condition in which you lack enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your body's tissues. In these slides you will get to know types of anemias and pathology .
Anemia (iron deficiency anemia)
This document discusses iron deficiency anemia. It begins by classifying anemias based on red blood cell morphology and etiology. Iron deficiency anemia is then explained in more detail. The symptoms, absorption of iron, and laboratory tests are summarized. The risks factors, treatment involving iron supplements, and prevention through an iron-rich diet are highlighted.
Anemia
Anemia is a reduction in RBCs
which in turn decreases the oxygen
carrying capacity of blood.
Anemia is not a specific
disease state but a sign of an
underlying disorder.
Anemia
Anaemia is defined as a reduction in hemoglobin levels below 130 g/l for males and 120 g/l for females. It can result from blood loss, increased red blood cell destruction, or decreased red blood cell production. Anemias are classified based on red blood cell size as microcytic, macrocytic, or normocytic. Common symptoms of anemia include fatigue, rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, and pale skin. The causes and treatment of anemia vary depending on the underlying pathology.
Anemia
1. The document discusses various types of anemia including iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, thalassemia, and aplastic anemia.
2. It provides definitions, causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and management for each type.
3. The types are classified based on their etiology and morphology. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type globally.
Anemia
This document provides information about anemia. It begins with an introduction stating that anemia is a major problem in India, affecting many women and contributing to maternal deaths. The objectives of the document are then outlined, including defining anemia, classifying types, and discussing causes, symptoms, investigations, treatment and prevention. The main types of anemia covered include iron deficiency, megaloblastic, pernicious, hemorrhagic, hemolytic, thalassemia, and sickle cell anemia. Risk factors, signs and symptoms, lab investigations, and management approaches including dietary recommendations and pharmacological treatments are described. The goals of treatment are to normalize hemoglobin and iron levels.
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This document defines anemia and provides details about its causes, types, and treatment. It begins by defining anemia as a blood disorder where there is a deficiency in oxygen-carrying capacity due to reduced red blood cells or hemoglobin. The main causes of anemia include blood loss, red blood cell destruction, and insufficient red blood cell production. The document further classifies anemia into microcytic, macrocytic, and normocytic types based on red blood cell size, and lists specific conditions that fall under each type such as iron deficiency, B12 deficiency, and aplastic anemia. Common tests used to diagnose anemia and the information they provide are also outlined.
Recommended
Anemia
p
r
r
1-Differentiate between the different causes of anemia
2. Discuss the investigations that may clarify the diagnosis
3. Recognize the predisposing factors and consequences of iron deficiency anemia and discuss how to manage it
4. Discuss the hereditary basis and clinical features of sickle cell anemia and thalassemia .
prepared by med_students0
Anemia ppt
Anemia is a condition in which you lack enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your body's tissues. In these slides you will get to know types of anemias and pathology .
Anemia (iron deficiency anemia)
This document discusses iron deficiency anemia. It begins by classifying anemias based on red blood cell morphology and etiology. Iron deficiency anemia is then explained in more detail. The symptoms, absorption of iron, and laboratory tests are summarized. The risks factors, treatment involving iron supplements, and prevention through an iron-rich diet are highlighted.
Anemia
Anemia is a reduction in RBCs
which in turn decreases the oxygen
carrying capacity of blood.
Anemia is not a specific
disease state but a sign of an
underlying disorder.
Anemia
Anaemia is defined as a reduction in hemoglobin levels below 130 g/l for males and 120 g/l for females. It can result from blood loss, increased red blood cell destruction, or decreased red blood cell production. Anemias are classified based on red blood cell size as microcytic, macrocytic, or normocytic. Common symptoms of anemia include fatigue, rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, and pale skin. The causes and treatment of anemia vary depending on the underlying pathology.
Anemia
1. The document discusses various types of anemia including iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, thalassemia, and aplastic anemia.
2. It provides definitions, causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and management for each type.
3. The types are classified based on their etiology and morphology. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type globally.
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This document provides information about anemia. It begins with an introduction stating that anemia is a major problem in India, affecting many women and contributing to maternal deaths. The objectives of the document are then outlined, including defining anemia, classifying types, and discussing causes, symptoms, investigations, treatment and prevention. The main types of anemia covered include iron deficiency, megaloblastic, pernicious, hemorrhagic, hemolytic, thalassemia, and sickle cell anemia. Risk factors, signs and symptoms, lab investigations, and management approaches including dietary recommendations and pharmacological treatments are described. The goals of treatment are to normalize hemoglobin and iron levels.
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This document defines anemia and provides details about its causes, types, and treatment. It begins by defining anemia as a blood disorder where there is a deficiency in oxygen-carrying capacity due to reduced red blood cells or hemoglobin. The main causes of anemia include blood loss, red blood cell destruction, and insufficient red blood cell production. The document further classifies anemia into microcytic, macrocytic, and normocytic types based on red blood cell size, and lists specific conditions that fall under each type such as iron deficiency, B12 deficiency, and aplastic anemia. Common tests used to diagnose anemia and the information they provide are also outlined.
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This document outlines the evaluation of a patient with anemia. It defines anemia and describes the kinetic and morphologic approaches to identifying the underlying cause. Anemia can result from decreased red blood cell production, increased destruction, or blood loss. A history, physical exam, and initial lab tests including a complete blood count, red blood cell indices, peripheral smear, and reticulocyte count can help determine if the anemia is caused by bleeding, hemolysis, bone marrow suppression, iron, B12 or folate deficiency. The size of red blood cells on the smear also provides clues about the etiology of normocytic, macrocytic or microcytic anemias.
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Anemia can be seen in the emergency department both as a primary pathological process or secondary to both medical and surgical diseases. Moreover, acute anemia can occur in children who have been otherwise healthy, who have systemic disease, or who have known hematologic disorders. Anemia may indicate a disorder with a single hematopoietic cell line (eg, red blood cells) or may be associated with changes in multiple cell lines indicative of bone marrow involvement, immunologic disease, peripheral destruction of erythrocytes, or sequestration of cells. Independent of the etiology, prompt diagnosis is predicated on understanding the classifications of anemia, the associated presenting symptoms, and the proper ordering and interpretation of laboratory studies. This article will discuss the evaluation, proper classification, differential diagnosis, and initial management of acute anemia using cases representative of those that might be seen in the pediatric emergency department.
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This document discusses anemia and provides information about its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It begins with an overview of anemia, defining it as a blood disorder where the body does not have enough red blood cells. The document then discusses the global prevalence of anemia, especially iron deficiency anemia. It outlines the main causes of anemia as the body making too few red blood cells, destroying too many red blood cells, or losing too many red blood cells. The signs and symptoms of anemia are described, ranging from mild to severe. Methods for diagnosing anemia through blood tests are also summarized.
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This document summarizes various blood disorders and their oral manifestations. It discusses disorders of red blood cells like iron-deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia, and sickle cell anemia. It also covers disorders of white blood cells such as leukemia and leukopenia. For each condition, it describes the causes, clinical features, diagnosis, and potential oral signs including gingival bleeding, ulcers, and infections. In general, these blood disorders can cause oral pallor, infections, and changes in taste or tooth development.
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This document summarizes key components of hematology, including the components of blood, hemoglobin, blood therapies, anemia, blood clotting disorders, and leukemia. It describes that blood contains plasma, buffy coat, and red blood cells, and hemoglobin is the protein that transports oxygen in red blood cells. Therapies include whole blood transfusions, erythropoietin to stimulate red blood cell production, and bone marrow transplants. Anemia can be caused by nutrient deficiencies, blood loss, or bone marrow issues. Specific types include pernicious, aplastic, hemolytic, sickle cell and thalassemia. Blood clotting disorders involve platelet or clotting factor deficiencies. Leuke
Anaemia- Classification, types, causes, pathophysiology, etiology
anaemia and its classification, blood transfusion, blood group, erythroblastosis foetalis, blood component , use of blood components in human diseases. blood group reaction
Approach To A Patient With Anemia
1. Anemia can be classified based on MCV as microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic. Laboratory data and physical exam findings help determine the underlying cause.
2. Automated hematology analyzers use electrical impedance and light scattering to count and characterize blood cells from a sample. This provides rapid results but still requires confirming abnormal findings on a peripheral smear.
3. A thorough history, physical exam, and initial lab work can help establish a differential diagnosis and guide further testing for a patient presenting with anemia.
Hematologic disorders
This document provides an overview of hematologic disorders and summarizes several types of anemias and myeloproliferative disorders. It describes the components of blood and the process of hematopoiesis. Key points about iron deficiency anemia include its microcytic, hypochromic appearance and common causes like blood loss or dietary deficiencies. Pernicious anemia results from vitamin B12 deficiency due to lack of intrinsic factor. Folic acid deficiency can also cause megaloblastic anemia. Aplastic anemia is a bone marrow failure disorder causing pancytopenia. Polycythemia vera involves overproduction of all blood cell lines. Leukemias are malignant disorders involving accumulation of immature blood cells with
Anemia new
This 20-year old male presented with a history of delayed growth, puberty, fever, severe joint pain and abdominal pain. Examination found pallor, icterus and tenderness. Labs showed anemia, elevated bilirubin and liver enzymes. Peripheral smear showed normocytic normochromic RBCs with some sickle cells. USG found gallstones and spleen not visualized. Hb electrophoresis showed HbS, consistent with sickle cell anemia.
Anemia basic and approach
The diagnosis is vitamin B12 deficiency (pernicious anemia).
The neurologic findings can be explained by the fact that severe B12 deficiency can damage the dorsal and lateral columns of the spinal cord, leading to decreased vibratory sense, loss of position sense in the joints, and possibly ataxia. This is because B12 is essential for myelin formation and maintenance in the nervous system.
The next step would be to measure the patient's serum B12 level and consider treatment with parenteral B12 injections if deficient.
Anemia
Anemia is a condition in which you lack enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your body's tissues.
Having anemia can make you feel tired and weak.
There are many forms of anemia, each with its own cause.
Anemia can be temporary or long term, and it can range from mild to severe.
anemia- oral health
This document provides an overview of anemia, including its classification, diagnosis, clinically significant variants, and treatment with drug therapy. It discusses the morphological, etiological, and quantitative classification of anemia. The clinically significant variants covered are iron deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and aplastic anemia. It also outlines the diagnosis of anemia through laboratory tests and symptoms. The treatment section focuses on drug therapy for iron deficiency anemia, including oral and parenteral iron supplementation, and managing iron overload and B12/folate deficiencies.
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Approach to anaemia, with Definition, NORMAL IRON CYCLE and mechanism ,classification of anaemia ,diagnostic approach.
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This document discusses various types of anemia. It defines anemia and describes how it is classified based on red blood cell size, hemoglobin content, and underlying pathophysiological mechanism. Several specific types of anemia are then discussed in more detail, including iron deficiency anemia, aplastic anemia, pure red cell aplasia, anemia of chronic disease, hereditary spherocytosis, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. For each type, the document outlines causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, laboratory/blood smear findings, and treatment.
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Anemia is defined as a deficiency in oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood due to diminished red blood cells. It is classified as regenerative or non-regenerative based on bone marrow response. Anemia is measured by hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume, and red cell distribution width. Symptoms include fatigue, dizziness, and shortness of breath. Causes include blood loss, increased destruction, or decreased production. Chronic ulcers like venous and diabetic ulcers account for most cases and result from prolonged pressure or reduced blood flow to tissues.
Approach to anemia
This document discusses the approach to diagnosing and classifying anemia. It defines anemia and notes that normal hemoglobin levels vary by age, gender, and race. A thorough history and physical exam can reveal potential causes like diet, blood loss, infections, or medications. Laboratory tests including a CBC, smear, and reticulocyte count help classify anemias as microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic based on red blood cell size. Iron deficiency is a common cause of anemia in children. Hemolytic disorders cause shortened red blood cell survival.
Anemia
This document discusses pediatric anemia. It defines anemia based on hemoglobin and hematocrit levels below certain thresholds defined by age and sex. Anemia results in physiological adaptations like increased cardiac output to maintain oxygen delivery to tissues. Causes of anemia vary by age and can be multifactorial, including nutritional deficiencies, blood loss, infections, and genetic disorders. Iron deficiency is a common cause, presenting with microcytic indices and low iron studies. Evaluation involves a complete blood count and smear to classify anemia, along with testing to identify the underlying cause.
Anaemia pathology ppt
This document provides an overview of hematopoiesis, erythropoiesis, and anemia. It discusses where blood cell formation occurs, the lifespan and production rate of red blood cells, and how hypoxia stimulates erythropoietin production. It defines anemia, lists global and country prevalence data, and compensatory mechanisms. It describes classifications of anemia including morphological and etiological, and covers causes such as blood loss, bone marrow disorders, nutritional deficiencies, and hemolytic anemias. Laboratory evaluation of anemia and peripheral blood smear findings are also summarized.
Approach to anemia
The document discusses the approach to evaluating and diagnosing anemia. It defines anemia as a reduction in hemoglobin or red blood cell volume below normal levels. The evaluation involves taking a thorough history including symptoms, medications, travel, diet and family history. A physical exam evaluates for pallor, jaundice, organomegaly and bruising. Initial labs help classify anemia as macrocytic, microcytic or normocytic. Further testing is then guided by these characteristics to identify potential causes such as nutritional deficiencies, bleeding disorders, infections, liver or bone marrow diseases.
Approach to anemia
This document outlines the evaluation of a patient with anemia. It defines anemia and describes the kinetic and morphologic approaches to identifying the underlying cause. Anemia can result from decreased red blood cell production, increased destruction, or blood loss. A history, physical exam, and initial lab tests including a complete blood count, red blood cell indices, peripheral smear, and reticulocyte count can help determine if the anemia is caused by bleeding, hemolysis, bone marrow suppression, iron, B12 or folate deficiency. The size of red blood cells on the smear also provides clues about the etiology of normocytic, macrocytic or microcytic anemias.
Acute anemia in children
Anemia can be seen in the emergency department both as a primary pathological process or secondary to both medical and surgical diseases. Moreover, acute anemia can occur in children who have been otherwise healthy, who have systemic disease, or who have known hematologic disorders. Anemia may indicate a disorder with a single hematopoietic cell line (eg, red blood cells) or may be associated with changes in multiple cell lines indicative of bone marrow involvement, immunologic disease, peripheral destruction of erythrocytes, or sequestration of cells. Independent of the etiology, prompt diagnosis is predicated on understanding the classifications of anemia, the associated presenting symptoms, and the proper ordering and interpretation of laboratory studies. This article will discuss the evaluation, proper classification, differential diagnosis, and initial management of acute anemia using cases representative of those that might be seen in the pediatric emergency department.
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This document discusses anemia and provides information about its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It begins with an overview of anemia, defining it as a blood disorder where the body does not have enough red blood cells. The document then discusses the global prevalence of anemia, especially iron deficiency anemia. It outlines the main causes of anemia as the body making too few red blood cells, destroying too many red blood cells, or losing too many red blood cells. The signs and symptoms of anemia are described, ranging from mild to severe. Methods for diagnosing anemia through blood tests are also summarized.
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The document discusses how to approach and categorize anemia. It can be categorized based on time (acute vs chronic), cause (under production vs over destruction/loss), and red blood cell indices (MCV, RDW). Acute anemia causes a sudden drop in hemoglobin and is usually symptomatic, while chronic anemia decreases gradually and is often asymptomatic. Under production is identified by decreased reticulocytes, while over destruction shows increased reticulocytes and signs of hemolysis. Morphology approaches classify anemia as macrocytic, normocytic, or microcytic based on MCV. A thorough history, physical exam, and basic investigations can help identify the differential diagnosis and guide further
Polycythemia
This document discusses polycythemia, which refers to an increased red blood cell mass. It is classified as either relative, due to decreased plasma volume, or absolute, which can be primary or secondary. Primary polycythemia, also known as polycythemia vera, results from a stem cell mutation and autonomous red blood cell proliferation. It presents with symptoms like cyanosis, headaches, and thrombosis risk. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing increased red blood cells, hematocrit, and neutrophils. Bone marrow biopsy may show fibrosis. Treatment focuses on phlebotomy and medication to control the excessive red blood cell count.
Oral manifestations of blood disorders
This document summarizes various blood disorders and their oral manifestations. It discusses disorders of red blood cells like iron-deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia, and sickle cell anemia. It also covers disorders of white blood cells such as leukemia and leukopenia. For each condition, it describes the causes, clinical features, diagnosis, and potential oral signs including gingival bleeding, ulcers, and infections. In general, these blood disorders can cause oral pallor, infections, and changes in taste or tooth development.
Pathophysiology: Hematology
This document summarizes key components of hematology, including the components of blood, hemoglobin, blood therapies, anemia, blood clotting disorders, and leukemia. It describes that blood contains plasma, buffy coat, and red blood cells, and hemoglobin is the protein that transports oxygen in red blood cells. Therapies include whole blood transfusions, erythropoietin to stimulate red blood cell production, and bone marrow transplants. Anemia can be caused by nutrient deficiencies, blood loss, or bone marrow issues. Specific types include pernicious, aplastic, hemolytic, sickle cell and thalassemia. Blood clotting disorders involve platelet or clotting factor deficiencies. Leuke
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Approach To A Patient With Anemia
1. Anemia can be classified based on MCV as microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic. Laboratory data and physical exam findings help determine the underlying cause.
2. Automated hematology analyzers use electrical impedance and light scattering to count and characterize blood cells from a sample. This provides rapid results but still requires confirming abnormal findings on a peripheral smear.
3. A thorough history, physical exam, and initial lab work can help establish a differential diagnosis and guide further testing for a patient presenting with anemia.
Hematologic disorders
This document provides an overview of hematologic disorders and summarizes several types of anemias and myeloproliferative disorders. It describes the components of blood and the process of hematopoiesis. Key points about iron deficiency anemia include its microcytic, hypochromic appearance and common causes like blood loss or dietary deficiencies. Pernicious anemia results from vitamin B12 deficiency due to lack of intrinsic factor. Folic acid deficiency can also cause megaloblastic anemia. Aplastic anemia is a bone marrow failure disorder causing pancytopenia. Polycythemia vera involves overproduction of all blood cell lines. Leukemias are malignant disorders involving accumulation of immature blood cells with
Anemia new
This 20-year old male presented with a history of delayed growth, puberty, fever, severe joint pain and abdominal pain. Examination found pallor, icterus and tenderness. Labs showed anemia, elevated bilirubin and liver enzymes. Peripheral smear showed normocytic normochromic RBCs with some sickle cells. USG found gallstones and spleen not visualized. Hb electrophoresis showed HbS, consistent with sickle cell anemia.
Anemia basic and approach
The diagnosis is vitamin B12 deficiency (pernicious anemia).
The neurologic findings can be explained by the fact that severe B12 deficiency can damage the dorsal and lateral columns of the spinal cord, leading to decreased vibratory sense, loss of position sense in the joints, and possibly ataxia. This is because B12 is essential for myelin formation and maintenance in the nervous system.
The next step would be to measure the patient's serum B12 level and consider treatment with parenteral B12 injections if deficient.
Anemia
Anemia is a condition in which you lack enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your body's tissues.
Having anemia can make you feel tired and weak.
There are many forms of anemia, each with its own cause.
Anemia can be temporary or long term, and it can range from mild to severe.
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This document provides an overview of anemia, including its classification, diagnosis, clinically significant variants, and treatment with drug therapy. It discusses the morphological, etiological, and quantitative classification of anemia. The clinically significant variants covered are iron deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and aplastic anemia. It also outlines the diagnosis of anemia through laboratory tests and symptoms. The treatment section focuses on drug therapy for iron deficiency anemia, including oral and parenteral iron supplementation, and managing iron overload and B12/folate deficiencies.
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Anemia; causes, types, laboratory investigations
Title: Understanding Anemia: Causes, Types, Clinical Features, and Diagnostic Investigations
Anemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency in the number or quality of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood, leading to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity. It is a prevalent global health issue affecting people of all ages, genders, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Understanding the causes, types, clinical features, and diagnostic investigations of anemia is crucial for effective management and treatment.
**Causes of Anemia:**
Anemia can result from various factors that disrupt the production, lifespan, or function of red blood cells. Some common causes include:
1. **Iron Deficiency:** Insufficient intake or absorption of iron, essential for hemoglobin synthesis, is a primary cause of anemia globally. It can stem from poor dietary intake, chronic blood loss (e.g., menstruation, gastrointestinal bleeding), or increased demand during pregnancy.
2. **Vitamin Deficiencies:** Deficiencies in vitamins such as vitamin B12 (cobalamin) or folate (vitamin B9) can impair RBC production, leading to megaloblastic anemia.
3. **Chronic Diseases:** Conditions like chronic kidney disease, inflammatory disorders (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis), and infections can disrupt erythropoiesis (RBC production) or accelerate RBC destruction, causing anemia.
4. **Hemolytic Disorders:** Inherited or acquired conditions that increase the breakdown (hemolysis) of red blood cells, such as sickle cell disease, thalassemia, or autoimmune hemolytic anemia, can result in anemia.
5. **Bone Marrow Disorders:** Diseases affecting the bone marrow, including leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and aplastic anemia, can lead to decreased RBC production and anemia.
**Types of Anemia:**
Anemia is classified based on the underlying mechanism or etiology, leading to several types:
1. **Iron-Deficiency Anemia:** Characterized by low iron levels, resulting in decreased hemoglobin synthesis and microcytic (small-sized) RBCs.
2. **Megaloblastic Anemia:** Caused by impaired DNA synthesis in RBC precursors due to deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folate, leading to macrocytic (large-sized) RBCs.
3. **Hemolytic Anemia:** Occurs due to increased RBC destruction, either intravascularly (within blood vessels) or extravascularly (outside blood vessels), leading to various subtypes like autoimmune hemolytic anemia, hereditary spherocytosis, and sickle cell disease.
4. **Anemia of Chronic Disease:** Associated with chronic inflammation, infections, or malignancies, leading to impaired iron metabolism and decreased RBC production.
5. **Aplastic Anemia:** Results from bone marrow failure, leading to decreased production of all blood cell types, including RBCs.
**Clinical Features of Anemia:**
The clinical presentation of anemia can vary depending on its severity, underlying cause, and individual factors. Common clinical features include:
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Micro cytic hypochromic ...
Microcytic anemia is caused by a reduction in red blood cell size (MCV). Common causes include iron deficiency and thalassemia. In iron deficiency anemia, low iron intake or absorption leads to microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells. Thalassemia is a genetic disorder causing reduced or absent globin chain synthesis and abnormal hemoglobin. Other potential causes of microcytic anemia include chronic disease, lead poisoning, and sideroblastic anemia. Diagnosis involves blood tests of red cell indices like MCV, MCH, and RDW, along with serum iron levels and bone marrow examination.
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This document discusses anemia, including its definition, pathobiology, classification, causes, clinical presentation, evaluation, and treatment. Anemia is defined as a reduction in circulating red blood cells and can be caused by blood loss, bone marrow disorders, or nutritional deficiencies. The document describes the different types of anemia including iron-deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, aplastic anemia, and anemia related to chronic diseases. Evaluation involves blood tests and bone marrow examination. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include oral or intravenous iron, B12, folate supplements, blood transfusions, or addressing underlying diseases.
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This document summarizes a seminar on different types of anemia. It begins with an introduction to anemia and classifications of anemia. It then covers specific types of anemia in more detail through various presentations, including hemorrhagic anemia, hemolytic anemia, iron deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, aplastic anemia, and anemia of chronic disease. It concludes by thanking the student presenters.
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Laboratory diagnosis of anemia
This document discusses the laboratory diagnosis of anemia. It defines anemia, outlines the clinical presentation and initial workup, and describes the classification and distinct features of different types of anemia including iron deficiency, megaloblastic, hemolytic, aplastic, thalassemia, and sickle cell anemia. The diagnostic approach involves analyzing red blood cell indices and peripheral smears to classify anemias as microcytic, macrocytic, or normocytic and then further evaluating based on etiology.
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- 3. RED CELL INDICES • Microcytic anemia have MCV < 80 fL and macrocytic anemia have MCV> 100 fL. • MCH < 26 pg is seen in microcytic anemia and MCH > 33 pg is seen in macrocytic anemia. It is of limited value in differential diagnosis of anemias • MCHC<31 g/dL is seen in hypochromic RBC such as IDA and thalassemia. MCHC >36 g/dL is an indication of hyperchromic RBCs. It is a better indicator of hypochromasia than MCH 4. Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) •• RDW is a quantitative measure of anisocytosis. •• Normal RDW is 11.5% to 14.5%. •• A normal RDW indicates that RBCs are relatively uniform in size. A raised RDW indicates that red cells are heterogeneous in size and/or shape. In early iron deficiency anemia, RDW increases along with low MCV while in thalassemia trait, RDW is normal with low MCV.
- 4. CAUSES OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
- 5. PATHOGENESIS OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA Stages of IDA in sequence: absent of iron stores→ decreased serum ferritin→ decreased serum iron→ increased TIBC → decreased iron saturation→ microcytic hypochromic anemia.
- 7. DIAGRAMMATIC APPEARANCE OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD SMEAR WITH MICROCYTIC HYPOCHROMIC RED BLOOD CELLS
- 8. REDUCED: SERUM IRON, FERRITIN, % TRANSFERRIN SATURATION. INCREASED: TIBC, TFR AND RED CELL PROTOPORPHYRIN.
- 9. CLINICAL FEATURES OF IDA • Nonspecific and related to both severity and the cause of the anemia (e.g. gastrointestinal disease) • •• Onset: insidious. • •• Nonspecific symptoms: fatigue, palpitations, breathlessness, weakness and irritability. • •• Pharyngeal/esophageal webs formed cause dysphagia. • •• Patterson-Kelly or Plummer-Vinson syndrome: • –– Microcytic hypochromic anemia • –– Atrophic glossitis • –– Esophageal webs • •• Congestive heart failure in severe anemia. • •• Central nervous system: pica-unusual craving for substances with no nutritional value like clay or chalk. Craving for ice (pagophagia) specific to iron deficiency. Pica may be the cause rather than effect of IDA.
- 10. PHYSICAL FINDINGS • Diminished tissue enzymes cause characteristic epithelial changes of iron deficiency anemia. • •• Angular stomatitis and glossitis • •• Chronic atrophic gastritis • •• Koilonychia (spoon nails) • Koilonychia (spoon nails) is a physical finding seen in iron deficiency. First fingernails become thin and flat-platonychia, then brittle and finally spoon shaped.
- 11. ADDITIONAL HX IN ANEMIA
- 12. HX IN ANEMIA
- 15. MANAGEMENT • Treatment of the cause • Oral Ferrous sulphate 200 mg – 1+1+1 B/M • Check Hb after 4-8 weeks and then continue for 3-6 months • IV Iron if Severe anemia/late stage of pregnancy/intolerance/CRF/malabsorption : 500 mg Iron carboxymaltose with DA or NS • Blood transfusion if Hb less than 7 or Angina Heart failure Evidence of cerebral hypoxia