The Troubles in Northern Ireland lasted from 1969-1998 and involved violent conflict between nationalists who wanted Ireland to be united and unionists who wanted Northern Ireland to remain part of the United Kingdom. Religious and political divisions dated back centuries but erupted into open conflict in the late 1960s. Attempts at power sharing agreements failed due to opposition from both republican paramilitaries and unionist protesters. The hunger strikes of 1980-1981 were pivotal protests that helped propel Sinn Fein's political strategy. Ultimately, the Good Friday Agreement in 1998 established a fragile peace after decades of violence and over 3,000 deaths.
The document provides a historical overview of Vietnam from 1945 to 1979, including key events and figures. It describes Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh fighting French colonization after World War 2 and their eventual victory in 1954. It then discusses the US increasing involvement against the communist North, escalating bombing campaigns and troop levels. Public opinion turned as the war dragged on without clear success. The US withdrew in 1973 and North Vietnam reunited the country under communist rule in 1975.
The document summarizes key events leading up to and during World War II. It discusses how the US initially tried to stay out of European affairs after WWI but eventually provided support to Britain through destroyers and lend-lease. Japan's expansionism led to conflict and their attack on Pearl Harbor brought the US into the war. The Allied strategies involved defeating Germany first then focusing on island hopping to defeat Japan, which ultimately required atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki leading to Japan's surrender.
The document outlines important events in United States history from 1941 to 2001, including America's involvement in World War II, the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, the formation of the United Nations and NATO, the civil rights movement led by Martin Luther King Jr., America landing on the moon, and the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Key domestic events included the Supreme Court ruling against segregation in schools and Alaska and Hawaii becoming states. The document asks what additional event could be added to this timeline of American history.
Major Events of WWII [power point] 1942 43William Hogan
The Japanese had great success in 1942, capturing Singapore, the Philippines, and advancing through Southeast Asia. However, Allied codebreakers helped predict a Japanese attack on Midway Island in June 1942. In the resulting Battle of Midway, the US destroyed four Japanese aircraft carriers, marking a turning point in the Pacific War. Fighting continued in New Guinea and Guadalcanal through 1943 as the Allies pushed back against Japan. Meanwhile, the Germans advanced deep into Soviet territory in 1942 but became overextended, leading to their defeat at the Battle of Stalingrad later that year.
American foreign policy in the period from 1920-1941 was characterized by tensions between isolationism and interventionism. Several key events influenced this, including the rejection of the Treaty of Versailles, attempts at naval disarmament with allies, and debates around supporting European debts post-WWI. The US passed a series of Neutrality Acts in the 1930s in response to fascism's rise in Europe and Japan's aggression in Asia, though support grew for aiding allies as Germany and Japan continued expansionism into the late 1930s. Japan's bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941 ended isolationism and brought the US fully into World War II.
This document provides an overview of American foreign policy between 1920 and 1941. It discusses the tensions between interventionism and isolationism in the aftermath of World War I. Key events included the Washington Naval Conference, debt reparations to the US from European nations, and the Kellogg-Briand Pact outlawing war. Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931 increased tensions in Asia. The Neutrality Acts of the 1930s aimed to keep the US out of future European conflicts but limited presidential options. Fascist aggression in Europe and Asia throughout the late 1930s challenged American non-intervention. The 1941 Lend-Lease Act allowed aid to be sent to Allied nations. The bombing of Pearl Harbor by Japan
This document provides context on US involvement in WWII. It discusses the US policy of isolationism following WWI and the events that challenged this, including Hitler's rise to power in Germany and invasion of European countries. While FDR wanted to assist allies, the US was bound by Neutrality Acts. However, Roosevelt supplied allies with materials through cash-and-carry provisions and the Lend Lease Act. Growing tensions and events like the bombing of Pearl Harbor eventually led the US to enter WWII and abandon its neutral stance.
The document summarizes America's involvement in World War II from 1941 to 1945. It discusses the war being fought on two fronts in Asia and Europe. It also examines the experiences of different groups in America during the war, including minorities and women. Finally, it outlines key military campaigns and events that led to the defeat of the Axis powers, including D-Day, the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and Japan's surrender in 1945.
The document provides a historical overview of Vietnam from 1945 to 1979, including key events and figures. It describes Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh fighting French colonization after World War 2 and their eventual victory in 1954. It then discusses the US increasing involvement against the communist North, escalating bombing campaigns and troop levels. Public opinion turned as the war dragged on without clear success. The US withdrew in 1973 and North Vietnam reunited the country under communist rule in 1975.
The document summarizes key events leading up to and during World War II. It discusses how the US initially tried to stay out of European affairs after WWI but eventually provided support to Britain through destroyers and lend-lease. Japan's expansionism led to conflict and their attack on Pearl Harbor brought the US into the war. The Allied strategies involved defeating Germany first then focusing on island hopping to defeat Japan, which ultimately required atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki leading to Japan's surrender.
The document outlines important events in United States history from 1941 to 2001, including America's involvement in World War II, the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, the formation of the United Nations and NATO, the civil rights movement led by Martin Luther King Jr., America landing on the moon, and the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Key domestic events included the Supreme Court ruling against segregation in schools and Alaska and Hawaii becoming states. The document asks what additional event could be added to this timeline of American history.
Major Events of WWII [power point] 1942 43William Hogan
The Japanese had great success in 1942, capturing Singapore, the Philippines, and advancing through Southeast Asia. However, Allied codebreakers helped predict a Japanese attack on Midway Island in June 1942. In the resulting Battle of Midway, the US destroyed four Japanese aircraft carriers, marking a turning point in the Pacific War. Fighting continued in New Guinea and Guadalcanal through 1943 as the Allies pushed back against Japan. Meanwhile, the Germans advanced deep into Soviet territory in 1942 but became overextended, leading to their defeat at the Battle of Stalingrad later that year.
American foreign policy in the period from 1920-1941 was characterized by tensions between isolationism and interventionism. Several key events influenced this, including the rejection of the Treaty of Versailles, attempts at naval disarmament with allies, and debates around supporting European debts post-WWI. The US passed a series of Neutrality Acts in the 1930s in response to fascism's rise in Europe and Japan's aggression in Asia, though support grew for aiding allies as Germany and Japan continued expansionism into the late 1930s. Japan's bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941 ended isolationism and brought the US fully into World War II.
This document provides an overview of American foreign policy between 1920 and 1941. It discusses the tensions between interventionism and isolationism in the aftermath of World War I. Key events included the Washington Naval Conference, debt reparations to the US from European nations, and the Kellogg-Briand Pact outlawing war. Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931 increased tensions in Asia. The Neutrality Acts of the 1930s aimed to keep the US out of future European conflicts but limited presidential options. Fascist aggression in Europe and Asia throughout the late 1930s challenged American non-intervention. The 1941 Lend-Lease Act allowed aid to be sent to Allied nations. The bombing of Pearl Harbor by Japan
This document provides context on US involvement in WWII. It discusses the US policy of isolationism following WWI and the events that challenged this, including Hitler's rise to power in Germany and invasion of European countries. While FDR wanted to assist allies, the US was bound by Neutrality Acts. However, Roosevelt supplied allies with materials through cash-and-carry provisions and the Lend Lease Act. Growing tensions and events like the bombing of Pearl Harbor eventually led the US to enter WWII and abandon its neutral stance.
The document summarizes America's involvement in World War II from 1941 to 1945. It discusses the war being fought on two fronts in Asia and Europe. It also examines the experiences of different groups in America during the war, including minorities and women. Finally, it outlines key military campaigns and events that led to the defeat of the Axis powers, including D-Day, the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and Japan's surrender in 1945.
The document summarizes key events in World War 2 on the Eastern Front and in the Pacific theater. It describes Germany's failed invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, known as Operation Barbarossa, and the devastating impact of the harsh Russian winter. It also outlines Japan's early victories over Allied forces in the Pacific, but notes the turning points at the Battles of Coral Sea and Midway in 1942 that halted Japan's expansion and broke its naval power.
German troops invade Poland, starting World War II in Europe. Over the next few years, Germany conquers much of Western Europe, including France. However, Germany is unable to invade Britain. In June 1944, the Allies launch a massive amphibious invasion of German-occupied Western Europe, known as D-Day, landing over 150,000 troops in Normandy, France in a successful operation that marked a major turning point in the war.
George Washington formed the Culper Spy Ring during the American Revolution to gather intelligence for the Continental Army. The spies faced severe punishment if caught, including death by hanging. Benedict Arnold was a hero who later betrayed the Patriot cause for money. Most spies were not paid for their work due to lack of funds, but took the risk to defend their country, as evidenced by Nathan Hale's famous words.
The United States fought in World War 2 on multiple fronts against the Axis powers of Japan, Italy, and Germany. It launched major operations in Africa, Europe, and the Pacific. Key battles and events included the invasion of Normandy on D-Day, the Battle of Midway which turned the tide in the Pacific, and the development and use of atomic bombs which led to Japan's surrender, ending the war. Over 60 million lives were lost making it the deadliest conflict in history. After Allied victory, the United Nations was formed to promote international cooperation and prevent future wars.
Several spies played important roles in helping the American colonists gain intelligence and defeat the British during the Revolutionary War:
- James Armistead acted as a spy in Cornwallis' camp, relaying intelligence on troop movements and arms that helped the Americans defeat the British at Yorktown.
- Nathan Hale volunteered for an intelligence mission but was caught and hanged, uttering the famous line "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country."
- The Culper Ring, organized by Benjamin Tallmadge and Abraham Woodhull, operated covertly in British-occupied New York and provided General Washington with valuable intelligence until the end of the war.
The document summarizes the end of World War II in Europe and Asia. It describes the Allied invasions of Italy and Normandy in 1943-1944, their advance across Germany, and the Soviet push west. It discusses the Manhattan Project and the US decision to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, prompting Japan's surrender. The summary concludes that over 60 million people died overall in WWII and that the bombings marked the start of the Nuclear Age and Cold War between Western allies and the Soviet Union over the division of Europe.
The document discusses several dictators who rose to power in the early 20th century: Adolf Hitler in Germany, Benito Mussolini in Italy, and Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. It also defines terms like fascism, anti-Semitism, and totalitarian. The Axis powers of Germany, Italy and Japan are mentioned. Key World War II events covered include the Battle of Britain, the Atlantic Charter signed by Churchill and Roosevelt, and the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Richard Nixon was born in 1913 in California. He had a career in politics before becoming president, including serving as vice president under Eisenhower from 1953-1961. Nixon was elected president in 1968 and re-elected in 1972. However, the Watergate scandal, involving a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters and Nixon's subsequent cover-up, led to his resignation in 1974, making him the only U.S. president to resign from office. After resigning, Nixon withdrew from public life for some time before traveling, giving advice, and writing about foreign policy and his encounters until his death in 1994.
Truman pursued an aggressive foreign policy in response to the rise of communism in the postwar world. Some key aspects included establishing the UN for international cooperation, occupying Japan to rebuild it as a democracy, and implementing the containment policy to rollback Soviet expansion in Europe and Asia through policies like the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan. This involved providing economic and military aid to countries threatened by communism like Greece, Turkey, and West Berlin during the Berlin Airlift crisis. However, communism still spread to China which became a loss for Truman's containment efforts.
1. Three countries turned to fascism after WWI: Italy under Mussolini, Germany under Hitler, and militarist Japan. Fascism emphasized the supremacy of the state over individuals and expanding territory by war.
2. The US initially pursued isolationism after WWI but Roosevelt believed in international cooperation. Germany annexed Austria and territories of other nations unopposed under the policy of "appeasement."
3. Germany invaded Poland in 1939, starting WWII. After quick victories over other European nations, Germany defeated France in 1940, leaving Britain to stand alone against Hitler.
After England and France declared war on Germany, President Roosevelt declared the US neutral but determined to help the Allied countries. He revised neutrality laws to allow the US to sell weapons to Allied countries. Roosevelt was re-elected in 1940 on a platform of continued support short of direct intervention. The Lend-Lease Act allowed the US to supply weapons to Britain. In response to Japan's aggression, the US embargoed oil and other materials to Japan, leading Japan to attack Pearl Harbor and bringing the US into the war.
1) The document outlines the major events and causes of World War 2, including the rise of fascist regimes in Germany and Italy and Japan's invasion of China. 2) It then describes the major theaters and conduct of the war, including the Holocaust, Allied victories over Germany and Japan, and the dropping of atomic bombs. 3) The aftermath saw the emergence of the US and Soviet Union as superpowers and the start of the Cold War, as well as decolonization movements and the establishment of Israel which led to ongoing conflicts.
Hitler invaded Poland on September 1, 1939 using his new Blitzkrieg tactic. In May 1940, Germany attacked France and drove the British and French armies back to the beaches of Dunkirk where over 300,000 troops were evacuated. Germany then controlled three-fifths of France. From August to September 1940, Germany launched an air offensive against Britain known as the Battle of Britain. On June 22, 1941, Hitler violated the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact and invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa, advancing quickly until his armies were stopped by winter and Soviet resistance outside Moscow in December 1941.
The document provides background information on several key events leading up to and during World War II. It discusses the rise of dictators like Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin in the 1930s. It also outlines America's initial isolationist policies after WWI and its gradual movement towards supporting the Allies through measures like Lend-Lease and sanctions against Japan. The document summarizes major military campaigns in both the European and Pacific theaters, including D-Day, the Battle of the Bulge, and the island hopping strategy against Japan. It also addresses the Holocaust and internment of Japanese Americans during the war.
The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941, hoping to destroy the US Navy and force American acceptance of Japanese dominance in the Pacific. However, the attack united Americans and convinced them to enter the war against Japan. By 1942, the Japanese controlled much of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, but Allied victories at the Battles of the Coral Sea and Midway turned the tide. US forces led by MacArthur began moving through the Pacific islands toward Japan in 1942. Atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, destroying the cities and killing thousands, after which Japan surrendered, ending World War II.
After World War I, the United States adopted a policy of isolationism. However, the rise of dictators like Hitler in Germany, Mussolini in Italy, and the Japanese military's control of Japan led to World War II. The League of Nations failed to prevent German and Italian aggression. Appeasement of Hitler by giving into his demands for Czechoslovakian territory also failed. When Germany invaded Poland in 1939, Britain and France declared war, beginning World War II in Europe.
After England and France declared war on Germany, President Roosevelt declared the United States neutral but was determined to help the allied countries fight Hitler. He asked Congress to revise the Neutrality Acts to allow the US to sell weapons to allied countries. Roosevelt was re-elected in 1940 on a platform of continued support for Britain. The Lend-Lease Act allowed the US to send weapons to Britain in exchange for repayment after the war. Increasing tensions with Japan over its expansion in the Pacific and US embargoes on oil led to Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, bringing the US into World War II.
The document summarizes threats to world peace in the late 1930s arising from actions taken by Japan, Italy, Germany, and the Spanish Civil War. It provides questions about the Kellogg-Briand Pact, events in Japan after the assassination of Prime Minister Osachi Hamaguchi, Japan's invasion of Manchuria and aggression in China, Italy's invasion of Ethiopia, the rise of Franco and the Falange in Spain, and the sides supported by Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War. Multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions follow about these events and the League of Nations' response.
World War 2 began with the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party in Germany in the 1930s. Hitler gained power as Chancellor in 1933 and established a fascist dictatorship. Germany invaded Poland in 1939, which led Britain and France to declare war on Germany. Germany then conquered much of continental Europe. The Holocaust led to the genocide of approximately 6 million Jews and other groups deemed undesirable by the Nazis. Allied forces turned the tide starting in 1942-1943, leading to the eventual defeat of Germany in 1945.
The document summarizes the events leading up to America's entry into World War II between 1931-1941. It describes the growing isolationist sentiment in the US following WWI and the neutrality acts passed in the 1930s. It also outlines Japan's increasing aggression in Asia and Germany's remilitarization of the Rhineland. While the US provided some aid to Britain and instituted Lend-Lease, Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 united Americans and led to Congress declaring war on Japan and Germany.
The Troubles in Northern Ireland from 1969-1998 involved violent conflict between nationalists who wanted a united Ireland and unionists who wanted Northern Ireland to remain part of the UK. Religious and political divisions between Protestants and Catholics as well as disputes over home rule and independence fueled the violence. During this period over 3,000 people were killed as paramilitary groups like the IRA battled each other and security forces. The conflict was exacerbated by the criminalization of paramilitary prisoners in 1976 which led to revolts and hunger strikes in the prisons throughout the late 1970s and early 1980s.
The IRA prisoners in Northern Ireland engaged in protests starting in the 1970s to demand special political prisoner status be reinstated after it was removed. This led to a blanket and later dirty protest. Bobby Sands led two hunger strikes in 1980 and 1981 to pressure the British government, leading to his election as MP while on a hunger strike. Despite international pressure, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher refused to back down. Sands and nine other prisoners died from starvation, further polarizing nationalists and unionists and strengthening the IRA's position.
The document summarizes key events in World War 2 on the Eastern Front and in the Pacific theater. It describes Germany's failed invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, known as Operation Barbarossa, and the devastating impact of the harsh Russian winter. It also outlines Japan's early victories over Allied forces in the Pacific, but notes the turning points at the Battles of Coral Sea and Midway in 1942 that halted Japan's expansion and broke its naval power.
German troops invade Poland, starting World War II in Europe. Over the next few years, Germany conquers much of Western Europe, including France. However, Germany is unable to invade Britain. In June 1944, the Allies launch a massive amphibious invasion of German-occupied Western Europe, known as D-Day, landing over 150,000 troops in Normandy, France in a successful operation that marked a major turning point in the war.
George Washington formed the Culper Spy Ring during the American Revolution to gather intelligence for the Continental Army. The spies faced severe punishment if caught, including death by hanging. Benedict Arnold was a hero who later betrayed the Patriot cause for money. Most spies were not paid for their work due to lack of funds, but took the risk to defend their country, as evidenced by Nathan Hale's famous words.
The United States fought in World War 2 on multiple fronts against the Axis powers of Japan, Italy, and Germany. It launched major operations in Africa, Europe, and the Pacific. Key battles and events included the invasion of Normandy on D-Day, the Battle of Midway which turned the tide in the Pacific, and the development and use of atomic bombs which led to Japan's surrender, ending the war. Over 60 million lives were lost making it the deadliest conflict in history. After Allied victory, the United Nations was formed to promote international cooperation and prevent future wars.
Several spies played important roles in helping the American colonists gain intelligence and defeat the British during the Revolutionary War:
- James Armistead acted as a spy in Cornwallis' camp, relaying intelligence on troop movements and arms that helped the Americans defeat the British at Yorktown.
- Nathan Hale volunteered for an intelligence mission but was caught and hanged, uttering the famous line "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country."
- The Culper Ring, organized by Benjamin Tallmadge and Abraham Woodhull, operated covertly in British-occupied New York and provided General Washington with valuable intelligence until the end of the war.
The document summarizes the end of World War II in Europe and Asia. It describes the Allied invasions of Italy and Normandy in 1943-1944, their advance across Germany, and the Soviet push west. It discusses the Manhattan Project and the US decision to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, prompting Japan's surrender. The summary concludes that over 60 million people died overall in WWII and that the bombings marked the start of the Nuclear Age and Cold War between Western allies and the Soviet Union over the division of Europe.
The document discusses several dictators who rose to power in the early 20th century: Adolf Hitler in Germany, Benito Mussolini in Italy, and Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. It also defines terms like fascism, anti-Semitism, and totalitarian. The Axis powers of Germany, Italy and Japan are mentioned. Key World War II events covered include the Battle of Britain, the Atlantic Charter signed by Churchill and Roosevelt, and the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Richard Nixon was born in 1913 in California. He had a career in politics before becoming president, including serving as vice president under Eisenhower from 1953-1961. Nixon was elected president in 1968 and re-elected in 1972. However, the Watergate scandal, involving a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters and Nixon's subsequent cover-up, led to his resignation in 1974, making him the only U.S. president to resign from office. After resigning, Nixon withdrew from public life for some time before traveling, giving advice, and writing about foreign policy and his encounters until his death in 1994.
Truman pursued an aggressive foreign policy in response to the rise of communism in the postwar world. Some key aspects included establishing the UN for international cooperation, occupying Japan to rebuild it as a democracy, and implementing the containment policy to rollback Soviet expansion in Europe and Asia through policies like the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan. This involved providing economic and military aid to countries threatened by communism like Greece, Turkey, and West Berlin during the Berlin Airlift crisis. However, communism still spread to China which became a loss for Truman's containment efforts.
1. Three countries turned to fascism after WWI: Italy under Mussolini, Germany under Hitler, and militarist Japan. Fascism emphasized the supremacy of the state over individuals and expanding territory by war.
2. The US initially pursued isolationism after WWI but Roosevelt believed in international cooperation. Germany annexed Austria and territories of other nations unopposed under the policy of "appeasement."
3. Germany invaded Poland in 1939, starting WWII. After quick victories over other European nations, Germany defeated France in 1940, leaving Britain to stand alone against Hitler.
After England and France declared war on Germany, President Roosevelt declared the US neutral but determined to help the Allied countries. He revised neutrality laws to allow the US to sell weapons to Allied countries. Roosevelt was re-elected in 1940 on a platform of continued support short of direct intervention. The Lend-Lease Act allowed the US to supply weapons to Britain. In response to Japan's aggression, the US embargoed oil and other materials to Japan, leading Japan to attack Pearl Harbor and bringing the US into the war.
1) The document outlines the major events and causes of World War 2, including the rise of fascist regimes in Germany and Italy and Japan's invasion of China. 2) It then describes the major theaters and conduct of the war, including the Holocaust, Allied victories over Germany and Japan, and the dropping of atomic bombs. 3) The aftermath saw the emergence of the US and Soviet Union as superpowers and the start of the Cold War, as well as decolonization movements and the establishment of Israel which led to ongoing conflicts.
Hitler invaded Poland on September 1, 1939 using his new Blitzkrieg tactic. In May 1940, Germany attacked France and drove the British and French armies back to the beaches of Dunkirk where over 300,000 troops were evacuated. Germany then controlled three-fifths of France. From August to September 1940, Germany launched an air offensive against Britain known as the Battle of Britain. On June 22, 1941, Hitler violated the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact and invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa, advancing quickly until his armies were stopped by winter and Soviet resistance outside Moscow in December 1941.
The document provides background information on several key events leading up to and during World War II. It discusses the rise of dictators like Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin in the 1930s. It also outlines America's initial isolationist policies after WWI and its gradual movement towards supporting the Allies through measures like Lend-Lease and sanctions against Japan. The document summarizes major military campaigns in both the European and Pacific theaters, including D-Day, the Battle of the Bulge, and the island hopping strategy against Japan. It also addresses the Holocaust and internment of Japanese Americans during the war.
The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941, hoping to destroy the US Navy and force American acceptance of Japanese dominance in the Pacific. However, the attack united Americans and convinced them to enter the war against Japan. By 1942, the Japanese controlled much of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, but Allied victories at the Battles of the Coral Sea and Midway turned the tide. US forces led by MacArthur began moving through the Pacific islands toward Japan in 1942. Atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, destroying the cities and killing thousands, after which Japan surrendered, ending World War II.
After World War I, the United States adopted a policy of isolationism. However, the rise of dictators like Hitler in Germany, Mussolini in Italy, and the Japanese military's control of Japan led to World War II. The League of Nations failed to prevent German and Italian aggression. Appeasement of Hitler by giving into his demands for Czechoslovakian territory also failed. When Germany invaded Poland in 1939, Britain and France declared war, beginning World War II in Europe.
After England and France declared war on Germany, President Roosevelt declared the United States neutral but was determined to help the allied countries fight Hitler. He asked Congress to revise the Neutrality Acts to allow the US to sell weapons to allied countries. Roosevelt was re-elected in 1940 on a platform of continued support for Britain. The Lend-Lease Act allowed the US to send weapons to Britain in exchange for repayment after the war. Increasing tensions with Japan over its expansion in the Pacific and US embargoes on oil led to Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, bringing the US into World War II.
The document summarizes threats to world peace in the late 1930s arising from actions taken by Japan, Italy, Germany, and the Spanish Civil War. It provides questions about the Kellogg-Briand Pact, events in Japan after the assassination of Prime Minister Osachi Hamaguchi, Japan's invasion of Manchuria and aggression in China, Italy's invasion of Ethiopia, the rise of Franco and the Falange in Spain, and the sides supported by Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War. Multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions follow about these events and the League of Nations' response.
World War 2 began with the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party in Germany in the 1930s. Hitler gained power as Chancellor in 1933 and established a fascist dictatorship. Germany invaded Poland in 1939, which led Britain and France to declare war on Germany. Germany then conquered much of continental Europe. The Holocaust led to the genocide of approximately 6 million Jews and other groups deemed undesirable by the Nazis. Allied forces turned the tide starting in 1942-1943, leading to the eventual defeat of Germany in 1945.
The document summarizes the events leading up to America's entry into World War II between 1931-1941. It describes the growing isolationist sentiment in the US following WWI and the neutrality acts passed in the 1930s. It also outlines Japan's increasing aggression in Asia and Germany's remilitarization of the Rhineland. While the US provided some aid to Britain and instituted Lend-Lease, Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 united Americans and led to Congress declaring war on Japan and Germany.
The Troubles in Northern Ireland from 1969-1998 involved violent conflict between nationalists who wanted a united Ireland and unionists who wanted Northern Ireland to remain part of the UK. Religious and political divisions between Protestants and Catholics as well as disputes over home rule and independence fueled the violence. During this period over 3,000 people were killed as paramilitary groups like the IRA battled each other and security forces. The conflict was exacerbated by the criminalization of paramilitary prisoners in 1976 which led to revolts and hunger strikes in the prisons throughout the late 1970s and early 1980s.
The IRA prisoners in Northern Ireland engaged in protests starting in the 1970s to demand special political prisoner status be reinstated after it was removed. This led to a blanket and later dirty protest. Bobby Sands led two hunger strikes in 1980 and 1981 to pressure the British government, leading to his election as MP while on a hunger strike. Despite international pressure, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher refused to back down. Sands and nine other prisoners died from starvation, further polarizing nationalists and unionists and strengthening the IRA's position.
The document discusses the history of Irish republicanism and the IRA from their origins in the late 19th century up through the Irish War of Independence and subsequent Irish Civil War. It covers events like the Easter Rising of 1916, the First Dáil declaration of independence, the Anglo-Irish War from 1919-1921, and the split in the IRA that led to the civil war between pro-Treaty and anti-Treaty factions in 1922.
The document summarizes the history and politics of Northern Ireland from 1920 to 2000. It describes how Northern Ireland was established with a Protestant majority that dominated the Catholic minority politically and economically. This led to discrimination against Catholics and the rise of the IRA and sectarian conflict. Attempts were made to reform and create power-sharing agreements, but violence continued until the Good Friday Agreement in 1998 brought most parties together to find a peaceful path forward.
Between World Wars I and II, isolationism in the United States was strong due to memories of WWI, economic concerns, and neutrality acts. However, FDR gradually moved the US away from isolationism through speeches encouraging collective security, executive actions like destroying oil supplies to Japan, and working with Congress on legislation like Lend-Lease. While some criticized FDR for civil liberties issues and actions before Pearl Harbor, others argue he skillfully built support for involvement in stopping aggression abroad.
World War II began in Europe in September 1939 when Germany invaded Poland. While the United States initially pursued neutrality, President Roosevelt took steps to prepare for war such as expanding the military and passing the first peacetime draft. Germany formed alliances and annexed territories unopposed by Britain and France. In early 1940, Germany launched surprise attacks using new "blitzkrieg" tactics and quickly overran Poland and other countries, drawing Britain and France into the war.
Full metal jacket a quiz on 'wars of independence' at chai pe quiz informal...Swathi PG
The Wars of Independence quiz covered various independence movements and wars around the world:
- The first question was about Daniel Ortega of Nicaragua who initially overthrew a dictatorship but later became a dictator himself.
- Other independence movements covered included those of Ireland, Ghana, Indonesia, Mozambique, Venezuela, Bosnia, Texas, and Vietnam.
- Significant events discussed were the Easter Rising in Ireland, the Srebrenica massacre in Bosnia, and uprisings/rebellions in Nigeria, India, Mexico, and Greece.
- The quiz concluded with questions about the Chittagong Armory Raid led by Surya Sen in British India and the movie made about it by
Northern Ireland is situated on the northeast of Ireland and is one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom. It shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west. The population of Northern Ireland was 1.685 million at the 2001 census and is predominantly white and Christian. The history of Northern Ireland has been complex, with conflict and violence between 1969-2004 resulting in over 3,000 deaths. While religion separated the two communities, the underlying cause of the conflict was power and control over the region.
The 1970s saw significant cultural and political changes in the United States. Richard Nixon was president from 1969-1974 before resigning due to the Watergate scandal. Gerald Ford pardoned Nixon and became president. The Vietnam War officially ended in 1973 with the Paris Peace Accords. Disco music became popular culture along with bell bottom pants and platform shoes.
The document provides background on the conflict in Northern Ireland known as "The Troubles" between Protestant unionists who wanted to remain part of the UK and Catholic nationalists who wanted to join the Irish Republic. The conflict escalated in the 20th century and British troops intervened, though they soon faced opposition from nationalists. Collective violence was seen as a way to defend one's group against the enemy. One example given is of a Protestant boy who killed a random Catholic man in retaliation for the IRA killing a Protestant woman.
The document summarizes the conflict known as "The Troubles" that plagued Northern Ireland from 1969 to 1998. It describes the two main communities in Northern Ireland - the unionists who want to remain part of the UK and are mostly Protestant, and the republicans who want Northern Ireland to join the Republic of Ireland and are mostly Catholic. It traces the origins of the conflict back to the partition of Ireland in 1921 and outlines key events like the civil rights movement of the 1960s, sectarian riots in 1969 that marked the start of The Troubles, and the rise of paramilitary groups like the Provisional IRA and UVF. Over 3,600 people were killed during the 30-year period of violence between the two
The document provides details about American colonial policy and government in the Philippines from 1898 to 1935. Some key points:
1. American colonial policy said they would grant independence when Filipinos were ready, unlike other colonial powers who wanted to rule indefinitely.
2. Under civilian and military governments, Americans shared some power with Filipinos and adopted a more generous approach than other colonizers.
3. Filipinos resisted through theater, literature, peasant revolts and the Communist Party while also pursuing independence through the establishment of the Commonwealth in 1935.
The causes of WWII included the harsh Treaty of Versailles, totalitarian leaders like Hitler, Mussolini and Stalin, failed peace agreements like the Kellogg-Briand Pact and the Munich Pact. WWII began when Germany invaded Poland in 1939. Major events included the Battle of Britain, Dunkirk, the Holocaust, and the bombing of Pearl Harbor which brought the US into the war. The war ended with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. This led to the start of the Cold War between communist nations led by the Soviet Union and democratic nations led by the US and its allies.
The document discusses several posters related to key events in the Northern Ireland conflict from 1968-2007. It provides historical context and commentary on posters commemorating Bloody Sunday, opposing internment, reacting to the Sunningdale and Anglo-Irish Agreements, and responding to events like the Omagh bombing and Bobby Sands' hunger strike. The posters represented important political and social viewpoints and helped shape narratives around major turning points in the peace process.
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Fianna Fail came to power in 1932 under Eamon de Valera and began dismantling the Anglo-Irish Treaty over the next several years. De Valera passed laws removing Ireland from British control and creating a new constitution in 1937 that made Ireland a republic in name. However, Ireland remained in the Commonwealth to avoid antagonizing Britain. De Valera also had to contend with the fascist Blueshirts organization and eventually banned them, seeing them as a threat. He initially supported the IRA but later banned it as well when it became a threat to his power.
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Ireland and the search for independenceCorrieBowes
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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3. Religious Differences?
Ireland has always been Protestant versus Catholic.
Although Northern Ireland belongs to the UK (and
therefore, is mainly Protestant, counties within N.
Ireland are still predominantly Catholic.
4. The Home Rule Issue?
Southern Ireland had been trying for years to
obtain their own government in Dublin, but
under British authority.
5. The Desire for Complete Irish Independence?
Southern Ireland became the Republic of Ireland.
They got their independence, but can supporters
living in Northern Ireland unify both Irelands
together?
6. The Desire For Ireland to Stay Loyal to the Crown?
Unionists: We choose to support British Parliament & the Crown.
8. 1965 1975
July
July 1972:
1970: All
Bloody
Unionist/
Friday—22
Orange
IRA bombs
Order
kill nine
marches
civilians and
are
numerous
banned.
are injured
November February 1971:
1969: Ulster IRA shoots Robert December 1973:
Defence Curtis, the first Sunningdale…
Regiment serving soldier to
replaces B- die in the
Specials Troubles.
1970 The beginning…
9. What was Sunningdale?
Sunningdale was an attempt to create a power-sharing government between the
Ulster Unionist party, the nationalist Social Democratic and Labour Party, and the
Alliance party. However, it ended as quickly as it started, as it was met with major
opposition from the IRA and from the Protestants, for the IRA wanted total victory
and the Protestants thought it’d end up helping form a fully united Ireland.
10. The Ulster
Workers’ This protested the assembly vote
regarding the complete
Council Strike: endorsement of Sunningdale.
May 1974 This strike involved Unionist
paramilitary groups like the Ulster
Defence Association. Electricity
output declined and work places
were forced to close. The new
power-sharing executive had no
power over the strikers and soon,
the strikers gained the upper hand.
Two weeks later, Chief Executive
Brian Faulkner conceded , the strike
ended and Sunningdale was no
more.
11. The Origins of Criminalization: 1976
As paramilitary actions became more
violent after Sunningdale fell through,
increasing numbers of paramilitary
members from both sides were jailed.
Typically detained at Long Kesh
prison, paramilitary members had one
thing ordinary prisoners did not…
Special Category Status (1972):
This meant they were political prisoners
and were treated to certain privileges
ordinary prisoners were not. They didn’t
take orders from prison guards but their William Whitelaw, at the time
Officer Commanding (OC), wore normal Secretary of State for Northern
clothes and not a prison uniform and were Ireland, gave this status to
exempt from doing prison work. paramilitary prisoners.
12. Regrets: Criminalization, 1976
Whitelaw, in retrospect four years later,
chooses to revoke it.
What does this mean for paramilitary prisoners now?
They are now ordinary prisoners. Their
privileges do not exist. Their crimes are not
classified as being “politically” motivated.
13. What Would A Paramilitary Do?
Revenge! They went to the extreme to get their
status back. Paramilitary strikes
Early Strikes, included:
1976-1980
1976: The Blanket Men
What would a paramilitary do?
This protest started it all; when newly detained
Revolt, of course.
prisoners were given their uniform, they refused
to wear it and leave their cell. They only had one
Housed in three specific jails thing to wear…the blankets on their beds. By
throughout Northern Ireland, 1978, 300 prisoners were “on the blanket.”
paramilitary prisoners planned
numerous strikes in order to
get their political status back. 1978: The “Dirty” Protests
The prisoners didn’t have enough support from
the outside, so they stepped it up a bit in 1978.
Check out this map to see What started out as a “no-wash” protest
more information about the culminated into the dirty protest. They refused to
jails, and their location leave their cells and as a result, chamber pots got
throughout Northern Ireland. full and caused this…
14. Yes, that is what you think it is on the wall.
Prisoners had one way to get rid of their waste in order to avoid being
beaten up by the screws (prison guards) if they dared leave their cells. This
strike kept going on until 1980, when they decided to go even more
extreme…
15. Hunger Strike #1: 1980
• The “ultimate”
weapon
• 7 prisoners start it
in October 1980
• Blame Margaret
Thatcher…
• What exactly, were
they protesting
for?
16. The Five Demands
1: They should be allowed to
wear their own clothes.
2: They should be given orders
by their OC, not the prison guards.
3: They should be allowed to
associate with any prisoners, get
mail and receive packages.
4: They should be allowed to
continue with their paramilitary
“education” and have free
recreation.
5: Remission, meaning, they’d
have the chance for half-off their
sentences in exchange for good
behavior.
17. Result?
December 1980: One hunger striker went
blind and ended up in the hospital. This
was after the government told them
“concessions” could be made if the strike
was called off.
It was…but then later revealed that no
concessions were to be given to the
strikers.
19. Hunger Strike #2: 1981
• Bobby Sands,
leader
• More join him at
staggered intervals
• March 1981
No more guns, let’s get our
• Through his strike way through politics!
he is elected for
an MP seat in
Fermanagh/South
Tyrone.
20. Bobby “Geronimo” Sands
IRA member, prisoner, writer, and hunger-striker. The bane
of Maggie Thatcher’s premiership.
21. Testimonies from Bobby Sands
what was his life like during the hunger strike?
Sourced from The Bobby Sands Prison Diary.
22. Aftermath
• Sands dies after 66
days on hunger
strike.
• Thatcher does not
concede: “Crime is
crime is crime…it
is not political.”
• Nine more perish
until it is called
off.
• Thatcher seen as a
villain for letting
an MP die in jail.
Daytum organized the length of each hunger
striker’s protest from the longest term
(Doherty) to the shortest (Hurson).
23. 1980 June 1983:
1990
Gerry
Adams, of
IRA political October 1988:
party Sinn broadcast ban on
Fein elected paramilitary August 1991:
to supporters Sinn Fein ready
Westminster commences to make peace.
July 1982: October November 1990:
IRA bombs 1984: John Major
kill 11 IRA bomb replaces Thatcher
soldiers in kills five as PM; she
London people at resigned
Conservative
Party
conference
in Brighton
On the road to
1985 find peace…
24. Responsibility for Deaths
from Making Sense of the Troubles by David McKittrick & David McVea
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Groups Involved
Nationalists Loyalists All Security Forces Others
Nationalist (mainly IRA) were responsible for the brunt of the deaths during the Troubles, but Loyalist
paramilitaries were not innocent. All security forces meant auxiliary police groups, like the pro-Loyalist B-
Specials.
25. Civilian Deaths by Year
300
1970-1982*
1970-1982
250
200
Civilian
Deaths by
Year
150
100
50
0 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
*McKittrick & McVea had a range from 1966-2001, but the 1970s to
the Hunger Strike of ‘81 were the peak of the Troubles.
27. 1990-1997: To Ceasefire…or not to Ceasefire?
•The first part of the 1990s was met
Below: David
with numerous bombings from Trimble, leader
paramilitary groups as political leaders of the UUP.
from Sinn Fein, the Ulster Unionist
Party, SDLP and the Northern Ireland Right: Gerry
government attempted to get Adams, leader
paramilitaries to decommission arms of Sinn Fein.
and ceasefire.
•Once the IRA ceased fire in July of
1997, Sinn Fein was allowed to join
political discussions to achieve peace.
•These talks eventually led to…
28. Good Friday Agreement, 1998
Although not universally
liked, the Good Friday
Agreement of 1998
started a “healing
process” for Northern
Ireland. Power sharing,
like Sunningdale, was
involved in the
agreement. Nationalism
and Unionism were given
equal legitimacy and
respect.
The attacks slowly began to
stop, with the exception
of…
29. Omagh, 1998
Deadly car bombing that
killed 29 civilians in the
streets of Omagh.
This was not an act of the
IRA; it was the idea of the
Real IRA (RIRA).
RIRA was a dissident group
of the IRA that did not
accept the Good Friday
Agreement.
That car contained the bomb. This was
taken minutes before it went off. Both
However, RIRA does man and child did survive the explosion.
announce a ceasefire after
the Omagh incident.