This document discusses a case where Review 2 and Review claimed Redberry infringed their design registration of a sleeveless dress design. While the court found the registered design was valid, it did not find infringement by Redberry's dress. The court considered factors like the informed user perspective, similarities and differences between the designs, the limited freedom to innovate in dress designs, and the prior art. Ultimately it was found the shape of Redberry's skirt and different fabric pattern meant it did not create a substantially similar overall visual impression to the registered design.
1) The case involved a registered design for a sleeveless, cross-over dress owned by Review. Review claimed Redberry infringed this design with their dress.
2) Justice Kenny found that while Review's design was valid, Redberry's dress did not infringe due to differences in the shape of the skirt and pattern/color of the fabrics between the two dresses.
3) The judgment discussed the test for infringement, which involves assessing if designs have an overall similar visual impression from the perspective of an "informed user", considered to be someone familiar with fashion trends for women's dresses.
This document discusses applying game theory to analyze nuclear proliferation. During the Cold War, the US and Soviet Union were in a prisoner's dilemma, where the dominant strategy for each was to acquire more nuclear weapons. However, stockpiles decreased after peaking in the 1960s. This is because in the long run it became a sequential game, where continuing to increase weapons was not beneficial once an opponent stopped. The equilibrium reached was a Nash equilibrium, where no country could gain by changing strategy as long as others' strategies remained unchanged.
Akhillesh Kumar is seeking managerial assignments and has over 8 years of experience in restaurant management. He has expertise in areas such as team management, customer relationship management, cash management, and inventory & finance management. He has worked as an Assistant Restaurant Manager for Pizza Hut and is currently the Store Manager at Crazy Noodles. His responsibilities have included controlling food costs, resolving customer complaints, ensuring customer satisfaction, managing revenue, store operations, and inventory. He has received training in areas such as leading a shift, leading a restaurant, cash control, and food safety. He holds a BA degree and is pursuing an MBA in operations and marketing.
A União Europeia está considerando novas regras para veículos autônomos. As regras propostas exigiriam que os fabricantes de veículos autônomos assumam mais responsabilidade por acidentes e garantam que os sistemas de direção sejam projetados para proteger os pedestres e ciclistas. Os regulamentos também visam estabelecer padrões comuns para testes e certificação de veículos autônomos em toda a UE.
Gökhan Yildizli is a sports agent and founder of Duello Sports Management based in Istanbul, Turkey. He was also formerly the President of BFN Group, Belgium's first MMA, kickboxing and boxing promotion company. He has represented over 25 professional MMA fighters competing in top promotions like UFC, Pride, ONE and Strikeforce. In addition to being a sports agent, he is a professional kickboxing instructor with 19 years of experience competing and training fighters. Currently he serves as the Striking Coach for Dan Henderson's gym, training several UFC, Bellator and Invicta fighters.
Analysis and comparison of peak to-peak current ripple in two-level and multi...Pvrtechnologies Nellore
This document analyzes and compares the peak-to-peak current ripple in two-level (2L) and three-level (3L) PWM inverters. It shows that the current ripple amplitude in 3L inverters can be determined based on the ripple in 2L inverters. The analysis is verified through numerical simulations and experimental tests. Three-phase multilevel inverters are commonly used in medium- and high-power applications like motor drives and grid-connected systems. While various PWM techniques have been developed for multilevel inverters, this paper addresses their impact on output current ripple.
Chiffres clés au 31 mars 2015 - Conférence téléphonique du 7 mai 2015 (en ang...vefinance
- Veolia reported its key figures for the period ending March 31, 2015, with revenue of €6.305 billion, up 8.5% from the same period in 2014.
- EBITDA was €816 million, up 26.4% compared to 2014, driven by continued cost cutting and good growth outside of Europe.
- Net financial debt remained stable at €8.970 billion despite negative foreign exchange impacts of around €1 billion.
- Veolia confirmed its 2015 guidance targets for revenue growth, EBITDA and current EBIT growth, continued cost savings, and dividend coverage by current net income and free cash flow.
1) The case involved a registered design for a sleeveless, cross-over dress owned by Review. Review claimed Redberry infringed this design with their dress.
2) Justice Kenny found that while Review's design was valid, Redberry's dress did not infringe due to differences in the shape of the skirt and pattern/color of the fabrics between the two dresses.
3) The judgment discussed the test for infringement, which involves assessing if designs have an overall similar visual impression from the perspective of an "informed user", considered to be someone familiar with fashion trends for women's dresses.
This document discusses applying game theory to analyze nuclear proliferation. During the Cold War, the US and Soviet Union were in a prisoner's dilemma, where the dominant strategy for each was to acquire more nuclear weapons. However, stockpiles decreased after peaking in the 1960s. This is because in the long run it became a sequential game, where continuing to increase weapons was not beneficial once an opponent stopped. The equilibrium reached was a Nash equilibrium, where no country could gain by changing strategy as long as others' strategies remained unchanged.
Akhillesh Kumar is seeking managerial assignments and has over 8 years of experience in restaurant management. He has expertise in areas such as team management, customer relationship management, cash management, and inventory & finance management. He has worked as an Assistant Restaurant Manager for Pizza Hut and is currently the Store Manager at Crazy Noodles. His responsibilities have included controlling food costs, resolving customer complaints, ensuring customer satisfaction, managing revenue, store operations, and inventory. He has received training in areas such as leading a shift, leading a restaurant, cash control, and food safety. He holds a BA degree and is pursuing an MBA in operations and marketing.
A União Europeia está considerando novas regras para veículos autônomos. As regras propostas exigiriam que os fabricantes de veículos autônomos assumam mais responsabilidade por acidentes e garantam que os sistemas de direção sejam projetados para proteger os pedestres e ciclistas. Os regulamentos também visam estabelecer padrões comuns para testes e certificação de veículos autônomos em toda a UE.
Gökhan Yildizli is a sports agent and founder of Duello Sports Management based in Istanbul, Turkey. He was also formerly the President of BFN Group, Belgium's first MMA, kickboxing and boxing promotion company. He has represented over 25 professional MMA fighters competing in top promotions like UFC, Pride, ONE and Strikeforce. In addition to being a sports agent, he is a professional kickboxing instructor with 19 years of experience competing and training fighters. Currently he serves as the Striking Coach for Dan Henderson's gym, training several UFC, Bellator and Invicta fighters.
Analysis and comparison of peak to-peak current ripple in two-level and multi...Pvrtechnologies Nellore
This document analyzes and compares the peak-to-peak current ripple in two-level (2L) and three-level (3L) PWM inverters. It shows that the current ripple amplitude in 3L inverters can be determined based on the ripple in 2L inverters. The analysis is verified through numerical simulations and experimental tests. Three-phase multilevel inverters are commonly used in medium- and high-power applications like motor drives and grid-connected systems. While various PWM techniques have been developed for multilevel inverters, this paper addresses their impact on output current ripple.
Chiffres clés au 31 mars 2015 - Conférence téléphonique du 7 mai 2015 (en ang...vefinance
- Veolia reported its key figures for the period ending March 31, 2015, with revenue of €6.305 billion, up 8.5% from the same period in 2014.
- EBITDA was €816 million, up 26.4% compared to 2014, driven by continued cost cutting and good growth outside of Europe.
- Net financial debt remained stable at €8.970 billion despite negative foreign exchange impacts of around €1 billion.
- Veolia confirmed its 2015 guidance targets for revenue growth, EBITDA and current EBIT growth, continued cost savings, and dividend coverage by current net income and free cash flow.
This document discusses the common misconception that people are either "lost" or "saved" and discusses what the Bible actually teaches about salvation. It notes that most people have never truly understood the gospel or had a chance to be called by God. However, God's purpose is not to save everyone now, but to allow most to be deceived by Satan until Christ's return. At that time, all people will have an opportunity to understand the truth and be saved through God's coming Kingdom on Earth.
The kidneys are bean-shaped organs that serve several essential regulatory roles in vertebrates. They remove excess organic molecules from the blood, and it is by this action that their best-known function is performed: the removal of waste products of metabolism. They are essential in the urinary system and also serve homeostatic functions such as the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid–base balance, and regulation of blood pressure (via maintaining salt and water balance). They serve the body as a natural filter of the blood, and remove water soluble wastes, which are diverted to the bladder. In producing urine, the kidneys excrete wastes such as urea and ammonium, and they are also responsible for the reabsorption of water, glucose, and amino acids. The kidneys also produce hormones including calcitriol, erythropoietin, and the enzyme renin, the last of which indirectly acts on the kidney in negative feedback.
English recommendation letter Mercure Hotel CourchevelClément Dupont
Clement Dupont worked at the Hôtel Mercure in Courchevel, France from December 2013 to April 2014 as a trainee in front office and restaurant. He performed his work neatly and was specific, honest, responsible, and dynamic. He also always courteously accommodated customers. The author was always satisfied with Clement's services and recommends him without hesitation.
This document is a project report submitted by three students - Vijay Savaliya, Ankit Prajapati, and Harsh Thakkar - to Charotar University of Science and Technology for their major project on the design of an MR fluid damper. The report includes an introduction, literature review, description of MR fluids and their properties, applications of MR fluids including in brakes, clutches, and dampers, and the design of an MR damper. It was completed under the guidance of Prof. Dipal Patel and examines the shear mode of MR dampers specifically.
The document discusses three main methods for selecting an architect: direct selection, comparative selection, and design competitions. Comparative selection, where multiple firms submit qualifications and are interviewed, is most common. Key factors considered include the architect's experience with similar projects, references, staff size, and ability to complete the project on schedule and budget. The document provides detailed guidelines for firms and clients to follow in the comparative selection process.
Tender and Bidding in Construction ProjectsIJERA Editor
Construction Industry plays a key role in the process of economic transformation and growth. Export of projects and services indicate a country's progress in technology and export performance. Most of the companies are versed only with engineering and technology. The decision to bid is a major financial decision because of two reasons. First, the contractor assumes substantial costs for the preparations of the estimates and the tender at the risk of not recovering them if he is not awarded the job. Second, andmost importantly, thecontractor commits himself to investment in the construction of the project if he wins the bid.
- The document discusses the patent law requirements of utility, novelty, and non-obviousness. It focuses on defining obviousness and the Graham analysis used to determine obviousness.
- It provides examples of how to overcome an obviousness rejection, such as by demonstrating commercial success, long-felt need, or failure of others. It advises keeping a thorough inventor's notebook.
- Recent court cases like KSR v. Teleflex and proposed patent reform legislation aiming to change from a "first to invent" to "first to file" system are briefly summarized.
The document provides an overview of surrendering a patent. It discusses how surrendering a patent refers to voluntarily giving up the rights associated with a granted patent. This process is regulated by the Patents Act of 1970, which provides the legal framework and procedures for surrendering patents. It is important to understand the implications and procedures of surrendering a patent as it can significantly impact inventors, businesses, and the patent landscape. Landmark judgments related to patent surrenders have also helped define legal precedents.
The document discusses product liability in India. It covers three main points:
1) There are three types of product defects that can result in liability: design defects, manufacturing defects, and defects in marketing.
2) The concept of product liability originated in the UK case Donoghue v. Stevenson and has since been extended and codified in India through statutes like the Consumer Protection Act of 1987.
3) Under the Consumer Protection Act, producers, importers, and others involved in supplying a defective product can be held liable for any damages caused by the defect.
Trade dress refers to the total visual image and appearance of a product or packaging that identifies the source of the product and distinguishes it from others. It includes elements like size, shape, color, graphics, and packaging. Trade dress protection prevents competitors from copying these distinctive features in a way that confuses customers. Courts have protected trade dress elements like the shape and design of products, their packaging and containers, and the layout of business establishments. Registering a trade dress helps companies prevent others from using similar product appearances and provides a competitive advantage.
Printable Vintage Stationery - Printable Word SearchesAllison Koehn
The document outlines the 5 step process for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net, which includes creating an account, submitting a request form, reviewing bids from writers, choosing a writer and placing a deposit, and then reviewing and authorizing payment for the completed work. Customers can request revisions to ensure satisfaction, and HelpWriting.net promises original work with refunds for plagiarism.
The impact of trade mark on brand duplication in bangladesh an emphirical ana...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on brand duplication in Bangladesh. The study found that brand duplication occurs for several reasons, including retailers duplicating brands to earn higher margins from lower quality duplicate products. Consumers often cannot distinguish duplicates from original brands due to similar packaging and names. This creates problems for original manufacturers. Bangladesh has several laws aimed at protecting intellectual property rights, including trademarks. However, enforcement of these laws is lacking. The study recommends improving consumer awareness and enforcement of laws to reduce the problems caused by brand duplication.
This document provides a brief overview of US utility patent law and the patenting process. It discusses the different types of patents including design, plant, and utility patents. It describes the basic patenting timeline including filing a provisional or non-provisional patent application and undergoing examination. Key concepts like patentability requirements of utility, novelty, and non-obviousness are introduced. Cost estimates and strategies for obtaining and enforcing a patent are also summarized.
Three Ways to Skin a Copycat: Design Patents, Trade Dress and Copyrightscottsicle
Powerpoint for a talk about protecting ornamental product designs with design patents. Compares to trade dress and copyright protection. All three - design patents, trade dress & copyright, can be used in concert.
Consumer law provides implied terms and protections for consumers in contracts for the sale of goods and supply of services. Key implied terms include that goods must have good title, correspond with their description, be of satisfactory/merchantable quality, and be fit for their intended purpose if made known to the seller. Consumers can claim damages or repudiate contracts if these terms are breached. Additional protections are provided by the Consumer Protection Act and EU Directive, which prohibit unfair commercial practices and aggressive selling techniques. The Competition and Consumer Protection Commission enforces consumer law in Ireland.
Navigating IT Procurement in a Perfect StormMarkit
Covid-19 and a horrific European conflict have clearly demonstrated the difficulties of business planning in the face of intensely fluid and unpredictable scenarios.
Add the rising pressure to meet climate protection targets set by the Paris Agreement, and it is inevitable that business leaders, including procurement decision makers, have some tough calls to make in the coming months and even years.
Do unprecedented, complex challenges for IT procurement arising from conflict, Covid-19, and climate change require a re-evaluation of IT vendor selection processes?
And what can suppliers do to help?
This document discusses the common misconception that people are either "lost" or "saved" and discusses what the Bible actually teaches about salvation. It notes that most people have never truly understood the gospel or had a chance to be called by God. However, God's purpose is not to save everyone now, but to allow most to be deceived by Satan until Christ's return. At that time, all people will have an opportunity to understand the truth and be saved through God's coming Kingdom on Earth.
The kidneys are bean-shaped organs that serve several essential regulatory roles in vertebrates. They remove excess organic molecules from the blood, and it is by this action that their best-known function is performed: the removal of waste products of metabolism. They are essential in the urinary system and also serve homeostatic functions such as the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid–base balance, and regulation of blood pressure (via maintaining salt and water balance). They serve the body as a natural filter of the blood, and remove water soluble wastes, which are diverted to the bladder. In producing urine, the kidneys excrete wastes such as urea and ammonium, and they are also responsible for the reabsorption of water, glucose, and amino acids. The kidneys also produce hormones including calcitriol, erythropoietin, and the enzyme renin, the last of which indirectly acts on the kidney in negative feedback.
English recommendation letter Mercure Hotel CourchevelClément Dupont
Clement Dupont worked at the Hôtel Mercure in Courchevel, France from December 2013 to April 2014 as a trainee in front office and restaurant. He performed his work neatly and was specific, honest, responsible, and dynamic. He also always courteously accommodated customers. The author was always satisfied with Clement's services and recommends him without hesitation.
This document is a project report submitted by three students - Vijay Savaliya, Ankit Prajapati, and Harsh Thakkar - to Charotar University of Science and Technology for their major project on the design of an MR fluid damper. The report includes an introduction, literature review, description of MR fluids and their properties, applications of MR fluids including in brakes, clutches, and dampers, and the design of an MR damper. It was completed under the guidance of Prof. Dipal Patel and examines the shear mode of MR dampers specifically.
The document discusses three main methods for selecting an architect: direct selection, comparative selection, and design competitions. Comparative selection, where multiple firms submit qualifications and are interviewed, is most common. Key factors considered include the architect's experience with similar projects, references, staff size, and ability to complete the project on schedule and budget. The document provides detailed guidelines for firms and clients to follow in the comparative selection process.
Tender and Bidding in Construction ProjectsIJERA Editor
Construction Industry plays a key role in the process of economic transformation and growth. Export of projects and services indicate a country's progress in technology and export performance. Most of the companies are versed only with engineering and technology. The decision to bid is a major financial decision because of two reasons. First, the contractor assumes substantial costs for the preparations of the estimates and the tender at the risk of not recovering them if he is not awarded the job. Second, andmost importantly, thecontractor commits himself to investment in the construction of the project if he wins the bid.
- The document discusses the patent law requirements of utility, novelty, and non-obviousness. It focuses on defining obviousness and the Graham analysis used to determine obviousness.
- It provides examples of how to overcome an obviousness rejection, such as by demonstrating commercial success, long-felt need, or failure of others. It advises keeping a thorough inventor's notebook.
- Recent court cases like KSR v. Teleflex and proposed patent reform legislation aiming to change from a "first to invent" to "first to file" system are briefly summarized.
The document provides an overview of surrendering a patent. It discusses how surrendering a patent refers to voluntarily giving up the rights associated with a granted patent. This process is regulated by the Patents Act of 1970, which provides the legal framework and procedures for surrendering patents. It is important to understand the implications and procedures of surrendering a patent as it can significantly impact inventors, businesses, and the patent landscape. Landmark judgments related to patent surrenders have also helped define legal precedents.
The document discusses product liability in India. It covers three main points:
1) There are three types of product defects that can result in liability: design defects, manufacturing defects, and defects in marketing.
2) The concept of product liability originated in the UK case Donoghue v. Stevenson and has since been extended and codified in India through statutes like the Consumer Protection Act of 1987.
3) Under the Consumer Protection Act, producers, importers, and others involved in supplying a defective product can be held liable for any damages caused by the defect.
Trade dress refers to the total visual image and appearance of a product or packaging that identifies the source of the product and distinguishes it from others. It includes elements like size, shape, color, graphics, and packaging. Trade dress protection prevents competitors from copying these distinctive features in a way that confuses customers. Courts have protected trade dress elements like the shape and design of products, their packaging and containers, and the layout of business establishments. Registering a trade dress helps companies prevent others from using similar product appearances and provides a competitive advantage.
Printable Vintage Stationery - Printable Word SearchesAllison Koehn
The document outlines the 5 step process for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net, which includes creating an account, submitting a request form, reviewing bids from writers, choosing a writer and placing a deposit, and then reviewing and authorizing payment for the completed work. Customers can request revisions to ensure satisfaction, and HelpWriting.net promises original work with refunds for plagiarism.
The impact of trade mark on brand duplication in bangladesh an emphirical ana...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on brand duplication in Bangladesh. The study found that brand duplication occurs for several reasons, including retailers duplicating brands to earn higher margins from lower quality duplicate products. Consumers often cannot distinguish duplicates from original brands due to similar packaging and names. This creates problems for original manufacturers. Bangladesh has several laws aimed at protecting intellectual property rights, including trademarks. However, enforcement of these laws is lacking. The study recommends improving consumer awareness and enforcement of laws to reduce the problems caused by brand duplication.
This document provides a brief overview of US utility patent law and the patenting process. It discusses the different types of patents including design, plant, and utility patents. It describes the basic patenting timeline including filing a provisional or non-provisional patent application and undergoing examination. Key concepts like patentability requirements of utility, novelty, and non-obviousness are introduced. Cost estimates and strategies for obtaining and enforcing a patent are also summarized.
Three Ways to Skin a Copycat: Design Patents, Trade Dress and Copyrightscottsicle
Powerpoint for a talk about protecting ornamental product designs with design patents. Compares to trade dress and copyright protection. All three - design patents, trade dress & copyright, can be used in concert.
Consumer law provides implied terms and protections for consumers in contracts for the sale of goods and supply of services. Key implied terms include that goods must have good title, correspond with their description, be of satisfactory/merchantable quality, and be fit for their intended purpose if made known to the seller. Consumers can claim damages or repudiate contracts if these terms are breached. Additional protections are provided by the Consumer Protection Act and EU Directive, which prohibit unfair commercial practices and aggressive selling techniques. The Competition and Consumer Protection Commission enforces consumer law in Ireland.
Navigating IT Procurement in a Perfect StormMarkit
Covid-19 and a horrific European conflict have clearly demonstrated the difficulties of business planning in the face of intensely fluid and unpredictable scenarios.
Add the rising pressure to meet climate protection targets set by the Paris Agreement, and it is inevitable that business leaders, including procurement decision makers, have some tough calls to make in the coming months and even years.
Do unprecedented, complex challenges for IT procurement arising from conflict, Covid-19, and climate change require a re-evaluation of IT vendor selection processes?
And what can suppliers do to help?
This is an article on how Designs are being registered under the African Intellectual Property Organisation(better known by its French acronym OAPI) which clearly infringes on the famous trademarks
The document provides information on aspects of contract and business law for a course assignment. It discusses key topics like the Sale of Goods Act 1979 and implied terms regarding title, description, fitness and quality. It also covers the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 and protections for consumers. Learners are given tasks to research cases, summarize legislation, and analyze how consumers are protected in the event of a contract breach for goods or services. The learning mentors request additional information be created on consumer law protections for buying clothes and internet service contracts.
This document provides an overview of intellectual property protection in the fashion industry. It discusses how copyright, design patents, and trademarks can protect certain design elements but often do not extend to clothing designs themselves due to issues with separability of function and aesthetics. Copyright may protect some surface designs but not the overall clothing design. Design patents are difficult to obtain for clothing as designs must be novel, non-obvious, and primarily ornamental rather than functional. Trademarks only protect brand names and logos. Overall, US law provides little IP protection for clothing designs due to balancing innovation against restricting competition.
This document investigates the use of FIDIC clauses in construction contracts in the West Bank and identifies common causes of disputes. It analyzes responses from a questionnaire distributed to 30 contractors, consultants, and owners about their experience with FIDIC. The most frequently used FIDIC clauses relate to parties fulfilling their duties and defining payment terms. The most important causes of disputes center around issues with contract documents, political/economic problems, and specifications. The document concludes that following FIDIC clauses can help reduce disputes and offers recommendations like improving contract documents and open communication between parties.
AN EXAMPLE OF HOW PREPARING A CLAIM STEP BY STEP.pdfHamsathFarludeen
This document provides guidance on preparing construction contract claims and disputes. It discusses the components and format for a formal statement of claim, including an executive summary, introduction, contract representations, contractor's plan, actual conditions, impacts, entitlement, quantification, and appendix. The executive summary should describe the project, issue, what the contractor wants, and basis for entitlement. The introduction provides background on the parties, bid, project, and claim. The contract representations section establishes the owner's express and implied representations relied upon in the bid. The contractor's plan demonstrates how the contractor planned to perform based on the contract representations.
This document provides a group assignment analyzing the appropriate form of FIDIC contract for a construction project. It recommends using the FIDIC Red Book based on the client's requirements, including having full control of design and ability to make changes. Payment will be based on bills of quantities. The Red Book best fits the traditional procurement method preferred by the client and covers conditions regarding payment, contractual programming, termination, and dispute resolution relevant for the project.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Ipr case study new
1. Page1
ABSTRACT
The test for infringement is therefore a balance of factors in which the standard
of the informed user is used to determine the scope of freedom of the designer to
innovate in the design field, to assess the distinctiveness of the registered design
in light of prior designs, and in comparing the registered design to the allegedly
infringing product. Overall visual impression is key to whether infringement will
be found.
Review 2 Pty Ltd v Redberry Enterprise Pty Ltd [2008] FCA 1588 (Redberry).
KENNY J
24 OCTOBER 2008
MELBOURNE
IN THE FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA
VICTORIA DISTRICT REGISTRY VID 286 OF 2007
BETWEEN: REVIEW 2 PTY LTD (IN LIQUIDATION) (ACN 067 634 360)
First Applicant/First Cross-respondent
REVIEW AUSTRALIA PTY LTD (ACN 122 295 836)
Second Applicant/Second Cross-respondent
AND: REDBERRY ENTERPRISE PTY LTD (ACN 093 946 260)
Respondent/Cross-claimant
JUDGE: KENNY J
DATE OF ORDER: 24 OCTOBER 2008
WHERE MADE: MELBOURNE
In the Redberry case, Review 2 and Review claimed that Redberry had infringed a
design registration in respect of a “Review” sleeveless, cross-over (or fixed-wrap)
dress (“Review Design”) by importing and selling a dress (“Redberry Dress”)
alleged to embody a design substantially similar in overall impression to the
Review Design.
2. Page2
Redberry challenged the validity of the Review Design principally on the basis that
it was not distinctive in the sense that it was substantially similar in overall
impression to a design(s) forming part of the prior art published before the
application for the Review Design was filed.
Justice Kenny found that the Review Design was different from the designs in the
prior art and was valid. Nevertheless, due to differences in the shape of the skirt
and the pattern of the respective Review Design and Redberry Dress, Her Honour
found that Redberry had not infringed the Review Design. The Judge took into
account the designer’s limited freedom to innovate a cross-over or wrap ladies’
dress other than by reference to the shape and configuration of the skirt
combined with differences in pattern (including colour).
ANALYSIS
A design will infringe a registered design if it is identical to or substantially similar
in overall impression to the registered design. When assessing substantial
similarity in overall impression, the law requires the Court to place more
importance on the similarities between designs than differences, and to consider
the significance of the design as a whole. This is considered from the point of view
of an informed user of the product – someone who is familiar with the product.
The Court determined that the informed user was a purchaser for fashion outlets
rather than either an average consumer or a fashion designer.
The allegedly infringing dresses were of different colored and patterned fabrics
than the dress shown in the photographs in the design registrations. Redberry’s
dress varied from the registered design in the shape of the skirt as well. The Court
considered that the shape of the skirt in combination with the color and pattern
3. Page3
of the fabric had some significance in creating a different overall impression of
the design. Therefore, the Court found no infringement.
HOW CLOSE TO AN AUSTRALIAN REGISTERED DESIGN DOES A LATER
DESIGN NEED TO BE TO INFRINGE IT?
Designs relate to the visual appearance of a product. According to the Designs
Act 2003, to infringe, a later design must be ‘substantially similar in overall
impression’ to a registered design. Several decisions of the Federal Court of
Australia (FCA) and the Full Court of the FCA in recent years provide guidance as
to how this test is applied. Factors to consider in determining whether an
allegedly infringing design is ‘substantially similar in overall impression’ to a
registered design, s19 of the Designs Act requires a court to have regard to
various factors. More weight is to be given to similarities between the designs
than differences; regard is to be had to the state of development of the prior art
base, to any design features identified in a statement of newness and
distinctiveness filed with the design application and to the freedom of the creator
of the design to innovate. If only part of the later design is substantially similar to
the registered design, regard must be had to the amount, quality and importance
of that part in the context of the design as a whole. These factors are to be
assessed at the standard of the informed user.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER
In determining whether an allegedly infringing design is ‘substantially similar in
overall impression’ to a registered design, s19 of the Designs Act requires a court
to have regard to various factors. More weight is to be given to similarities
between the designs than differences; regard is to be had to the state of
4. Page4
development of the prior art base, to any design features identified in a
statement of newness and distinctiveness filed with the design application and to
the freedom of the creator of the design to innovate. If only part of the later
design is substantially similar to the registered design, regard must be had to the
amount, quality and importance of that part in the context of the design as a
whole. These factors are to be assessed at the standard of the informed user.
THE INFORMED USER
The standard of the informed user is therefore the benchmark at which the
similarity of overall impression is assessed. It is therefore important to gauge the
informed user correctly. In Review 2 Pty Ltd v Redberry Enterprise Pty Ltd [2008]
FCA 1588, which concerned designs for women’s dresses, it was held that the
informed user is not a design expert, but nor are they necessarily an ‘ordinary
user’ of the product. Thus, the informed user in the field of designs for women’s
dresses was likely to have particular familiarity with fashion trends. For example,
containers were typically required to be square or rectangular in shape with
dimensions to facilitate packing for storage and transport; ventilation and
drainage holes were required, feet would assist in achieving ventilation and
drainage, pillars were preferably included to give structural integrity to the
container and to provide substantially clear panels between the pillars. The court
used this information to determine whether the registered design was distinctive
over the prior art base. State of development of the prior art base In each of the
cases mentioned herein, the court compared features of similarity and difference
between the registered designs and a prior art design and made an assessment as
to which features of the design the informed user would have found similar to the
prior art and which distinctive, having regard to any features highlighted in the
5. Page5
statement of newness and distinctiveness filed with the design application and
the freedom of the designer to innovate.
Review brought proceedings against Redberry for infringement of their registered
design no. 307708 in respect of a sleeveless cross-over (fixed wrap) dress. Kenny
J, in applying the test for infringement, noted that s 19 of the Act called for
application of the standard of the informed user. Her Honour noted that the
informed user must be a user of the class of product in question (ladies’ dresses)
and further that the user must be informed and not merely an ordinary
consumer.
In arguing that their dress was not substantially similar in overall impression to
the Review design, Redberry relied on evidence from a person who had worked
mostly as a retail sales assistant, but also as a fashion buyer and design assistant.
Review’s witness was a designer, and a director of the company.
Her Honour took into consideration the decision of the Deputy Registrar of
Designs in the Apple case ((2007) 74 IPR 164), which put forth the view that an
informed user could be an ordinary intended user of the product made from the
design, and ultimately rejected this proposition. Instead, guidance was sought
from several UK authorities, in particular the Architectural Lighting case ([2006]
RPC 1) in which the UK Patents County Court defined the informed user as “a
regular user… to whom the design is directed” and who would be aware of
"'what’s about in the market?’ and 'what has been around in the recent past?'"
Her Honour concluded that in the context of ladies’ dresses, an informed user
would be a woman who might subscribe to fashion magazines and have particular
knowledge of, and familiarity with, fashion trends and that Redberry’s witness
6. Page6
was "in the nature of an informed user". She took into account Redberry’s
evidence that the overall appearance of a dress was principally determined by
style, cut, fit, colour/print and materials.
Noting that a dress designer is constrained by “well-recognized conventional
limits” of shape and configuration, and having regard to the state of the prior art
base, her Honour went on to conclude that when viewed through the eyes of an
informed user, there were sufficient differences in the skirt and pattern (including
colour) of the Redberry dress for a finding of non-infringement.
SCOPE OF DESIGNS INVOLVING COLOR
An issue that arose at trial was whether the color of the dress the subject of the
Review design should be taken into account in determining the extent of Review’s
monopoly. The representations of the design had been lodged in colour by the
applicant.
Kenny J reasoned that "[the] weight… to be given to pattern and colour will
depend on the nature of the product and the relative importance of the different
visual features of the registered design, as viewed by the informed user, having
regard to the prior art, and the freedom of the designer to innovate."
In this instance, the evidence (and the prior art) had shown that colour would be
flagged by an informed user as an important visual element of the design. This
played a significant role in Kenny J’s determination of non-infringement. This
decision highlights the need to take care when submitting representations with a
Designs application. If the registration is not to be confined to a particular color or
pattern, then black and white representations should be lodged. If color
representations are required, for example for clarity, then it may be prudent to
7. Page7
include a Statement of Newness and Distinctiveness disclaiming the color and/or
pattern shown in the representations, to reduce the risk of limiting the
registration
INFRINGEMENT
In Review 2 Pty Ltd v Redberry Enterprise Pty Ltd 17, the court held that Review's
design for a cross-over or wrap dress (the Review Design) was valid but not
infringed by a dress it alleged Redberry had made, imported and sold. In
considering whether the Redberry dress was, for the purposes of infringement,
substantially similar in overall impression to the Review Design, Justice Kenny
considered the appearance of the Review Design as a whole by reference to the
standard of the hypothetical 'informed user'. She canvassed the authorities on
this person's qualities, concluding that:
• The assessment must be that of a user of ladies' garments, which would
include a potential purchaser, either in retail sales (such as a buyer for a
fashion store) or at the ultimate consumer level.
• A designer or manufacturer of ladies' garments is not, on account of design or
manufacturing knowledge alone, an informed user.
• The notional user must be informed, in the sense that the user is familiar with
ladies' garments. The informed user is not an expert, but must be more than
barely informed.
• The focus for consideration is on eye appeal and not on internal or less visible
manufacturing features.
8. Page8
Ultimately, the court decided that, applying an objective test, the Review Design
was not infringed.
The style of dress was found to be one that was fairly common and gave limited
freedom to innovate. The key 'new' features of the Review Design as opposed to
the prior art were the skirt's shape and the dress's pattern, including its color: the
monopoly covered by the design was restricted to these aspects.
Justice Kenny held that whether color makes a material difference will depend on
the 'nature of the product and the relative importance of the different visual
features of the registered design.' She considered the fact that Review had
submitted color photographs of its design to be relevant.
When compared, the Review Design and the Redberry dress had many similarities
(which were to be given more weight than their differences 18) but the two
differences between them related to those aspects of the Review Design that
differentiated it from the prior art.
In this context, an informed user would not perceive the Redberry dress as
substantially similar in overall impression to the Review Design.
PROBLEM
In the Redberry case, Review 2 and Review claimed that Red berry had infringed a
design registration in respect of a “Review” sleeveless, cross-over (or fixed-wrap)
dress (“Review Design”) by importing and selling a dress (“Redberry Dress”)
alleged to embody a design substantially similar in overall impression to the
Review Design.
9. Page9
In substance, the applicants claim that the Redberry garment embodies a design
that is substantially similar in overall impression to the Review Design because,
when regard is had to the Review Dress, as depicted on the Register, and the
Redberry garment, the following similarities are manifest:
• they are both sleeveless, V-necked, cross-over or fixed wrap dresses;
• the gathering on the shoulders and the shoulder widths of both garments
appears much the same;
• across the upper body, both garments are gathered at the same point on the
side seam, having a similar amount of gathering;
• the fitted waist and waist tie appear the same on both garments;
• whilst the skirt on the Review Design dress is panelled and the skirt on the
Redberry dress is not, the overall effect is much the same since both skirts fall
from a fitted waist and the skirt hem is full; and
• Both garments share much the same proportions, since they appear to have
much the same shoulder to waist and waist to hem lengths.
10. Page10
Redberry challenged the validity of the Review Design principally on the basis that
it was not distinctive in the sense that it was substantially similar in overall
impression to a design(s) forming part of the prior art published before the
application for the Review Design was filed.
QUALITATIVE DATA
The court importantly found that the design registration was limited to a
combination of all the features present in the design representation including the
colors present in the pattern or ornamentation.
DISTINCT DIFFERENCES.
(a) The Review Design skirt is figure-hugging to about half way to the hem, when
it expands suddenly and significantly relative to the top of the skirt, giving the
hem the ruffled look, to which both Ms. Ellis and Ms. Mudie referred. This is to be
contrasted with the floppy or blousy appearance of the Redberry skirt from the
waist to the hem.
(b) The pattern (including color) of the Review Design and the Redberry garment
are different.”
What differentiates the Review Design from the designs embodied in the prior art
(including the Spicy Sugar J3182RB) is the shape and configuration of the Review
Design skirt. Even so, the prior art discloses at least one skirt that is not dissimilar
in shape to the skirt of the Review Design, although the overall impression
between the design embodied in that garment and the Review Design is different.
The prior art also makes it plain that pattern (including colour) can be an
important visual feature in the designs embodied in the dresses said to exemplify
the prior art.
11. Page11
• Having regard to the prior art and to the Review Design, and taking into
account the freedom of the designer to innovate, the informed user would, so
it seems to me, be aware that there is limited freedom to design a cross-over
or wrap ladies’ dress (or similar ladies’ garment) other than by reference to
the shape of the skirt (as opposed to the cross-over itself), combined with
differences in pattern (including colour). In addition, there are significant
constraints on designer innovation arising from the nature of the product in
question. Designs for ladies’ garments are invariably limited by what women
customarily wear. By and large, the "dress" has well-recognized conventional
limits.
Redberry argued that the Court should have regard to every visual feature,
including colour, disclosed in the photographs depicting the Review Design as
registered. According to Redberry:
• The fact that one dress has an orange, blue and brown cross-hatched print
and the other is a brown floral dress is a visual feature (and indeed a striking
visual feature) that must be considered .If the Applicants did not want colour
and print to be considered they could have lodged a black and white
photograph, or a sketch
JUSTICE KENNY STATED:
“Having regard to the prior art and the freedom of the designer to innovate, what
gives the Review Design its different overall impression from the prior art
(discussed further below), from the perspective of the informed user, is the shape
and configuration of the skirt, combined with differences in pattern and
ornamentation”.
12. Page12
QUANTITATIVE DATA
Redberry apparently ceased the conduct of which the applicants complain when it
became aware of their claim and, in any case, before the issue of proceedings.
The amount of profit to Redberry was modest – less than $2000.
In Amended Particulars of Loss and Damage, the applicants sought:
(a) Damages by reason of lost sales in the sum of $18,919.25, calculated on the
assumption that it would have sold 133 units as sold by Redberry and would have
done so at a profit of $142.25 per garment. (Counsel for the applicants conceded,
however, that the applicants had not intended to depart from the figure of
$18,679.41 mentioned in opening and in the original Particulars
(b) Damages for the applicants’ loss of reputation and position in the Australian
market of $200,000, by reason of:
•Redberry’s copying the Review Design;
•Redberry’s selling the Redberry garment at $59 – more than half of the retail
price at which the applicants sold the Review Dress that embodies the Review
Design; and
•diminution of the applicants’ reputation as an exclusive designer of original
garments only available through their retail stores and concession sites.
(c) Additional damages of $400,000 pursuant to s 75(3) of the Designs Act having
regard to:
13. Page13
•the flagrancy of Redberry’s conduct as constituted by the closeness of copying
and the continued denial of any knowledge of the Review Design and/or copying;
and
•having regard to the apparent business practice of Redberry and/or related
entities to engage in copying the garment designs of other designers which have
been the subject of previous proceedings against Redberry for copyright
infringement; the subject of copyright infringement claims; or the subject of
trademark infringement claims.
DESIGN STATISTICS July 2008 – June 2009
• Design Applications Lodged - 5319
• Design Registrations - 6512
Design Registrations Certified1985
• Designs Ceased (1906 Act) - 2124
• Designs Ceased (2003 Act) - 120
DAMAGES
While not required to consider damages in the Redberry case, having not found
any infringement, Justice Kenny nevertheless considered each of the heads of
damage claimed by Review. Her Honor made the following findings on the
damages issue in the two cases:
FINDINGS
Lost sales – Review argued that it would have sold the same number of dresses as
the respective respondents had imported. Justice Kenny thought some allowance
should be made for the chance that Review would not achieve the same level of
sales. In the Redberry case, the chance of a Review customer buying the Redberry
14. Page14
dress was considered 'very low' and the nominal lost sales would have been
reduced by 90 per cent. Diminution in value – Justice Kenny awarded $3500 in
damages against Redberry) for diminution in the value of the Review Design. The
reproduction of the Review Design 'under the cheaper...label had the distinct
potential to diminish customer interest in the Review Design and, in consequence,
consumer demand for garments embodying the Review Design’. Review
positioned itself as an exclusive brand, sold only through Review stores or
concessions in large department stores, and this exclusivity was commercially
valuable.
Additional damages – In claiming additional damages, Review relied, in part, on
the alleged business practice of Redberry in routinely copying others' designs.
Justice Kenny observed that copying per se was not unlawful under designs law
and, while evidence of repeated design infringements might be relevant to
additional damages, a tendency to copy others' designs was not. She made the
interesting comment that:
The nature of the fashion industry and its products as disclosed in the evidence
can also be borne in mind. The evidence indicates that copying and adapting the
designs of other designers is the accepted modus operandi of designers, including
reputable designers, within the industry; and that it is through this process that
fashion products are created.
An interesting point arose when Redberry attempted to show that their
infringement (if any) did not lie in making the garments (primary infringement)
but only in their importation and sale (secondary infringement), because they had
not been made in Australia. A finding of secondary infringement would have
involved a lower threshold than primary infringement for the respondent to
15. Page15
overcome in proving that any damages awarded should be reduced. Justice Kenny
agreed that the garments in each case were made not in Australia, but in China,
finding that an article will be 'made' in Australia for the purposes of the Act if a
direction to make the garment is given in Australia; however, it will not be made
in Australia if an Australian person issues a direction to make a product while
travelling overseas.
Traditionally, most Australian fashion houses have decided against registering
designs, as the process has been relatively costly and hasn't kept up with the fast
pace of the fashion cycle. Australia's relatively new designs legislation, which
came into effect on 17 June 2004, allows designers to apply to register a design
and have it published (preventing others from obtaining certification of the same,
or a substantially similar, design) without proceeding to registration. While no
action can be taken for infringement of the design until it is certified by the
Designs Office as a validly registered design, the new scheme has made design
registration an increasingly workable and realistic way for fashion designers to
protect their work.
By comparison, in the New Cover Group case, Review succeeded in its claim for
infringement of the same Review Design in respect of the manufacture,
importation and sale of garments labelled “Spicy Sugar”. In contrast to the
Redberry case, Justice Kenny found that whilst the pattern (and colour) of the
Spicy Sugar garments differed to the Review Design, they embodied a design
substantially similar to the Review Design. Again, the validity of the Review Design
was challenged but was upheld.
16. Page16
JUDGEMENT
A design will infringe a registered design if it is identical to or substantially similar
in overall impression to the registered design. When assessing substantial
similarity in overall impression, the law requires the Court to place more
importance on the similarities between designs than differences, and to consider
the significance of the design as a whole. This is considered from the point of view
of an informed user of the product – someone who is familiar with the product.
The Court determined that the informed user was a purchaser for fashion outlets
rather than either an average consumer or a fashion designer.
Significantly, the fact that the Review Design was registered in color through the
use of color photographs, without a statement of newness and distinctiveness to
otherwise define the design, was considered by the Judge as relevant to
determining the extent of the monopoly of the registration. In assessing whether
a registered design is infringed, the Court may take into account pattern and color
as visual features which form part of the subject matter protected by registration,
unless disclaimed in some way. When seeking registration of a fashion design,
very careful consideration should be given as to what are the visual features
which are sought to be protected.
The Judge noted in the Redberry case that had infringement been established, the
Court would have been entitled to exercise its discretion to refuse to award
damages or to reduce the damages that would otherwise be awarded as it was
found on the evidence that Redberry was not aware, and could not reasonably
have been expected to have been aware, that the Review Design was registered.
The Designs Act provides that it is prima facie evidence that the defendant was
aware that the design was registered if the product embodying the registered
17. Page17
design to which the infringement proceedings relate, or the packaging of the
product, is marked so as to indicate registration of the design. An example would
be affixing a garment with a swing tag notifying design registration.
In both the Redberry case, the Judge observed that copying and adapting designs
of other designers is common place in the fashion industry. Implementing a
design registration filing strategy can be a particularly useful way for designers to
protect their seasonal fashion wares.
Justice Kenny found that the Review Design was different from the designs in the
prior art and was valid. Nevertheless, due to differences in the shape of the skirt
and the pattern of the respective Review Design and Redberry Dress, Her Honor
found that Redberry had not infringed the Review Design. The Judge took into
account the designer’s limited freedom to innovate a cross-over or wrap ladies’
dress other than by reference to the shape and configuration of the skirt
combined with differences in pattern (including color). Kenny J found that the
Review Design was valid but that Redberry had not infringed it.
In the Redberry case, the Court found no infringement of the registered design
and stated:
“There are also two distinct differences. These are:
(a) The Review Design skirt is figure-hugging to about half way to the hem, when
it expands suddenly and significantly relative to the top of the skirt, giving the
hem the ruffled look, to which both Ms. Ellis and Ms. Mudie referred. This is to be
contrasted with the floppy or blousy appearance of the Redberry skirt from the
waist to the hem.
18. Page18
(b) The pattern (including color) of the Review Design and the Redberry garment
are different.”
This case reminds us that while a design registration may be found valid, the
monopoly conferred by registration can be closely confined by what has been
disclosed in the prior art.
The allegedly infringing dresses were of different coloured and patterned fabrics
than the dress shown in the photographs in the design registrations. Redberry’s
dress varied from the registered design in the shape of the skirt as well. The Court
considered that the shape of the skirt in combination with the colour and
pattern of the fabric had some significance in creating a different overall
impression of the design. Therefore, the Court found no infringement.
Finally judge concluded that Redberry acknowledged that, if differences
between the Review Design and the design in the Redberry garment as regards
the shape of the skirt and the pattern (including color) avoided a finding of
infringement, then the likely outcome was that the Review Design was valid but
not infringed.
19. Page19
REFERENCES
• ATACADOR, J. (2008, DECEMBER 3). DESIGNERS UNDER REVIW. Retrieved
from http://www.davies.com.au/ip-news/designers-under-review:
http://www.davies.com.au/
• CLAYTON, G. &. (2008, OCTOBER 27). Federal Court of Australia. Retrieved
from http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/federal_ct/2008/1588.html:
http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/FCA/2008/1588.html
• Jones, M. L. (2008, OCTOBER 3). INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. Retrieved from
http://www.allens.com.au/pubs/ip/ipbulldec08.htm:
http://www.allens.com.au
• (Clothing cases reveal the limits to design protection, n.d.)Clothing cases
reveal the limits to design protection. (n.d.). Retrieved from ipwhiteboard:
http://www.ipwhiteboard.com.au/clothing-cases-reveal-the-limits-to-
design-protection/