Industrial and electronic products are designed to withstand the ingress of both dust and liquid. The IP rating shows the level of protection each can withstand. In this slideshare we explore what the number mean.
the degree of protection provided against intrusion (body parts such as hands and fingers), dust, accidental contact, and water by mechanical casings and electrical enclosures called IP Ratings.
Ingress Protection (IP) Testing Per BS EN 60529, IEC 60529 for Lighting Products
ITC INDIA Providing IP (Ingress Protection) Testing Per BS EN 60529, IEC 60529 for Lighting Products. ITC INDIA NABL Accredited Electrical Safety Testing laboratory can Determine a products susceptibility to solid particle (including dust) ingress and liquid (water) ingress.
Kindly send us your testing requirements with the product technical details to submit you our testing charges.
We are waiting for your earliest reply.
You can call or write us for any clarification.
Thanks & Regards,
Puneet Sharma
M: +91.8196980555
E-mail:-(itcindiaone@gmail.com)
ITC India Pvt. Ltd
- IP ratings define levels of protection against solid objects like dust and liquids like water for electrical enclosures. They consist of two digits where the first refers to solids protection and the second to liquids. Common IP ratings include IP54 for limited dust and heavy rain protection and IP67 for dust tight with brief immersion. IP ratings differ from NEMA ratings which are used in North America and include additional tests.
The document discusses Ingress Protection (IP) ratings as defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission. IP ratings indicate a product's level of protection against solid objects like dust and liquids like water. The ratings use a two or three digit system with the first digit referring to solid object protection, the second to liquid protection, and optionally the third to mechanical impacts. Common IP ratings and their meanings are provided to understand the global standard for classifying enclosure protection levels.
Hazardous area module- Zones, Method of Determination of Hazardous area Radiu...Aniruddha Kulkarni
The explosion properties of our fuel like gasses, vapors, combustible dusts have been studied and organized by their flammability limits and ignition temp etc in order to suitably assess the potential of an explosion and to take appropriate preventative measures to avoid an explosion.
This document discusses electrical maintenance in hazardous areas. It defines area classification and explains why it is important to prevent electrical hazards from causing fires and explosions. It outlines the fire explosion triangle and important terminology like hazard, hazardous atmosphere, ignition temperature, and flammable substances. It then describes the concentration limits for explosions and different area classification systems from NEC and IEC codes. The document provides examples of zone classifications and discusses gas groups, temperature classes, ingress protection, types of protections, and materials of construction for electrical equipment in hazardous areas. It also covers labeling requirements and dos and don'ts for working in hazardous areas.
This document discusses different types of control valves, including globe valves, butterfly valves, ball valves, and gate valves. It describes control valve fundamentals and characteristics, such as Kv and Cv values that define flow capacity. Factors that affect flow capacity are discussed, along with potential issues like cavitation and solutions like anti-cavitation trim designs. Seat leakage classifications and plug designs are covered. In conclusion, control valves are final control elements in process systems and their characteristic curves define their control behavior.
the degree of protection provided against intrusion (body parts such as hands and fingers), dust, accidental contact, and water by mechanical casings and electrical enclosures called IP Ratings.
Ingress Protection (IP) Testing Per BS EN 60529, IEC 60529 for Lighting Products
ITC INDIA Providing IP (Ingress Protection) Testing Per BS EN 60529, IEC 60529 for Lighting Products. ITC INDIA NABL Accredited Electrical Safety Testing laboratory can Determine a products susceptibility to solid particle (including dust) ingress and liquid (water) ingress.
Kindly send us your testing requirements with the product technical details to submit you our testing charges.
We are waiting for your earliest reply.
You can call or write us for any clarification.
Thanks & Regards,
Puneet Sharma
M: +91.8196980555
E-mail:-(itcindiaone@gmail.com)
ITC India Pvt. Ltd
- IP ratings define levels of protection against solid objects like dust and liquids like water for electrical enclosures. They consist of two digits where the first refers to solids protection and the second to liquids. Common IP ratings include IP54 for limited dust and heavy rain protection and IP67 for dust tight with brief immersion. IP ratings differ from NEMA ratings which are used in North America and include additional tests.
The document discusses Ingress Protection (IP) ratings as defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission. IP ratings indicate a product's level of protection against solid objects like dust and liquids like water. The ratings use a two or three digit system with the first digit referring to solid object protection, the second to liquid protection, and optionally the third to mechanical impacts. Common IP ratings and their meanings are provided to understand the global standard for classifying enclosure protection levels.
Hazardous area module- Zones, Method of Determination of Hazardous area Radiu...Aniruddha Kulkarni
The explosion properties of our fuel like gasses, vapors, combustible dusts have been studied and organized by their flammability limits and ignition temp etc in order to suitably assess the potential of an explosion and to take appropriate preventative measures to avoid an explosion.
This document discusses electrical maintenance in hazardous areas. It defines area classification and explains why it is important to prevent electrical hazards from causing fires and explosions. It outlines the fire explosion triangle and important terminology like hazard, hazardous atmosphere, ignition temperature, and flammable substances. It then describes the concentration limits for explosions and different area classification systems from NEC and IEC codes. The document provides examples of zone classifications and discusses gas groups, temperature classes, ingress protection, types of protections, and materials of construction for electrical equipment in hazardous areas. It also covers labeling requirements and dos and don'ts for working in hazardous areas.
This document discusses different types of control valves, including globe valves, butterfly valves, ball valves, and gate valves. It describes control valve fundamentals and characteristics, such as Kv and Cv values that define flow capacity. Factors that affect flow capacity are discussed, along with potential issues like cavitation and solutions like anti-cavitation trim designs. Seat leakage classifications and plug designs are covered. In conclusion, control valves are final control elements in process systems and their characteristic curves define their control behavior.
This document provides installation and configuration instructions for the TECNOLOGIC K49 series controller. It outlines:
1) Mounting requirements for the controller, including ambient temperature, humidity, and vibration limits. The controller is intended for indoor use.
2) Wiring diagrams and notes for different input types (thermocouple, RTD, voltage, current) and outputs (relays, SSRs). Proper wiring techniques are emphasized to avoid errors.
3) Technical specifications for the controller, including display type, accuracy, EMC standards, operating temperature, and power supply options. Instructions are provided for ordering controllers with different configurations.
This risk assessment identifies hazards associated with the use of portable power tools, including electricity, flammable atmospheres, moving parts, noise, vibration, ergonomics, slips and falls, dust, air lines, tool jamming, and inappropriate use. Control measures are outlined to reduce the residual risk for each hazard, such as checking tools before use, using guards and protective equipment, restricting use times, and ensuring users are trained. The risk assessment must be reviewed and signed by the assessor, supervisor, and safety coordinators.
This document provides an overview of control valves, including applicable standards, types of control valves, leakage classes, characteristics, selection criteria, and noise and cavitation controls. It discusses control valve fundamentals like flow characterization using different cage designs, cavitation and flashing issues, and remedies. The document also summarizes Reliance Petroleum's control valve selection process and installed base of control valves from manufacturers like Fisher, ABB, and CCI.
This document discusses different direct methods for liquid level measurement, including sight glass, float type, and hook-type level indicators. Sight glass uses a graduated glass tube to directly measure the liquid level in a tank. Float type uses a float that follows the liquid surface and transmits its movement to a calibrated scale. Hook-type indicators involve raising a hook below the liquid surface to minimize parallax error in reading the level. Direct methods provide simple and economical level measurement but have limitations like limited accuracy and pressure ranges.
This document discusses control valves, including their applications in flow, level, pressure, and temperature control. It defines control valves as valves that are remotely controlled to maintain parameters like flow rate, level, pressure, and temperature. The document then covers classifications of control valves based on actuator and valve action. It also discusses components like the valve body and actuator. Characteristics, plugs, cages, and typical valve types are described. Failure modes and valve leakage classes are defined.
This document discusses hazardous area classifications and explosion protection methods. It defines Class 1 and Class 2 hazardous areas where flammable gases or combustible dust may be present. It also defines Zone 0, 1, and 2 areas where gases may be present and Zone 20, 21, and 22 areas where dusts may be found. Common explosion protection methods are also summarized, including flameproof equipment, intrinsically safe equipment and circuits, non-sparking equipment, and pressurization. Recommended protection methods for different zone areas are provided.
Compressed gas cylinders pose safety risks due to the high pressure of the gases inside. When gas is compressed into cylinders, it is "squeezed down significantly", with 260 cubic feet of acetylene fitting into a normal cylinder. This high pressure can lead to dangerous situations if the cylinders are damaged or mishandled. Proper handling and storage of cylinders is required, such as always keeping cylinders secured and upright, storing gases separately, and never transporting cylinders in the cab of a vehicle. Damage to cylinders or improper use of equipment like torches can cause fires or explosions if gases are ignited.
The scaffolding handover certificate outlines the key details of the erected scaffold including the client name, site address, scaffold location, type of scaffold, number of working platforms and lifts, scaffold height and dimensions, access type, design drawing reference, and handover date and time signed by the responsible scaffolder.
This document outlines procedures for the safe handing over of equipment. It discusses general steps like isolation, depressurization, purging, blinding, inertization, cooling, and ventilation. It provides details on isolating specific equipment like columns, heaters, pumps, compressors and tanks. Hazards of confined space entry are listed. The document emphasizes safety measures like permitting, toolbox talks, standby personnel, lighting and monitoring for hazards during entry. Procedures are provided for issues like pyrophoric burning, passivation and inert entry.
The technology for hoists is always improving. Chain hoists have become more durable, and new hoists are designed with lower headrooms. Currently, both electric chain and wire rope hoists are appropriate for typical factory applications in capacities to 7.5 tons.
This document provides definitions and information related to fire and explosion hazards. It defines key terms like hazard, risk, fire, explosion, ignition sources, and stages of combustion. It also discusses flash point, fire point, auto-ignition temperature, and flammability limits. The document outlines how to prevent and mitigate explosions through ventilation, ignition source control, containment, material substitution, and separation. It also discusses hazardous area classification and electrical equipment certification for different zones and gas/vapor groups.
This document provides an overview of sensors and primary transducers used in process and automatic control systems. It discusses various types of sensors for measuring temperature, pressure, speed, and other process variables. The key types covered include thermocouples, resistance temperature sensors, pressure sensors using Bourdon tubes, diaphragms, and other mechanisms, as well as optical and magnetic sensors for measuring speed of rotation. The document aims to familiarize the reader with common input sensors and their basic working principles.
This document provides a conversion chart between different hardness measurement scales including Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers and Shore scales. It also lists the approximate tensile strength in psi corresponding to each hardness value on the different scales.
Train the trainer overhead Cranes operation training BILL Bill Brown
The document provides training requirements and safety rules for crane and hoist operators. It states that operators must pass vision, hearing, reaction time, and other tests. They must be able to read and write in English and be at least 18 years old. Safety rules address proper use of rigging, not overloading equipment, and following signals from authorized persons only. Operators must know emergency procedures and never operate unsafely or if unfit for duty.
The document summarizes electric rope hoists from the VAT series. The hoists are compact lifting machines that can be used independently or built into other equipment. They are designed according to increased customer demands, development trends in hoists, and international standards. The hoists come in different capacities and duty cycles, and are suitable for normal, tropical, and marine environments between -25 and 40 degrees Celsius with 80% humidity. The basic features of VAT hoists include compactness, ease of repair, long life, and aesthetic design.
This document provides a summary of Module 7, which covers Weld Procedure Qualification according to ASME Section IX. It discusses the 5 step process for qualifying a welding procedure and the variables that must be addressed in the Procedure Qualification Record (PQR). These include joint design, base metal, filler metal, position, preheat, post-weld heat treatment, gas, and electrical characteristics. An example procedure qualification is provided for a manual GTAW and GMAW weld on 0.75-inch thick A36 steel in the flat position, with no preheat or PWHT, using ER80S-D2 wire for GTAW and ER70S-6 wire for GMAW
This document provides guidance on crane safety for lifting operations. It discusses categories of lifting such as ordinary and critical lifts and outlines planning requirements. Key topics covered include load description, crane selection, ground conditions, rigging study, lifting hazards, and safe work practices like inspections and hand signals. An appendix includes inspection forms and checklists. The overall aim is to define work practices and inspections to help ensure operator safety during crane operations.
The transducer whose resistance varies because of the environmental effects such type of transducer is known as the resistive transducer. The change in resistance is measured by the ac or dc measuring devices. The resistive transducer is used for measuring the physical quantities like temperature, displacement, vibration etc.
The measurement of the physical quantity is quite difficult. The resistive transducer converts the physical quantities into variable resistance which is easily measured by the meters. The process of variation in resistance is widely used in the industrial applications.
The resistive transducer can work both as the primary as well as the secondary transducer. The primary transducer changes the physical quantities into a mechanical signal, and secondary transducer directly transforms it into an electrical signal.
Working Principle of Resistive Transducer
The resistive transducer element works on the principle that the resistance of the element is directly proportional to the length of the conductor and inversely proportional to the area of the conductor. equation-1
Where R – resistance in ohms.
A – cross-section area of the conductor in meter square.
L – Length of the conductor in meter square.
ρ – the resistivity of the conductor in materials in ohm meter.
The resistive transducer is designed by considering the variation of the length, area and resistivity of the metal.
Applications of Resistive Transducer
The following are the applications of the resistive transducer.
Potentiometer – The translation and rotatory potentiometer are the examples of the resistive transducers. The resistance of their conductor varies with the variation in their lengths which is used for the measurement of displacement.
Strain gauges – The resistance of their semiconductor material changes when the strain occurs on it. This property of metals is used for the measurement of the pressure, force-displacement etc.
Resistance Thermometer – The resistance of the metals changes because of changes in temperature. This property of conductor is used for measuring the temperature.
Thermistor – It works on the principle that the temperature coefficient of the thermistor material varies with the temperature. The thermistor has the negative temperature coefficient. The Negative temperature coefficient means the temperature is inversely proportional to resistance.
Today's document discusses methods for measuring liquid and solid levels in containers. There are two main categories: continuous level monitoring and single point sensing. Continuous monitoring constantly measures levels while single point sensing detects levels only when they reach a predetermined point. Direct sensing devices like level gauges and transmitters measure actual levels while indirect devices like differential pressure transmitters sense a liquid property like pressure to determine level. Common direct sensing devices include tubular and reflex type level gauges as well as float switches.
Sil target selection verification exidaKoenLeekens
1. The document discusses selecting safety integrity levels (SIL) for safety instrumented functions to reduce risk from hazardous scenarios.
2. It describes various SIL target selection methods, with frequency-based targets like layer of protection analysis (LOPA) providing the most accurate results.
3. The document provides a simplified example of using a "risk-o-meter" to determine if actual risk is below a company's tolerable risk level of 1 fatality per 100,000 years after accounting for existing layers of protection.
This document provides information about EXPRO's explosion-proof acoustic and luminous signaling devices for applications in zones with explosive atmospheres. It includes details on bells, electromechanical and electronic sirens, LED and xenon beacons, traditional beacons, and pilot lights and switches. All of EXPRO's products meet European certification standards for use in potentially explosive environments.
This document provides installation and configuration instructions for the TECNOLOGIC K49 series controller. It outlines:
1) Mounting requirements for the controller, including ambient temperature, humidity, and vibration limits. The controller is intended for indoor use.
2) Wiring diagrams and notes for different input types (thermocouple, RTD, voltage, current) and outputs (relays, SSRs). Proper wiring techniques are emphasized to avoid errors.
3) Technical specifications for the controller, including display type, accuracy, EMC standards, operating temperature, and power supply options. Instructions are provided for ordering controllers with different configurations.
This risk assessment identifies hazards associated with the use of portable power tools, including electricity, flammable atmospheres, moving parts, noise, vibration, ergonomics, slips and falls, dust, air lines, tool jamming, and inappropriate use. Control measures are outlined to reduce the residual risk for each hazard, such as checking tools before use, using guards and protective equipment, restricting use times, and ensuring users are trained. The risk assessment must be reviewed and signed by the assessor, supervisor, and safety coordinators.
This document provides an overview of control valves, including applicable standards, types of control valves, leakage classes, characteristics, selection criteria, and noise and cavitation controls. It discusses control valve fundamentals like flow characterization using different cage designs, cavitation and flashing issues, and remedies. The document also summarizes Reliance Petroleum's control valve selection process and installed base of control valves from manufacturers like Fisher, ABB, and CCI.
This document discusses different direct methods for liquid level measurement, including sight glass, float type, and hook-type level indicators. Sight glass uses a graduated glass tube to directly measure the liquid level in a tank. Float type uses a float that follows the liquid surface and transmits its movement to a calibrated scale. Hook-type indicators involve raising a hook below the liquid surface to minimize parallax error in reading the level. Direct methods provide simple and economical level measurement but have limitations like limited accuracy and pressure ranges.
This document discusses control valves, including their applications in flow, level, pressure, and temperature control. It defines control valves as valves that are remotely controlled to maintain parameters like flow rate, level, pressure, and temperature. The document then covers classifications of control valves based on actuator and valve action. It also discusses components like the valve body and actuator. Characteristics, plugs, cages, and typical valve types are described. Failure modes and valve leakage classes are defined.
This document discusses hazardous area classifications and explosion protection methods. It defines Class 1 and Class 2 hazardous areas where flammable gases or combustible dust may be present. It also defines Zone 0, 1, and 2 areas where gases may be present and Zone 20, 21, and 22 areas where dusts may be found. Common explosion protection methods are also summarized, including flameproof equipment, intrinsically safe equipment and circuits, non-sparking equipment, and pressurization. Recommended protection methods for different zone areas are provided.
Compressed gas cylinders pose safety risks due to the high pressure of the gases inside. When gas is compressed into cylinders, it is "squeezed down significantly", with 260 cubic feet of acetylene fitting into a normal cylinder. This high pressure can lead to dangerous situations if the cylinders are damaged or mishandled. Proper handling and storage of cylinders is required, such as always keeping cylinders secured and upright, storing gases separately, and never transporting cylinders in the cab of a vehicle. Damage to cylinders or improper use of equipment like torches can cause fires or explosions if gases are ignited.
The scaffolding handover certificate outlines the key details of the erected scaffold including the client name, site address, scaffold location, type of scaffold, number of working platforms and lifts, scaffold height and dimensions, access type, design drawing reference, and handover date and time signed by the responsible scaffolder.
This document outlines procedures for the safe handing over of equipment. It discusses general steps like isolation, depressurization, purging, blinding, inertization, cooling, and ventilation. It provides details on isolating specific equipment like columns, heaters, pumps, compressors and tanks. Hazards of confined space entry are listed. The document emphasizes safety measures like permitting, toolbox talks, standby personnel, lighting and monitoring for hazards during entry. Procedures are provided for issues like pyrophoric burning, passivation and inert entry.
The technology for hoists is always improving. Chain hoists have become more durable, and new hoists are designed with lower headrooms. Currently, both electric chain and wire rope hoists are appropriate for typical factory applications in capacities to 7.5 tons.
This document provides definitions and information related to fire and explosion hazards. It defines key terms like hazard, risk, fire, explosion, ignition sources, and stages of combustion. It also discusses flash point, fire point, auto-ignition temperature, and flammability limits. The document outlines how to prevent and mitigate explosions through ventilation, ignition source control, containment, material substitution, and separation. It also discusses hazardous area classification and electrical equipment certification for different zones and gas/vapor groups.
This document provides an overview of sensors and primary transducers used in process and automatic control systems. It discusses various types of sensors for measuring temperature, pressure, speed, and other process variables. The key types covered include thermocouples, resistance temperature sensors, pressure sensors using Bourdon tubes, diaphragms, and other mechanisms, as well as optical and magnetic sensors for measuring speed of rotation. The document aims to familiarize the reader with common input sensors and their basic working principles.
This document provides a conversion chart between different hardness measurement scales including Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers and Shore scales. It also lists the approximate tensile strength in psi corresponding to each hardness value on the different scales.
Train the trainer overhead Cranes operation training BILL Bill Brown
The document provides training requirements and safety rules for crane and hoist operators. It states that operators must pass vision, hearing, reaction time, and other tests. They must be able to read and write in English and be at least 18 years old. Safety rules address proper use of rigging, not overloading equipment, and following signals from authorized persons only. Operators must know emergency procedures and never operate unsafely or if unfit for duty.
The document summarizes electric rope hoists from the VAT series. The hoists are compact lifting machines that can be used independently or built into other equipment. They are designed according to increased customer demands, development trends in hoists, and international standards. The hoists come in different capacities and duty cycles, and are suitable for normal, tropical, and marine environments between -25 and 40 degrees Celsius with 80% humidity. The basic features of VAT hoists include compactness, ease of repair, long life, and aesthetic design.
This document provides a summary of Module 7, which covers Weld Procedure Qualification according to ASME Section IX. It discusses the 5 step process for qualifying a welding procedure and the variables that must be addressed in the Procedure Qualification Record (PQR). These include joint design, base metal, filler metal, position, preheat, post-weld heat treatment, gas, and electrical characteristics. An example procedure qualification is provided for a manual GTAW and GMAW weld on 0.75-inch thick A36 steel in the flat position, with no preheat or PWHT, using ER80S-D2 wire for GTAW and ER70S-6 wire for GMAW
This document provides guidance on crane safety for lifting operations. It discusses categories of lifting such as ordinary and critical lifts and outlines planning requirements. Key topics covered include load description, crane selection, ground conditions, rigging study, lifting hazards, and safe work practices like inspections and hand signals. An appendix includes inspection forms and checklists. The overall aim is to define work practices and inspections to help ensure operator safety during crane operations.
The transducer whose resistance varies because of the environmental effects such type of transducer is known as the resistive transducer. The change in resistance is measured by the ac or dc measuring devices. The resistive transducer is used for measuring the physical quantities like temperature, displacement, vibration etc.
The measurement of the physical quantity is quite difficult. The resistive transducer converts the physical quantities into variable resistance which is easily measured by the meters. The process of variation in resistance is widely used in the industrial applications.
The resistive transducer can work both as the primary as well as the secondary transducer. The primary transducer changes the physical quantities into a mechanical signal, and secondary transducer directly transforms it into an electrical signal.
Working Principle of Resistive Transducer
The resistive transducer element works on the principle that the resistance of the element is directly proportional to the length of the conductor and inversely proportional to the area of the conductor. equation-1
Where R – resistance in ohms.
A – cross-section area of the conductor in meter square.
L – Length of the conductor in meter square.
ρ – the resistivity of the conductor in materials in ohm meter.
The resistive transducer is designed by considering the variation of the length, area and resistivity of the metal.
Applications of Resistive Transducer
The following are the applications of the resistive transducer.
Potentiometer – The translation and rotatory potentiometer are the examples of the resistive transducers. The resistance of their conductor varies with the variation in their lengths which is used for the measurement of displacement.
Strain gauges – The resistance of their semiconductor material changes when the strain occurs on it. This property of metals is used for the measurement of the pressure, force-displacement etc.
Resistance Thermometer – The resistance of the metals changes because of changes in temperature. This property of conductor is used for measuring the temperature.
Thermistor – It works on the principle that the temperature coefficient of the thermistor material varies with the temperature. The thermistor has the negative temperature coefficient. The Negative temperature coefficient means the temperature is inversely proportional to resistance.
Today's document discusses methods for measuring liquid and solid levels in containers. There are two main categories: continuous level monitoring and single point sensing. Continuous monitoring constantly measures levels while single point sensing detects levels only when they reach a predetermined point. Direct sensing devices like level gauges and transmitters measure actual levels while indirect devices like differential pressure transmitters sense a liquid property like pressure to determine level. Common direct sensing devices include tubular and reflex type level gauges as well as float switches.
Sil target selection verification exidaKoenLeekens
1. The document discusses selecting safety integrity levels (SIL) for safety instrumented functions to reduce risk from hazardous scenarios.
2. It describes various SIL target selection methods, with frequency-based targets like layer of protection analysis (LOPA) providing the most accurate results.
3. The document provides a simplified example of using a "risk-o-meter" to determine if actual risk is below a company's tolerable risk level of 1 fatality per 100,000 years after accounting for existing layers of protection.
This document provides information about EXPRO's explosion-proof acoustic and luminous signaling devices for applications in zones with explosive atmospheres. It includes details on bells, electromechanical and electronic sirens, LED and xenon beacons, traditional beacons, and pilot lights and switches. All of EXPRO's products meet European certification standards for use in potentially explosive environments.
La práctica 7 trata sobre el software social y colaborativo. Se analizan herramientas como wikis, blogs y redes sociales que permiten la creación y edición colaborativa de contenidos. La práctica fue realizada por Laura Arnedo Moreno para su primer grado de educación primaria.
1) O documento descreve a literatura brasileira da segunda metade do século XX, mencionando tendências como o regionalismo, o realismo fantástico e a análise psicológica.
2) Destaca autores como Clarice Lispector, Guimarães Rosa e João Cabral de Melo Neto, analisando características de suas obras como o fluxo de consciência, a linguagem inventiva e o anti-sentimentalismo.
3) Apresenta trechos da obra de Clarice Lispector, Guimarães Rosa e do po
This document discusses electrical safety and the dangers of improper use of electricity. It lists unsafe actions like having wet clothing or being in water while using electrical devices. It also provides information on circuit breakers and ground fault circuit interrupters, noting the electrical currents that can cause burns, heart failure, or shock. The key message is that safety is important when working with or near electricity.
El documento permite conocer las competencias técnicas y específicas de un profesional dedicado a la pintura de vehículos a través de las familias profesionales establecidas en el Catálogo Nacional de Cualificaciones Profesionales. Los certificados de profesionalidad certifican las competencias necesarias para una actividad laboral y se pueden obtener superando módulos o mediante la evaluación de la experiencia laboral. Las entidades de formación deben cumplir varios requisitos como disponer de planificación didáctica, instal
El documento describe el Catálogo Nacional de Cualificaciones Profesionales (CNCP) de España, que incluye las cualificaciones identificadas en el sistema productivo organizadas por familias y niveles profesionales. El CNCP define el contenido de la formación asociada a cada cualificación y sirve para acreditar oficialmente las cualificaciones a través de los certificados de profesionalidad.
Electrical circuits have basic components like switches, loads, hot and neutral wires. Voltage is electrical pressure that can be alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC), while current is the flow of electrons measured in amps. Resistance is a component's opposition to current flow and is measured in ohms. Common electrical measurements include voltage, current, resistance, frequency, and temperature. Digital multimeters are typically used to measure these components and ensure circuits are functioning properly.
Version 1.2 of the document introduces new versions of PHP including PHP 5.6 and PHP 7. PHP 5.6 included new features like constant expressions, variadic functions, and exponentiation. PHP 7 included major performance improvements and introduced scalar type declarations, return type declarations, and new operators like the nullsafe operator and spaceship comparison operator. PHP 7 also removed alternative PHP tags and deprecated old PHP codes. Future versions of PHP will focus on additional type declarations and other new language features.
The document discusses key considerations for conceptual interior aircraft cabin design, including:
1. Shape and pressurization levels for passenger safety.
2. Dimensions such as typical cabin sizes for different aircraft classes, seating arrangements, aisle widths, seat widths and pitches, and how these factors determine cabin length.
3. Specifications and dimensions for various aircraft models are listed for reference.
Explosion protection theory and practiceDavid Pires
This document provides an overview of explosion protection principles and guidelines. It discusses the risks of explosions from combustible gases, vapors, and dusts. It also summarizes the key standards and directives around explosion protection from Europe (ATEX), North America (NEC/CEC), and international standards. The document outlines explosion protection concepts like classification of hazardous areas, protection types, and conformity assessment procedures.
The document provides information on hazardous area classification standards and compares the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Zone system to the National Electric Code (NEC) Class/Division system. It defines IEC Zones 0, 1, and 2 and examples of how different areas would be classified. Protection techniques like flameproof, increased safety, and intrinsic safety used in both systems are also discussed. Charts are included that compare gas groups, temperature classifications, equipment standards, and protection methods between the IEC and NEC/Canadian Electric Code systems.
Lock Out Tag Out (LOTO) is an important safety procedure to prevent unexpected startup of machines and equipment during service or maintenance. It involves shutting down and isolating machines, applying personal lockout devices, releasing stored energy, and verifying isolation before work. The six key steps are: 1) prepare for shutdown, 2) shutdown equipment, 3) isolate energy sources, 4) apply locks and tags, 5) release stored energy, and 6) verify isolation. Proper LOTO training and compliance is needed to protect authorized and affected employees from hazardous energy during service and maintenance work.
This document discusses hazardous area classification. It defines hazardous areas as areas where flammable gases or vapors may be present. Areas are classified into zones based on the likelihood and duration of an explosive atmosphere occurring. Zone 0 areas have explosive atmospheres present continuously, Zone 1 areas have them likely to occur occasionally, and Zone 2 areas are not likely but possible for short periods. Selection of electrical equipment depends on the area classification and gas properties. Standards provide guidelines for equipment certification to ensure safe operation in hazardous environments.
The document discusses measurement, calibration, and units of measurement. Some key points:
- Measurement is the first step to control and improvement. If you can't measure something, you can't understand or control it.
- The International System of Units (SI) defines seven base units including the meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, and candela. Other units are derived from these base units.
- Calibration establishes the relationship between measurement instruments and reference standards under specific conditions. Regular calibration helps ensure accuracy and traceability to national standards.
- Factors like instrument specifications, use, environment, and measurement accuracy needed should be considered when determining calibration frequency.
Este documento presenta un cuadro comparativo de diferentes corrientes económicas, incluyendo el mercantilismo, la escuela fisiocrática, la escuela clásica, la escuela neoclásica, la escuela marxista y la escuela keynesiana. Describe a cada escuela económica, sus principales figuras, su visión del valor o riqueza, su actividad económica principal y su relación con el estado.
La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a las importaciones de productos rusos clave como el acero y limitar el acceso de los bancos rusos a los mercados financieros de la UE. Los líderes de la UE esperan que las sanciones aumenten la presión económica sobre Rusia y la disuadan de continuar su agresión contra Ucrania.
The document discusses a job and mentions Vietnam but provides no other context. It includes dates from 2005 to 2011 and links to books and photos on Amazon and Flickr. There are diagrams of Tuckman's group development stages and mentions of daily short meetings via chat. Principles of the project are outlined, emphasizing teamwork over problems or control. A discussion suggests working together on future projects.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
2. The IP (ingress protection) rating
specifies the degree of protection against
dust, contact and water. These could be
damaging to the motor. Two numbers
follow the IP. The first number represents
the resistance level to dust. The second
its resistance to water.
11. Water 1
Protected against vertically
falling drop of water. Limited
ingress permitted. Duration 10
minutes.
12. Water 2
Protected against vertically
falling drop of water with
enclosure tilter of up to 15
degrees from the vertical.
Duration 10 minutes, shall have
no harmful effect.
13. Water 3
Protected against sprays of
water up to 60 degrees from the
vertical. Duration 5 minutes shall
have no harmful effect.
14. Water 4
Protected against water splashed
from all directions. Duration 5
minutes, shall have no harmful
effect.