The document discusses Internet of Things (IoT) concepts including embedded systems, sensors and actuators, microcontrollers and applications, and networks, protocols, and mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It provides examples of smart refrigerators and cars that are connected to networks and can sense their environments. The key aspects of IoT are connecting everyday objects to collect and share data over the Internet or other networks.

1. •Basics of IoT
•Embedded systems
• Sensors and Actuators
• Microcontrollers and Applications
• Networks, Protocols and MANETs

2.  Stands for Internet of Things
 Cannot be fitted in a single definition
 Simplest explanation :- Internet-of-Things
means connection of the simplest things to the
internet

3. •The term , “Internet of Things”, is used to mean a variety of ideas,
depending on the motivation and background of the speaker.
•Smart connectivity with existing networks and context-aware
computation using network resources is an indispensable part of IoT.
•However, for the Internet of Things vision to successfully emerge, the
computing paradigm will need to go beyond traditional mobile
computing scenarios that use smart phones and portables, and evolve into
connecting everyday existing objects and embedding intelligence into our
environment.
•Network of interconnected objects that not only harvests information
from the environment (sensing) and interacts with the physical world
(actuation/ command/control), but also uses existing Internet standards
to provide services for information transfer, analytics, applications, and
communications .

6. What is a Refrigerator?
An electronic item used to cool and store the daily eatables.
It had many problems like :-
Forst in the freezer
Foul smelling, decayed eatables
Storage limits
Required temp. according to the weather and food stored
& many more
All these problems solved with the arrival of the smarter
version of the refrigerators
Lets see how………

7. Processor + Sensors + Network Connectivity
+ Smart Phone
= Smart Refrigerators!
It can tell when the water filters are to be refilled, beeps
when the door is left open, notify when over weighted,
Auto set temperature ………….
these are some local intelligence features
with applied network connectivity it can:-
•Order the essentials by itself
•Suggest recipes with the stored ingredients
•Weather Forecast

9. ANCESTOR CAR MODERN CAR

10.  It had a simple gearing,
steering, electrical and rarest
had the stereo systems.
 They had no rear cameras, cabin
controlled petrol locking system
and auto locking systems.
 No GPS, LED headlamps,
engine technologies
nothing……….
 The item developed with the
time, now it has many electrical
features like auto locking, fuel
indicators, auto focusing lamps,
switch controlled windows, rear
gear cameras and many better
options like refrigerator, ACs
and air bags are provided.
 The most special and IoT related
attractions are auto focusing
lamps, Net connected stereos
GPS systems and some of the
cars are now provided with
better braking systems.

11. SMART CAR
ARCHEOLOGY

13.  All of your data is on the clouds so it is
somehow unsafe and and the chances are
higher of it getting leaked.
 Work becomes impossible if you get
disconnected to the network or internet.
 Commercial sites always have an eye on you.
 Social isolation
 Sometimes, companies knowingly or
unknowingly sell your data which was
expected to be kept safe.

15.  Different electronic components like capacitors,
resistors, chips, etc. when connected together
on a single platform to make a useful and
productive circuitry becomes an Embedded
systems.
 In case of IoT definition changes a little,
An embedded system is one kind of a computer
system mainly designed to perform several
tasks like to access, process, store and also
control the data in various electronics-based
systems.

16. •Embedded systems are computer based systems that don’t look like
computers.
•Embedded systems have their own computational complexity. eg
cameras , video games.
• Sometimes embedded systems don't interact directly with the user,
but they interact with the user through another device. Eg flash drives,
car braking systems.
•the big property of embedded systems and a difference in embedded
system design is that efficiency is really important.
Embedded System
Input
Sensors
Microcontr
ollers
Output
Actuators

18.  The computational part inside the embedded
system is called as the Microcontroller. A
microcontroller is an integrated circuit that
executes a program.
 programs are filled inside the non-volatile
memory of the microcontrollers and it executes
to them to perform tasks.

19.  Microprocessor is an IC which has
only the CPU inside them i.e. only
the processing powers such as
Intel’s Pentium 1,2,3,4, core 2 duo,
i3, i5 etc.
 They are general purpose that is can
be used to perform different tasks at
different times.
 microprocessor operate above 1GHz
as they perform complex tasks.
 Microcontroller has a CPU, in
addition with a fixed amount of
RAM, ROM and other peripherals
all embedded on a single chip.
 Microcontrollers are designed to
perform specific tasks. Specific
means applications where the
relationship of input and output are
defined.
 the microcontrollers operate from a
few MHz to 30 to 50 MHz,tput is
defined.

20.  Hardware and software components interact
with each other to form a perfectly functioning
embedded system.
 For every software instruction executed there
should be some output obtained to get the user
know about the computation going on.
 Software programs are executed inside the
microcontrollers and the resultant is observed
at the hardware components like blinking of
the light, vibrations, etc.

21. Arduino Uno : A
hardware component
•Open source platoform
for programming.
•Used in Washing
Machines, radio control
cars.
•It is an open-source
electronics platform based
on easy-to-use hardware
and software. Arduino
boards are able to read
inputs - light on a sensor,
a finger on a button, or a
Twitter message - and
turn it into an output -
activating a motor,
turning on an LED,
publishing something
online
It works on
ATmega328P(datasheet)
It has 14 pins power supply,
USB connection, reset button,
HDMI port.

22.  When a set of devices gets connected to each
other to communicate and carry out tasks they
are said to be networked.
 Devices can be connected by
different methods like trans
mission lines, wired, RF
network and even Internet!

23. LAN :- Local area Network
PAN:- Personal Area Network
MAN:- Metropolitan Area Network
WAN:- Wide Area Network

25.  a protocol, is a set of rules that enables communication which minimally
constrains the message.
 It adds a little bit of data to the message typically.
 An Internet Protocol, meaning IP or TCP or UDP, provide a naming
scheme.
 Every component on the Internet has to have an IP address, and so each
host and router gets assigned at least one of these Internet addresses.
 A message packet travels through varies machine and networks before
reaching its destination. It has 2 parts :- Header and the Payload.
 Header contains the info about the packet and payload contains the main
msg.
 Internet Protocol(IP) is of 2 types:-
Transmission Control Protocol(TCP)
User datagram Protocol(UDP)

27.  Stands for Mobile Ad hoc Network aka Wireless ad
hoc network.
 It has a routable networking environment.
 Characteristics of MANETs:-
• Dynamic topologies
• Bandwidth Constrained
• Autonomous Behavior
• Energy constrained operation
• Limited Security
• Less Human Intervention

28. Mobile Ad hoc Network