Ion channel
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Creative Biogene has the most extensive collection of cell lines stably expressing functional ion channels, including Nav, Cav, ERG and others. https://www.creative-biogene.com/Product/Ion-Channel-Stable-Cell-Lines.html
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- The structure of biological membranes and how they use lipid bilayers.
- How cells use protein pumps and ion channels to regulate ion concentrations and transport ions across membranes.
- Techniques for measuring ion fluxes including radiotracers, fluorescent dyes, and electrophysiology.
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Cells take in nutrients and expel waste through their membranes using two main processes: passive transport and active transport. Passive transport moves substances across membranes without cell energy expenditure, including diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion using carrier proteins or ion channels. Active transport requires cell energy in the form of ATP to pump substances against their concentration gradient, as seen with the sodium-potassium pump. Endocytosis and exocytosis use vesicles to transport larger molecules into and out of cells. Membrane receptor proteins also allow cells to communicate.
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Ionophores are molecules that transport ions across biological membranes. They contain both hydrophilic regions that bind ions and hydrophobic regions that interact with membrane lipids. Ionophores are classified based on their mechanism of action as either mobile carrier ionophores which transport ion complexes, or channel-forming ionophores which introduce pores for ion passage. Examples include valinomycin which transports potassium ions, gramicidin A which forms channels for cation transport, and ionomycin which carries calcium ions into cells. Ionophores have important applications as antibiotics, in research to manipulate cellular physiology, and as feed additives to improve livestock growth and productivity.
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It is a well known fact that metal ions have a profound effect on cellular processes
The importance or the role that ions play in cellular activity can be gauged by the fact that most cells maintain a very critical Na+ & k+ balance between the extracellular and the intracellular spaces.
Any distribution in this critical balance is to the cellular metabolism through a drastic change in the osmotic pressure resulting in cellular swelling.
An ISE operates an exactly the same principles as a PH electrode
In fact, a PH electrode is a type of ion selective electrode sensitive to hydrogen ion.
Just like a PH electrode, the electrode body contains a reference solution and an metal reference electrode
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The document discusses ion selective electrodes (ISEs), including:
- The principle of ISEs is that a selective membrane allows only the intended ion to pass through, creating a potential difference.
- Types of ISEs include glass electrodes, liquid ion exchanger membranes, solid state membranes, and coated wire electrodes.
- ISEs have advantages like low cost, wide concentration range, robustness, and fast response times. Limitations include imprecision, interference, and limited lifetime.
- ISEs have many applications in fields, laboratories, medical/biological uses, and industrial processes due to their attributes.
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Membranes define intracellular organelles and separate intracellular and extracellular environments. Biological membranes have a similar basic architecture consisting of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Plasmodesmata are cytoplasmic channels between plant cells that allow communication and transport of molecules. They have a plasma membrane, desmotubule, and cytoplasmic sleeve. Ion channels are membrane proteins that selectively transport ions according to membrane potential or ligand binding. Voltage-gated potassium channels open and close in response to changes in membrane potential via movement of voltage-sensing domains.
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Cells take in nutrients and expel waste through their membranes using two main processes: passive transport and active transport. Passive transport moves substances across membranes without cell energy expenditure, including diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion using carrier proteins or ion channels. Active transport requires cell energy in the form of ATP to pump substances against their concentration gradient, as seen with the sodium-potassium pump. Endocytosis and exocytosis use vesicles to transport larger molecules into and out of cells. Membrane receptor proteins also allow cells to communicate.
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Any distribution in this critical balance is to the cellular metabolism through a drastic change in the osmotic pressure resulting in cellular swelling.
An ISE operates an exactly the same principles as a PH electrode
In fact, a PH electrode is a type of ion selective electrode sensitive to hydrogen ion.
Just like a PH electrode, the electrode body contains a reference solution and an metal reference electrode
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The document discusses ion selective electrodes (ISEs), including:
- The principle of ISEs is that a selective membrane allows only the intended ion to pass through, creating a potential difference.
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- ISEs have advantages like low cost, wide concentration range, robustness, and fast response times. Limitations include imprecision, interference, and limited lifetime.
- ISEs have many applications in fields, laboratories, medical/biological uses, and industrial processes due to their attributes.
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Human ion channels are tiny pores in cell membranes that allow the regulated passage of ions and water, underpinning many physiological processes like nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and hormone secretion. They are composed of integral membrane proteins that form water-filled pores and undergo conformational changes to open and close in response to stimuli like voltage changes or ligand binding. Dysfunctions in ion channels can cause diseases like epilepsy, cardiac arrhythmias, and cognitive disorders.
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This document discusses iontophoresis and sonophoresis drug delivery systems. Iontophoresis uses a low-intensity electrical current to deliver ionized drugs through the skin. It works by three mechanisms: ion-electric field interaction, increasing skin permeability, and electro-osmosis. Sonophoresis uses ultrasound to increase skin permeability and the absorption of topical compounds. Both systems aim to disrupt the lipid bilayers in the stratum corneum to enhance drug penetration without needles. The document outlines the components, principles, advantages, and factors affecting iontophoresis delivery. It also briefly discusses sonophoresis and provides a high-level overview of both non-invasive delivery methods.
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This topic covers voltage gated type of ion channel, general structure and functioning of ion channels and involvement of different ion channel types in the pathogenesis as wella as a target for the development of various diseases.
Bacteriorhodopsin.pdf
Bacteriorhodopsin (BR) is a light-driven proton pump found in halophilic archaea that uses energy from light to transport protons across cell membranes. The study discovered a similar protein encoded in the genome of an uncultured gamma-proteobacterium. This bacterial rhodopsin was functionally expressed in E. coli where it formed an active light-driven proton pump, demonstrating that archaeal-like rhodopsins are more broadly distributed than previously thought. BR is a seven-helix transmembrane protein with a bound retinal molecule that undergoes structural changes upon light absorption to transport protons from the extracellular to cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane.
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Recently, a research report published in the international journal Science Immunology, scientists from the University of Colorado found that the disease-resistant T cells obtained from the vaccine may not need glucose to rapidly multiply, related research results may provide new ideas and hopes for the development of new immunotherapy for cancer patients.
https://www.creative-bioarray.com/immuno-oncology.htm
The Complete Guide to Know That New Findings in T cell Behavior Are Expected ...
The researchers analyzed patients who were vaccinated with subunit vaccines which are made with a portion of the disease virus to test the T cells produced in their immune systems. The researchers found that the key white blood cells (T cells) that attack and suppress infection do not rely on glucose to accelerate rapid cell division, the cell division will occur every 2-4 hours.
Baculovirus
Baculovirus-Insect cell expression system is one of the most popular eukaryotic expression systems for research and industrial applications. There are several advantages of using the baculovirus-Insect cell expression system, such as improved solubility, ability to incorporate post-translational modifications, and higher yield of secreted proteins.
https://www.creative-biogene.com/Services/Baculovirus-Insect-cell-expression-system.html
Ion channel
Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that create a gated, water-filled pore to help establish and control voltage potential across cell membranes through control of the active flow of ions between the intracellular and the extracellular environments.
https://www.creative-biogene.com/Services/Drug-Discovery-Services/Ion-Channel-Screening-Assays.html
LAM PCR
LAM PCR (Linear - amplification mediated PCR) is a technology which is used for identifying and characterizing unknown flanking DNA adjacent to known DNA of any origin. More specifically, LAM-PCR has been developed to localize viral vector integration sites (IS) within the host genome.
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Rna sequencing of cardiac cells may elucidate cardiac developmental mechanism...
Rna sequencing of cardiac cells may elucidate cardiac developmental mechanism...
The Complete Guide to Know That RNA Sequencing of Cardiac Cells May Elucidate...
The Complete Guide to Know That RNA Sequencing of Cardiac Cells May Elucidate...
New Findings in T cell Behavior Are Expected to Help Develop New Immunotherap...
New Findings in T cell Behavior Are Expected to Help Develop New Immunotherap...
The Complete Guide to Know That New Findings in T cell Behavior Are Expected ...
The Complete Guide to Know That New Findings in T cell Behavior Are Expected ...
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5 Effective Homeopathic Medicines for Irregular Periods
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
What are the different types of Dental implants.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Helminthiasis or Worm infestation in Children for Nursing students
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Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and Synonyms
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
Foundation of Yoga, YCB Level-3, Unit-1
Unit -1 of Yoga certification board, level 3, all topics covered. An exam conducted by ministry of Ayush for yoga enthusiastic students.
Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine and Antagonist
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
RESPIRATORY DISEASES by bhavya kelavadiya
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
Top Travel Vaccinations in Manchester
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Pollen and Fungal allergy: aeroallergy.pdf
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Pollen and Fungal allergy
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June 14, 2024 Skin Diseases That Happen During Summer.
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Public Health Lecture 4 Social Sciences and Public Health
Sociology, Anthropology and Psychology as applied to Public Health
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Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
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Recently uploaded (20)
5 Effective Homeopathic Medicines for Irregular Periods
5 Effective Homeopathic Medicines for Irregular Periods
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Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...
Helminthiasis or Worm infestation in Children for Nursing students
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Medical Quiz ( Online Quiz for API Meet 2024 ).pdf
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and Synonyms
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and Synonyms
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Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine and Antagonist
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Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.
Public Health Lecture 4 Social Sciences and Public Health
Public Health Lecture 4 Social Sciences and Public Health
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.
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Ion channel
- 2. ion channel Membranes, or phospholipid bilayers, which are electrical insulators, build a hydrophobic, low dielectric barrier to hydrophilic and charged molecules. Ion channels are a sort of membrane protein complexes. Their function is to facilitate the diffusion of ions across biological membranes. Ion channels provide a high conducting, hydrophilic pathway across the hydrophobic interior of the membrane. Ion channels act as gateways which allow ions to travel through them to respond to multiple signal events. And they are approved to regulate a wide variety of processes important to ionic homeostasis.
- 4. Contact informationContact information Provider: Creative BiogeneCreative Biogene URL: https://www.creative-biogene.com/Product/Ion-Channel-Stable-https://www.creative-biogene.com/Product/Ion-Channel-Stable- Cell-Lines.htmlCell-Lines.html Address: 45-1 Ramsey Road, Shirley, NY 11967, USA Phone No. 1-631-619-7922