THIS IS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON LION ITS CLASSIFICATION,HABITAT AND MANY MISC. THINGS WHICH WOULD BE REQUIRED IN A PROJECT ALONG WITH PICTURE GALLERY AT LAST.
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The major wild animals of India are elephant, tiger, lion, deer, bear etc. Wild animals are very important in balancing the environment. They provide stability to different natural processes of nature. It can be found in all ecosystems, desert, rain forests, plains and other areas.
Here provided contents for learning that what are the male and female gametes. How to they form? And described how to both gametes fused (fertilization)on the molecular basis.
Pigeons are benefits for human. Pigeons can be the lifesavers for human and a long time ago people use the pigeon to send a massage to another people in other place.
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2. I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
Biology teacher Smita mam as well as our principal Sunita
mam who gave me the golden opportunity to do this
investigatory project on the topic LION, which also helped
me in doing a lot of Research and I came to know about
so many new things.
I am really thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends
who helped me a lot in finishing this project within the
limited time.
I am making this project not only for marks but to also
increase my knowledge .
THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED ME.
3. SERIAL
NO.
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
2. CLASSIFICATION
3. CHART
4. HABITAT AND BEHAVIOUR
5. MORPHOLOGY
6. PREDATION AND CONSERVATION
7. DIETARY INFORMATION AND HUNTING
8. REPRODUCTION
9. MISC. INFORMATION
10. PICTURE GALLERY
11. CONCLUSION
4. Found predominantly in Africa, lions are the largest felines in the world,
and are often called the "King of the Beasts". Male lions are
distinguishable from a considerable distance by their mane, which can
be used as an indication of age, nutrition, and the climate of their
habitat. Their large body mass provides an advantage in taking down
prey, along with their powerful jaws and sharp claws.
Lions are social animals that hunt and live in groups called prides. The
males have little parental investment toward the cubs, and males may
even commit infanticide against suckling cubs that are not their own.
There is usually fierce competition for food because successful hunts
are rare and members of the pride tend to gorge themselves when
food is available. The ruling male lion will eat his fill, and then the other
males, females, and finally the cubs. The competition for food
contributes to the high mortality rate of the cubs.
5. Lions belong to the genus Panthera which contains well
known animals such as the tiger,leopardand
jaguar.Within the genus Panthera ,the lion is further
classified as the species Panthera Leo.The full
scientific classification are as follows:
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:mammalia
Order:Carnivora
Family:Felidae
Genus:Panthera
Species:Panthera leo
7. Lions live in a wide range of habitats including plains,
grasslands, forests, and even semi-deserts. They can also
live at high altitudes, with a population spotted living at an
altitude of 4,240 m in Ethiopia.
Groups of lions, called prides, can range anywhere
between 2 to 40 lions with the average being 13 lions.
They are composed of both sexes with the males having
more dominance. Prides are needed as they benefit lions
by increasing their hunting efficiency as well as defending
their territories against other lions and animals. Lions greet
each other by rubbing their heads together with their tails
looped in the air as they moan.
8. The length of a lion can range between 205-350 cm. They can weigh between
265-550 pounds and grow up to 109 cm tall. Both male and female lions have
tawny-colored fur, but it can also vary in color from yellowish gray to dark
brown. They possess powerful jaws as well as forelimbs that are stronger
relative to their hind limbs.
Lions are sexually dimorphic, meaning there are morphological (physical)
differences between the two sexes. Male lions develop manes as they begin to
mature but females do not. The mane is an indicator of the lion's physical
condition, such as nutrition, and it can be used to intimidate other lions as well
as attract females. Research by B. D. Patterson suggests mane development
in lions is affected by climate. It was found that lions living on higher elevated
grounds possessed a more extensive mane compared to lions living in hot and
dry places. The mass of the lion and the development of the mane also seem
to have a direct correlation. Furthermore, lions held in captivity generally have
a larger mane compared to wild lions, which is probably due to better nutrition
as well as climatic effects.
9. With lions being fierce carnivores, they have very few
predators, which include humans, leopards, cheetahs and
hyenas. Lions compete with the other big cats for food,
and hyenas are known to kill lion cubs or weak adult lions.
Humans on the other hand are a big problem for lions as
poaching has decreased the lion population over time. It is
estimated that only 23,500 lions remain in African
protected areas compared to 100,000 a quarter century
before. Due to the decline in population, many African
countries have protected areas to restrict lions from being
poached.
10. Lions hunt various animals and usually hunt in prides. Prides can have
different food preferences from one another. Both sexes also have
different preferred preys, with females hunting smaller prey such as
zebras and males hunting larger prey such as buffalos. Their diet can
be composed of zebras, buffalos, wildebeests, as well as small
animals such as birds, fish, and rodents. Hunting efficiency of an
individual lion is about 17% but around 30% in prides; this is probably
one of the reasons why lions are usually in prides.
Lions usually hunt at night in groups comprised of females, since the
manes of the males draw too much attention. While experts at stealth
and ambushes, the lions are quite a bit slower than the prey they hunt
to the extent that some prey do not even run away at their maximum
speed. For this reason, lions use the darkness and bushes to conceal
their presence, lying in wait near water holes and downwind from their
prey to avoid being detected by scent. Although they can sprint up to
60km/h for short bursts, they are often unsuccessful because the prey
they hunt is much faster.
11. Lions can reproduce all year round, but the female estrus period, when
the female is in heat, peaks in the rainy season and lasts for four days.
During the estrus period, the lioness will mate several hundred times in
total. Usually, there is no fighting over females within a pride, as males
will mate with many females. Takeover, or the attacking of one pride by
another pride, occurs approximately every two years and is fought by
the males. The winner will be able to mate with the females, ensuring
that his genes will be passed on to the next generation.
Gestation period is three to four months, with the female giving birth to
a litter of two to four cubs. After giving birth, the female will not mate for
about two years. It is the female’s responsibility to raise the cubs and
to wean them between seven and ten months of age. At about one
year, the cubs start learning how to hunt, perfecting their technique by
the time they are two years old. At this time, males are driven from the
pride.
12. The lion’s mane will darken over time to almost black in colour.
Lions will only kill if they are hungry. If they are not out to kill, their prey will
sense this and will often ignore them.
Male lions do not have any parental responsibility.
80% of cubs will die before reaching two years old, when they become skilled
hunters, due to the fierce competition for food.
Males who become the ruling leader after a takeover will kill the suckling cubs,
causing the females to go into estrus and mate with the new ruling leader of
the pride.
Ovulation is stimulated by mating.
The mating of lions will end abruptly when the female shows aggression
towards the male by displaying fangs and claws, causing the male to jump
away before he is hurt.
Lions can become infected by FIV (Feline Immunodeficiency Virus), much like
the human HIV. In a South Africa park, 92% of lions tested were infected by it.
Although it does not seem to affect lions greatly, FIV can kill domestic cats.
Leo the lion is a mascot for a Hollywood film studio.
16. I have done my best to show in this
investigatory project the classification of
lion, strengthens the various types of lions in
nature, although at times in very subtle,
implicit ways. Several pictures of lion have
been shown . Through this project I have
learnt the way to classify lions up to the
grass root level.
