Investigations and Tests for Anaemia
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The topic of this presentation is Investigations of Anaemia and We will also discuss the test of Anaemia .It is made by Dr.Rifat Qureishi , Thankyou
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Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare, acquired blood disorder characterized by complement-induced breakdown of red blood cells in the bloodstream. This leads to anemia, red urine, and an increased risk of blood clots. PNH results from a genetic defect causing a lack of protective proteins on red blood cells and other cell surfaces, making them targets for destruction by the immune system's complement system. Treatment options include long-term anticoagulation therapy to prevent clots, transfusions to address anemia, and the monoclonal antibody eculizumab which inhibits complement system activity and reduces symptoms.
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This document provides an overview of hematopathology, focusing on red blood cell disorders including anemia and polycythemia. It defines anemia and classifies it based on underlying mechanisms such as blood loss, diminished erythropoiesis, and hemolytic anemias. Megaloblastic anemias caused by vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies are described in detail. Pernicious anemia, a specific form of vitamin B12 deficiency, is also summarized, covering its pathogenesis, morphology, clinical features and diagnosis.
Pathophysiology and clinical_features_of_hemolytic_anemia[1]
Hemolytic anemia occurs when red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be replaced, reducing their normal lifespan of 110-120 days. This triggers increased red blood cell production through erythropoietin to compensate, maintaining a normal hemoglobin level. Hemolysis can occur either intravascularly within blood vessels from conditions like paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria or transfusions, or extravascularly from the spleen or liver from issues like enzyme deficiencies, membrane defects, or autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The pathways of hemolysis are either intrinsic defects of the red blood cell itself or extrinsic factors in the environment that cause premature destruction. Complications can include jaundice, gallstones, and
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Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare blood disorder characterized by the breakdown of red blood cells in the bloodstream, causing dark urine. It results from a genetic mutation in stem cells, making red blood cells vulnerable to destruction by the immune system. Symptoms include dark urine, back pain, headaches, and easy bruising. Diagnosis involves blood tests to detect low red and white blood cell counts. Treatment options include blood transfusions, blood thinners like eculizumab to prevent cell breakdown, and bone marrow transplants to cure the disease.
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This document summarizes information on haemostasis and bleeding disorders. It discusses the mechanisms of haemostasis, screening tests for bleeding disorders, platelet disorders like ITP and TTP, coagulation factor deficiencies like hemophilia A and B, and vessel wall abnormalities. Key points covered are the stages of haemostasis, common causes of thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis, management of ITP, and clinical features and treatment of disorders like hemophilia, von Willebrand disease, and Henoch-Schonlein purpura.
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A 65-year-old man presented with fever, breathlessness, and cough. Laboratory tests revealed microcytic hypochromic anemia with a low hemoglobin and red blood cell indices. A peripheral smear showed microcytic hypochromic red blood cells with anisocytosis and occasional pencil and tear drop cells. Bone marrow examination showed features consistent with iron deficiency anemia, including increased cellularity, erythroid hyperplasia, and an absence of iron stores. The patient was diagnosed with microcytic hypochromic anemia likely due to iron deficiency.
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Haemopoietic system
The haemopoietic system document describes:
1. The haemopoietic system produces blood through haemopoiesis in the yolk sac, liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Diseases of the system include cytopenias from decreased production or increased destruction of blood cells, and cytosis like leukaemias.
2. Anaemia is a reduction in red blood cells or haemoglobin. Causes include blood loss, reduced production, and increased destruction. Morphological types are normocytic normochromic, microcytic hypochromic, and macrocytic.
3. Important hereditary haemolytic anaemias discussed are hereditary spherocytosis, glucose-6-phosphate
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This document provides an overview of basics of haematology. It discusses the properties, functions and components of blood including erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. It also describes haemopoiesis, blood grouping systems, blood indices, anaemia, blood coagulation factors, and common blood disorders. Key topics covered include the ABO and Rh blood grouping systems, haemostasis, coagulation testing, and haematopoiesis in the bone marrow and fetal liver.
Haematological assessment
The document provides an overview of tests used to assess the hematology system. It discusses the composition of blood including erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and hematopoiesis. Diagnostic tests are outlined including complete blood count, coagulation tests, platelet aggregation test, leukocyte alkaline phosphatase test, serum iron tests, bone marrow examination, lymph node biopsy, and radiological studies. The goal of these tests is to evaluate blood cellular components, clotting ability, and detect any abnormalities in the hematology system.
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This document summarizes various blood disorders that affect red blood cells. It begins by describing anemia of blood loss from acute hemorrhage or chronic blood loss. It then discusses hemolytic anemias, where red blood cells are destroyed faster than normal, including hereditary spherocytosis, sickle cell anemia, and thalassemia. Hereditary spherocytosis is caused by inherited defects in the red blood cell membrane. Sickle cell anemia results from a genetic mutation that causes hemoglobin to polymerize and distort the red blood cells into a sickle shape. Thalassemias are caused by mutations that decrease alpha or beta globin synthesis. The document also reviews impaired red cell production and other acquired
Hematopoiesis and clotting
- Hematopoiesis is the formation of blood cells, which occurs in the bone marrow. It produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets through stem cell differentiation.
- There are two main pathways involved in coagulation and hemostasis. Primary hemostasis involves platelet activation and adhesion. Secondary hemostasis is the coagulation cascade of clotting factor activation through the intrinsic, extrinsic, and common pathways.
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This Presentation for technologist, to learned the basic Hematology cell morphology of RBC, WBC & Platelet count. It will be very useful for technical personnel.
Blood coagulation disorders and laboratory diagnosis
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Coagulation disorders are disruptions in the body's ability to control blood clotting. Coagulation disorders can result in either a hemorrhage (too little clotting that causes an increased risk of bleeding) or thrombosis (too much clotting that causes blood clots to obstruct blood flow).
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This document discusses several types of red blood cell disorders and anemias. It defines anemia and describes the pathophysiology and characteristics of iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, thalassemia, aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, hemorrhagic anemia, and polycythemia. Iron deficiency anemia is microcytic and hypochromic. Megaloblastic anemia is macrocytic with normal or decreased hemoglobin. The causes, treatments, and effects of each condition are summarized.
Haemolytic anemia pratyasha paripurna
Hemolytic anemia occurs when the destruction of red blood cells outpaces their production. It can develop intrinsically due to abnormalities in red blood cells, such as in sickle cell anemia or thalassemia. Or it can occur extrinsically due to infection, autoimmune disorders, medications or splenic sequestration of normal red blood cells. Symptoms include pallor, fatigue, jaundice and dark urine. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include blood transfusions, medications to suppress the immune system, splenectomy or stem cell transplant.
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This document provides an overview of hematopathology, focusing on red blood cell disorders including anemia and polycythemia. It defines anemia and classifies it based on underlying mechanisms such as blood loss, diminished erythropoiesis, and hemolytic anemias. Megaloblastic anemias caused by vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies are described in detail. Pernicious anemia, a specific form of vitamin B12 deficiency, is also summarized, covering its pathogenesis, morphology, clinical features and diagnosis.
Pathophysiology and clinical_features_of_hemolytic_anemia[1]
Hemolytic anemia occurs when red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be replaced, reducing their normal lifespan of 110-120 days. This triggers increased red blood cell production through erythropoietin to compensate, maintaining a normal hemoglobin level. Hemolysis can occur either intravascularly within blood vessels from conditions like paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria or transfusions, or extravascularly from the spleen or liver from issues like enzyme deficiencies, membrane defects, or autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The pathways of hemolysis are either intrinsic defects of the red blood cell itself or extrinsic factors in the environment that cause premature destruction. Complications can include jaundice, gallstones, and
Paroxymal Nocturnal HemoglobinurIa
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare blood disorder characterized by the breakdown of red blood cells in the bloodstream, causing dark urine. It results from a genetic mutation in stem cells, making red blood cells vulnerable to destruction by the immune system. Symptoms include dark urine, back pain, headaches, and easy bruising. Diagnosis involves blood tests to detect low red and white blood cell counts. Treatment options include blood transfusions, blood thinners like eculizumab to prevent cell breakdown, and bone marrow transplants to cure the disease.
Hematology
This document summarizes information on haemostasis and bleeding disorders. It discusses the mechanisms of haemostasis, screening tests for bleeding disorders, platelet disorders like ITP and TTP, coagulation factor deficiencies like hemophilia A and B, and vessel wall abnormalities. Key points covered are the stages of haemostasis, common causes of thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis, management of ITP, and clinical features and treatment of disorders like hemophilia, von Willebrand disease, and Henoch-Schonlein purpura.
Blood
Blood contains nutrients, wastes, gases, cells and heat that it transports around the body. Red blood cells are produced in bone marrow and contain hemoglobin to carry oxygen. Different blood types are classified by antigens on red blood cells, and compatibility must be considered for transfusions to avoid agglutination reactions.
Alcoholic liver disease_patho_RDP
Alcoholic liver disease is a spectrum of liver injury caused by alcoholism that progresses through three stages - alcoholic fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and alcoholic cirrhosis. Chronic excessive alcohol consumption leads to fatty liver in over 90% of alcoholics and can progress to hepatitis and cirrhosis over 10 years. Risk factors include drinking patterns, gender, malnutrition, infections, genetic factors, and hepatitis B or C coinfection. The pathogenesis involves direct hepatotoxicity of ethanol and its metabolites like acetaldehyde, oxidative stress, inflammation, and activation of hepatic stellate cells causing fibrosis. Laboratory findings include elevated liver enzymes, hyperbilirubinemia, and coagulation abnormalities.
Anemia
A 65-year-old man presented with fever, breathlessness, and cough. Laboratory tests revealed microcytic hypochromic anemia with a low hemoglobin and red blood cell indices. A peripheral smear showed microcytic hypochromic red blood cells with anisocytosis and occasional pencil and tear drop cells. Bone marrow examination showed features consistent with iron deficiency anemia, including increased cellularity, erythroid hyperplasia, and an absence of iron stores. The patient was diagnosed with microcytic hypochromic anemia likely due to iron deficiency.
Pathological Calcification
Dystrophic calcification occurs when calcium salts decompose in dead or damaged tissues, as seen in areas of necrosis or injured heart valves. It appears as gritty or hard deposits and results from trauma, infection, or prolonged immobility. Metastatic calcification occurs when high blood calcium levels cause calcium to deposit in normally healthy tissues, as seen with hyperparathyroidism, bone tumors, vitamin D toxicity, or renal failure. Both types of calcification involve the deposition of calcium phosphate or carbonate that can resemble bone mineralization.
Haemopoietic system
The haemopoietic system document describes:
1. The haemopoietic system produces blood through haemopoiesis in the yolk sac, liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Diseases of the system include cytopenias from decreased production or increased destruction of blood cells, and cytosis like leukaemias.
2. Anaemia is a reduction in red blood cells or haemoglobin. Causes include blood loss, reduced production, and increased destruction. Morphological types are normocytic normochromic, microcytic hypochromic, and macrocytic.
3. Important hereditary haemolytic anaemias discussed are hereditary spherocytosis, glucose-6-phosphate
Blood disorders
Anemia is a medical condition where the red blood cell count or hemoglobin levels are lower than normal. It can be caused by blood loss, nutritional deficiencies, or conditions that impair red blood cell production. Common symptoms include fatigue, weakness, and pale skin. Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure red blood cell counts and hemoglobin levels. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include iron supplements, vitamin supplements, blood transfusions, or medications. Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder caused by a genetic defect that impairs hemoglobin production, leading to anemia. There are different types depending on which globin chain is affected. Symptoms range from mild to severe and include fatigue, jaundice, and
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This document discusses anemia, including its definition, classification, and evaluation. It begins by defining anemia based on reductions in hemoglobin, hematocrit and red blood cell count. Anemia can be classified kinetically based on decreased red blood cell production, increased destruction, or blood loss. Morphologically, anemia is classified as macrocytic, microcytic, or normocytic based on mean corpuscular volume. The evaluation of a patient with anemia includes a complete blood count, reticulocyte count, peripheral smear, and further tests depending on suspected cause such as iron studies for iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is then discussed in detail, covering iron metabolism, stages of iron deficiency,
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This document discusses anemia, including its definition, pathobiology, classification, causes, clinical presentation, evaluation, and treatment. Anemia is defined as a reduction in circulating red blood cells and can be caused by blood loss, bone marrow disorders, or nutritional deficiencies. The document describes the different types of anemia including iron-deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, aplastic anemia, and anemia related to chronic diseases. Evaluation involves blood tests and bone marrow examination. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include oral or intravenous iron, B12, folate supplements, blood transfusions, or addressing underlying diseases.
Anemia
1. Anemia is a common condition affecting 30% of the world's population, with iron deficiency anemia being the most common type.
2. Anemia can be classified based on red blood cell size as microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic, which provides clues to potential causes.
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Anemia is caused by a decrease in hemoglobin levels or red blood cell count. There are several types of anemia classified by etiology or morphology. Iron deficiency anemia, the most common type worldwide, is caused by inadequate iron intake or increased iron loss. Megaloblastic anemias like pernicious anemia result from vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies and are characterized by abnormally large red blood cells. Pernicious anemia specifically involves failure of intrinsic factor secretion due to gastric atrophy. Treatment involves vitamin B12 injections to correct the deficiency.
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This document discusses the clinical presentation, diagnosis, classification, and distinguishing features of various types of anemia. It outlines the initial laboratory workup for anemia, which includes hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, and peripheral blood smear examination. It then describes the morphological, etiological, and reticulocyte-based classifications of anemia and the distinguishing laboratory findings of specific anemias such as iron deficiency, megaloblastic, hemolytic, and aplastic anemia.
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This document discusses the laboratory diagnosis of anemia. It defines anemia, outlines the clinical presentation and initial workup, and describes the classification and evaluation of different types of anemia including microcytic, macrocytic, normocytic, and hemolytic anemias. Key tests discussed include complete blood count, peripheral smear, reticulocyte count, and Coombs test. The document provides details on distinguishing features and diagnostic evaluation for specific anemias such as iron deficiency, megaloblastic, sickle cell, and immune hemolytic anemia.
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Investigations and Tests for Anaemia
- 1. Ivestigations of Anaemia By Dr. Rifat Qureishi Usmani Asso. Prof. Pathology
- 2. Tests for Anaemia •A) Haemoglobin Estimation •B) Peripheral Blood Film Examination 1.Variation in size (Anisocytosis) Anisocytosis may be due to the presence of cells larger than normal (macrocytosis) or cells smaller than normal (microcytosis). Sometimes both microcytosis and macrocytosis are present (dimorphic).
- 3. …i) Macrocytes-megaloblastic anaemia aplastic anaemia dyserythropoietic anaemias chronic liver disease ii) Microcytes-iron deficiency anaemia, thalassaemia . spherocytosis. haemolytic anaemia.
- 4. 2.Variation in shape (Poikilocytosis) Causes: Megaloblastic anaemia Iron deficiency anaemia Thalassaemia Myelosclerosis
- 5. 3.Inadequate haemoglobin formation (Hypochromasia) Increased central pallor is referred to as hypochromasia. e.g.: Iron deficiency anaemia Chronic infections Thalassaemia Sideroblastic anaemia Unusually deep pink staining of the red cells due to increased haemoglobin concentration is termed hyperchromasia and may be found in: megaloblastic anaemia spherocytosis neonatal blood.
- 6. Tests for Anaemia {b} (Peripheral blood film examination) ...4.Compensatory erythropoiesis a. Polychromasia is defined as the red cells having more than one type of color . b. Erythroblastaemia is the presence of nucleated red cells in the peripheral blood film.Haemolytic disease of the newborn, other haemolytic disorders and in extramedullary erythropoiesis.Erythroblastaemia may also occur after splenectomy.
- 7. c. Punctate basophilia or basophilic stippling is diffuse and uniform basophilic granularity in the cell. Seen in: Aplastic Anaemia Thalassaemia Myelodysplasia Infections Lead Poisoning. d. Howell-Jolly bodies are purple nuclear remnants, usually found singly, and are larger than basophilic stippling. Seen in :Megaloblastic Anaemia After Splenectomy.
- 8. Tests for Anaemia •C) RED CELL INDICES •1.In iron deficiency and thalassaemia, MCV, MCH and MCHC •are reduced. •2. In anaemia due to acute blood loss and haemolytic anaemias, MCV, MCH and MCHC are all within normal limits. •3. In megaloblastic anaemias, MCV is raised.
- 9. •1. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) PCV(%)x10 RBC(millions/mm³) •The normal value is 85 ± 8 fl (77-93 fl). •Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) Hb(g/dL)x10 RBC(millions/mm³) •The normal range is 29.5 ± 2.5 pg (27-32 pg).
- 10. •Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) Hb(g/dL)x100 PCV(%) •The normal value is 32.5 ± 2.5 g/dl (30-35 g/dl).
- 11. Tests for Anaemia •D. LEUCOCYTE AND PLATELET COUNT •E.RETICULOCYTE COUNT-Reticulocyte count (normal 0.5- 2.5%) is done in each case of anaemia to assess the marrow erythropoietic activity. In acute haemorrhage and in haemolysis, the reticulocyte response is indicative of impaired marrow function. •F. ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE-The ESR is a non-specific test used as a screening test for anaemia. It usually gives a clue to the underlying organic disease but anaemia itself may also cause rise in the ESR.
- 12. Tests for Anaemia • G.BONE MARROW EXAMINATION-Bone marrow aspiration is done in cases where the cause for anaemia is not obvious.
- 13. Thankyou By Dr. Rifat Qureishi Assoc. Prof. Pathology M.D.