This slidedeck deals with liability issues, in other words who should pay for robot/AI generated harm. The presentation goes through the main principles of civil liability law, comes to some preliminary conclusions on the shape of cases to come in that area, and then discusses possible regulatory arrangements to address concerns of chilling effects of liability disputes on robotic innovation. It concludes with ruminations on the Coase theorem, and hints at other targets for civil liability cases. This is the 5th block of my lecture on the law of robots and AIs at the University of Liege (ULg)
Law of robots and AIs - lecture 2: Prospects for Society, Economics and the ...Nicolas Petit
This document provides an overview of perspectives on how automation and artificial intelligence may impact jobs and the economy. It discusses findings that around half of current jobs could potentially be automated in the next few decades. However, others argue that human ingenuity will create new jobs and industries. The document also examines models of job polarization where automation primarily substitutes for routine manual and cognitive jobs, leading to growth in high-skill/high-wage and low-skill service jobs. Key challenges for automation include tasks requiring perception, manipulation, creativity and social intelligence. Declining robot costs may accelerate substitution effects over time.
Law of robots and AIs - Lecture 1 - State of the Art: TechnologyNicolas Petit
First set of slides of my course at the University of Liege (ULg), Belgium, on the law and regulation of robots and artificial intelligences. Focus is on the technological state of play.
Introduction to the law of robots and AIs - Lecture 4Nicolas Petit
This slidedeck examines whether regulation is warranted in relation to robots and artificial intelligences. It proposes an analytical grid to address that complex issue, and runs the argument that discrete externalities, systemic externalities and existernalities may command distinct legal responses. This slidedeck is the 4th block of my course at the University of Liege (ULg). It is entitled "Whither Regulation for Machine Intelligence - A Proposed Framework" Nicolas Petit (c)
Full Course - Law and Regulation of Machine Intelligence - Bar Ilan Universit...Nicolas Petit
Discussions over the regulation of machine intelligence (“MI”) are all the rage as artificial intelligence (“AI”) and robotic technologies are introduced in society. Computer engineers’ fears that overly rigid regulations might stifle innovation have fueled proposals to create regimes of selective immunity for research on certain types of robotic applications. At the same time, ethical concerns have prompted calls for an all-out ban on research in relation to automated weapons. Some scholars even claim that robots will become so important to mankind that “a new branch of the law” is needed, “to grant their race and its individual members the benefits of legal protection”, much like society did with the environment.
In the legal scholarship, several approaches are emerging. First, in virtually each and every specialist field of the law, experts in the trenches ponder how the rise of MI necessitates upgrades, revisions or adjustments to their legal discipline. Second, an alternative approach uses a functional methodology which identifies outstanding legal issues by class of technological applications (for instance, driverless vehicles, robotic prostheses (and exoskeletons), surgical robots, and robot companions). Third, an often used dichotomy is that between roboethics and robolaw, which distinguishes between the instruments of regulation, ie the ex ante incorporation of norms in intelligent machines (for instance, the three Asimov laws) versus the ex post setting of rules to regulate the execution of robotic technology in society.
With this background, the overall ambition of this course is to map the potential regulatory needs created by MIs. More specifically, the goals of the course are to: (i) provide an overview of the state of play in relation to the introduction of MI in society; (ii) set out the main regulatory options discussed in the scholarship in relation to MI (disciplinary, functional and instrumental); (iii) envision the issue in terms of the consequences of the introduction of MI technology in society, and proceed on this basis to explore alternative consequentialist regulatory responses; (iv) understand the implications of those distinct regulatory approaches in dedicated fields of the law, ie liability law and the law of warfare.
Students who follow this course will gain a good understanding of the prospective regulatory issues related to MI as well as of the theories of regulation.
AI and Robotics – The Impact on the Future ofJobs – The Great DebateMecklerMedia
The document discusses the future impact of autonomous intelligent robots and technologies like self-driving cars on jobs. An expert survey found opinions were divided on whether these technologies will displace more jobs than they create by 2025. Those who thought jobs would increase argued new job types will be created, while those who thought jobs would decrease argued automation will significantly impact white-collar work. The document discusses how automation has historically impacted jobs and considers potential solutions like redistributing wealth from robot investments or facilitating loans so displaced workers can own automated vehicles. It emphasizes the need for 40/40 foresight to plan for challenges and opportunities of advancing technologies.
Status und Ausblick - Wie wird sich KI technisch weiterentwickeln? Münchner K...Willi Schroll
Zuwachs des BSP weltweit durch Einsatz der KI: 16 Billionen USD (= 14%) bis 2030 (PWC). Prozesse werden optimiert, Ressourcen effizienter eingesetzt, Mobilität neu gedacht, KI wird aus der Cloud gezogen oder ist als AI-on-Chip direkt in smarten Dingen verbaut. V.a. in Kombination mit IoT, AR, Blockchain, Business + Market Data werden völlig neue Geschäftsmodelle denkbar. Wie ist dieses Potenzial zu heben? Wo ist Licht, wo ist Schatten? Wo lauern Illusionen schneller Machbarkeit? Welches sind die low hanging fruits der KI? Kommt die Autonomisierungswelle als Tsunami über Wirtschaft, Arbeit und Gesellschaft?
Aus den Folien:
06 • KI-Systematik: Techniken, Funktionen, Anwendung, Treiber (WIPO)
07 • 5-Stufen-Modell der Automation des Entscheidens (Bitkom)
• Phasenmodell der KI
• KI im Kontext der Innovationsfelder der digitalen Transformation
09 • Kontext der Innovationsfelder
10 • Research Trends & Challenges – inkl.
Large-scale machine learning
Deep learning
Reinforcement learning
Collaborative systems
Crowdsourcing and human computation
Neuromorphic Computing
- AI Challenges
e.g. Ethics by design, Integration of techniques
- Politics & Society Challenges,
e.g. AI-enabled deep fakes (truth crisis), AI impact on job market, AI geopolitics (China)
11 • Watchlist
• PAI: hyper-personalized AI
Vsd. Ansätze sind kombinierbar: personalisierter digitaler Assistent, Digital Twin der Person, Avatar mit Funktion der Stellvertretung, Verhandlungsmandat, Analyse der Verhaltensmuster, instant Coaching, Verhaltenstherapie, Security/Cybersecurity/Health
• XAI: explainable AI, transparency
Wenn AI-Mechanismen nicht nachvollziehbar sind, leidet die Vertrauenswürdigkeit. Auch die Gesetzgeber stellen neue Anforderungen. XAI soll die Transparenz herstellen.
• QAI: quantum computing based AI
Bestimmte Berechnungsprobleme in der KI könnten mit Quanten Computing gelöst werden. Google-Teams forschen z. B. an Quantum Neural Networks.
...
My talk to the joint OECD/G20 German Presidency conference on digitalization in Berlin on January 12, 2017. Fitness landscapes as applied to technology, business, and the economy. Note that the fitness landscape slides will not be animated in this PDF, which I shared this way so that you could see my narrative in the speaker notes. While it has some slides in common with my White House Frontiers conference talk, it includes a bunch of other material.
Law of robots and AIs - lecture 2: Prospects for Society, Economics and the ...Nicolas Petit
This document provides an overview of perspectives on how automation and artificial intelligence may impact jobs and the economy. It discusses findings that around half of current jobs could potentially be automated in the next few decades. However, others argue that human ingenuity will create new jobs and industries. The document also examines models of job polarization where automation primarily substitutes for routine manual and cognitive jobs, leading to growth in high-skill/high-wage and low-skill service jobs. Key challenges for automation include tasks requiring perception, manipulation, creativity and social intelligence. Declining robot costs may accelerate substitution effects over time.
Law of robots and AIs - Lecture 1 - State of the Art: TechnologyNicolas Petit
First set of slides of my course at the University of Liege (ULg), Belgium, on the law and regulation of robots and artificial intelligences. Focus is on the technological state of play.
Introduction to the law of robots and AIs - Lecture 4Nicolas Petit
This slidedeck examines whether regulation is warranted in relation to robots and artificial intelligences. It proposes an analytical grid to address that complex issue, and runs the argument that discrete externalities, systemic externalities and existernalities may command distinct legal responses. This slidedeck is the 4th block of my course at the University of Liege (ULg). It is entitled "Whither Regulation for Machine Intelligence - A Proposed Framework" Nicolas Petit (c)
Full Course - Law and Regulation of Machine Intelligence - Bar Ilan Universit...Nicolas Petit
Discussions over the regulation of machine intelligence (“MI”) are all the rage as artificial intelligence (“AI”) and robotic technologies are introduced in society. Computer engineers’ fears that overly rigid regulations might stifle innovation have fueled proposals to create regimes of selective immunity for research on certain types of robotic applications. At the same time, ethical concerns have prompted calls for an all-out ban on research in relation to automated weapons. Some scholars even claim that robots will become so important to mankind that “a new branch of the law” is needed, “to grant their race and its individual members the benefits of legal protection”, much like society did with the environment.
In the legal scholarship, several approaches are emerging. First, in virtually each and every specialist field of the law, experts in the trenches ponder how the rise of MI necessitates upgrades, revisions or adjustments to their legal discipline. Second, an alternative approach uses a functional methodology which identifies outstanding legal issues by class of technological applications (for instance, driverless vehicles, robotic prostheses (and exoskeletons), surgical robots, and robot companions). Third, an often used dichotomy is that between roboethics and robolaw, which distinguishes between the instruments of regulation, ie the ex ante incorporation of norms in intelligent machines (for instance, the three Asimov laws) versus the ex post setting of rules to regulate the execution of robotic technology in society.
With this background, the overall ambition of this course is to map the potential regulatory needs created by MIs. More specifically, the goals of the course are to: (i) provide an overview of the state of play in relation to the introduction of MI in society; (ii) set out the main regulatory options discussed in the scholarship in relation to MI (disciplinary, functional and instrumental); (iii) envision the issue in terms of the consequences of the introduction of MI technology in society, and proceed on this basis to explore alternative consequentialist regulatory responses; (iv) understand the implications of those distinct regulatory approaches in dedicated fields of the law, ie liability law and the law of warfare.
Students who follow this course will gain a good understanding of the prospective regulatory issues related to MI as well as of the theories of regulation.
AI and Robotics – The Impact on the Future ofJobs – The Great DebateMecklerMedia
The document discusses the future impact of autonomous intelligent robots and technologies like self-driving cars on jobs. An expert survey found opinions were divided on whether these technologies will displace more jobs than they create by 2025. Those who thought jobs would increase argued new job types will be created, while those who thought jobs would decrease argued automation will significantly impact white-collar work. The document discusses how automation has historically impacted jobs and considers potential solutions like redistributing wealth from robot investments or facilitating loans so displaced workers can own automated vehicles. It emphasizes the need for 40/40 foresight to plan for challenges and opportunities of advancing technologies.
Status und Ausblick - Wie wird sich KI technisch weiterentwickeln? Münchner K...Willi Schroll
Zuwachs des BSP weltweit durch Einsatz der KI: 16 Billionen USD (= 14%) bis 2030 (PWC). Prozesse werden optimiert, Ressourcen effizienter eingesetzt, Mobilität neu gedacht, KI wird aus der Cloud gezogen oder ist als AI-on-Chip direkt in smarten Dingen verbaut. V.a. in Kombination mit IoT, AR, Blockchain, Business + Market Data werden völlig neue Geschäftsmodelle denkbar. Wie ist dieses Potenzial zu heben? Wo ist Licht, wo ist Schatten? Wo lauern Illusionen schneller Machbarkeit? Welches sind die low hanging fruits der KI? Kommt die Autonomisierungswelle als Tsunami über Wirtschaft, Arbeit und Gesellschaft?
Aus den Folien:
06 • KI-Systematik: Techniken, Funktionen, Anwendung, Treiber (WIPO)
07 • 5-Stufen-Modell der Automation des Entscheidens (Bitkom)
• Phasenmodell der KI
• KI im Kontext der Innovationsfelder der digitalen Transformation
09 • Kontext der Innovationsfelder
10 • Research Trends & Challenges – inkl.
Large-scale machine learning
Deep learning
Reinforcement learning
Collaborative systems
Crowdsourcing and human computation
Neuromorphic Computing
- AI Challenges
e.g. Ethics by design, Integration of techniques
- Politics & Society Challenges,
e.g. AI-enabled deep fakes (truth crisis), AI impact on job market, AI geopolitics (China)
11 • Watchlist
• PAI: hyper-personalized AI
Vsd. Ansätze sind kombinierbar: personalisierter digitaler Assistent, Digital Twin der Person, Avatar mit Funktion der Stellvertretung, Verhandlungsmandat, Analyse der Verhaltensmuster, instant Coaching, Verhaltenstherapie, Security/Cybersecurity/Health
• XAI: explainable AI, transparency
Wenn AI-Mechanismen nicht nachvollziehbar sind, leidet die Vertrauenswürdigkeit. Auch die Gesetzgeber stellen neue Anforderungen. XAI soll die Transparenz herstellen.
• QAI: quantum computing based AI
Bestimmte Berechnungsprobleme in der KI könnten mit Quanten Computing gelöst werden. Google-Teams forschen z. B. an Quantum Neural Networks.
...
My talk to the joint OECD/G20 German Presidency conference on digitalization in Berlin on January 12, 2017. Fitness landscapes as applied to technology, business, and the economy. Note that the fitness landscape slides will not be animated in this PDF, which I shared this way so that you could see my narrative in the speaker notes. While it has some slides in common with my White House Frontiers conference talk, it includes a bunch of other material.
The second in our 2014 series of interactive experiences, in collaboration with Adobe, "Tech Challenges: Surfing and Diving Deep." It includes survey results. Full webinar recording at http://adobe.ly/Pbdp0J.
You'll find more about this series at http://www.culturecom.net/TransFormation/webinars_2014/about.html
Digital Reality changes your perception. The combination of virtual reality, game theory and gamification techniques has given impulse to the development of new approaches to many aspects of life, including learning, medicine, and economics. Is this combination leading us to a closed playground where fantasy dominates, or can we develop an enriched contextualized culture?
1) The document discusses the role of various trade organizations in the electronics industry such as IPC, CEA, SMTA, and others. IPC represents PCB fabricators and assemblers.
2) It describes changes at IPC in recent years including growing OEM membership and a more vertically integrated approach. However, some trade organizations like IPC and CEA may have competing objectives.
3) The regulation of drones is provided as an example where IPC advocates for more government oversight due to national security concerns, whereas CEA wants to minimize regulation to support industry growth.
10 trends to watch for 2014: Trends 6 to 10Tracey Keys
Last month, we started our coverage of the 10 Trends to Watch for 2014 by introducing the notion of a “Moore’s Law of Change.” In a world of accelerating and radical changes there will continue to be significant opportunities for leaders, organizations and individuals that approach change with an open mind, an informed point of view and a readiness to take action today to prepare for the future.
So where should leaders look today for these changes? In our forthcoming Global Trends Report 2014, The Fieldbook, we highlight 10 trends that business leaders need to focus on today. In this December 2013 briefing we highlight our last five trends for 2014 - trends 6 to 10.
My talk at the White House Frontiers Conference at CMU on October 13, 2016. I was one of the warmup acts for the President, talking about why we should embrace an AI future. Full text can be seen here
I.B.M.'s Smarter Cities unit built a citywide system in Rio de Janeiro that integrates real-time data from over 30 agencies to anticipate problems, analyze trends, and coordinate resources. The operations center collates sensor, video and GPS data to identify patterns and dispatch responders. I.B.M. also installed a virtual platform integrating various data sources and allowing employees to access incident information. The new system is expected to drastically reduce emergency response times through automated alerts to responders and citizens.
Transforming businesses as the Internet of Things expands.
As a global electronics company, IBM understands the
issues facing the high-tech industry and the continuous
transformation required to thrive. Find more by watching this interesting presentation.
Thanks to the Internet of Things (IoT), physical assets are turning into participants in real-time global digital markets. The countless types of assets around us will become as easily indexed, searched and traded as any online commodity. While some industries will be tougher to transform than others – those with physical limitations, such as manufacturing, will be harder to digitize – untold economic opportunities exist for growth and advancement. Our research shows this will create a new “Economy of Things” with significant consequences. Here, we explore this transformation, including what could happen to industry profit pools, as well as the likely impacts on existing players in different industries.
IBC Slides Petit - Abuse of Dominance - Huawei and Post DanmarkNicolas Petit
Slides on recent developments in abuse of dominance law @IBC conference in Brussels (February 2016). Topics include rebates, patents and judicial review in EU competition law
This document discusses various issues related to regulating robots from a legal perspective. It summarizes that as robots move into consumer and caring environments, current and near future legal issues will need to be addressed regarding privacy, liability, and how criminal and traffic laws may apply. The document examines different ways robots could be classified from a legal standpoint, such as persons, slaves, animals, or tools. It also provides examples of problems that may arise involving robot liability and responsibilities.
The cybercrimes act of tanzania an overview -all you need to knowHUMPHREY MORIS
This document provides an overview and summary of key aspects of Tanzania's Cybercrimes Act of 2015. It defines important terms like crime, cybercrime, and the Cybercrimes Act. It summarizes each of the Act's seven parts, including offenses and penalties, search and seizure procedures, service provider liability, and amendments to other laws. The document analyzes challenges to the Act regarding excessive police powers, restrictions on freedom of expression, and compliance requirements for service providers. Overall, the Cybercrimes Act aims to address cybercrimes like child pornography and cyberbullying, but critics argue some provisions restrict civil liberties and freedom of the press.
This document provides a matrix comparing 8 bills related to cybercrime in the Philippines. Each bill is introduced by a Representative and includes sections defining terms like access, alteration and computer system. They also include near-identical sections on declarations of policy recognizing the importance of ICT and goals of preventing cybercrime through detection, investigation and international cooperation. The matrix allows for comparison of small differences between the similar bills.
The document discusses externalities and the role of government in addressing market failures caused by externalities. It defines externalities as costs or benefits imposed on third parties by production or consumption activities. When externalities are present, markets allocate resources inefficiently. The government can intervene to correct market failures through Pigouvian taxes to internalize negative externalities or subsidies to encourage positive externalities. By internalizing external costs and benefits, the government can make prices reflect true social costs and benefits, leading to more economically efficient outcomes.
Verizon's backup power failed during an August 2014 blackout, disrupting 911 service. A Verizon representative explained that the emergency generators were electric, and no one realized the fuel pumps delivering fuel to the generators also required electricity to operate. When the main power went out, the backup generators had no fuel, causing further outage issues.
The document discusses cyber security, the Target data breach, and proposes the formation of an international team called ICIT to combat cybercrime globally. ICIT would be comprised of experts from various countries and have authority to arrest criminals across borders based on a unified set of cyber laws. The goal of ICIT is to more effectively investigate cyber attacks, apprehend hackers, and reduce the rate of cybercrime incidents worldwide through international cooperation and standardized policies.
Pandemic and Security: Reengineering of Human Identification MediaJuan Moratto
Argentina, like other countries, determined that face mask are “of compulsory social use”, a logical measure from the health point of view that causes and will cause difficulties in security and law enforcement: all people transit with their hidden, masked face, day or night.
What implications does it have? Any criminal act will go unpunished unless police catch the perpetrator red-handed (flagrant). Outside of this, most crimes will go unpunished and criminals can move freely without risk.
There is very little written on how the law should deal with real life robots andmuch of it highly aspirational, based on ideas of human-intelligent robots that may never happen. THis ppt tries to look at legal issues for robots in now to 5-10 years on, and focuses on liability for harms caused by robots in domestic/consumer settings.
Sample Essay Applying For Scholarship. Online assignment writing service.Jennifer Magee
This document discusses knowledge management in human resources and analyzes its functions and tools. It focuses on knowledge management systems used by human resource professionals in the New York Army National Guard. It finds that knowledge management is integral to most HR tasks and that tools/systems vary widely due to an overabundance of information. When similar programs are available at different levels, users prefer state-level options.
Policing In The Metaverse: What’s Happening NowBernard Marr
The metaverse offers law enforcement agencies the opportunity to learn more about how to fight crime online, and also enables virtual training on real-world policing situations. Here’s how policing organizations are starting to join the metaverse.
The document discusses the course content for the subject "Intellectual Property Rights and Patents – II". It includes 4 units that cover topics like types of intellectual property, patent law basics, transactional law for internet businesses, and regulatory compliance issues. It also lists 7 recommended textbooks on intellectual property rights. The document is primarily focused on providing an overview of the topics and resources for a course on advanced intellectual property rights and patents.
The second in our 2014 series of interactive experiences, in collaboration with Adobe, "Tech Challenges: Surfing and Diving Deep." It includes survey results. Full webinar recording at http://adobe.ly/Pbdp0J.
You'll find more about this series at http://www.culturecom.net/TransFormation/webinars_2014/about.html
Digital Reality changes your perception. The combination of virtual reality, game theory and gamification techniques has given impulse to the development of new approaches to many aspects of life, including learning, medicine, and economics. Is this combination leading us to a closed playground where fantasy dominates, or can we develop an enriched contextualized culture?
1) The document discusses the role of various trade organizations in the electronics industry such as IPC, CEA, SMTA, and others. IPC represents PCB fabricators and assemblers.
2) It describes changes at IPC in recent years including growing OEM membership and a more vertically integrated approach. However, some trade organizations like IPC and CEA may have competing objectives.
3) The regulation of drones is provided as an example where IPC advocates for more government oversight due to national security concerns, whereas CEA wants to minimize regulation to support industry growth.
10 trends to watch for 2014: Trends 6 to 10Tracey Keys
Last month, we started our coverage of the 10 Trends to Watch for 2014 by introducing the notion of a “Moore’s Law of Change.” In a world of accelerating and radical changes there will continue to be significant opportunities for leaders, organizations and individuals that approach change with an open mind, an informed point of view and a readiness to take action today to prepare for the future.
So where should leaders look today for these changes? In our forthcoming Global Trends Report 2014, The Fieldbook, we highlight 10 trends that business leaders need to focus on today. In this December 2013 briefing we highlight our last five trends for 2014 - trends 6 to 10.
My talk at the White House Frontiers Conference at CMU on October 13, 2016. I was one of the warmup acts for the President, talking about why we should embrace an AI future. Full text can be seen here
I.B.M.'s Smarter Cities unit built a citywide system in Rio de Janeiro that integrates real-time data from over 30 agencies to anticipate problems, analyze trends, and coordinate resources. The operations center collates sensor, video and GPS data to identify patterns and dispatch responders. I.B.M. also installed a virtual platform integrating various data sources and allowing employees to access incident information. The new system is expected to drastically reduce emergency response times through automated alerts to responders and citizens.
Transforming businesses as the Internet of Things expands.
As a global electronics company, IBM understands the
issues facing the high-tech industry and the continuous
transformation required to thrive. Find more by watching this interesting presentation.
Thanks to the Internet of Things (IoT), physical assets are turning into participants in real-time global digital markets. The countless types of assets around us will become as easily indexed, searched and traded as any online commodity. While some industries will be tougher to transform than others – those with physical limitations, such as manufacturing, will be harder to digitize – untold economic opportunities exist for growth and advancement. Our research shows this will create a new “Economy of Things” with significant consequences. Here, we explore this transformation, including what could happen to industry profit pools, as well as the likely impacts on existing players in different industries.
IBC Slides Petit - Abuse of Dominance - Huawei and Post DanmarkNicolas Petit
Slides on recent developments in abuse of dominance law @IBC conference in Brussels (February 2016). Topics include rebates, patents and judicial review in EU competition law
This document discusses various issues related to regulating robots from a legal perspective. It summarizes that as robots move into consumer and caring environments, current and near future legal issues will need to be addressed regarding privacy, liability, and how criminal and traffic laws may apply. The document examines different ways robots could be classified from a legal standpoint, such as persons, slaves, animals, or tools. It also provides examples of problems that may arise involving robot liability and responsibilities.
The cybercrimes act of tanzania an overview -all you need to knowHUMPHREY MORIS
This document provides an overview and summary of key aspects of Tanzania's Cybercrimes Act of 2015. It defines important terms like crime, cybercrime, and the Cybercrimes Act. It summarizes each of the Act's seven parts, including offenses and penalties, search and seizure procedures, service provider liability, and amendments to other laws. The document analyzes challenges to the Act regarding excessive police powers, restrictions on freedom of expression, and compliance requirements for service providers. Overall, the Cybercrimes Act aims to address cybercrimes like child pornography and cyberbullying, but critics argue some provisions restrict civil liberties and freedom of the press.
This document provides a matrix comparing 8 bills related to cybercrime in the Philippines. Each bill is introduced by a Representative and includes sections defining terms like access, alteration and computer system. They also include near-identical sections on declarations of policy recognizing the importance of ICT and goals of preventing cybercrime through detection, investigation and international cooperation. The matrix allows for comparison of small differences between the similar bills.
The document discusses externalities and the role of government in addressing market failures caused by externalities. It defines externalities as costs or benefits imposed on third parties by production or consumption activities. When externalities are present, markets allocate resources inefficiently. The government can intervene to correct market failures through Pigouvian taxes to internalize negative externalities or subsidies to encourage positive externalities. By internalizing external costs and benefits, the government can make prices reflect true social costs and benefits, leading to more economically efficient outcomes.
Verizon's backup power failed during an August 2014 blackout, disrupting 911 service. A Verizon representative explained that the emergency generators were electric, and no one realized the fuel pumps delivering fuel to the generators also required electricity to operate. When the main power went out, the backup generators had no fuel, causing further outage issues.
The document discusses cyber security, the Target data breach, and proposes the formation of an international team called ICIT to combat cybercrime globally. ICIT would be comprised of experts from various countries and have authority to arrest criminals across borders based on a unified set of cyber laws. The goal of ICIT is to more effectively investigate cyber attacks, apprehend hackers, and reduce the rate of cybercrime incidents worldwide through international cooperation and standardized policies.
Pandemic and Security: Reengineering of Human Identification MediaJuan Moratto
Argentina, like other countries, determined that face mask are “of compulsory social use”, a logical measure from the health point of view that causes and will cause difficulties in security and law enforcement: all people transit with their hidden, masked face, day or night.
What implications does it have? Any criminal act will go unpunished unless police catch the perpetrator red-handed (flagrant). Outside of this, most crimes will go unpunished and criminals can move freely without risk.
There is very little written on how the law should deal with real life robots andmuch of it highly aspirational, based on ideas of human-intelligent robots that may never happen. THis ppt tries to look at legal issues for robots in now to 5-10 years on, and focuses on liability for harms caused by robots in domestic/consumer settings.
Sample Essay Applying For Scholarship. Online assignment writing service.Jennifer Magee
This document discusses knowledge management in human resources and analyzes its functions and tools. It focuses on knowledge management systems used by human resource professionals in the New York Army National Guard. It finds that knowledge management is integral to most HR tasks and that tools/systems vary widely due to an overabundance of information. When similar programs are available at different levels, users prefer state-level options.
Policing In The Metaverse: What’s Happening NowBernard Marr
The metaverse offers law enforcement agencies the opportunity to learn more about how to fight crime online, and also enables virtual training on real-world policing situations. Here’s how policing organizations are starting to join the metaverse.
The document discusses the course content for the subject "Intellectual Property Rights and Patents – II". It includes 4 units that cover topics like types of intellectual property, patent law basics, transactional law for internet businesses, and regulatory compliance issues. It also lists 7 recommended textbooks on intellectual property rights. The document is primarily focused on providing an overview of the topics and resources for a course on advanced intellectual property rights and patents.
This document provides an overview of cyber crime law in the Philippines. It defines cyber crime and outlines various types, including hacking, denial of service attacks, software piracy, pornography, and credit card fraud. It discusses the history and purpose of cyber crime law in the Philippines. It also outlines punishments and penalties for different cyber crimes, as well as tips for protecting yourself from cyber crime.
Social engineering, cybernetics and archaeology/genealogy of social movements //disruptiVesemiOtics//
This document appears to be a collection of internet links and commentary on a variety of loosely connected topics including state surveillance, secret societies, police corruption, and agenda 21 conspiracies. It criticizes government agencies and officials, accuses them of fabricating evidence and controlling the flow of information. References are made to satellite surveillance being used to record staged social interactions and fabricate accusations of acquaintance between targets. Police are described as "pigs" implementing totalitarian agendas. Masonic groups and secret societies are also criticized.
This document discusses emerging and future technologies that may be applied in law enforcement. It explores techniques used by futurists to predict technological developments and various applications including emergency location systems, automatic collision notification, universal product coding, radio frequency chipping of goods, biometric identification, satellite surveillance, pursuit technologies using vehicle disabling chips, less-lethal weapons, mobile access to databases, and combinations of technologies. The goal is to understand how future technologies could impact policing.
Describing the paradigm shift of Information security at Mass Internet age.
Bot Net Order look like Order 66.
What are "New Hopes " of cyber warfare ?
Metanomics: Federal Interest in Virtual Worlds and CybersecurityDoug Thompson
The document discusses a Metanomics podcast about government interest in virtual worlds and cybersecurity.
1) Paulette Robinson provides an update on the Federal Consortium for Virtual Worlds, which she started over a year ago. The Consortium has grown significantly, with over 1,000 members from government, industry and academia. It has held conferences attended by hundreds discussing government virtual world projects.
2) Sterling Wright discusses the proposed Cybersecurity Act of 2009, which would expand presidential powers over cyber infrastructure and increase government oversight of private networks. However, concerns have been raised over privacy, censorship and limiting innovation.
3) The podcast guests debate these issues, with Paulette and Rocky Young updating on government virtual world activities
This document discusses the development and capabilities of robots and artificial intelligence. It notes that industrial robots have been used for manufacturing for years, but that mobile, intelligent robots are increasing in number and functionality. It describes how robots are now used in surgery to enable less invasive procedures. The document also discusses advances in humanoid robots and their potential applications, as well as considerations regarding ethics, artificial general intelligence, and how robots may develop emotional intelligence or attempt to gain independence.
Princess Writing Workbook Printing Practice StorybooDenise Halvorsen
The document discusses steps to take to request an assignment writing service from HelpWriting.net. It outlines 5 steps: 1) Create an account with valid email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, and HelpWriting.net offers refunds for plagiarized work.
Similar to Introduction to the law of robots and AIs - lecture 5 (20)
A Review of Competition Policy for the Digital Era (Cremer et al Report)Nicolas Petit
This slide presentation reviews the much awaited 2019 report "Competition Policy for the Digital Era" written by Jacques Crémer, Yves de Montjoye and Heike Schweitzer. The report sets out a rich list of options for future EU competition policy in the digital sector. Given the close involvement of DG COMP in the fact finding process, it is likely that the report will make impact in decision making circles. This presentation critically reviews the main suggestions of the report, and tries to identify those items that are most likely to inform future EU competition policy evolutions.
Nicolas Petit 27 september 18 - Hard Questions of Law and AINicolas Petit
This presentation discusses the hard legal questions raised by the research, development and implementation of Articificial Intelligence technologies. It discusses ethics, ex post v ex ante regulation, data biases, and the legal framework for various categories social harms.
Tech Giants, the Moligopoly Hypothesis and Conglomerate CompetitionNicolas Petit
This document summarizes a presentation about technology giants and the concept of "moligopoly" competition. It discusses how technology companies like Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon and Microsoft each dominate different markets but also compete across many industries. It proposes a framework for antitrust that considers competition between these companies not just in their core markets but in peripheral areas of innovation as well. The presentation outlines different aspects of competition between these companies including conglomeralism, disruptive strategies, heavy investment in R&D, and provision of public goods. It argues that antitrust analysis needs a new theory that accounts for competition beyond just prices and outputs in core markets.
On Binding Effect of Guidance Paper and AEC test Nicolas Petit
The claim that the Guidance Paper on Article 102 TFEU has no binding effects on the EU Commission rests on fragile arguments which this ppt challenges. This finding may have implications for the future of the competition policy of the EU.
Antitrust claims in a standards context - ASPI APEB LES - Paris 2016Nicolas Petit
Slides on the use of antitrust arguments in patent litigation, in particular in relation to patents declared essential to an industrial standards, and which are encumbered by a FRAND commitment. The slides describe the evolution of the law in the 2015 judgment in Huawei v ZTE by the EU Courts, and the first cases dealt with in Germany since then. It also envisions the changes introduced by standard setting organizations to their patent policies, and whether this can trigger antitrust liability.
Law of robots and AIs - Future of Lawyers - Lecture 3Nicolas Petit
Lecture on the future of lawyers in a world driven by robotics and AIs: quantitative legal prediction, big data, AI based problem solving, etc. I also discuss Susskind's work.
Introduction to the law of robots and AIs - lecture 3 - The Future of Lawyers?Nicolas Petit
Third set of slides of my course at the University of Liege (ULg), Belgium, on the law and regulation of robots and artificial intelligences. Focus is on threats and opportunities for the legal community (with a discussion of Susskind's work)
Lund moligopolists - presentation (09 11 15) n petitNicolas Petit
This document discusses competition issues in technology markets dominated by a small number of large firms, referred to as "moligopolists". It notes that while antitrust traditionally views each market in isolation, these firms compete across multiple overlapping markets. It raises questions about whether antitrust analysis needs new approaches to analyze innovation competition, labor markets, and other types of competition that occur between these moligopolists. The document also discusses how providing public goods and funding other companies are new ways these firms may compete, challenging traditional antitrust frameworks. It concludes that rethinking market definition, market power analysis, and remedies may be needed to effectively address competition in these complex technology markets.
Loi macron - Frontières de l'autorité de la concurrence - N PetitNicolas Petit
Presentation (in French) on what the recent "Macron law" entails for the French Competition Agency. Delivered at the annual conference of the association of French competition practitioners
Problem practices in Competition Law - Presentation to CMA AcademyNicolas Petit
This presentation addresses the issue of the gap practices, that do not facially fall fould of the classic antitrust prohibitions (eg, planned obscolescence, shrouding, IP tracking, etc.). It adresses the issue of default legal instruments, such as Section V of the FTC act. A paper on this is in the making.
Patent hold up and the antitrustization of frand - A multi-sided reappraisal ...Nicolas Petit
This is my recent presentation at the Contemporary Challenges in Competition Law conference held by the University of Leeds on 15 May 2015: http://www.law.leeds.ac.uk/events/2015/contemporary-challenges-in-competition-law. 2015 (c) Nicolas Petit
Defending Weapons Offence Charges: Role of Mississauga Criminal Defence LawyersHarpreetSaini48
Discover how Mississauga criminal defence lawyers defend clients facing weapon offence charges with expert legal guidance and courtroom representation.
To know more visit: https://www.saini-law.com/
What are the common challenges faced by women lawyers working in the legal pr...lawyersonia
The legal profession, which has historically been male-dominated, has experienced a significant increase in the number of women entering the field over the past few decades. Despite this progress, women lawyers continue to encounter various challenges as they strive for top positions.
Matthew Professional CV experienced Government LiaisonMattGardner52
As an experienced Government Liaison, I have demonstrated expertise in Corporate Governance. My skill set includes senior-level management in Contract Management, Legal Support, and Diplomatic Relations. I have also gained proficiency as a Corporate Liaison, utilizing my strong background in accounting, finance, and legal, with a Bachelor's degree (B.A.) from California State University. My Administrative Skills further strengthen my ability to contribute to the growth and success of any organization.
Guide on the use of Artificial Intelligence-based tools by lawyers and law fi...Massimo Talia
This guide aims to provide information on how lawyers will be able to use the opportunities provided by AI tools and how such tools could help the business processes of small firms. Its objective is to provide lawyers with some background to understand what they can and cannot realistically expect from these products. This guide aims to give a reference point for small law practices in the EU
against which they can evaluate those classes of AI applications that are probably the most relevant for them.
Synopsis On Annual General Meeting/Extra Ordinary General Meeting With Ordinary And Special Businesses And Ordinary And Special Resolutions with Companies (Postal Ballot) Regulations, 2018
This document briefly explains the June compliance calendar 2024 with income tax returns, PF, ESI, and important due dates, forms to be filled out, periods, and who should file them?.
4. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
FriendsFriendsFriendsFriends paypaypaypay youyouyouyou aaaa visitvisitvisitvisit
RobotRobotRobotRobot killskillskillskills aaaa friend’sfriend’sfriend’sfriend’s catcatcatcat,,,, whichwhichwhichwhich
itititit confusesconfusesconfusesconfuses withwithwithwith anananan insectinsectinsectinsect
Hypothetical scenario
YouYouYouYou have ahave ahave ahave a gardengardengardengarden
BuyBuyBuyBuy aaaa robotrobotrobotrobot gardenergardenergardenergardener
UnmannedUnmannedUnmannedUnmanned systemsystemsystemsystem withwithwithwith veryveryveryvery
highhighhighhigh autonomyautonomyautonomyautonomy
CanCanCanCan flyflyflyfly andandandand taketaketaketake photographsphotographsphotographsphotographs
ofofofof youryouryouryour treestreestreestrees totototo assessassessassessassess
maturation ofmaturation ofmaturation ofmaturation of fruitsfruitsfruitsfruits
Robot has «Robot has «Robot has «Robot has « actuatorsactuatorsactuatorsactuators »»»»
Turn irrigating devices « on »
Prun the grass
Kill mosquitos
Carry and spill water,
pesticides and other
liquid/aerial products
5. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Social goals of liability law
Solution toSolution toSolution toSolution to bebebebe foundfoundfoundfound sosososo as toas toas toas to fulfillfulfillfulfillfulfill goals ofgoals ofgoals ofgoals of liabilityliabilityliabilityliability lawlawlawlaw
Disputed
G. Williams, « The Aims of the Law of Tort », 4 Current Legal
Problems, 1951
Corrective/protective
Return those injured to the situation before injury
Deterrence
No gain from harmful conduct
Encourage precaution
6. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
S. Lehman Wilzig, « Frankestein Unbound », 1981
ProductProductProductProduct liabilityliabilityliabilityliability
Robot is piece of hardware
Liability on producer, plus possible limited liability on importers,
wholesalers and retailers
« Inherent risk »
DangerousDangerousDangerousDangerous animalsanimalsanimalsanimals
Liability on owner, unless « usually harmless species »
SlaverySlaverySlaverySlavery
Several regimes: master is liable v slave is liable
Roman law: master only liable for civil claims, not criminal acts; and only if
accomplice
What punishment against the bot?
DiminishedDiminishedDiminishedDiminished capacitycapacitycapacitycapacity:::: independentindependentindependentindependent personspersonspersonspersons, but not, but not, but not, but not entirelyentirelyentirelyentirely intelligentintelligentintelligentintelligent
ChildrenChildrenChildrenChildren:::: fullyfullyfullyfully intelligent, butintelligent, butintelligent, butintelligent, but withwithwithwith lowlowlowlow moralmoralmoralmoral responsibilityresponsibilityresponsibilityresponsibility
AgentAgentAgentAgent
PersonPersonPersonPerson
7. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Landscaping of basic legal structure
DefaultDefaultDefaultDefault rulesrulesrulesrules (not exclusive)(not exclusive)(not exclusive)(not exclusive)
Default liability regimes: articles 1382 to 1386 Civil Code
Litigation in court
AdditionalAdditionalAdditionalAdditional rulesrulesrulesrules (not exclusive)(not exclusive)(not exclusive)(not exclusive)
Defective products liability
Directive 85/374/EEC on liability for defective products was adopted in
1985;
Loi du 25 février 1991, relative à la responsabilité du fait des produits
défectueux
Consumer rights
Directive 2011/83/EC on Consumer Rights
BE: Book VI CDE
Latent defects
Only for sales
Duty of guidance
Only for contracts
10. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Default rules: liability law (BE)
LiabilityLiabilityLiabilityLiability ofofofof
ownerownerownerowner////keeperkeeperkeeperkeeper/user (1)/user (1)/user (1)/user (1)
Due toDue toDue toDue to actactactact of robotof robotof robotof robot consideredconsideredconsideredconsidered
as (i) a «as (i) a «as (i) a «as (i) a « thingthingthingthing »»»» underunderunderunder one’sone’sone’sone’s
keepingkeepingkeepingkeeping; (ii) or as an «; (ii) or as an «; (ii) or as an «; (ii) or as an « agentagentagentagent »»»»
Article 1384 (and 1385 andArticle 1384 (and 1385 andArticle 1384 (and 1385 andArticle 1384 (and 1385 and
1386) of the Civil Code1386) of the Civil Code1386) of the Civil Code1386) of the Civil Code
LiabilityLiabilityLiabilityLiability ofofofof perpetratorperpetratorperpetratorperpetrator (2)(2)(2)(2)
LiabilityLiabilityLiabilityLiability of robotof robotof robotof robot itselfitselfitselfitself
Article 1382 and 1383 of theArticle 1382 and 1383 of theArticle 1382 and 1383 of theArticle 1382 and 1383 of the
Civil CodeCivil CodeCivil CodeCivil Code
11. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
WillingnessWillingnessWillingnessWillingness totototo ensureensureensureensure effectiveeffectiveeffectiveeffective
protectionprotectionprotectionprotection ofofofof victimsvictimsvictimsvictims, by, by, by, by providingprovidingprovidingproviding
solventsolventsolventsolvent targettargettargettarget
DamageDamageDamageDamage causedcausedcausedcaused bybybyby «««« thingsthingsthingsthings » or» or» or» or
«««« thirdthirdthirdthird partiespartiespartiesparties »»»»
LiabilityLiabilityLiabilityLiability incurredincurredincurredincurred,,,, regardlessregardlessregardlessregardless ofofofof anyanyanyany
faultfaultfaultfault of «of «of «of « guardianguardianguardianguardian » or «» or «» or «» or « principalprincipalprincipalprincipal »»»»
Ratio: controlRatio: controlRatio: controlRatio: control over «over «over «over « thingsthingsthingsthings » or» or» or» or
«««« agentsagentsagentsagents » supposes power to» supposes power to» supposes power to» supposes power to avoidavoidavoidavoid
harmharmharmharm
NeedNeedNeedNeed illicitillicitillicitillicit conductconductconductconduct ofofofof thirdthirdthirdthird
party/viceparty/viceparty/viceparty/vice of theof theof theof the thingthingthingthing underunderunderunder
custodycustodycustodycustody
Strict orStrict orStrict orStrict or veryveryveryvery strictstrictstrictstrict liabilityliabilityliabilityliability systemsystemsystemsystem
AdditiveAdditiveAdditiveAdditive liabilityliabilityliabilityliability:::: victimvictimvictimvictim cancancancan actactactact
againstagainstagainstagainst thirdthirdthirdthird party andparty andparty andparty and principalprincipalprincipalprincipal
ExhaustiveExhaustiveExhaustiveExhaustive listlistlistlist forforforfor thirdthirdthirdthird partiespartiespartiesparties
liabilityliabilityliabilityliability
Liability of owner/keeper/user (1)
Article 1384 Civil Code: «Article 1384 Civil Code: «Article 1384 Civil Code: «Article 1384 Civil Code: « On estOn estOn estOn est
responsable non seulement du dommageresponsable non seulement du dommageresponsable non seulement du dommageresponsable non seulement du dommage
que l'on cause par son propre fait, maisque l'on cause par son propre fait, maisque l'on cause par son propre fait, maisque l'on cause par son propre fait, mais
encore de celui qui est causé par le fait desencore de celui qui est causé par le fait desencore de celui qui est causé par le fait desencore de celui qui est causé par le fait des
personnes dont on doit répondre, ou despersonnes dont on doit répondre, ou despersonnes dont on doit répondre, ou despersonnes dont on doit répondre, ou des
choses que l'on a sous sa garde.choses que l'on a sous sa garde.choses que l'on a sous sa garde.choses que l'on a sous sa garde.
[Le père et la mère sont responsables du[Le père et la mère sont responsables du[Le père et la mère sont responsables du[Le père et la mère sont responsables du
dommage causé par leurs enfants mineurs.]dommage causé par leurs enfants mineurs.]dommage causé par leurs enfants mineurs.]dommage causé par leurs enfants mineurs.]
<L 06<L 06<L 06<L 06----07070707----1977, art. 1>1977, art. 1>1977, art. 1>1977, art. 1>
Les maîtres et les commettants, duLes maîtres et les commettants, duLes maîtres et les commettants, duLes maîtres et les commettants, du
dommage causé par leurs domestiques etdommage causé par leurs domestiques etdommage causé par leurs domestiques etdommage causé par leurs domestiques et
préposés dans les fonctions auxquelles ilspréposés dans les fonctions auxquelles ilspréposés dans les fonctions auxquelles ilspréposés dans les fonctions auxquelles ils
les ont employés.les ont employés.les ont employés.les ont employés.
Les instituteurs et les artisans, duLes instituteurs et les artisans, duLes instituteurs et les artisans, duLes instituteurs et les artisans, du
dommage cause par leurs élèves etdommage cause par leurs élèves etdommage cause par leurs élèves etdommage cause par leurs élèves et
apprentis pendant le temps qu'ils sont sousapprentis pendant le temps qu'ils sont sousapprentis pendant le temps qu'ils sont sousapprentis pendant le temps qu'ils sont sous
leur surveillance.leur surveillance.leur surveillance.leur surveillance.
La responsabilité ciLa responsabilité ciLa responsabilité ciLa responsabilité ci----dessus a lieu, à moinsdessus a lieu, à moinsdessus a lieu, à moinsdessus a lieu, à moins
que les père et mère, instituteurs et artisans,que les père et mère, instituteurs et artisans,que les père et mère, instituteurs et artisans,que les père et mère, instituteurs et artisans,
ne prouvent qu'ils n'ont pu empêcher le faitne prouvent qu'ils n'ont pu empêcher le faitne prouvent qu'ils n'ont pu empêcher le faitne prouvent qu'ils n'ont pu empêcher le fait
qui donne lieu à cette responsabilitéqui donne lieu à cette responsabilitéqui donne lieu à cette responsabilitéqui donne lieu à cette responsabilité »»»»
12. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
SubordinationSubordinationSubordinationSubordination
HYPO: robot gardener instructed
to optimally protect flowers and
trees; autonomous understanding
that mosquito killing includes
killing the neighbour’s cat who
eats the grass
Bostrom’s smile dystopia
OnOnOnOn the occasion ofthe occasion ofthe occasion ofthe occasion of itsitsitsits functionsfunctionsfunctionsfunctions
HYPO: robot gardener
instructed to keep the grass
green; decides to prevent
visitors from walking on the
grass; throws toxic product at
them
Beyond or within its gardening
functions?
Bostrom’s paperclip hypothesis
Master and principal (article 1384 § 3)
3333 conditionsconditionsconditionsconditions
Subordination;
Fault;
On the occasion of its functions
(+ causality and harm)
CannotCannotCannotCannot bebebebe rebuttedrebuttedrebuttedrebutted
VeryVeryVeryVery strictstrictstrictstrict liabilityliabilityliabilityliability systemsystemsystemsystem
13. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Point of robotsPoint of robotsPoint of robotsPoint of robots isisisis totototo avoidavoidavoidavoid totototo
monitor and tomonitor and tomonitor and tomonitor and to educateeducateeducateeducate
Father and mother (article 1384 § 2)
3 conditions3 conditions3 conditions3 conditions
Father and mother
Harm by minor
Objectively illicit act
(+ causality and harm)
PresumptionPresumptionPresumptionPresumption ofofofof faultfaultfaultfault inininin educationeducationeducationeducation
and surveillanceand surveillanceand surveillanceand surveillance
CanCanCanCan bebebebe rebuttedrebuttedrebuttedrebutted
Proof of both proper surveillance
and education
StrictStrictStrictStrict liabilityliabilityliabilityliability systemsystemsystemsystem
IncentiveIncentiveIncentiveIncentive forforforfor properproperproperproper educationeducationeducationeducation
and surveillance + protection ofand surveillance + protection ofand surveillance + protection ofand surveillance + protection of
victimsvictimsvictimsvictims by provision ofby provision ofby provision ofby provision of solventsolventsolventsolvent
targettargettargettarget
14. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
HYPO: robotHYPO: robotHYPO: robotHYPO: robot gardenergardenergardenergardener isisisis not anot anot anot a
deepdeepdeepdeep learninglearninglearninglearning machine, but onemachine, but onemachine, but onemachine, but one
thatthatthatthat needsneedsneedsneeds input andinput andinput andinput and labelinglabelinglabelinglabeling
Teacher and craftsmen (article 1384 § 4)
3 conditions3 conditions3 conditions3 conditions
Student or apprentice
Objectively illicit act
During surveillance time
PresumptionPresumptionPresumptionPresumption ofofofof faultfaultfaultfault inininin
surveillancesurveillancesurveillancesurveillance
CanCanCanCan bebebebe rebuttedrebuttedrebuttedrebutted
StrictStrictStrictStrict liabilityliabilityliabilityliability systemsystemsystemsystem
16. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
LiabililityLiabililityLiabililityLiabilility of the «of the «of the «of the « holderholderholderholder »»»»
TheTheTheThe holderholderholderholder
has power of surveillance,
direction or control; and
uses it for its own benefit
NotNotNotNot necessarilynecessarilynecessarilynecessarily thethethethe ownerownerownerowner
HYPOHYPOHYPOHYPO
You lend the drone to a
neighbor for his own garden?
You lease it on a sharing
economy website?
You carry a robotic prosthesis
which dysfunctions?
« Things »
MovableMovableMovableMovable////unmovableunmovableunmovableunmovable;;;; MannedMannedMannedManned////unmannedunmannedunmannedunmanned
Cars,Cars,Cars,Cars, treestreestreestrees, planes, statues, lifts, planes, statues, lifts, planes, statues, lifts, planes, statues, lifts
NeedNeedNeedNeed totototo proveproveproveprove anananan intrinsicintrinsicintrinsicintrinsic defectdefectdefectdefect (vice(vice(vice(vice):):):):
«««« abnormalabnormalabnormalabnormal featurefeaturefeaturefeature thatthatthatthat makesmakesmakesmakes itititit likelylikelylikelylikely totototo
causecausecausecause injuryinjuryinjuryinjury in certainin certainin certainin certain circumstancescircumstancescircumstancescircumstances »»»»
HYPOHYPOHYPOHYPO
Drone overheats whilst transporting
straws in its basket, which catch fire
=> // with Ccass, 5 June 1998, Pas
1998, I, p.692 v Pas 1971, I, p.391
BurdenBurdenBurdenBurden of proof onof proof onof proof onof proof on claimantclaimantclaimantclaimant
NoNoNoNo defensedefensedefensedefense basedbasedbasedbased onononon factfactfactfact thatthatthatthat vicevicevicevice causedcausedcausedcaused
thirdthirdthirdthird partypartypartyparty misconductmisconductmisconductmisconduct, force majeure or, force majeure or, force majeure or, force majeure or
ignorance ofignorance ofignorance ofignorance of defectdefectdefectdefect
Engineering defect does not exonerate
holder liability
ButButButBut defensedefensedefensedefense if damageif damageif damageif damage exclusivelyexclusivelyexclusivelyexclusively causedcausedcausedcaused
bybybyby thirdthirdthirdthird party/party/party/party/victimvictimvictimvictim misconductmisconductmisconductmisconduct or forceor forceor forceor force
majeuremajeuremajeuremajeure
Third party spilled gas on straws;
VeryVeryVeryVery strictstrictstrictstrict liabilityliabilityliabilityliability systemsystemsystemsystem
17. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Animals
Article 1385 Civil CodeArticle 1385 Civil CodeArticle 1385 Civil CodeArticle 1385 Civil Code
«««« LeLeLeLe propriétaire d'un animal, ou celui qui s'en sert, pendant qu'il est à sonpropriétaire d'un animal, ou celui qui s'en sert, pendant qu'il est à sonpropriétaire d'un animal, ou celui qui s'en sert, pendant qu'il est à sonpropriétaire d'un animal, ou celui qui s'en sert, pendant qu'il est à son
usage, est responsable du dommage que l'animal a causé, soit que l'animalusage, est responsable du dommage que l'animal a causé, soit que l'animalusage, est responsable du dommage que l'animal a causé, soit que l'animalusage, est responsable du dommage que l'animal a causé, soit que l'animal
fût sous sa garde, soit qu'il fût égaré oufût sous sa garde, soit qu'il fût égaré oufût sous sa garde, soit qu'il fût égaré oufût sous sa garde, soit qu'il fût égaré ou échappééchappééchappééchappé ».».».».
OwnerOwnerOwnerOwner orororor keeperkeeperkeeperkeeper
AnimalAnimalAnimalAnimal subjectsubjectsubjectsubject to appropriation,to appropriation,to appropriation,to appropriation, bebebebe itititit aaaa domesticateddomesticateddomesticateddomesticated animal or notanimal or notanimal or notanimal or not
No viceNo viceNo viceNo vice neededneededneededneeded
NonNonNonNon rebuttablerebuttablerebuttablerebuttable presumptionpresumptionpresumptionpresumption
ButButButBut possibilitypossibilitypossibilitypossibility to breakto breakto breakto break causalitycausalitycausalitycausality linklinklinklink, if damage, if damage, if damage, if damage exclusivelyexclusivelyexclusivelyexclusively causedcausedcausedcaused bybybyby
externalexternalexternalexternal eventeventeventevent:::: thirdthirdthirdthird party orparty orparty orparty or victimvictimvictimvictim misconductmisconductmisconductmisconduct
HYPO: visitors trash used cans on grass; drone « senses » visitors as
pollution agents like mosquitos; drone spill toxic pesticides on visitors
VeryVeryVeryVery strictstrictstrictstrict liabilityliabilityliabilityliability systemsystemsystemsystem
18. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Liability of perpetrator (2)
ArticlesArticlesArticlesArticles 1382 and1382 and1382 and1382 and 1383 Civil Code1383 Civil Code1383 Civil Code1383 Civil Code
FaultFaultFaultFault
ButButButBut cancancancan youyouyouyou impute aimpute aimpute aimpute a faultfaultfaultfault to a robot?to a robot?to a robot?to a robot?
MorallyMorallyMorallyMorally????
LegallyLegallyLegallyLegally????
Precedent with corporations
Precedent with impaired persons
L. Solum, « Legal Personhood for Artificial Intelligences », North Carolina
Law Review Vol. 70, 1992, p. 1231-1287: some inanimate object could be
subject of rights and duties: temples, ships (in rem)
Shall trees have standing?
19. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Fault-based liability (aka + or – negligence)
PrinciplesPrinciplesPrinciplesPrinciples
Violation of aViolation of aViolation of aViolation of a legallegallegallegal dutydutydutyduty or of aor of aor of aor of a
rulerulerulerule of goodof goodof goodof good conductconductconductconduct (to(to(to(to bebebebe
expectedexpectedexpectedexpected fromfromfromfrom aaaa reasonablereasonablereasonablereasonable
personpersonpersonperson
ActoriActoriActoriActori incumbitincumbitincumbitincumbit probatioprobatioprobatioprobatio (+(+(+(+
Article 1315Article 1315Article 1315Article 1315 civil code + 870civil code + 870civil code + 870civil code + 870
judicialjudicialjudicialjudicial codecodecodecode))))
The concept ofThe concept ofThe concept ofThe concept of faultfaultfaultfault isisisis assessedassessedassessedassessed inininin
abstracto: «abstracto: «abstracto: «abstracto: « bonus pater familiasbonus pater familiasbonus pater familiasbonus pater familias »»»»
«««« ExonerationExonerationExonerationExoneration causescausescausescauses » (» (» (» (faultfaultfaultfault
prongprongprongprong) or «) or «) or «) or « externalexternalexternalexternal causescausescausescauses »»»»
((((causalitycausalitycausalitycausality prongprongprongprong))))
Fault of the victim
The cat trespassed; the tourist
stepped into an area marked as
dangerous
PracticePracticePracticePractice
MoreMoreMoreMore demandingdemandingdemandingdemanding forforforfor victimsvictimsvictimsvictims
thanthanthanthan liabilityliabilityliabilityliability onononon
ownerownerownerowner////keeperkeeperkeeperkeeper/user/user/user/user
20. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Conclusion
OwnerOwnerOwnerOwner////keeperkeeperkeeperkeeper/user/user/user/user
imputabilityimputabilityimputabilityimputability
VeryVeryVeryVery protective ofprotective ofprotective ofprotective of victimvictimvictimvictim
NotNotNotNot necessarilynecessarilynecessarilynecessarily aptaptaptapt totototo achieveachieveachieveachieve
deterrencedeterrencedeterrencedeterrence purposepurposepurposepurpose ofofofof liabilityliabilityliabilityliability lawlawlawlaw
LittleLittleLittleLittle basedbasedbasedbased on control of robot oron control of robot oron control of robot oron control of robot or
AIAIAIAI
LimitedLimitedLimitedLimited exonerationexonerationexonerationexoneration ((((causalitycausalitycausalitycausality
prongprongprongprong mostlymostlymostlymostly))))
PerversePerversePerversePerverse effectseffectseffectseffects on innovationon innovationon innovationon innovation
incentivesincentivesincentivesincentives? =>? =>? =>? => killskillskillskills marketmarketmarketmarket for thefor thefor thefor the
purchasepurchasepurchasepurchase of robotsof robotsof robotsof robots
Mitigated with insuranceMitigated with insuranceMitigated with insuranceMitigated with insurance
requirements?requirements?requirements?requirements?
Policy of NeoTech Assurances
OptionalOptionalOptionalOptional orororor compulsorycompulsorycompulsorycompulsory
MarketMarketMarketMarket sizesizesizesize----relatedrelatedrelatedrelated????
Robolaw: driverless cars
(optional?); robotic prostheses
(mandatory?)
RobotRobotRobotRobot imputabilityimputabilityimputabilityimputability
FaultFaultFaultFault----basedbasedbasedbased liabilityliabilityliabilityliability
CouldCouldCouldCould achieveachieveachieveachieve deterrencedeterrencedeterrencedeterrence, for, for, for, for
robots androbots androbots androbots and AIsAIsAIsAIs cancancancan
Make cost-benefit analyzis
Be taught some legal and
moral principles: bonus pater
familias
But notBut notBut notBut not practicalpracticalpracticalpractical????
Robots need registration and
to have property (capital
endowment)
Swedish car insurance system
21. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Additional rules: Product Liability Law
Directive 85/374/EECDirective 85/374/EECDirective 85/374/EECDirective 85/374/EEC onononon liabilityliabilityliabilityliability forforforfor defectivedefectivedefectivedefective
productsproductsproductsproducts;;;;
Loi du 25 février 1991, relative à la responsabilité duLoi du 25 février 1991, relative à la responsabilité duLoi du 25 février 1991, relative à la responsabilité duLoi du 25 février 1991, relative à la responsabilité du
fait des produits défectueuxfait des produits défectueuxfait des produits défectueuxfait des produits défectueux
22. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Recitals of PLL Directive
“liability without fault on the part of the producer is the sole means of
adequately solving the problem, peculiar to our age of increasing technicality, of
a fair apportionment of the risks inherent in modern technological production”
“All producers involved in the production process” including “importers”
If products “lack of the safety which the public at large is entitled to expect”,
“excluding any misuse of the product not reasonable under the circumstances”
Rebuttable if “exonerating circumstances” but no third party excuse except
victim’s “contributory negligence”
“consumer requires compensation for death and personal injury as well as
compensation for damage to property”
“an injured party may have a claim for damages based on grounds of contractual
liability or on grounds of non-contractual liability other than that provided for
in this Directive”
Defense based on “the state of scientific and technical knowledge” can be
prohibited by national law, but standstill for new legislation
No ceiling on producer financial liability
23. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Provisions of PLL Directive (1)
Article 1: TheArticle 1: TheArticle 1: TheArticle 1: The producerproducerproducerproducer shallshallshallshall bebebebe liable (Article 1 BEL)liable (Article 1 BEL)liable (Article 1 BEL)liable (Article 1 BEL)
Article 2: allArticle 2: allArticle 2: allArticle 2: all movablesmovablesmovablesmovables
Article 4: proof of damage,Article 4: proof of damage,Article 4: proof of damage,Article 4: proof of damage, defectdefectdefectdefect and causaland causaland causaland causal connectionconnectionconnectionconnection onononon injuredinjuredinjuredinjured personpersonpersonperson
(Article 7 BEL)(Article 7 BEL)(Article 7 BEL)(Article 7 BEL)
Article 6:Article 6:Article 6:Article 6: defectdefectdefectdefect meansmeansmeansmeans thatthatthatthat productproductproductproduct ““““doesdoesdoesdoes notnotnotnot provideprovideprovideprovide thethethethe safety which asafety which asafety which asafety which a
person is entitled toperson is entitled toperson is entitled toperson is entitled to expectexpectexpectexpect” => amongst other things, “” => amongst other things, “” => amongst other things, “” => amongst other things, “useuseuseuse to which it couldto which it couldto which it couldto which it could
reasonably bereasonably bereasonably bereasonably be expected thatexpected thatexpected thatexpected that the product would bethe product would bethe product would bethe product would be putputputput” (Article 5 BEL)” (Article 5 BEL)” (Article 5 BEL)” (Article 5 BEL)
HYPO revisedHYPO revisedHYPO revisedHYPO revised
User usesUser usesUser usesUser uses the drone to take group pictures ofthe drone to take group pictures ofthe drone to take group pictures ofthe drone to take group pictures of friends;friends;friends;friends;
Drone explodesDrone explodesDrone explodesDrone explodes
InjuryInjuryInjuryInjury
NotNotNotNot the initial purpose of thethe initial purpose of thethe initial purpose of thethe initial purpose of the drone?drone?drone?drone?
Very limited exoneration: did not put the product into circulation, mandatoryVery limited exoneration: did not put the product into circulation, mandatoryVery limited exoneration: did not put the product into circulation, mandatoryVery limited exoneration: did not put the product into circulation, mandatory
compliance with rule of law, scientific or technical state of the artcompliance with rule of law, scientific or technical state of the artcompliance with rule of law, scientific or technical state of the artcompliance with rule of law, scientific or technical state of the art
Article 8(2): Producer liability can only be reduced if defect + fault of injuredArticle 8(2): Producer liability can only be reduced if defect + fault of injuredArticle 8(2): Producer liability can only be reduced if defect + fault of injuredArticle 8(2): Producer liability can only be reduced if defect + fault of injured
victim or person for whom he is responsible (Article 10victim or person for whom he is responsible (Article 10victim or person for whom he is responsible (Article 10victim or person for whom he is responsible (Article 10§§§§2 BEL)2 BEL)2 BEL)2 BEL)
24. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Provisions of PLL Directive (2)
Article 9:Article 9:Article 9:Article 9: ““““damagedamagedamagedamage caused by death or by personalcaused by death or by personalcaused by death or by personalcaused by death or by personal injuriesinjuriesinjuriesinjuries” or “” or “” or “” or “to propertyto propertyto propertyto property””””
HYPO revised: drone takes photographs of neighbor producer beating itsHYPO revised: drone takes photographs of neighbor producer beating itsHYPO revised: drone takes photographs of neighbor producer beating itsHYPO revised: drone takes photographs of neighbor producer beating its
dog, and posts it on socialdog, and posts it on socialdog, and posts it on socialdog, and posts it on social networksnetworksnetworksnetworks
But Article 11But Article 11But Article 11But Article 11§§§§1 BEL: “1 BEL: “1 BEL: “1 BEL: “dommagesdommagesdommagesdommages"""" causés aux personnes,causés aux personnes,causés aux personnes,causés aux personnes, ““““yyyy compris lescompris lescompris lescompris les
dommagesdommagesdommagesdommages morauxmorauxmorauxmoraux””””
Article 13:Article 13:Article 13:Article 13: ““““ThisThisThisThis Directive shall not affect any rights whichDirective shall not affect any rights whichDirective shall not affect any rights whichDirective shall not affect any rights which an injuredan injuredan injuredan injured personpersonpersonperson
may have according to the rules ofmay have according to the rules ofmay have according to the rules ofmay have according to the rules of the lawthe lawthe lawthe law of contractual or nonof contractual or nonof contractual or nonof contractual or non----contractualcontractualcontractualcontractual
liability orliability orliability orliability or aaaa specialspecialspecialspecial liabilityliabilityliabilityliability systemsystemsystemsystem””””
Article 16: possible ceiling for damages for death or personal injury, up toArticle 16: possible ceiling for damages for death or personal injury, up toArticle 16: possible ceiling for damages for death or personal injury, up toArticle 16: possible ceiling for damages for death or personal injury, up to
€€€€70 millions70 millions70 millions70 millions
Article 27: no possibility to exclude liability by contractArticle 27: no possibility to exclude liability by contractArticle 27: no possibility to exclude liability by contractArticle 27: no possibility to exclude liability by contract
25. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
HYPO revised
Not aNot aNot aNot a privateprivateprivateprivate gardengardengardengarden, but a, but a, but a, but a vineyardvineyardvineyardvineyard
PLLPLLPLLPLL onlyonlyonlyonly forforforfor consumersconsumersconsumersconsumers
Drone spreadsDrone spreadsDrone spreadsDrone spreads toxictoxictoxictoxic pesticide onpesticide onpesticide onpesticide on visitorsvisitorsvisitorsvisitors takingtakingtakingtaking a tour in thea tour in thea tour in thea tour in the
vineyardvineyardvineyardvineyard
Back in Article 1384 Civil Code area
DroneDroneDroneDrone usedusedusedused totototo spyspyspyspy onononon neighbour’sneighbour’sneighbour’sneighbour’s techniquestechniquestechniquestechniques
Other regimes, including unfair trading practices
26. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Assessment into context
ManufacturerManufacturerManufacturerManufacturer liabilityliabilityliabilityliability
LiabilityLiabilityLiabilityLiability withoutwithoutwithoutwithout faultfaultfaultfault
VeryVeryVeryVery strictstrictstrictstrict liabilityliabilityliabilityliability
PrimaryPrimaryPrimaryPrimary goalgoalgoalgoal isisisis correctivecorrectivecorrectivecorrective
ComplementedComplementedComplementedComplemented by the General Productby the General Productby the General Productby the General Product SafetySafetySafetySafety Directive,Directive,Directive,Directive, whichwhichwhichwhich isisisis
moremoremoremore preventivepreventivepreventivepreventive andandandand seeksseeksseeksseeks totototo avoidavoidavoidavoid orororor mitigatemitigatemitigatemitigate harmharmharmharm causedcausedcausedcaused bybybyby
manufacturersmanufacturersmanufacturersmanufacturers inininin theirtheirtheirtheir productsproductsproductsproducts
General duty of information on normal or foreseeable risks
General duty of warning
ConcernConcernConcernConcern ofofofof chillingchillingchillingchilling effecteffecteffecteffect on innovation if PLLon innovation if PLLon innovation if PLLon innovation if PLL isisisis extendedextendedextendedextended
accrossaccrossaccrossaccross manymanymanymany sectorssectorssectorssectors, as automation, as automation, as automation, as automation unravelsunravelsunravelsunravels
27. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
What the basic legal structure achieves
MultiplicityMultiplicityMultiplicityMultiplicity ofofofof potentialpotentialpotentialpotential regimesregimesregimesregimes are applicableare applicableare applicableare applicable
NoNoNoNo legallegallegallegal desertdesertdesertdesert!!!!
MostMostMostMost likelylikelylikelylikely totototo taketaketaketake placeplaceplaceplace underunderunderunder Article 1384 Civil Code inArticle 1384 Civil Code inArticle 1384 Civil Code inArticle 1384 Civil Code in
relation torelation torelation torelation to thingsthingsthingsthings andandandand underunderunderunder PLLPLLPLLPLL
LessLessLessLess likelylikelylikelylikely totototo occuroccuroccuroccur underunderunderunder Article 1382 and 1383 Civil CodeArticle 1382 and 1383 Civil CodeArticle 1382 and 1383 Civil CodeArticle 1382 and 1383 Civil Code
BothBothBothBoth regimesregimesregimesregimes setsetsetset veryveryveryvery strictstrictstrictstrict liabilityliabilityliabilityliability systemssystemssystemssystems
For consumer goods, imputability on manufacturer
For non consumer goods, imputability on owner/user
LiabilityLiabilityLiabilityLiability bothbothbothboth onononon supplysupplysupplysupply andandandand demanddemanddemanddemand sidesidesideside
29. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
The issue
DoesDoesDoesDoes the basicthe basicthe basicthe basic legallegallegallegal structurestructurestructurestructure –––– existingexistingexistingexisting liabilityliabilityliabilityliability lawlawlawlaw –––– limitslimitslimitslimits thethethethe
production ofproduction ofproduction ofproduction of sociallysociallysociallysocially beneficialbeneficialbeneficialbeneficial technologytechnologytechnologytechnology? =>? =>? =>? => chillingchillingchillingchilling effecteffecteffecteffect
on innovation (1)on innovation (1)on innovation (1)on innovation (1)
DoesDoesDoesDoes the basicthe basicthe basicthe basic legallegallegallegal structurestructurestructurestructure –––– existingexistingexistingexisting liabilityliabilityliabilityliability lawlawlawlaw –––– promotespromotespromotespromotes
the production ofthe production ofthe production ofthe production of unsafeunsafeunsafeunsafe technologytechnologytechnologytechnology? =>? =>? =>? => safetysafetysafetysafety measuresmeasuresmeasuresmeasures (2)(2)(2)(2)
30. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
1. Chilling effect on innovation
Appeals to limit liability, as a way both to boost innovation in the robotic
industry, by reducing the fears of liability-related costs (Calo, 2011)
Calls for robots electronic personhood (Leroux et al, 2012)
Would be registered and hold an asset in order to compensate for
damages
Would ensure the “bundling of all the legal responsibilities of the various
parties (users, sellers, producers, etc…)”.
“Sum of money would be raised from producers and users alike, and
would be collected before the machine would be put into use”
Strict liability of owner, with cap: owner benefits from introduction of
technology, and victim faces tough causality problem (Decker, 2014)
31. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Ryan Calo, « Open Robotics », 2011
Distinction btw closed and open robots
Closed robots are designed to perform a set task: // dishwasher
Open robots invite third party contribution: multifunction, open to all
software, hardware modularity
According to Calo, « open robots » are more « generative » in terms of
innovation
But, “open robotics may expose robotics platform manufacturers and
distributors to legal liability for accidents in a far wider set of scenarios than
closed robotics”
Roomba example: vacuums up and kills an animal
Manufacturer liability if Roomba causes injury in its normal use
If product misuse – attempt to use Roomba as pet locomotion device – no
manufacturer liability
With open robots: no product misuse defense for the robot is not designed
to perform predetermined tasks
32. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
The problem
Disincentive to investments in (open) robotics
markets
“Early adopters of robotics are likely to be populations
such as the elderly or disabled that need in-home
assistance. Other early applications have involved
helping autistic children. These populations would
make understandably sympathetic plaintiffs in the
event of litigation”
(http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/blog/2009/11/robotic
s-law-liability-personal-robots)
33. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Selective immunity
Immunizing manufacturers of open robotic platforms from
damages lawsuits arising out of users’ implementation of
robots, at least temporarily;
Precedent in aviation industry, crippled by litigation under PLL
=> General Aviation Revitalization Act (“GARA”) of 1994
// immunity enjoyed by firearms manufacturers and website
operators
Websites not liable for users’ postings (re. defamation, for
instance)
Selective immunity: “presumption against suit unless the
plaintiff can show the problem was clearly related to the
platform’s design”
34. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Insurance question
OftenOftenOftenOften referredreferredreferredreferred to asto asto asto as liabilityliabilityliabilityliability ex anteex anteex anteex ante
InsuranceInsuranceInsuranceInsurance isisisis likelylikelylikelylikely totototo emergeemergeemergeemerge on largeon largeon largeon large marketsmarketsmarketsmarkets::::
driverlessdriverlessdriverlessdriverless carscarscarscars
Volvo and Google accept liability
http://www.roboticstrends.com/article/volvo_well_
accept_liability_in_self_driving_car_accidents
InsuranceInsuranceInsuranceInsurance lesslesslessless likelylikelylikelylikely totototo emergeemergeemergeemerge onononon thinthinthinthin marketsmarketsmarketsmarkets::::
roboticroboticroboticrobotic prosthesesprosthesesprosthesesprostheses? => must? => must? => must? => must bebebebe mademademademade mandatorymandatorymandatorymandatory????
35. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
2. Safety measures
PrivatePrivatePrivatePrivate orderingorderingorderingordering mechanismsmechanismsmechanismsmechanisms
International Standardization organs (ISO, IEC)
ISO/TS 15066:2016(en), Robots and robotic devices —
Collaborative robots
EU organizations (CEN, CENELEC)
ManyManyManyMany EUEUEUEU rulesrulesrulesrules onononon machinerymachinerymachinerymachinery andandandand productproductproductproduct safetysafetysafetysafety
Example: Directive 2006/42/EC of the European
Parliament and the Council of 17 May 2006 on
machinery
37. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Coase Theorem
HYPOHYPOHYPOHYPO
A uses robot gardener at night, when water and
electricity cost less
Neighbour B moves in, creates a boutique hotel
With noise at night, B’s clients flee in droves
Who should be liable for injury?
Standard legal solution: A liable to compensate
externality
But at the same time, it is B that creates harm if A is
forbidden to use its robot gardener simply bc the former
moved
Coase argues that who is liable is to some extent
irrelevant: as long as no transaction costs and property
rights well defined, parties will bargain the efficient
solution
38. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
ThisThisThisThis isisisis onlyonlyonlyonly possible absent transactionpossible absent transactionpossible absent transactionpossible absent transaction
costscostscostscosts,,,, ieieieie whenwhenwhenwhen itititit isisisis easyeasyeasyeasy totototo negotiatenegotiatenegotiatenegotiate
OftenOftenOftenOften not the case in the real worldnot the case in the real worldnot the case in the real worldnot the case in the real world
AAAA isisisis aaaa cooperativecooperativecooperativecooperative of multipleof multipleof multipleof multiple ownersownersownersowners,,,,
whowhowhowho areareareare nevernevernevernever presentpresentpresentpresent, for, for, for, for theirtheirtheirtheir
agricultural exploitationagricultural exploitationagricultural exploitationagricultural exploitation isisisis fullyfullyfullyfully
automatedautomatedautomatedautomated:::: searchsearchsearchsearch costscostscostscosts andandandand negotiationnegotiationnegotiationnegotiation
costscostscostscosts
BBBB wouldwouldwouldwould contemplatecontemplatecontemplatecontemplate installinginstallinginstallinginstalling doubledoubledoubledouble
glazingglazingglazingglazing:::: €€€€10,00010,00010,00010,000 losslosslossloss
Not theNot theNot theNot the cheapestcheapestcheapestcheapest costcostcostcost solutionsolutionsolutionsolution
WhenWhenWhenWhen theretheretherethere are transactionare transactionare transactionare transaction costscostscostscosts,,,, lawlawlawlaw
shouldshouldshouldshould assignassignassignassign liabilityliabilityliabilityliability sosososo as toas toas toas to achieveachieveachieveachieve
thethethethe cheapestcheapestcheapestcheapest costcostcostcost solutionsolutionsolutionsolution thatthatthatthat wouldwouldwouldwould
have beenhave beenhave beenhave been foundfoundfoundfound inininin negotiationnegotiationnegotiationnegotiation
AAAA isisisis liableliableliableliable
NegativeNegativeNegativeNegative externalityexternalityexternalityexternality inflictedinflictedinflictedinflicted bybybyby
regulatoryregulatoryregulatoryregulatory systemsystemsystemsystem shouldshouldshouldshould bebebebe asasasas littlelittlelittlelittle
efficiencyefficiencyefficiencyefficiency harmfulharmfulharmfulharmful asasasas possiblepossiblepossiblepossible
Cheapest cost solution principle
OptionsOptionsOptionsOptions
A sends robot for mechanical
update so it makes less noise:
5,000€
B installs double glazing: extra
€15,000.00
SolutionSolutionSolutionSolution
Efficient social solution is that
robot gardener is retooled
This happens regardless of
liability assignement
If town hall assigns B right to
control noise, A will pay 5,000€
to retool bot
If town hall assigns A right to
noise, B will pay to A 5,000€ to
retool bot
In both cases, the efficient
solution is followed, regardless
of who is liable
39. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Application to robotics
Invites toInvites toInvites toInvites to researchresearchresearchresearch whatwhatwhatwhat isisisis thethethethe cheapestcheapestcheapestcheapest costcostcostcost solutionsolutionsolutionsolution
Not oneNot oneNot oneNot one obviousobviousobviousobvious culpritculpritculpritculprit,,,, avoidavoidavoidavoid moralmoralmoralmoral biasbiasbiasbias
A, B orA, B orA, B orA, B or someonesomeonesomeonesomeone elseelseelseelse????
40. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Liability on the creator/programmer?
Robot manufacturer to encodeRobot manufacturer to encodeRobot manufacturer to encodeRobot manufacturer to encode ex anteex anteex anteex ante robot prohibition torobot prohibition torobot prohibition torobot prohibition to
operateoperateoperateoperate at night?at night?at night?at night?
One line of code: 1One line of code: 1One line of code: 1One line of code: 1€€€€????
If all the Bs ofIf all the Bs ofIf all the Bs ofIf all the Bs of thisthisthisthis worldworldworldworld couldcouldcouldcould negotiatenegotiatenegotiatenegotiate freelyfreelyfreelyfreely,,,, theytheytheythey wouldwouldwouldwould
contact all robotcontact all robotcontact all robotcontact all robot gardenergardenergardenergardener producersproducersproducersproducers andandandand askaskaskask themthemthemthem to encodeto encodeto encodeto encode
thisthisthisthis prohibitionprohibitionprohibitionprohibition
Not possibleNot possibleNot possibleNot possible
LegalLegalLegalLegal system tosystem tosystem tosystem to holdholdholdhold robotrobotrobotrobot producersproducersproducersproducers liable if noiseliable if noiseliable if noiseliable if noise harmharmharmharm atatatat
nightnightnightnight
But botsBut botsBut botsBut bots wouldwouldwouldwould bebebebe lesslesslessless valuablevaluablevaluablevaluable forforforfor buyersbuyersbuyersbuyers, and, and, and, and pricepricepriceprice systemsystemsystemsystem
wouldwouldwouldwould correctcorrectcorrectcorrect thisthisthisthis????
41. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
References
R.R.R.R. CoaseCoaseCoaseCoase,,,, ““““TheTheTheThe ProblemProblemProblemProblem of Socialof Socialof Socialof Social CostCostCostCost””””, 3, 3, 3, 3 JJJJ. Law &. Law &. Law &. Law & Econ.Econ.Econ.Econ. [1960][1960][1960][1960]
R. Coase, “TheR. Coase, “TheR. Coase, “TheR. Coase, “The Federal CommunicationsFederal CommunicationsFederal CommunicationsFederal Communications Commission”,Commission”,Commission”,Commission”, 2222 J. Law &J. Law &J. Law &J. Law &
Econ.Econ.Econ.Econ. [[[[1959195919591959]]]]
42. LiegeLiegeLiegeLiege CompetitionCompetitionCompetitionCompetition and Innovation Institute (LCII)and Innovation Institute (LCII)and Innovation Institute (LCII)and Innovation Institute (LCII)
University of Liege (ULg)
Quartier Agora | Place des Orateurs, 1, Bât. B 33, 4000 Liege, BELGIUM