Law of robots and AIs - Lecture 1 - State of the Art: Technology

Introduction to the Law of Robots andIntroduction to the Law of Robots andIntroduction to the Law of Robots andIntroduction to the Law of Robots and ArtificialArtificialArtificialArtificial IntelligencesIntelligencesIntelligencesIntelligences
Prof. Nicolas Petit ©Prof. Nicolas Petit ©Prof. Nicolas Petit ©Prof. Nicolas Petit ©
UniversityUniversityUniversityUniversity ofofofof LiegeLiegeLiegeLiege, 2015, 2015, 2015, 2015----2016201620162016

www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Google’s Self-Driving-System “SDS”
“Google seeks to produce a vehicle that contains L4 automated driving
capabilities, and removes conventional driver controls and interfaces (like a
steering wheel, throttle pedal, and brake pedal, among many other things)”.
“Expresses concern that providing human occupants of the vehicle with
mechanisms to control things like steering, acceleration, braking, or turn
signals, or providing human occupants with information about vehicle
operation controlled entirely by the SDS, could be detrimental to safety because
the human occupants could attempt to override the SDS’s decisions”
“Google’s design choices in its proposed approach to the SDV raise a number of
novel issues in applying the FMVSSs. Those standards were drafted at a time
when it was reasonable to assume that all motor vehicles would have a steering
wheel, accelerator pedal, and brake pedal, almost always located at the front left
seating position, and that all vehicles would be operated by a human
driver. Accordingly, many of the FMVSSs require that a vehicle device or basic
feature be located at or near the driver or the driver’s seating position. For
vehicles with an AI driver that also preclude any occupant from assuming the
driving task, these assumptions about a human driver and vehicle controls do
not hold”.
“Google has asked who or what is to be considered the driver and which seating
position is considered to be the driver’s seating position in its SDV.”

NHTSA letter, 4 February 2016
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) is US Highway
Safety Agency in charge of enforcing the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety
Standards (FMVSSs)
Provides certification for new vehicles by automotive producers
Number of FMVSSs requirements
All buit around the notion of “driver”, and “driver’s position” or “driver’s
seating position”
“MVSS No. 101 contains requirements for location, identification, color,
and illumination of motor vehicle controls, telltales, and
indicators. S5.1.1 requires the controls listed in Tables 1 and 2 of the
standard to be located so that they are operable by the [belted] driver”.
“S5.3.1, which states that service brakes shall be activated by means of a
foot control”
49 CFR 571.3 defines “driver” as the occupant of a motor vehicle seated
immediately behind the steering control system.

A Car has a Driver, a Driver need not be
human
OptionsOptionsOptionsOptions
1) “NHTSA could interpret
the term “driver” as
meaningless for purposes
of Google’s SDV, since there is
no human driver, and consider
FMVSS provisions that refer to
a driver as simply inapplicable
to Google’s vehicle design”;
2) “NHTSA could interpret
“driver” and “operator” as
referring to the SDS”
NHTSANHTSANHTSANHTSA
As a foundational starting point
for the interpretations below,
NHTSA will interpret driver in the
context of Google’s described
motor vehicle design as referring
to the SDS, and not to any of the
vehicle occupants.
If no human occupant of the
vehicle can actually drive the
vehicle, it is more reasonable to
identify the driver as whatever
(as opposed to whoever) is doing
the driving. In this instance, an
item of motor vehicle equipment,
the SDS, is actually driving the
vehicle.

Consequences
“The controls listed in Tables 1 and 2 may simply be
operable by the SDS and need not be located so that
they are available to any of the human occupants of
the motor vehicle”.
For more, see
http://isearch.nhtsa.gov/files/Google%20--
%20compiled%20response%20to%2012%20Nov%20%201
5%20interp%20request%20--
%204%20Feb%2016%20final.htm
http://spectrum.ieee.org/cars-that-
think/transportation/self-driving/an-ai-can-legally-be-
defined-as-a-cars-driver

TopicTopicTopicTopic DateDateDateDate
State of the Art: Technology 17 February 2016
Prospects for Society, and the Substitution Effect 24 February 2016
Should we regulate? 2 March 2016
How to regulate (1)? 16 March 2016
How to regulate (2)? 20 April 2016
How to regulate (3)? 27 April 2016
How to regulate (4)? 4 May 2016

Purpose of the course
TwoTwoTwoTwo questionsquestionsquestionsquestions
ShouldShouldShouldShould wewewewe regulateregulateregulateregulate AIsAIsAIsAIs andandandand
robots?robots?robots?robots?
IfIfIfIf yesyesyesyes, how, how, how, how shouldshouldshouldshould wewewewe regulateregulateregulateregulate
AIsAIsAIsAIs and robots?and robots?and robots?and robots?
MethodMethodMethodMethod
ProvideProvideProvideProvide aaaa frameworkframeworkframeworkframework totototo addressaddressaddressaddress
thosethosethosethose issuesissuesissuesissues
MethodologyMethodologyMethodologyMethodology: Jan: Jan: Jan: Jan SmitsSmitsSmitsSmits, Law and, Law and, Law and, Law and
InterdisciplinaryInterdisciplinaryInterdisciplinaryInterdisciplinary StudiesStudiesStudiesStudies, 2014:, 2014:, 2014:, 2014:
«««« whatwhatwhatwhat thethethethe lawlawlawlaw oughtoughtoughtought totototo bebebebe ».».».».
TransdisciplinaryTransdisciplinaryTransdisciplinaryTransdisciplinary
Criminal law
Liability law
Product safety law
Intellectual property
Human rights
European law
…

Part I – State of the Art: Technology

2015, the year of the robot (Wired UK)
SeeSeeSeeSee http://www.wired.co.uk/magazine/archive/2015/06/wiredhttp://www.wired.co.uk/magazine/archive/2015/06/wiredhttp://www.wired.co.uk/magazine/archive/2015/06/wiredhttp://www.wired.co.uk/magazine/archive/2015/06/wired----worldworldworldworld----2015/the2015/the2015/the2015/the----
yearyearyearyear----ofofofof----thethethethe----robotrobotrobotrobot

Examples
RoboticRoboticRoboticRobotic carscarscarscars
DronesDronesDronesDrones
HiveHiveHiveHive andandandand swarmswarmswarmswarm robotsrobotsrobotsrobots

An old field, AI and robotics
1950s: «1950s: «1950s: «1950s: « Game AIGame AIGame AIGame AI », Arthur», Arthur», Arthur», Arthur Samuel’sSamuel’sSamuel’sSamuel’s checkercheckercheckerchecker----playingplayingplayingplaying programprogramprogramprogram
1954: Turing test1954: Turing test1954: Turing test1954: Turing test
1955:1955:1955:1955: NewellNewellNewellNewell and Simon,and Simon,and Simon,and Simon, «««« LogicLogicLogicLogic TheoristTheoristTheoristTheorist »,»,»,», provesprovesprovesproves 38 out of 5238 out of 5238 out of 5238 out of 52
mathematicalmathematicalmathematicalmathematical problemsproblemsproblemsproblems
Dartmouth Summer Research Project of 1956Dartmouth Summer Research Project of 1956Dartmouth Summer Research Project of 1956Dartmouth Summer Research Project of 1956

Core ideas
AnyAnyAnyAny physicalphysicalphysicalphysical processprocessprocessprocess includingincludingincludingincluding thethethethe mindmindmindmind processprocessprocessprocess cancancancan bebebebe
modelizedmodelizedmodelizedmodelized as a computableas a computableas a computableas a computable algorithmalgorithmalgorithmalgorithm (Church Turing(Church Turing(Church Turing(Church Turing
thesisthesisthesisthesis))))
A softwareA softwareA softwareA software isisisis a set of computablea set of computablea set of computablea set of computable algorithmsalgorithmsalgorithmsalgorithms. No. No. No. No
reasonreasonreasonreason whywhywhywhy itititit couldcouldcouldcould notnotnotnot reachreachreachreach outcomesoutcomesoutcomesoutcomes similarsimilarsimilarsimilar totototo
thosethosethosethose generatedgeneratedgeneratedgenerated by theby theby theby the mindmindmindmind (artefact)(artefact)(artefact)(artefact)
Machines can learn: “Machines can learn: “Machines can learn: “Machines can learn: “LearningLearningLearningLearning is any process by whichis any process by whichis any process by whichis any process by which
a system improves performance from experiencea system improves performance from experiencea system improves performance from experiencea system improves performance from experience”,”,”,”,
Herbert SimonHerbert SimonHerbert SimonHerbert Simon
UltimateUltimateUltimateUltimate ambitionambitionambitionambition isisisis to have computers doto have computers doto have computers doto have computers do whatwhatwhatwhat
humanshumanshumanshumans dodododo wellwellwellwell ((((theytheytheythey alreadyalreadyalreadyalready know how to doknow how to doknow how to doknow how to do thingsthingsthingsthings
humanshumanshumanshumans cannotcannotcannotcannot do):do):do):do): heuristicheuristicheuristicheuristic,,,, seeingseeingseeingseeing,,,, learninglearninglearninglearning

Milestones
In 1997, DeepBlue beats Gary
Kasparov on chess
In 2005, Stanford robot wins
DARPA Grand Challenge by driving
autonomously for 131 miles along
unrehearsed desert trail
In February 2011, in a Jeopardy!
quiz show exhibition match, IBM's
question answering system,
Watson, defeats the two greatest
Jeopardy! champions, Brad Rutter
and Ken Jennings
In January 2016, Researchers from
Google DeepMind have developed
the first computer able to defeat a
human champion at the board
game Go

2020s, Personal computers will2020s, Personal computers will2020s, Personal computers will2020s, Personal computers will
have the same processing powerhave the same processing powerhave the same processing powerhave the same processing power
as human brains.as human brains.as human brains.as human brains.
2030s, Mind uploading becomes2030s, Mind uploading becomes2030s, Mind uploading becomes2030s, Mind uploading becomes
possible.possible.possible.possible.
2040s, Human body 3.0 (as2040s, Human body 3.0 (as2040s, Human body 3.0 (as2040s, Human body 3.0 (as
Kurzweil calls it) comes intoKurzweil calls it) comes intoKurzweil calls it) comes intoKurzweil calls it) comes into
existence; People spend most ofexistence; People spend most ofexistence; People spend most ofexistence; People spend most of
their time in fulltheir time in fulltheir time in fulltheir time in full----immersionimmersionimmersionimmersion
virtual realityvirtual realityvirtual realityvirtual reality
2045s, The Singularity occurs as2045s, The Singularity occurs as2045s, The Singularity occurs as2045s, The Singularity occurs as
artificial intelligences surpassartificial intelligences surpassartificial intelligences surpassartificial intelligences surpass
human beings as the smartest andhuman beings as the smartest andhuman beings as the smartest andhuman beings as the smartest and
most capable life forms on themost capable life forms on themost capable life forms on themost capable life forms on the
Earth; The extermination ofEarth; The extermination ofEarth; The extermination ofEarth; The extermination of
humanity by violent machines ishumanity by violent machines ishumanity by violent machines ishumanity by violent machines is
unlikelyunlikelyunlikelyunlikely
Kurzweil, « The Singularity is Near », 2005
Law of accelerating returns:Law of accelerating returns:Law of accelerating returns:Law of accelerating returns:
technology progressing towardtechnology progressing towardtechnology progressing towardtechnology progressing toward
Singularity atSingularity atSingularity atSingularity at exponentialexponentialexponentialexponential raterateraterate
((((eacheacheacheach transitiontransitiontransitiontransition occursoccursoccursoccurs moremoremoremore
rapidlyrapidlyrapidlyrapidly thanthanthanthan the last)the last)the last)the last)
Functionality of the brain isFunctionality of the brain isFunctionality of the brain isFunctionality of the brain is
quantifiable in terms ofquantifiable in terms ofquantifiable in terms ofquantifiable in terms of
technologytechnologytechnologytechnology
Baby boomers will live longBaby boomers will live longBaby boomers will live longBaby boomers will live long
enough to see singularity.enough to see singularity.enough to see singularity.enough to see singularity.
NanobotsNanobotsNanobotsNanobots will eventually be ablewill eventually be ablewill eventually be ablewill eventually be able
to repair and replace any part ofto repair and replace any part ofto repair and replace any part ofto repair and replace any part of
the body that wears out,the body that wears out,the body that wears out,the body that wears out,
Strong Artificial Intelligences andStrong Artificial Intelligences andStrong Artificial Intelligences andStrong Artificial Intelligences and
cyberneticallycyberneticallycyberneticallycybernetically augmented humansaugmented humansaugmented humansaugmented humans
will become the dominant formswill become the dominant formswill become the dominant formswill become the dominant forms
of sentient life on the Earthof sentient life on the Earthof sentient life on the Earthof sentient life on the Earth
Source: summary available on Wikipedia

Why now?
Moravec paradox solved?Moravec paradox solved?Moravec paradox solved?Moravec paradox solved?
HighHighHighHigh levellevellevellevel reasoningreasoningreasoningreasoning ((((playingplayingplayingplaying
chesschesschesschess,,,, usingusingusingusing mathematicsmathematicsmathematicsmathematics, etc.), etc.), etc.), etc.)
easiereasiereasiereasier thanthanthanthan lowlowlowlow----levellevellevellevel
sensorimotorsensorimotorsensorimotorsensorimotor skills (movingskills (movingskills (movingskills (moving
across space, recognizingacross space, recognizingacross space, recognizingacross space, recognizing
speech, etc.)speech, etc.)speech, etc.)speech, etc.)
This is because high levelThis is because high levelThis is because high levelThis is because high level
reasoning demands lessreasoning demands lessreasoning demands lessreasoning demands less
computational powercomputational powercomputational powercomputational power
SeeSeeSeeSee MoravecMoravecMoravecMoravec, H. (1998). When, H. (1998). When, H. (1998). When, H. (1998). When
will computer hardware matchwill computer hardware matchwill computer hardware matchwill computer hardware match
the human brain. Journal ofthe human brain. Journal ofthe human brain. Journal ofthe human brain. Journal of
Evolution and Technology, 1.Evolution and Technology, 1.Evolution and Technology, 1.Evolution and Technology, 1.
Technological evolutionTechnological evolutionTechnological evolutionTechnological evolution
Brute force computationalBrute force computationalBrute force computationalBrute force computational
power now available (due topower now available (due topower now available (due topower now available (due to
Moore’s law)Moore’s law)Moore’s law)Moore’s law)
Trillions of data now available,Trillions of data now available,Trillions of data now available,Trillions of data now available,
and networkedand networkedand networkedand networked

Philosophical debate
TuringTuringTuringTuring
DialogueDialogueDialogueDialogue withwithwithwith aaaa humanhumanhumanhuman and aand aand aand a
machinemachinemachinemachine throughthroughthroughthrough teletypeteletypeteletypeteletype
If a machine could carry on a
conversation (over a
teleprinter) that was
indistinguishable from a
conversation with a human
being, then it was reasonable to
say that the machine was
"thinking”
Machine's ability to exhibit
intelligent behavior equivalent
to, or indistinguishable from,
that of a human
A. M. Turing (1950) ComputingA. M. Turing (1950) ComputingA. M. Turing (1950) ComputingA. M. Turing (1950) Computing
Machinery and Intelligence.Machinery and Intelligence.Machinery and Intelligence.Machinery and Intelligence. MindMindMindMind
49:49:49:49: 433433433433----460460460460
SearleSearleSearleSearle
«««« ChineseChineseChineseChinese roomroomroomroom » argument» argument» argument» argument
You do not speak Chinese
You’re in room with two slits, a
book, and some scratch paper
Someone slides Chinese characters
through first slit
You follow the instructions in the
book, correlate characters as
instructed by book, and slide the
resulting sheet in the second slit.
It appears you speak Chinese, yet
you do not understand a word of
Chinese
No need to understand Chinese to
translate it. Fact that computer is
able to do is to execute certain
processes does not create strong AI
Weak AI that simulates thought
httphttphttphttp://www.iep.utm.edu/chineser/://www.iep.utm.edu/chineser/://www.iep.utm.edu/chineser/://www.iep.utm.edu/chineser/

Debate amongst scientists
IsIsIsIs thisthisthisthis aaaa computationalcomputationalcomputationalcomputational problemproblemproblemproblem onlyonlyonlyonly ((((KurzweilKurzweilKurzweilKurzweil)?)?)?)?
OrOrOrOr isisisis theretheretherethere anananan algorithmalgorithmalgorithmalgorithm thatthatthatthat wewewewe do not know?do not know?do not know?do not know?

Various subfields of AI, and examples
DeepDeepDeepDeep learninglearninglearninglearning (or machine(or machine(or machine(or machine learninglearninglearninglearning))))
Algorithms that enable robots to learn tasks through trial and error using a
process that more closely approximates the way humans learn: spam filtering
Neural networksNeural networksNeural networksNeural networks
Emulate the ability of living organisms to integrate perceptual inputs
smoothly with motor responses
Speech recognitionSpeech recognitionSpeech recognitionSpeech recognition
Uses sound metrics along with domain and context specific language to
respond to voice commands
NaturalNaturalNaturalNatural languagelanguagelanguagelanguage processingprocessingprocessingprocessing
Robots interacting and responding through interpretations of natural
language instructions
ArtificialArtificialArtificialArtificial visionvisionvisionvision
Object recognition, which allow robots to interact and measure their
environment . Can include different features: visual object recognition and
tracking, image stabilization, visual-based serving, human-to-machine
interaction etc. => recognize x-rays, MRI scans, battlefield robots recognize
kids, automated cars,
KnowledgeKnowledgeKnowledgeKnowledge representationrepresentationrepresentationrepresentation

Challenges (1)
SupervisedSupervisedSupervisedSupervised learninglearninglearninglearning vvvv unsupervisedunsupervisedunsupervisedunsupervised learninglearninglearninglearning
Human feeds neural network with inputs (image) and output/label (face,
dog, lamp, etc.), and the AI comes up with a statistical rule that correlates
inputs with the correct outputs => no causal explanation + error or
reward signal
AI does identify patterns
Pornography example: Justice Potter Stewart, SCOTUS: « I know it when I
see it »
But all this is supervised learning, and is finite resource
NaturalNaturalNaturalNatural languagelanguagelanguagelanguage
« Recognize speech » v « Wreck on the beach »
Questions on Siri, Wolfram alpha, etc. generate different responses if
different syntax is used
Disambiguation: « I ate spaghetti with meatballs » v « I ate spaghetty with
chopsticks » (see R. Mooney podcast)
ArtificialArtificialArtificialArtificial vision and thevision and thevision and thevision and the toweltoweltoweltowel problemproblemproblemproblem::::
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gy5g33S0Gzohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gy5g33S0Gzohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gy5g33S0Gzohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gy5g33S0Gzo

Challenges (2)

Watson
https://https://https://https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pwh1INne97Qwww.youtube.com/watch?v=pwh1INne97Qwww.youtube.com/watch?v=pwh1INne97Qwww.youtube.com/watch?v=pwh1INne97Q

Possible advances
Internet giants have a stockpile of information (input)Internet giants have a stockpile of information (input)Internet giants have a stockpile of information (input)Internet giants have a stockpile of information (input)
that is prethat is prethat is prethat is pre----labelled by users (face)labelled by users (face)labelled by users (face)labelled by users (face)

Robotics
A robotA robotA robotA robot isisisis an «an «an «an « agencifiedagencifiedagencifiedagencified » AI» AI» AI» AI
MechanicalMechanicalMechanicalMechanical engineering issues are not relevant,engineering issues are not relevant,engineering issues are not relevant,engineering issues are not relevant,
thoughthoughthoughthough theytheytheythey constituteconstituteconstituteconstitute significantsignificantsignificantsignificant limitslimitslimitslimits
Power
Material science
Motor research

Survey of most relevant applications,
RoboLaw, 2014

Related technologies
HumanHumanHumanHuman enhancementenhancementenhancementenhancement (and(and(and(and transhumantranshumantranshumantranshuman sciences)sciences)sciences)sciences)
Bionics (see J. Fischman, National Geographic, 2010) and prosthetics
Exosqueletons
Mind uploading
Care robots, social robots, etc.Care robots, social robots, etc.Care robots, social robots, etc.Care robots, social robots, etc.
AugmentedAugmentedAugmentedAugmented realityrealityrealityreality

Definitional problem
1921, Karel Capek, R.U.R.
Rossum’s Universal Robots:
Capek’s play makes first use of
the word “robot” to describe
an artificial person
Capek invented the term,
basing it on the Czech word
for “forced labor” or
“servitude”:
http://www.wired.com/2011
/01/0125robot-cometh-
capek-rur-debut/
2014, Robolaw
“In fact, the term “robot” can
mean different things to
different people, since there is
no agreement on its meaning
neither among professional
users (i.e. roboticists) nor
among laypeople”

Definitions
““““Actuated mechanism programmable in two orActuated mechanism programmable in two orActuated mechanism programmable in two orActuated mechanism programmable in two or
moremoremoremore axesaxesaxesaxes (4.3)(4.3)(4.3)(4.3) with a degree ofwith a degree ofwith a degree ofwith a degree of autonomyautonomyautonomyautonomy (2.2), moving within(2.2), moving within(2.2), moving within(2.2), moving within
its environment, to perform intended tasksits environment, to perform intended tasksits environment, to perform intended tasksits environment, to perform intended tasks”,”,”,”, ISOISOISOISO 8373:2012(en)8373:2012(en)8373:2012(en)8373:2012(en)
““““A robotA robotA robotA robot isisisis aaaa constructedconstructedconstructedconstructed systemsystemsystemsystem thatthatthatthat displaysdisplaysdisplaysdisplays bothbothbothboth physicialphysicialphysicialphysicial andandandand
mentalmentalmentalmental agencyagencyagencyagency, but, but, but, but isisisis not alive in thenot alive in thenot alive in thenot alive in the biologicalbiologicalbiologicalbiological sensesensesensesense ”,,,, Neil M.Neil M.Neil M.Neil M.
Richards and William D. Smart, 2016Richards and William D. Smart, 2016Richards and William D. Smart, 2016Richards and William D. Smart, 2016
““““Robots are mechanical objects that take the world in, processRobots are mechanical objects that take the world in, processRobots are mechanical objects that take the world in, processRobots are mechanical objects that take the world in, process
what they sense, and in turn act upon the worldwhat they sense, and in turn act upon the worldwhat they sense, and in turn act upon the worldwhat they sense, and in turn act upon the world”, Ryan”, Ryan”, Ryan”, Ryan CaloCaloCaloCalo,,,,
2015.2015.2015.2015.

ISO 8373:2012(en)
“Moving“Moving“Moving“Moving within itswithin itswithin itswithin its environment”?environment”?environment”?environment”?
Softbots do not move?
Need “Hard”-bot seated behind a computer?
Human being who makes online transactions does not move, yet may
create harm
“to“to“to“to perform intended tasksperform intended tasksperform intended tasksperform intended tasks””””
A robot has sufficient autonomy to refuse to engage into intended
harmful activity
Drone will not launch bomb on hospital
Google car will not crash in school
Industrial bot refuses to operate if safety risk
Localizing intention: initial intention or subsequent command?

« Constructed system that displays both physical
and mental agency », Richards and Smart
But RobotsBut RobotsBut RobotsBut Robots createdcreatedcreatedcreated bybybyby
robots? Arerobots? Arerobots? Arerobots? Are theytheytheythey
constructedconstructedconstructedconstructed????
HowHowHowHow muchmuchmuchmuch mentalmentalmentalmental agencyagencyagencyagency????
Drones
Robots w/oRobots w/oRobots w/oRobots w/o physicalphysicalphysicalphysical agencyagencyagencyagency::::
softbotssoftbotssoftbotssoftbots ((((HartzogHartzogHartzogHartzog, 2015), 2015), 2015), 2015)
News generating bot
Robot advertisers
Computer composers:
http://www.gizmag.com/creat
ive-artificial-intelligence-
computer-algorithmic-
music/35764/

Sense – think – act, a spectrum?
Sense (acquire and
process information)
Think (decision
making)
Act (locomotion and
kinematics)
Low Industrial robots that
paint or weld car
parts
Exosqueleton,
DaVinci Robot
(teleoperated)
Augmented reality
devices (Hololens),
Medical diagnosis
robot
Medium Mars Rover, Drones
High Vacuum cleaner DriverlessCar, Social
Robots
Hoops Robotic
basketball-shooting
arm

Robolaw typology
NoNoNoNo definitiondefinitiondefinitiondefinition, but 5, but 5, but 5, but 5 categoriescategoriescategoriescategories of relevant items:of relevant items:of relevant items:of relevant items:
Use or task: service or industrial
Environment: physical (road, air, sea, etc.) v cyberspace
Nature: embodied or disembodied (bionic systems)
Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)
Autonomy

Calo, 2015
EmbodiementEmbodiementEmbodiementEmbodiement
Robot as « machine » or « hardware »
Softbots (eg, robot traders)?
Mooney thinks this is irrelevant; true from scientists perspective, but not
necessary true form society perspective
EmergenceEmergenceEmergenceEmergence
New forms of conduct, including welfare enhancing behaviour =>
problem solving robots
«««« Social valenceSocial valenceSocial valenceSocial valence »»»»
Robots stimulate reactions from society: « social actors »
Soldiers jeopardize themselves to preserve robots in military field
People write love letters to Philae
Often correlated to anthropomorphic embodiement (Honda Asimo)

Why is all this relevant to LAW?
Google’sGoogle’sGoogle’sGoogle’s carcarcarcar runsrunsrunsruns intointointointo aaaa kid or ankid or ankid or ankid or an oldoldoldold womanwomanwomanwoman? A? A? A? A kidkidkidkid withwithwithwith 5% high5% high5% high5% high injuryinjuryinjuryinjury riskriskriskrisk v av av av a
treetreetreetree withwithwithwith 99% high99% high99% high99% high injuryinjuryinjuryinjury riskriskriskrisk for 4for 4for 4for 4 passengerspassengerspassengerspassengers? A dog v? A dog v? A dog v? A dog v anotheranotheranotheranother car?car?car?car?
A robotA robotA robotA robot programmedprogrammedprogrammedprogrammed not tonot tonot tonot to harmharmharmharm itsitsitsits ownerownerownerowner runsrunsrunsruns awayawayawayaway fromfromfromfrom the crimethe crimethe crimethe crime itititit justjustjustjust
committedcommittedcommittedcommitted
SophieSophieSophieSophie misdiagnosesmisdiagnosesmisdiagnosesmisdiagnoses youryouryouryour illnessillnessillnessillness,,,, who’swho’swho’swho’s liable?liable?liable?liable?
A robotA robotA robotA robot spiesspiesspiesspies onononon youryouryouryour spousespousespousespouse whowhowhowho cheatscheatscheatscheats,,,, shallshallshallshall hehehehe report? Data protection issuereport? Data protection issuereport? Data protection issuereport? Data protection issue
A robotA robotA robotA robot createscreatescreatescreates a newa newa newa new songsongsongsong:::: whowhowhowho ownsownsownsowns itititit???? WhatWhatWhatWhat if theif theif theif the songsongsongsong soundssoundssoundssounds similarsimilarsimilarsimilar totototo thatthatthatthat
of aof aof aof a copyrightedcopyrightedcopyrightedcopyrighted workworkworkwork? Who’s liable for the? Who’s liable for the? Who’s liable for the? Who’s liable for the infringementinfringementinfringementinfringement????
Bots:Bots:Bots:Bots: httphttphttphttp://://://://motherboard.vice.com/read/themotherboard.vice.com/read/themotherboard.vice.com/read/themotherboard.vice.com/read/the----bestbestbestbest----thingsthingsthingsthings----aaaa----randomrandomrandomrandom----botbotbotbot----boughtboughtboughtbought----
onononon----thethethethe----darknetdarknetdarknetdarknet
AnAnAnAn inventorinventorinventorinventor patentspatentspatentspatents new robots:new robots:new robots:new robots: https://https://https://https://www.google.com/patents/US5952796www.google.com/patents/US5952796www.google.com/patents/US5952796www.google.com/patents/US5952796 ????
You dontYou dontYou dontYou dont wantwantwantwant to drive anto drive anto drive anto drive an autonomousautonomousautonomousautonomous car, but thecar, but thecar, but thecar, but the insuranceinsuranceinsuranceinsurance companycompanycompanycompany refuses torefuses torefuses torefuses to
provideprovideprovideprovide aaaa contractcontractcontractcontract
A robot inA robot inA robot inA robot in humanhumanhumanhuman formformformform isisisis gettinggettinggettinggetting beat in thebeat in thebeat in thebeat in the streetstreetstreetstreet by policeby policeby policeby police officersofficersofficersofficers
Right to dignity?; but the robot has killed someone: right to shoot him down?
Death penalty for Bots?
Right to procreate, to dignity, to decent funerals?

Regulatory needs and possible approaches?
NeedsNeedsNeedsNeeds
Updates in existing law ?
Design new laws (emergence)?
ApproachesApproachesApproachesApproaches::::
Ex ante: embedding law in Robot code (> human)?
Ex post: enforcing law to Robot conduct (< human)?

Asimov’s three laws of robotics (1950)
DeviceDeviceDeviceDevice that is wellthat is wellthat is wellthat is well----suited for work that is too dull, dirty or dangeroussuited for work that is too dull, dirty or dangeroussuited for work that is too dull, dirty or dangeroussuited for work that is too dull, dirty or dangerous
for realfor realfor realfor real humanshumanshumanshumans
Safety feature introduced in all botsSafety feature introduced in all botsSafety feature introduced in all botsSafety feature introduced in all bots
LAWLAWLAWLAW 1:1:1:1: A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow
a human being to come to harm;
LAWLAWLAWLAW 2:2:2:2: A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except
where such orders would conflict with the First Law;
LAWLAWLAWLAW 3:3:3:3: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection
does not conflict with the First or Second Laws
In later fiction where robots had taken responsibility for government of
whole planets and human civilizations, Asimov also added a fourth, or
zeroth law, to precede the others:
LAW 0:LAW 0:LAW 0:LAW 0: A robot may not harm humanity, or, by inaction, allow humanity
to come to harm

Law of robots and AIs - Lecture 1 - State of the Art: Technology

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Law of robots and AIs - Lecture 1 - State of the Art: Technology