This document provides an overview of perspectives on how automation and artificial intelligence may impact jobs and the economy. It discusses findings that around half of current jobs could potentially be automated in the next few decades. However, others argue that human ingenuity will create new jobs and industries. The document also examines models of job polarization where automation primarily substitutes for routine manual and cognitive jobs, leading to growth in high-skill/high-wage and low-skill service jobs. Key challenges for automation include tasks requiring perception, manipulation, creativity and social intelligence. Declining robot costs may accelerate substitution effects over time.
Introduction to the law of robots and AIs - lecture 5Nicolas Petit
This slidedeck deals with liability issues, in other words who should pay for robot/AI generated harm. The presentation goes through the main principles of civil liability law, comes to some preliminary conclusions on the shape of cases to come in that area, and then discusses possible regulatory arrangements to address concerns of chilling effects of liability disputes on robotic innovation. It concludes with ruminations on the Coase theorem, and hints at other targets for civil liability cases. This is the 5th block of my lecture on the law of robots and AIs at the University of Liege (ULg)
Law of robots and AIs - Lecture 1 - State of the Art: TechnologyNicolas Petit
First set of slides of my course at the University of Liege (ULg), Belgium, on the law and regulation of robots and artificial intelligences. Focus is on the technological state of play.
Introduction to the law of robots and AIs - Lecture 4Nicolas Petit
This slidedeck examines whether regulation is warranted in relation to robots and artificial intelligences. It proposes an analytical grid to address that complex issue, and runs the argument that discrete externalities, systemic externalities and existernalities may command distinct legal responses. This slidedeck is the 4th block of my course at the University of Liege (ULg). It is entitled "Whither Regulation for Machine Intelligence - A Proposed Framework" Nicolas Petit (c)
Tech Giants, the Moligopoly Hypothesis and Conglomerate CompetitionNicolas Petit
This document summarizes a presentation about technology giants and the concept of "moligopoly" competition. It discusses how technology companies like Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon and Microsoft each dominate different markets but also compete across many industries. It proposes a framework for antitrust that considers competition between these companies not just in their core markets but in peripheral areas of innovation as well. The presentation outlines different aspects of competition between these companies including conglomeralism, disruptive strategies, heavy investment in R&D, and provision of public goods. It argues that antitrust analysis needs a new theory that accounts for competition beyond just prices and outputs in core markets.
Lund moligopolists - presentation (09 11 15) n petitNicolas Petit
This document discusses competition issues in technology markets dominated by a small number of large firms, referred to as "moligopolists". It notes that while antitrust traditionally views each market in isolation, these firms compete across multiple overlapping markets. It raises questions about whether antitrust analysis needs new approaches to analyze innovation competition, labor markets, and other types of competition that occur between these moligopolists. The document also discusses how providing public goods and funding other companies are new ways these firms may compete, challenging traditional antitrust frameworks. It concludes that rethinking market definition, market power analysis, and remedies may be needed to effectively address competition in these complex technology markets.
Full Course - Law and Regulation of Machine Intelligence - Bar Ilan Universit...Nicolas Petit
Discussions over the regulation of machine intelligence (“MI”) are all the rage as artificial intelligence (“AI”) and robotic technologies are introduced in society. Computer engineers’ fears that overly rigid regulations might stifle innovation have fueled proposals to create regimes of selective immunity for research on certain types of robotic applications. At the same time, ethical concerns have prompted calls for an all-out ban on research in relation to automated weapons. Some scholars even claim that robots will become so important to mankind that “a new branch of the law” is needed, “to grant their race and its individual members the benefits of legal protection”, much like society did with the environment.
In the legal scholarship, several approaches are emerging. First, in virtually each and every specialist field of the law, experts in the trenches ponder how the rise of MI necessitates upgrades, revisions or adjustments to their legal discipline. Second, an alternative approach uses a functional methodology which identifies outstanding legal issues by class of technological applications (for instance, driverless vehicles, robotic prostheses (and exoskeletons), surgical robots, and robot companions). Third, an often used dichotomy is that between roboethics and robolaw, which distinguishes between the instruments of regulation, ie the ex ante incorporation of norms in intelligent machines (for instance, the three Asimov laws) versus the ex post setting of rules to regulate the execution of robotic technology in society.
With this background, the overall ambition of this course is to map the potential regulatory needs created by MIs. More specifically, the goals of the course are to: (i) provide an overview of the state of play in relation to the introduction of MI in society; (ii) set out the main regulatory options discussed in the scholarship in relation to MI (disciplinary, functional and instrumental); (iii) envision the issue in terms of the consequences of the introduction of MI technology in society, and proceed on this basis to explore alternative consequentialist regulatory responses; (iv) understand the implications of those distinct regulatory approaches in dedicated fields of the law, ie liability law and the law of warfare.
Students who follow this course will gain a good understanding of the prospective regulatory issues related to MI as well as of the theories of regulation.
Introduction to the law of robots and AIs - lecture 5Nicolas Petit
This slidedeck deals with liability issues, in other words who should pay for robot/AI generated harm. The presentation goes through the main principles of civil liability law, comes to some preliminary conclusions on the shape of cases to come in that area, and then discusses possible regulatory arrangements to address concerns of chilling effects of liability disputes on robotic innovation. It concludes with ruminations on the Coase theorem, and hints at other targets for civil liability cases. This is the 5th block of my lecture on the law of robots and AIs at the University of Liege (ULg)
Law of robots and AIs - Lecture 1 - State of the Art: TechnologyNicolas Petit
First set of slides of my course at the University of Liege (ULg), Belgium, on the law and regulation of robots and artificial intelligences. Focus is on the technological state of play.
Introduction to the law of robots and AIs - Lecture 4Nicolas Petit
This slidedeck examines whether regulation is warranted in relation to robots and artificial intelligences. It proposes an analytical grid to address that complex issue, and runs the argument that discrete externalities, systemic externalities and existernalities may command distinct legal responses. This slidedeck is the 4th block of my course at the University of Liege (ULg). It is entitled "Whither Regulation for Machine Intelligence - A Proposed Framework" Nicolas Petit (c)
Tech Giants, the Moligopoly Hypothesis and Conglomerate CompetitionNicolas Petit
This document summarizes a presentation about technology giants and the concept of "moligopoly" competition. It discusses how technology companies like Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon and Microsoft each dominate different markets but also compete across many industries. It proposes a framework for antitrust that considers competition between these companies not just in their core markets but in peripheral areas of innovation as well. The presentation outlines different aspects of competition between these companies including conglomeralism, disruptive strategies, heavy investment in R&D, and provision of public goods. It argues that antitrust analysis needs a new theory that accounts for competition beyond just prices and outputs in core markets.
Lund moligopolists - presentation (09 11 15) n petitNicolas Petit
This document discusses competition issues in technology markets dominated by a small number of large firms, referred to as "moligopolists". It notes that while antitrust traditionally views each market in isolation, these firms compete across multiple overlapping markets. It raises questions about whether antitrust analysis needs new approaches to analyze innovation competition, labor markets, and other types of competition that occur between these moligopolists. The document also discusses how providing public goods and funding other companies are new ways these firms may compete, challenging traditional antitrust frameworks. It concludes that rethinking market definition, market power analysis, and remedies may be needed to effectively address competition in these complex technology markets.
Full Course - Law and Regulation of Machine Intelligence - Bar Ilan Universit...Nicolas Petit
Discussions over the regulation of machine intelligence (“MI”) are all the rage as artificial intelligence (“AI”) and robotic technologies are introduced in society. Computer engineers’ fears that overly rigid regulations might stifle innovation have fueled proposals to create regimes of selective immunity for research on certain types of robotic applications. At the same time, ethical concerns have prompted calls for an all-out ban on research in relation to automated weapons. Some scholars even claim that robots will become so important to mankind that “a new branch of the law” is needed, “to grant their race and its individual members the benefits of legal protection”, much like society did with the environment.
In the legal scholarship, several approaches are emerging. First, in virtually each and every specialist field of the law, experts in the trenches ponder how the rise of MI necessitates upgrades, revisions or adjustments to their legal discipline. Second, an alternative approach uses a functional methodology which identifies outstanding legal issues by class of technological applications (for instance, driverless vehicles, robotic prostheses (and exoskeletons), surgical robots, and robot companions). Third, an often used dichotomy is that between roboethics and robolaw, which distinguishes between the instruments of regulation, ie the ex ante incorporation of norms in intelligent machines (for instance, the three Asimov laws) versus the ex post setting of rules to regulate the execution of robotic technology in society.
With this background, the overall ambition of this course is to map the potential regulatory needs created by MIs. More specifically, the goals of the course are to: (i) provide an overview of the state of play in relation to the introduction of MI in society; (ii) set out the main regulatory options discussed in the scholarship in relation to MI (disciplinary, functional and instrumental); (iii) envision the issue in terms of the consequences of the introduction of MI technology in society, and proceed on this basis to explore alternative consequentialist regulatory responses; (iv) understand the implications of those distinct regulatory approaches in dedicated fields of the law, ie liability law and the law of warfare.
Students who follow this course will gain a good understanding of the prospective regulatory issues related to MI as well as of the theories of regulation.
Status und Ausblick - Wie wird sich KI technisch weiterentwickeln? Münchner K...Willi Schroll
Zuwachs des BSP weltweit durch Einsatz der KI: 16 Billionen USD (= 14%) bis 2030 (PWC). Prozesse werden optimiert, Ressourcen effizienter eingesetzt, Mobilität neu gedacht, KI wird aus der Cloud gezogen oder ist als AI-on-Chip direkt in smarten Dingen verbaut. V.a. in Kombination mit IoT, AR, Blockchain, Business + Market Data werden völlig neue Geschäftsmodelle denkbar. Wie ist dieses Potenzial zu heben? Wo ist Licht, wo ist Schatten? Wo lauern Illusionen schneller Machbarkeit? Welches sind die low hanging fruits der KI? Kommt die Autonomisierungswelle als Tsunami über Wirtschaft, Arbeit und Gesellschaft?
Aus den Folien:
06 • KI-Systematik: Techniken, Funktionen, Anwendung, Treiber (WIPO)
07 • 5-Stufen-Modell der Automation des Entscheidens (Bitkom)
• Phasenmodell der KI
• KI im Kontext der Innovationsfelder der digitalen Transformation
09 • Kontext der Innovationsfelder
10 • Research Trends & Challenges – inkl.
Large-scale machine learning
Deep learning
Reinforcement learning
Collaborative systems
Crowdsourcing and human computation
Neuromorphic Computing
- AI Challenges
e.g. Ethics by design, Integration of techniques
- Politics & Society Challenges,
e.g. AI-enabled deep fakes (truth crisis), AI impact on job market, AI geopolitics (China)
11 • Watchlist
• PAI: hyper-personalized AI
Vsd. Ansätze sind kombinierbar: personalisierter digitaler Assistent, Digital Twin der Person, Avatar mit Funktion der Stellvertretung, Verhandlungsmandat, Analyse der Verhaltensmuster, instant Coaching, Verhaltenstherapie, Security/Cybersecurity/Health
• XAI: explainable AI, transparency
Wenn AI-Mechanismen nicht nachvollziehbar sind, leidet die Vertrauenswürdigkeit. Auch die Gesetzgeber stellen neue Anforderungen. XAI soll die Transparenz herstellen.
• QAI: quantum computing based AI
Bestimmte Berechnungsprobleme in der KI könnten mit Quanten Computing gelöst werden. Google-Teams forschen z. B. an Quantum Neural Networks.
...
1) The document discusses the role of various trade organizations in the electronics industry such as IPC, CEA, SMTA, and others. IPC represents PCB fabricators and assemblers.
2) It describes changes at IPC in recent years including growing OEM membership and a more vertically integrated approach. However, some trade organizations like IPC and CEA may have competing objectives.
3) The regulation of drones is provided as an example where IPC advocates for more government oversight due to national security concerns, whereas CEA wants to minimize regulation to support industry growth.
This document discusses whether Europe can become a global leader in innovation. While Europe has pioneered many technologies, it has struggled to commercialize them, with companies in other regions dominating markets like consumer internet, mobile operating systems, and networking equipment. For Europe to succeed with new digital technologies like AI, it will need to keep talent from moving elsewhere, increase funding throughout the innovation process, overcome market fragmentation, and develop its own strengths in collaboration and industrial sectors rather than mimicking other models. Reasons for optimism include Europe's skilled workforce and potential to leverage data from public services.
- China aims to become the world's dominant player in artificial intelligence by 2030 according to its government plan. This puts China on track to surpass the current front runner, the US, and become the global leader in AI.
- China has several advantages that are helping it gain a lead in the global AI race, including a large consumer market that provides vast amounts of data for training AI systems, and strong government support and funding of AI development.
- The three largest Chinese tech companies, Baidu, Alibaba and Tencent (BAT), have expanded into other countries and invested heavily in AI startups, which is boosting China's capabilities in areas like autonomous vehicles, smart cities and healthcare AI.
10 trends to watch for 2014: Trends 6 to 10Tracey Keys
Last month, we started our coverage of the 10 Trends to Watch for 2014 by introducing the notion of a “Moore’s Law of Change.” In a world of accelerating and radical changes there will continue to be significant opportunities for leaders, organizations and individuals that approach change with an open mind, an informed point of view and a readiness to take action today to prepare for the future.
So where should leaders look today for these changes? In our forthcoming Global Trends Report 2014, The Fieldbook, we highlight 10 trends that business leaders need to focus on today. In this December 2013 briefing we highlight our last five trends for 2014 - trends 6 to 10.
The document discusses how the Covid-19 pandemic has accelerated the shift to a digital economy. It discusses several impacts of the pandemic, including how it triggered the worst economic crisis since WWII and accelerated existing trends like digitalization. The pandemic has led to a permanent increase in digital transactions and payments. It also discusses how the pandemic showed that degrowth is possible through policies like limiting social practices and increasing community cooperation. The shift to remote work has also strengthened networks as the foundation of the new digital economy.
The second in our 2014 series of interactive experiences, in collaboration with Adobe, "Tech Challenges: Surfing and Diving Deep." It includes survey results. Full webinar recording at http://adobe.ly/Pbdp0J.
You'll find more about this series at http://www.culturecom.net/TransFormation/webinars_2014/about.html
Digital Reality changes your perception. The combination of virtual reality, game theory and gamification techniques has given impulse to the development of new approaches to many aspects of life, including learning, medicine, and economics. Is this combination leading us to a closed playground where fantasy dominates, or can we develop an enriched contextualized culture?
The document summarizes 10 key facts about the future of work: 1) Jobs are becoming more knowledge-based, requiring skills like analytical thinking. 2) Employment has grown most in healthcare, education, and professional services. 3) Automation is replacing many traditional jobs, with estimates that 47-50% of current jobs could be automated. 4) People see other jobs as more at risk of automation than their own. 5) More people express worry than optimism about automation's impact. 6) Workers see technology as more positively impacting their careers. 7) Higher-educated workers report greater benefits from technology. 8) Skills in technology, communication, and lifelong learning are seen as most important for the future. 9)
RPA - The new era of robotics and beyondRaymond Koh
To understand robotics, let us take a brief look back at the beginnings and the progress made over
the past 60 years (see diagram, “Robotics timeline”).
ProIndústria 2017 - A02 - Novos valores do ecossistema industrialCADWARE-TECHNOLOGY
This document summarizes Tushar Parikh's presentation on exponential technologies and digital transformation at TATA Consultancy Services Ltd. It discusses how digital has accelerated change exponentially and the dominant digital themes including frictionless experience, insights and automation, and disintermediation. It also outlines how digital transformation shifts companies from business as usual to innovative and adaptive using a combination of digital forces and reimagining areas like business models and processes. Finally, it discusses concepts like the digital spine, learning ecosystems, the six D's of exponential technologies, consumer led innovation, and connected ecosystems.
This document contains an agenda and presentation slides for a Cloud Workshop seminar at Tor Vergata University in Rome on January 30, 2015. The agenda includes sessions on HP's cloud vision and products like Helion OpenStack and Cloud Foundry, as well as an overview of OpenStack and the hybrid world. The presentation slides discuss how cloud computing represents a paradigm shift for IT, the massive growth of data driving the need for a new approach, and how HP's cloud solutions can help enterprises address challenges around speed, agility, risk, costs and simplification.
This is the first in our new series of interactive events in collaboration with Adobe, and includes survey results. You'll find the full recording on the Adobe site at http:/adobe.ly/1qolpNM
You'll find more about this series at http://www.culturecom.net/TransFormation/webinars_2014/about.html
The multiplication of communicative objects that take decisions without human intervention is not a simple technological phenomenon, but a complex reorganization of social interaction. Will this development enable greater equity throughout the world, or will it widen the digital gap?
Please also read our blog at http://blogs.adobe.com/techcomm/2014/06/internet-of-things-expensive-luxury-for-the-rich-or-more-sustainable-equity-for-all.html
Los satélites artificiales son naves espaciales fabricadas en la Tierra y enviadas al espacio exterior para orbitar alrededor de otros objetos como la Luna o planetas. La Unión Soviética lanzó el primer satélite artificial, el Sputnik 1, en 1957, iniciando la carrera espacial. A medida que más satélites se acumulan en órbita y alcanzan el fin de su vida útil, la basura espacial se ha convertido en una preocupación debido al riesgo de colisiones.
Status und Ausblick - Wie wird sich KI technisch weiterentwickeln? Münchner K...Willi Schroll
Zuwachs des BSP weltweit durch Einsatz der KI: 16 Billionen USD (= 14%) bis 2030 (PWC). Prozesse werden optimiert, Ressourcen effizienter eingesetzt, Mobilität neu gedacht, KI wird aus der Cloud gezogen oder ist als AI-on-Chip direkt in smarten Dingen verbaut. V.a. in Kombination mit IoT, AR, Blockchain, Business + Market Data werden völlig neue Geschäftsmodelle denkbar. Wie ist dieses Potenzial zu heben? Wo ist Licht, wo ist Schatten? Wo lauern Illusionen schneller Machbarkeit? Welches sind die low hanging fruits der KI? Kommt die Autonomisierungswelle als Tsunami über Wirtschaft, Arbeit und Gesellschaft?
Aus den Folien:
06 • KI-Systematik: Techniken, Funktionen, Anwendung, Treiber (WIPO)
07 • 5-Stufen-Modell der Automation des Entscheidens (Bitkom)
• Phasenmodell der KI
• KI im Kontext der Innovationsfelder der digitalen Transformation
09 • Kontext der Innovationsfelder
10 • Research Trends & Challenges – inkl.
Large-scale machine learning
Deep learning
Reinforcement learning
Collaborative systems
Crowdsourcing and human computation
Neuromorphic Computing
- AI Challenges
e.g. Ethics by design, Integration of techniques
- Politics & Society Challenges,
e.g. AI-enabled deep fakes (truth crisis), AI impact on job market, AI geopolitics (China)
11 • Watchlist
• PAI: hyper-personalized AI
Vsd. Ansätze sind kombinierbar: personalisierter digitaler Assistent, Digital Twin der Person, Avatar mit Funktion der Stellvertretung, Verhandlungsmandat, Analyse der Verhaltensmuster, instant Coaching, Verhaltenstherapie, Security/Cybersecurity/Health
• XAI: explainable AI, transparency
Wenn AI-Mechanismen nicht nachvollziehbar sind, leidet die Vertrauenswürdigkeit. Auch die Gesetzgeber stellen neue Anforderungen. XAI soll die Transparenz herstellen.
• QAI: quantum computing based AI
Bestimmte Berechnungsprobleme in der KI könnten mit Quanten Computing gelöst werden. Google-Teams forschen z. B. an Quantum Neural Networks.
...
1) The document discusses the role of various trade organizations in the electronics industry such as IPC, CEA, SMTA, and others. IPC represents PCB fabricators and assemblers.
2) It describes changes at IPC in recent years including growing OEM membership and a more vertically integrated approach. However, some trade organizations like IPC and CEA may have competing objectives.
3) The regulation of drones is provided as an example where IPC advocates for more government oversight due to national security concerns, whereas CEA wants to minimize regulation to support industry growth.
This document discusses whether Europe can become a global leader in innovation. While Europe has pioneered many technologies, it has struggled to commercialize them, with companies in other regions dominating markets like consumer internet, mobile operating systems, and networking equipment. For Europe to succeed with new digital technologies like AI, it will need to keep talent from moving elsewhere, increase funding throughout the innovation process, overcome market fragmentation, and develop its own strengths in collaboration and industrial sectors rather than mimicking other models. Reasons for optimism include Europe's skilled workforce and potential to leverage data from public services.
- China aims to become the world's dominant player in artificial intelligence by 2030 according to its government plan. This puts China on track to surpass the current front runner, the US, and become the global leader in AI.
- China has several advantages that are helping it gain a lead in the global AI race, including a large consumer market that provides vast amounts of data for training AI systems, and strong government support and funding of AI development.
- The three largest Chinese tech companies, Baidu, Alibaba and Tencent (BAT), have expanded into other countries and invested heavily in AI startups, which is boosting China's capabilities in areas like autonomous vehicles, smart cities and healthcare AI.
10 trends to watch for 2014: Trends 6 to 10Tracey Keys
Last month, we started our coverage of the 10 Trends to Watch for 2014 by introducing the notion of a “Moore’s Law of Change.” In a world of accelerating and radical changes there will continue to be significant opportunities for leaders, organizations and individuals that approach change with an open mind, an informed point of view and a readiness to take action today to prepare for the future.
So where should leaders look today for these changes? In our forthcoming Global Trends Report 2014, The Fieldbook, we highlight 10 trends that business leaders need to focus on today. In this December 2013 briefing we highlight our last five trends for 2014 - trends 6 to 10.
The document discusses how the Covid-19 pandemic has accelerated the shift to a digital economy. It discusses several impacts of the pandemic, including how it triggered the worst economic crisis since WWII and accelerated existing trends like digitalization. The pandemic has led to a permanent increase in digital transactions and payments. It also discusses how the pandemic showed that degrowth is possible through policies like limiting social practices and increasing community cooperation. The shift to remote work has also strengthened networks as the foundation of the new digital economy.
The second in our 2014 series of interactive experiences, in collaboration with Adobe, "Tech Challenges: Surfing and Diving Deep." It includes survey results. Full webinar recording at http://adobe.ly/Pbdp0J.
You'll find more about this series at http://www.culturecom.net/TransFormation/webinars_2014/about.html
Digital Reality changes your perception. The combination of virtual reality, game theory and gamification techniques has given impulse to the development of new approaches to many aspects of life, including learning, medicine, and economics. Is this combination leading us to a closed playground where fantasy dominates, or can we develop an enriched contextualized culture?
The document summarizes 10 key facts about the future of work: 1) Jobs are becoming more knowledge-based, requiring skills like analytical thinking. 2) Employment has grown most in healthcare, education, and professional services. 3) Automation is replacing many traditional jobs, with estimates that 47-50% of current jobs could be automated. 4) People see other jobs as more at risk of automation than their own. 5) More people express worry than optimism about automation's impact. 6) Workers see technology as more positively impacting their careers. 7) Higher-educated workers report greater benefits from technology. 8) Skills in technology, communication, and lifelong learning are seen as most important for the future. 9)
RPA - The new era of robotics and beyondRaymond Koh
To understand robotics, let us take a brief look back at the beginnings and the progress made over
the past 60 years (see diagram, “Robotics timeline”).
ProIndústria 2017 - A02 - Novos valores do ecossistema industrialCADWARE-TECHNOLOGY
This document summarizes Tushar Parikh's presentation on exponential technologies and digital transformation at TATA Consultancy Services Ltd. It discusses how digital has accelerated change exponentially and the dominant digital themes including frictionless experience, insights and automation, and disintermediation. It also outlines how digital transformation shifts companies from business as usual to innovative and adaptive using a combination of digital forces and reimagining areas like business models and processes. Finally, it discusses concepts like the digital spine, learning ecosystems, the six D's of exponential technologies, consumer led innovation, and connected ecosystems.
This document contains an agenda and presentation slides for a Cloud Workshop seminar at Tor Vergata University in Rome on January 30, 2015. The agenda includes sessions on HP's cloud vision and products like Helion OpenStack and Cloud Foundry, as well as an overview of OpenStack and the hybrid world. The presentation slides discuss how cloud computing represents a paradigm shift for IT, the massive growth of data driving the need for a new approach, and how HP's cloud solutions can help enterprises address challenges around speed, agility, risk, costs and simplification.
This is the first in our new series of interactive events in collaboration with Adobe, and includes survey results. You'll find the full recording on the Adobe site at http:/adobe.ly/1qolpNM
You'll find more about this series at http://www.culturecom.net/TransFormation/webinars_2014/about.html
The multiplication of communicative objects that take decisions without human intervention is not a simple technological phenomenon, but a complex reorganization of social interaction. Will this development enable greater equity throughout the world, or will it widen the digital gap?
Please also read our blog at http://blogs.adobe.com/techcomm/2014/06/internet-of-things-expensive-luxury-for-the-rich-or-more-sustainable-equity-for-all.html
Los satélites artificiales son naves espaciales fabricadas en la Tierra y enviadas al espacio exterior para orbitar alrededor de otros objetos como la Luna o planetas. La Unión Soviética lanzó el primer satélite artificial, el Sputnik 1, en 1957, iniciando la carrera espacial. A medida que más satélites se acumulan en órbita y alcanzan el fin de su vida útil, la basura espacial se ha convertido en una preocupación debido al riesgo de colisiones.
Effective Project Management using Social TechnologiesAna Neves
The document discusses effective project management using social technologies. It suggests that social tools can be used for social interactions during a project to achieve better performance, recognition for team members, work-life balance, and happiness. Using social technologies also allows for alignment with strategy, lower risk, higher quality, and better results. The presentation was given by Ana Neves at Social Now Europe 2016 in Lisbon.
Electrode Position Optimization For Facial E M G Measurements For Human Comp...guest9539e6
This study aimed to optimize electrode positions for measuring facial electromyography (fEMG) signals using a 3D head model. A highly detailed 3D head model was developed from medical images and used to simulate fEMG signals from the frontalis and corrugator muscles. Various electrode positions on the forehead were tested to determine which positions provided the strongest signals and best separation of the two muscle activations. The results showed that electrode pairs measuring each muscle should be oriented orthogonally to best distinguish the muscle signals. The optimal positions found can help improve fEMG-based human-computer interfaces by providing more accurate muscle activation measurements from fewer electrodes.
כאשר רוצים לעצב את הבית צריך לקחת בחשבון שהדברים צריכים להיעשות באופנים שונים, אחד מהם נוגעת אל סוג עיצוב הפנים כאשר אחד מהבולטים שקיימים כיום הוא סגנון העיצוב המודרני.
עיצוב וריהוט מודרני לסלון הבית הופכים בשנים האחרונות לחביבי הקהל עבור רבים.
הקליקו וקראו את המאמר ותבינו למה!
Dr. Paul Sundberg - Swine Health Information Center (SHIC), And Where We Are ...John Blue
Swine Health Information Center (SHIC), And Where We Are At Today - Dr. Paul Sundberg, Executive Director, Swine Health Information Center (SHIC), from the 2015 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 19-22, 2015, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2015-leman-swine-conference-material
The ROI of Enhancing Your Candidate ExperienceTincup & Co.
The document discusses the importance of enhancing the candidate experience. It notes that candidates now research companies extensively online before applying, and they expect a positive experience that engages their senses at each step of the application process. While calculating a precise ROI for improving the candidate experience can be difficult, not investing in the experience risks failing to attract top talent, as candidates now demand better treatment from potential employers. The document advocates treating candidates, and all customer groups, with the same level of rigor and positive experience that companies aim to provide to their own employees and partners.
Interviews as a research method - Qualitative - A practical guide ELENA CHATZOPOULOU
This document provides information about qualitative research interviews and focus groups. It discusses the purposes and challenges of qualitative versus quantitative research. Key aspects of interviews are described, such as using open-ended questions to understand participants' perspectives and collecting textual, audio, and visual data. Ethical considerations for interviews are outlined, including obtaining consent, protecting privacy, and ensuring data is only used for research. Focus groups are defined as discussions with homogeneous groups, and tips are provided for developing questions, facilitating discussion, and transcribing recordings. Overall the document offers guidance on qualitative research methods, specifically interviews and focus groups.
VICENZA E PALAZZO THIENE: ITINERARIO DIDATTICO TRA MITO E STORIAAndrea Potami
Presentazione di una proposta di itinerario didattico a Vicenza e Palazzo Thiene elaborata dagli studenti della classe 1CA in seguito all’uscita didattica svolta nell’anno scolastico 2015-2016.
Redes 01-hardware para redes de ordenadores 2013Koldo Parra
Este documento describe los componentes básicos de una red de ordenadores, incluyendo estaciones de trabajo, servidores, tarjetas de red, cableado, distribuidores como hubs y switches, y sistemas operativos de red. Explica el funcionamiento de hubs, switches y routers y los diferentes tipos de cableado y conexiones inalámbricas. También incluye un esquema de una red típica y detalles sobre la encriptación de redes WiFi.
AI, Robotics and Drones – The Real Story on The Future of JobsRising Media, Inc.
The document discusses how robots and AI will not lead to widespread job losses and unemployment as some predictions have warned. It summarizes that:
1) Studies have found a positive correlation between robot adoption in countries and unemployment rates and exports, showing that more robots are actually linked to lower unemployment and stronger economies.
2) Many jobs are difficult to fully automate, such as teachers, athletes, detectives, massage therapists, and clergy.
3) While some jobs may be displaced, new jobs will be created through lower prices increasing demand for goods and services, and the spending and demand created will in turn generate more jobs.
4) Overall economic growth depends on continued productivity increases through technologies like robotics and
This presentation was presented at various VMUG user conferences (Dallas, Chicago, Phoenix, SoCal) in September 2014, and discusses how VMware administrators can close the "cloud skills gap" to stay technically relevant in a fast-changing industry.
A comprehensive exploration of an operating next-generation organization.
Core founding assumptions
Vision & Values
Culture is key .. wirearchy as opposed to hierarchy
Practical operational aspects
The rise of FinTech is part of a larger pattern, which includes the automation of a number of processes--and jobs. This presentation encouraged participants to engage with the question "How do I stay relevant in a world that is changing so fast?"
AI, Robotics and Drones – The Real Story on The Future of JobsRising Media, Inc.
The document discusses automation in manufacturing and its relationship to jobs and the economy. It provides statistics showing that as industrial robot shipments have increased in the US, unemployment has typically decreased. However, it notes there is no evidence that increased robotics directly causes decreases in manufacturing employment. Charts show worldwide growth in robot sales and usage, with rapid growth in China but overall robot density still being low. It also mentions a widening skills gap in manufacturing.
AI and Robotics – The Impact on the Future ofJobs – The Great DebateMecklerMedia
The document discusses the future impact of autonomous intelligent robots and technologies like self-driving cars on jobs. An expert survey found opinions were divided on whether these technologies will displace more jobs than they create by 2025. Those who thought jobs would increase argued new job types will be created, while those who thought jobs would decrease argued automation will significantly impact white-collar work. The document discusses how automation has historically impacted jobs and considers potential solutions like redistributing wealth from robot investments or facilitating loans so displaced workers can own automated vehicles. It emphasizes the need for 40/40 foresight to plan for challenges and opportunities of advancing technologies.
The document discusses how accelerating technological change is creating an inevitable "perfect storm" that will disrupt businesses and society. Exponential advances in areas like artificial intelligence, robotics, virtual reality, and autonomous vehicles are occurring simultaneously and will fundamentally alter how people live and work. Organizations must transform themselves at the same rapid pace of change or risk failing. Traditional management structures that treat employees like machines are breaking down. HR needs to shift from a transactional role to helping organizations build a more human-centric and purpose-driven culture that unlocks the full potential of its people to drive innovation and transformation.
AI and Robotics are already here. Are we ready to embrace the reality of its impact on the future of jobs and the Workplace? What are the jobs that are likely to become redundant?
AUTHOR: Willi Schroll, strategiclabs Berlin –
CONFERENCE: IoT Week – London 16th-20th June 2014 –
DATE: 18th June 2014 –
TRACK: Society –
HASHTAG: #IoTweek –
Please download the study "Connected Reality 2025" for free:
http://de.slideshare.net/Z_punkt/z-punkt-studyconnectedreality2025englsingle
OUTLINE of the presentation:
I. Foresight perspective on IoT and related drivers
II. IoT and the „Power of Social“
THESES
Thesis I: Most of IoT has as much to do with social relationships as it does with technology
Thesis II: Socio-centric analysis complementing the user‐centric standards
Thesis III: Network theory and Social Capital theory are essential perspectives to build a framework for IoT development/UXD
A dominant part of the slidedeck introduces the study "Connected Reality 2025".
The Living Bridges Planet community (facebook group of 6.800) is intended as an exemplification of applied Social Capital theory. Since 2012 a "network of networks" has been – including frequent video chats, peer2peer learning, knowledge flow, the spreading and the re-accumulation of the social capital form trust. This dynamics illustrates the "power of social".
Implications for IoT design and development are affecting the IoT research design and the assumptions / process design in product and service development. (See theses above)
http://de.slideshare.net/Z_punkt/z-punkt-studyconnectedreality2025englsingle
The document discusses artificial intelligence (AI) and its development and impact. It begins by outlining the history of industrial revolutions from the 18th century to today, noting that the 4th revolution involves AI and robotics. It then examines major technological shocks and trends such as the rise of digital platforms and online connectivity. The rest of the document explores various applications of AI today, the differences between narrow and general AI, predictions for the future role of AI in business and society, and potential impacts such as job automation and risks. It concludes by outlining different perspectives on issues like superintelligent AI and when human-level AI may be achieved.
Cable TV Future in Full-On Network Society, VCTA Annual MeetingGlen Hiemstra
Glen Hiemstra, Founder and CEO of Futurist.com presents the closing Keynote to the annual meeting of the Virginia Cable TV Association on Nov. 12, 2013 in Williamsburg, Virginia. Glen reviews the most important events, trends, and developments shaping the coming decade, from customer demographics to sustainability and home security, to economic disparity and ability to pay, to industry churn and the issues of privacy and transparency. The major focus is the future of technology including 3D connectivity, internet of things, artificial intelligence, quantified health, big data, new currencies, and more.
The global, long term picture to set the context for the day – trends in population, geopolitics, technology, the massive issues of climate change, migration, resource and energy scarcity.
FINAL FOB Future of Business - Chapter Relationship Man & Machine Gerd Leonha...Gerd Leonhard
The document discusses the challenges and opportunities facing society in the next 10 years due to accelerating technological development. Key points:
- Technological progress will continue exponentially, with billions of internet users and connected devices by 2020.
- Machines will play a larger role in our lives, and more intelligent machines will impact how we live at every turn.
- We are approaching a pivot point where science fiction is becoming reality in areas like translation, self-driving cars, personal assistants.
- Issues around man-machine ethics and unintended consequences of new technologies will be major factors shaping humanity's future.
The document discusses the forces shaping the future of work including technological breakthroughs, demographic shifts, rapid urbanization, and shifts in global economic power. It notes that while automation and AI will impact jobs, the real story is how humans decide to use technology. The future workforce will be the result of complex and competing forces, and linear predictions are too simplistic. Businesses need to prepare for various possible outcomes as many factors will influence the transition to an automated workplace.
The future of work and artisanal cheeseAzeem Azhar
"When robots can do every job better than humans, what's left for us?" Robots promise to make perfect products, drive perfectly well, cook perfect meals. In our future, perfection will be commonplace, imperfection rare. What will be rare will be the human-made, the artisanal. Does our post-work future lie in making artisanal cheese? If it does, who will eat it all?
Virtual/Augmented reality, digital tools and superpowers for health applicati...Boo Aguilar
Keynote apresentado no minicurso realizado durante o primeiro simpósio mineiro de engenharia biomédica no INATEL no dia 14/08/15
Sobre a ordem das coisas, tentei comprimir a estrutura mais ou menos assim:
1-Um pouco sobre a FLAGCX e como vemos a ciência como propulsora que estica os limites da tecnologia.
2- Alguns cases legais, pra não ficar só na arena teórica (Get shit done!)
3- Um pouco sobre meu trabalho (e sobre como só consigo fazer o que faço graças ao crescimento exponencial, super ferramentas e outros fatores chave). Falamos de VR, AR, tecnologias que uso, demos técnicos e visão pessoal de futuro a curto/médio prazo desse mercado e do mercado de tecnologia pra healthcare
4- Finalmente a parte que mais queria dividir com vocês: Referências de super tools pra health care, softwares, serviços e cases de empresas disruptivas, desde realidade virtual/aumentada até databases conectadas, inteligencia artificial, Uberização de serviços de saúde, bioengenharia, plataformas de educação, treinamento e colaboração descentralizadas etc etc
5- Finalizamos com uma chamada pra vocês se inspirarem sempre, agirem, e ajudarem a espécie humana a transcender nossas limitações através das nossas ferramentas e do nosso intelecto.
Como prometido, aí estão todas as referências pra serem revistadas com calma. Espero que tenham gostado da experiência tanto quanto eu, e saibam que vocês foram a primeira turma pra quem eu apresentei 170 slides em mais de 3 horas de talk sem perder um único
interessado. You rock!
We're together in this ocean, let's do it!
#RadicalOpenness #Transcend ; )
The document provides an overview of a potential future presentation on various topics including possible futures, STEEP factors (social, technological, economic, environmental, and political), and how enterprises might respond. It discusses expectations and spheres of knowledge, insights into future disruption, business responses, and brief biographies of the presenter.
This document discusses the evolving role of robots in information society. It makes the following key points:
1) Robots are increasingly present in everyday life through appliances, automated teller machines, vacuum cleaners, and more, but their role will expand significantly.
2) Within 20 years, robots and AI may replace half of current jobs and enable totally new industries like automatic waste sorting. Society and industries will need to drastically restructure.
3) The development of autonomous robots and their integration into critical infrastructure also presents serious security and ethical challenges around issues like hacking, privacy, and potential misuse that will require careful regulation and oversight.
4) While robots will disrupt many industries and jobs, their development
The Second Machine Age: An Industrial Revolution Powered by Digital TechnologiesCapgemini
The interview discusses the impacts and implications of emerging digital technologies. Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee explain that the world is entering a "Second Machine Age" where machines are able to perform cognitive tasks previously done by humans. This will have widespread economic and social effects and transform organizations. They emphasize that technology will significantly disrupt jobs but can also create new opportunities if individuals and organizations adapt skills. Overall, the key message is that emerging technologies will continue advancing rapidly, and a proactive response is needed to harness potential benefits and address inequalities.
The Second Machine Age - an industrial revolution powered by digital technolo...Ben Gilchriest
There have been two big turning points in human history. The first was the industrial revolution, where machines replaced muscle power. The Second Machine Age is the time when machines are now able to take over a lot of cognitive tasks that humans can do. In this Capgemini interview with Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, authors of the recent book "The Second Machine Age" (www.secondmachineage.com), we get a summary view of what the 2nd Machine Age is, what it means for established companies, and how they should react.
I throughly recommend reading this book. It's an excellent summary of the impact and importance of digital and why it's important for companies to do more.
Experts say robots will take 47% of our jobs. Is this true? And if so is it...Tumotech
Experts say robots will take 47% of our jobs. Is this true? And if so is it a problem? A guide to the coming robot revolution everybody should know about.
This is an analysis of the robot revolution
Talk at April 10th, 2014 – Agora, Berlin – IoTPeople Berlin
THIS TALK/PRESO IS ONLY COVERING A SMALL FRACTION OF THE STUDY!
Download links for the study:
English: http://de.slideshare.net/Z_punkt/z-punkt-studyconnectedreality2025englsingle
German: http://de.slideshare.net/Z_punkt/connected-reality-2025-einzelseiten-studie-deutsch-zpunkt
-----
The talk/preso is focussing on two topic fields:
(I) The 'Connected Markets 2025' examples
– to give the audience a glimpse with some first cases of today (weak signals).
(II) 'Challenges'
– with my personal point of view – to give an idea about the huge impact of the upcoming tech wave on economy and society.
-----
Some extracts of the slides of part II in this preso:
CHANCES + RISKS
Chances
Convenience, smartisation of everyday things, Smart Home, Smart City, Smart Mobility ...Business forecast: $ 19 trillion market (Cisco)
Risks
Complexity, security, privacy, business models, job market, economical system challenge ...
SYSTEMIC CHALLENGE
„In this new world, social capital is as important as financial capital, access trumps ownership, sustainability supersedes consumerism, cooperation ousts competition“Jeremy Rifkin
ENDANGERED HUMANITY?
In the context of massive technological transformations it is a key challenge in the 21st century to secure humaneness.
Societal debate and participatory process are necessities to find the path to a wishful future.
ONE TRILLION THINGS
Will there be one trillion connected things in 2025?
Soft connectivity scenario – visual tracking; – „cognitive cams“ recognize and track objects and states.
Oportunidades y riesgos creados por las disrupciones tecnológicasESPAE
Durante la próxima década la aceleración de las innovaciones digitales, golpeará a todos los negocios establecidos y exitosos con enormes disrupciones, creando oportunidades que lamentablemente no sabrán, en su mayoría, aprovechar.
Esta nueva realidad creara nuevos espacios para Startups ágiles y dinámicas que podrán capturar la oportunidad de crear nuevo valor económico y social.
En esta conferencia el Profesor invitado de ESPAE, Carlos Baradello, podrá conectar las tecnologías emergentes de Silicon Valley con la realidad empresarial de América Latina.
Similar to Law of robots and AIs - lecture 2: Prospects for Society, Economics and the Substitution-Complement Model (20)
A Review of Competition Policy for the Digital Era (Cremer et al Report)Nicolas Petit
This slide presentation reviews the much awaited 2019 report "Competition Policy for the Digital Era" written by Jacques Crémer, Yves de Montjoye and Heike Schweitzer. The report sets out a rich list of options for future EU competition policy in the digital sector. Given the close involvement of DG COMP in the fact finding process, it is likely that the report will make impact in decision making circles. This presentation critically reviews the main suggestions of the report, and tries to identify those items that are most likely to inform future EU competition policy evolutions.
Nicolas Petit 27 september 18 - Hard Questions of Law and AINicolas Petit
This presentation discusses the hard legal questions raised by the research, development and implementation of Articificial Intelligence technologies. It discusses ethics, ex post v ex ante regulation, data biases, and the legal framework for various categories social harms.
On Binding Effect of Guidance Paper and AEC test Nicolas Petit
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Antitrust claims in a standards context - ASPI APEB LES - Paris 2016Nicolas Petit
Slides on the use of antitrust arguments in patent litigation, in particular in relation to patents declared essential to an industrial standards, and which are encumbered by a FRAND commitment. The slides describe the evolution of the law in the 2015 judgment in Huawei v ZTE by the EU Courts, and the first cases dealt with in Germany since then. It also envisions the changes introduced by standard setting organizations to their patent policies, and whether this can trigger antitrust liability.
Law of robots and AIs - Future of Lawyers - Lecture 3Nicolas Petit
Lecture on the future of lawyers in a world driven by robotics and AIs: quantitative legal prediction, big data, AI based problem solving, etc. I also discuss Susskind's work.
Introduction to the law of robots and AIs - lecture 3 - The Future of Lawyers?Nicolas Petit
Third set of slides of my course at the University of Liege (ULg), Belgium, on the law and regulation of robots and artificial intelligences. Focus is on threats and opportunities for the legal community (with a discussion of Susskind's work)
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This is my recent presentation at the Contemporary Challenges in Competition Law conference held by the University of Leeds on 15 May 2015: http://www.law.leeds.ac.uk/events/2015/contemporary-challenges-in-competition-law. 2015 (c) Nicolas Petit
This document briefly explains the June compliance calendar 2024 with income tax returns, PF, ESI, and important due dates, forms to be filled out, periods, and who should file them?.
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"Lifting the Corporate Veil" is a legal concept that refers to the judicial act of disregarding the separate legal personality of a corporation or limited liability company (LLC). Normally, a corporation is considered a legal entity separate from its shareholders or members, meaning that the personal assets of shareholders or members are protected from the liabilities of the corporation. However, there are certain situations where courts may decide to "pierce" or "lift" the corporate veil, holding shareholders or members personally liable for the debts or actions of the corporation.
Here are some common scenarios in which courts might lift the corporate veil:
Fraud or Illegality: If shareholders or members use the corporate structure to perpetrate fraud, evade legal obligations, or engage in illegal activities, courts may disregard the corporate entity and hold those individuals personally liable.
Undercapitalization: If a corporation is formed with insufficient capital to conduct its intended business and meet its foreseeable liabilities, and this lack of capitalization results in harm to creditors or other parties, courts may lift the corporate veil to hold shareholders or members liable.
Failure to Observe Corporate Formalities: Corporations and LLCs are required to observe certain formalities, such as holding regular meetings, maintaining separate financial records, and avoiding commingling of personal and corporate assets. If these formalities are not observed and the corporate structure is used as a mere façade, courts may disregard the corporate entity.
Alter Ego: If there is such a unity of interest and ownership between the corporation and its shareholders or members that the separate personalities of the corporation and the individuals no longer exist, courts may treat the corporation as the alter ego of its owners and hold them personally liable.
Group Enterprises: In some cases, where multiple corporations are closely related or form part of a single economic unit, courts may pierce the corporate veil to achieve equity, particularly if one corporation's actions harm creditors or other stakeholders and the corporate structure is being used to shield culpable parties from liability.
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This guide aims to provide information on how lawyers will be able to use the opportunities provided by AI tools and how such tools could help the business processes of small firms. Its objective is to provide lawyers with some background to understand what they can and cannot realistically expect from these products. This guide aims to give a reference point for small law practices in the EU
against which they can evaluate those classes of AI applications that are probably the most relevant for them.
3. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Pew Research Survey
48%48%48%48%
TechTechTechTech pessimistspessimistspessimistspessimists
“a massive detrimental impact
on society, where digital
agents displace both blue- and
white-collar workers, leading
to income inequality and
breakdowns in social order”
52%52%52%52%
TechTechTechTech optimistsoptimistsoptimistsoptimists
“anticipated that human
ingenuity would overcome
and create new jobs and
industries”
Source: http://www.futureofwork.com/article/details/rise-of-intelligent-robots-will-widen-the-
social-inequality-gap
4. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
A. Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes
of the Wealth of Nations, 1776
““““A great part of the machines made use of in those
manufactures in which labour is most subdivided,
were originally the inventions of common workmen,
who, being each of them employed in some very
simple operation, naturally turned their thoughts
towards finding out easier and readier methods of
performing it. Whoever has been much accustomed to
visit such manufactures, must frequently have been
shewn very pretty machines, which were the
inventions of such workmen, in order to facilitate and
quicken their own particular part of the work”.”.”.”.
6. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
J-M. Keynes, “Economic Possibilities for our
Grandchildren”, 1930
“We are being afflicted with a new disease of which some readers
may not yet have heard the name, but of which they will hear a great
deal in the years to come--namely, technological unemployment. This
means unemployment due to our discovery of means of economising
the use of labour outrunning the pace at which we can find new uses
for labour. [...] But this is only a temporary phase of maladjustment.
All this means in the long run that mankind is solving its economic
problem”.
“Yet there is no country and no people, I think, who can look forward
to the age of leisure and of abundance without a dread”
“ Three-hour shifts or a fifteen-hour week may put off the problem
for a great while. For three hours a day is quite enough to satisfy the
old Adam in most of us!”
Concludes by touting to disappearance of economics as a science
7. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Empirical studies
Bank ofBank ofBank ofBank of AmericaAmericaAmericaAmerica/Merrill Lynch,/Merrill Lynch,/Merrill Lynch,/Merrill Lynch, 2015201520152015
““““Robots areRobots areRobots areRobots are likelylikelylikelylikely totototo be performing 45% of manufacturing tasks by 2025Ebe performing 45% of manufacturing tasks by 2025Ebe performing 45% of manufacturing tasks by 2025Ebe performing 45% of manufacturing tasks by 2025E
(vs. 10% today(vs. 10% today(vs. 10% today(vs. 10% today))))””””
McKinsey Global Institute,McKinsey Global Institute,McKinsey Global Institute,McKinsey Global Institute, Disruptive technologies AdvancesDisruptive technologies AdvancesDisruptive technologies AdvancesDisruptive technologies Advances that willthat willthat willthat will
transform life, business, and the globaltransform life, business, and the globaltransform life, business, and the globaltransform life, business, and the global economy, 2013economy, 2013economy, 2013economy, 2013
By 2025, “By 2025, “By 2025, “By 2025, “knowledgeknowledgeknowledgeknowledge workworkworkwork automationautomationautomationautomation tools and systems could take ontools and systems could take ontools and systems could take ontools and systems could take on
tasks that would be equal to the output of 110 million to 140 million fulltasks that would be equal to the output of 110 million to 140 million fulltasks that would be equal to the output of 110 million to 140 million fulltasks that would be equal to the output of 110 million to 140 million full----
time equivalents (FTEstime equivalents (FTEstime equivalents (FTEstime equivalents (FTEs))))” (knowledge work is” (knowledge work is” (knowledge work is” (knowledge work is use of computers to performuse of computers to performuse of computers to performuse of computers to perform
tasks that rely on complex analyses, subtle judgments, and creativetasks that rely on complex analyses, subtle judgments, and creativetasks that rely on complex analyses, subtle judgments, and creativetasks that rely on complex analyses, subtle judgments, and creative
problemproblemproblemproblem solving).solving).solving).solving).
By 2025, “[By 2025, “[By 2025, “[By 2025, “[w]ew]ew]ew]e estimate that the use of advanced robots for industrial andestimate that the use of advanced robots for industrial andestimate that the use of advanced robots for industrial andestimate that the use of advanced robots for industrial and
service tasks could take on work in 2025 that could be equivalent to theservice tasks could take on work in 2025 that could be equivalent to theservice tasks could take on work in 2025 that could be equivalent to theservice tasks could take on work in 2025 that could be equivalent to the
output of 40 million to 75 million fulloutput of 40 million to 75 million fulloutput of 40 million to 75 million fulloutput of 40 million to 75 million full----time equivalents (FTEstime equivalents (FTEstime equivalents (FTEstime equivalents (FTEs)”.)”.)”.)”.
8. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Frey and Osborne, 2013
“47 percent of total US
employment is in the high risk
category, meaning that associated
occupations are potentially
automatable over some
unspecified number of years,
perhaps a decade or two”
“most workers in transportation
and logistics occupations,
together with the bulk of office
and administrative support
workers, and labour in
production occupations, are at
risk” + “a substantial share of
employment in service
occupations”
Wave IWave II Plateau
9. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Substitution effect, consequences
JobJobJobJob polarizationpolarizationpolarizationpolarization
Shift in theShift in theShift in theShift in the occupationaloccupationaloccupationaloccupational
structurestructurestructurestructure
DisplacedDisplacedDisplacedDisplaced workersworkersworkersworkers relocaterelocaterelocaterelocate
theirtheirtheirtheir laborlaborlaborlabor supplysupplysupplysupply totototo lowlowlowlow skillskillskillskill
service occupationsservice occupationsservice occupationsservice occupations
OtherOtherOtherOther humanshumanshumanshumans resistresistresistresist bybybyby
investinginvestinginvestinginvesting inininin skillsskillsskillsskills throughthroughthroughthrough
educationeducationeducationeducation (Frey and Osborne,(Frey and Osborne,(Frey and Osborne,(Frey and Osborne,
2014;2014;2014;2014; CowenCowenCowenCowen, 2013), 2013), 2013), 2013)
This leads to «This leads to «This leads to «This leads to « labourlabourlabourlabour marketmarketmarketmarket
polarizationpolarizationpolarizationpolarization » (» (» (» (AutorAutorAutorAutor, 2014;, 2014;, 2014;, 2014;
CowenCowenCowenCowen, 2013), 2013), 2013), 2013)
DiscussionDiscussionDiscussionDiscussion
Frey and Osborne, 2014 believeFrey and Osborne, 2014 believeFrey and Osborne, 2014 believeFrey and Osborne, 2014 believe
this model still holds truethis model still holds truethis model still holds truethis model still holds true
“Our model predicts …
computerisation being
principally confined to low-skill
and low-wage occupations. Our
findings thus imply that as
technology races ahead, low-
skill workers will reallocate to
tasks that are non-susceptible to
computerisation – i.e., tasks
requiring creative and social
intelligence”
BrynjolfssonBrynjolfssonBrynjolfssonBrynjolfsson and McAfee, 2011and McAfee, 2011and McAfee, 2011and McAfee, 2011
disagreedisagreedisagreedisagree:::: whenwhenwhenwhen technologytechnologytechnologytechnology
becomesbecomesbecomesbecomes cognitive, substitutioncognitive, substitutioncognitive, substitutioncognitive, substitution
cancancancan alsoalsoalsoalso occuroccuroccuroccur for non routinefor non routinefor non routinefor non routine
taskstaskstaskstasks
10. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Substitution pace
““““Technological advances are contributing to declining costs inTechnological advances are contributing to declining costs inTechnological advances are contributing to declining costs inTechnological advances are contributing to declining costs in
robotics. Over the past decades, robot prices have fallen aboutrobotics. Over the past decades, robot prices have fallen aboutrobotics. Over the past decades, robot prices have fallen aboutrobotics. Over the past decades, robot prices have fallen about
10 percent annually and are expected to decline at an even10 percent annually and are expected to decline at an even10 percent annually and are expected to decline at an even10 percent annually and are expected to decline at an even
faster pace in the near future (MGI, 2013). Industrial robots,faster pace in the near future (MGI, 2013). Industrial robots,faster pace in the near future (MGI, 2013). Industrial robots,faster pace in the near future (MGI, 2013). Industrial robots,
with features enabled by machine vision and highwith features enabled by machine vision and highwith features enabled by machine vision and highwith features enabled by machine vision and high----precisionprecisionprecisionprecision
dexterity, which typically cost 100,000 to 150,000 USD, will bedexterity, which typically cost 100,000 to 150,000 USD, will bedexterity, which typically cost 100,000 to 150,000 USD, will bedexterity, which typically cost 100,000 to 150,000 USD, will be
available for 50,000 to 75,000 USD in the next decade, withavailable for 50,000 to 75,000 USD in the next decade, withavailable for 50,000 to 75,000 USD in the next decade, withavailable for 50,000 to 75,000 USD in the next decade, with
higher levels of intelligence and additional capabilities (IFR,higher levels of intelligence and additional capabilities (IFR,higher levels of intelligence and additional capabilities (IFR,higher levels of intelligence and additional capabilities (IFR,
2012b). Declining robot prices will inevitably place them within2012b). Declining robot prices will inevitably place them within2012b). Declining robot prices will inevitably place them within2012b). Declining robot prices will inevitably place them within
reach of more usersreach of more usersreach of more usersreach of more users””””
Hanson on copiesHanson on copiesHanson on copiesHanson on copies
11. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
PhilipsPhilipsPhilipsPhilips bringsbringsbringsbrings electricelectricelectricelectric shaversshaversshaversshavers
production home?production home?production home?production home?
httpshttpshttpshttps://blogs.cfainstitute.org/i://blogs.cfainstitute.org/i://blogs.cfainstitute.org/i://blogs.cfainstitute.org/i
nvestor/2014/06/16/thenvestor/2014/06/16/thenvestor/2014/06/16/thenvestor/2014/06/16/the----
robotrobotrobotrobot----revolutionrevolutionrevolutionrevolution----innovationinnovationinnovationinnovation----
begetsbegetsbegetsbegets----innovationinnovationinnovationinnovation////
Effect on Developing Economies?
McKinsey GlobalMcKinsey GlobalMcKinsey GlobalMcKinsey Global Institute,Institute,Institute,Institute,
2013201320132013
“Effects of these technologies on
developing economies could be
mixed. Some countries could
lose opportunities to provide
outsourced services if
companies in advanced
economies choose automation
instead. But access to knowledge
work automation technologies
could also help level the playing
field, enabling companies in
developing countries to compete
even more effectively in global
markets”.
12. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Substitution (Engineering) Bottlenecks:
Frey & Osborne, 2013
Perception and
manipulation tasks
Creative intelligence tasks Social intelligence tasks
Disorganized environment or
manipulation of non-
calibrated, shifting shapes
(towel problem)
Ability to make jokes; recipes
; concepts
Negotiation, persuasion and
care
13. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Typology of D. Autor et al (2003), Autor
(2014)
TaskTaskTaskTask DescriptionDescriptionDescriptionDescription SubstitutionSubstitutionSubstitutionSubstitution riskriskriskrisk
Routine (incl.
skilled work)
Clerical work, bookeeping, back and middle office,
factory work
High
Non routine « Abstract » « Manual » Low
Problem solving, intuition,
creativity and persuasion
Situational
adaptability, in person
interaction, visual and
laguage recognition
High education, high wage Low education, low
wage
Doctors, CEOs, managers,
artists, academics
Navigating a car,
housecleaning, flight
attendants, drivers,
food preparation,
security jobs
14. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Autor, 2014
Routine tasks: “Human tasks that have proved most amenable to
computerization are those that follow explicit, codifiable procedures”
Non routine tasks: “Tasks that have proved most vexing to automate are
those that demand flexibility, judgment, and common sense”
Engineers “cannot program a computer to simulate a process that they
(or the scientific community at large) do not explicitly understand”
Non routine tasks less exposed to substitution
Tasks that are not exposed may benefit from it, though complementarity
effect
In construction, mechanization has not entirely devalued construction
workers, but augmented their productivity; but not true for all (worker
who knows to use shovel v excavator)
15. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Findings of D. Autor et al (2003), Autor
(2014)
ComputersComputersComputersComputers are more substitutable for humanare more substitutable for humanare more substitutable for humanare more substitutable for human labourlabourlabourlabour in routinein routinein routinein routine
relative to nonrelative to nonrelative to nonrelative to non----routineroutineroutineroutine tasks (substitution effect);tasks (substitution effect);tasks (substitution effect);tasks (substitution effect);
AndAndAndAnd (b) a greater intensity of routine(b) a greater intensity of routine(b) a greater intensity of routine(b) a greater intensity of routine inputs increasesinputs increasesinputs increasesinputs increases thethethethe
marginal productivity of nonmarginal productivity of nonmarginal productivity of nonmarginal productivity of non----routineroutineroutineroutine inputs (complementarityinputs (complementarityinputs (complementarityinputs (complementarity
effect)effect)effect)effect)
“Job polarization” effect“Job polarization” effect“Job polarization” effect“Job polarization” effect
Increase of high education, high wage jobs
Increase of non routine low education, low wage jobs
No increase in wages for this later category, given abundance
of supply
AutorAutorAutorAutor, D., Levy, F. and, D., Levy, F. and, D., Levy, F. and, D., Levy, F. and MurnaneMurnaneMurnaneMurnane, R.J. (2003)., R.J. (2003)., R.J. (2003)., R.J. (2003). “The“The“The“The skill content ofskill content ofskill content ofskill content of
recent technological change: An empiricalrecent technological change: An empiricalrecent technological change: An empiricalrecent technological change: An empirical exploration”.exploration”.exploration”.exploration”. TheTheTheThe
Quarterly Journal of Economics,Quarterly Journal of Economics,Quarterly Journal of Economics,Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 118, no. 4, pp. 1279vol. 118, no. 4, pp. 1279vol. 118, no. 4, pp. 1279vol. 118, no. 4, pp. 1279––––1333133313331333
17. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
“Obtaining skills takes time
studying in school and learning on
the job. Thus skilled workers are
disproportionately older workers”
“machine-biased productivity
improvements effects a
redistribution from younger,
relatively unskilled workers to
older relatively skilled workers as
well as retirees”
“When today’s machines get
smarter, today’s young workers get
poorer and save less”
“The fall in today’s saving rate
means that the next generation will
have even lower wages than today”
“In short, better machines can spell
universal and permanent misery
for our progeny”
Generational effect, Sachs and Kotlikoff,
2012
LongLongLongLong termtermtermterm miserymiserymiserymisery
18. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
T. Cowen, 2013
AverageAverageAverageAverage isisisis overoveroverover
TheTheTheThe richrichrichrich willwillwillwill getgetgetget richerricherricherricher,,,, poorpoorpoorpoor
willwillwillwill getgetgetget poorerpoorerpoorerpoorer
SubsitutionSubsitutionSubsitutionSubsitution effecteffecteffecteffect strongerstrongerstrongerstronger inininin
workworkworkwork w/ow/ow/ow/o
consciousnessconsciousnessconsciousnessconsciousness////abilityabilityabilityability to trainto trainto trainto train
FreestyleFreestyleFreestyleFreestyle chesschesschesschess metaphormetaphormetaphormetaphor
HumanHumanHumanHuman----computercomputercomputercomputer teamsteamsteamsteams
outperformoutperformoutperformoutperform machinemachinemachinemachine teamsteamsteamsteams
NotNotNotNot necessarynecessarynecessarynecessary teams of grandteams of grandteams of grandteams of grand
mastersmastersmastersmasters
““““In theIn theIn theIn the language of economics,language of economics,language of economics,language of economics,
we can say that the productivewe can say that the productivewe can say that the productivewe can say that the productive
worker and the smart machineworker and the smart machineworker and the smart machineworker and the smart machine
are, in today’s labor markets,are, in today’s labor markets,are, in today’s labor markets,are, in today’s labor markets,
stronger complements thanstronger complements thanstronger complements thanstronger complements than
beforebeforebeforebefore””””
20. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
The model explained
MultiMultiMultiMulti----causal substitutioncausal substitutioncausal substitutioncausal substitution
«««« DeskillingDeskillingDeskillingDeskilling »»»»
ExponentialExponentialExponentialExponential decreasedecreasedecreasedecrease inininin costscostscostscosts
ofofofof technologytechnologytechnologytechnology
«««« The copyThe copyThe copyThe copy economyeconomyeconomyeconomy »»»»
(Hanson, 2014)(Hanson, 2014)(Hanson, 2014)(Hanson, 2014)
Two types of complementsTwo types of complementsTwo types of complementsTwo types of complements
Complements arising fromComplements arising fromComplements arising fromComplements arising from
substitution (substitution (substitution (substitution (upward sloppingupward sloppingupward sloppingupward slopping
curvecurvecurvecurve))))
AI and Robots-related jobs (those of
Autor and Cowen)
Enabling technologies and new jobs
Punch cards, typewriters, printers,
calculators, etc.
Complements with indifference (Complements with indifference (Complements with indifference (Complements with indifference (LLLL
curvecurvecurvecurve))))
Indifference on human labour of an
increase in machine labour
(horizontal line)
Indifference on machines of increase
in human labour (vertical line)
Superstars (footballers, singers,
etc.); aircraft pilot v flight
attendants
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Extension of substitute-complement
framework
WorksWorksWorksWorks beyondbeyondbeyondbeyond employmentemploymentemploymentemployment
CanCanCanCan alsoalsoalsoalso workworkworkwork for «for «for «for « existentialexistentialexistentialexistential riskriskriskrisk »»»»
SocialSocialSocialSocial acceptabilityacceptabilityacceptabilityacceptability of new technologiesof new technologiesof new technologiesof new technologies dependsdependsdependsdepends onononon theirtheirtheirtheir
Propensity to substitute to humans
Ability to complement humans
22. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
The Future of lawyers
httpshttpshttpshttps://lexmachina.com://lexmachina.com://lexmachina.com://lexmachina.com////
How likely is a judge to grant or deny a specific motion?
How long do cases take to terminate, get to trial, or get to the claim
construction hearing before a judge?
How likely is a judge to find patents, trademarks or copyrights infringed,
invalid, or unenforceable?
Your opposing counsel’s experience before specific judges and courts,
Your opposing counsel’s client list
Which law firms have the most experience against opposing counsel
24. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Katz, 2013
Wind of changeWind of changeWind of changeWind of change
““““LikeLikeLikeLike many industries before it, themany industries before it, themany industries before it, themany industries before it, the
march of automation, processmarch of automation, processmarch of automation, processmarch of automation, process
engineering, informatics, and supplyengineering, informatics, and supplyengineering, informatics, and supplyengineering, informatics, and supply
chain management will continue tochain management will continue tochain management will continue tochain management will continue to
operate and transform our industryoperate and transform our industryoperate and transform our industryoperate and transform our industry....
Informatics, computing, and technologyInformatics, computing, and technologyInformatics, computing, and technologyInformatics, computing, and technology
are going to change both what it meansare going to change both what it meansare going to change both what it meansare going to change both what it means
to practice law and to “think like ato practice law and to “think like ato practice law and to “think like ato practice law and to “think like a
lawyerlawyerlawyerlawyer.””.””.””.””
“Quantitative legal prediction (QLP)“Quantitative legal prediction (QLP)“Quantitative legal prediction (QLP)“Quantitative legal prediction (QLP)————
now stands on the horizon”now stands on the horizon”now stands on the horizon”now stands on the horizon”
Do I have a case?
What is our likely exposure?
How much is this going to cost?
What will happen if we leave this
particular provision out of this
contract?
How can we best staff this particular
legal matter?
Substitution+complementSubstitution+complementSubstitution+complementSubstitution+complement
26. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Retraining challenge
ForgetForgetForgetForget substitutablesubstitutablesubstitutablesubstitutable workworkworkwork
Routine tasksRoutine tasksRoutine tasksRoutine tasks
Memorization
Research and other repetitive
data-driven tasks a thing of the
past
Non routine manualNon routine manualNon routine manualNon routine manual----tasks?tasks?tasks?tasks?
Filing briefs
Taking minutes of meetings
Due diligence work
Invest inInvest inInvest inInvest in complementscomplementscomplementscomplements
Train in science, computation,Train in science, computation,Train in science, computation,Train in science, computation,
datadatadatadata analyticsanalyticsanalyticsanalytics andandandand technologytechnologytechnologytechnology
Invest in softInvest in softInvest in softInvest in soft skillsskillsskillsskills: social: social: social: social
bottlenecksbottlenecksbottlenecksbottlenecks
BurnBurnBurnBurn youryouryouryour codes?codes?codes?codes?
29. www.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.euwww.lcii.eu
Conclusion
MGI, 2013:
“In some cases there may be regulatory hurdles to overcome. To protect
citizens, many knowledge work professions (including legal, medical, and
auditing professions) are governed by strict regulatory requirements
regarding who may perform certain types of work and the processes they
use”
“Policies discouraging adoption of advanced robots—for example, by
protecting manual worker jobs or levying taxes on robots—could limit
their potential economic impact”.
Frey and Osborne, 2013:
“The extent and pace of legislatory implementation can furthermore be
related to the public acceptance of technological progress”